% Encoding: UTF-8
@PhdThesis{Baseer:2014,
  Title                    = {Spinal cord neuronal circuitry involving dorsal horn projection cells},
  Author                   = {Baseer, Najma},
  School                   = {College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Abstract                 = {The spinal cord dorsal horn is involved in the processing and transmission of sensory information to the brain. There are several distinct populations of dorsal horn projection cells that constitute the major output of the spinal cord. These cells are mostly found in lamina I and are scattered throughout the deep dorsal horn. There is a population of large lamina III projection cells that expresses the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r), which is the main target for substance P released by nociceptive primary afferents. These cells are densely innervated by peptidergic nociceptive afferents and more sparsely by low-threshold myelinated afferents. In addition, they also receive selective innervation from neuropeptide Y-containing inhibitory interneurons. However, not much is known about their input from glutamatergic spinal neurons. It has already been reported that the great majority of large lamina III NK1r expressing cells project to caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) therefore in 
this study these cells were easily identified without retrograde tracer injection. Preliminary observations showed that these cells received contacts from preprodynorphin (PPD)-containing excitatory axons. The first part of the study tested the hypothesis that lamina III projection cells are selectively targeted by PPD-containing excitatory spinal neurons. Spinal cord sections from lumbar segments of the rat underwent immunocytochemical processing including combined confocal and electron microscopy to look for the presence of synapses at the sites of contact. The results showed that lamina III NK1r cells received numerous contacts from non-primary boutons that expressed vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2), and formed asymmetrical synapses on their dendrites and cell bodies. These synapses were significantly smaller than those formed by peptidergic afferents but provided a substantial proportion of the glutamatergic input to lamina III NK1r projection cells. Furthermore, it was observed that PPD was 
found to be present in ~58% of the VGLUT2 boutons that contacted these cells while a considerably smaller proportion of (5-7%) VGLUT2 boutons in laminae I-IV expressed PPD. These results indicate a highly selective targeting of the lamina III projection neurons by glutamatergic neurons that express PPD. Fine myelinated (Aδ) nociceptors are responsible for the perception of fast, well-localised pain. Very little is known about their postsynaptic targets in the spinal cord, and therefore about their roles in the neuronal circuits that process nociceptive information. In the second part of the study, Fluorogold injections were made into the lateral parabrachial region (LPb) of the rat brain on one side and cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) was injected into the sciatic nerve on the contralateral side to assess whether Aδ nociceptors provide input to lamina I projection cells. The vast majority of lamina I projection neurons belong to the spinoparabrachial tract, and these can be divided into two major groups: those 
that express NK1r, and those that do not. The results suggested that CTb labelled a distinct set of Aδ nociceptors, most of which lack neuropeptides. CTb-labelled Aδ afferents formed contacts on 43% of the spinoparabrachial lamina I neurons that lacked the NK1r, but on a significantly smaller proportion (26%) of NK1r projection cells. Combined confocal and electron microscopy established that the contacts were associated with synapses. Furthermore, the contact density of CTb labelled boutons was considerably higher on the NK1r- cells than on those with the NK1r. These results provide further evidence that primary afferents input to projection cells is organized in a specialized way and that both NK1r+ and NK1r- lamina I projection neurons are directly innervated by Aδ nociceptors, thus may have an important role in the perception of fast pain. Lamina I of the rat spinal cord dorsal horn contains a population of large spinoparabrachial projection neurons (giant cells) that receive numerous synapses from both 
excitatory (VGLUT2) and inhibitory (VGAT) interneurons. The giant cells are selectively innervated by GABAergic axons that express neuronal-nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and are thought to originate from local inhibitory interneurons. In the rat, the nNOS inhibitory cells belong to a distinct functional population that differs from other inhibitory interneurons in terms of somatostatin receptor (sst2A) expression and also in responsiveness to painful stimuli. There is a population of inhibitory interneurons that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in lamina II of mice in which GFP is under control of the prion promoter (PrP) and the great majority of these cells also express nNOS. In this part of the study, the inhibitory synaptic input from nNOS-containing GFP boutons to giant lamina I cells was investigated. The great majority of lamina I projection neurons express NK1 receptor; therefore, the possibility that lamina I NK1r-expressing projection neurons received innervation from GFP+/nNOS+ axons was 
also tested. Since retrograde tracing technique was not used in this part of the study, lamina I projection cells were identified based on the observations made in the previous studies in the rat. Lamina I giant cells were recognized with antibodies against glycine receptor associated protein gephyrin as well as VGLUT2 and VGAT boutons, all of which provide dense innervation to these cells while only those lamina I NK1cells were included in the sample that were large and strongly immunoreactive for NK1r. The results indicated that although GFP axons accounted for only 7-9% of the GABAergic boutons in superficial dorsal horn, they provided over 70% of the inhibitory synapses on most of the giant cells in the PrP-GFP mouse and the great majority of these boutons also contained nNOS. Moreover, a subset of large lamina I NK1r-expressing cells (18/60) received a substantial inhibitory input (> 30%) from GFP+ boutons while the majority of these neurons showed sparse (< 15%) synaptic input. Recently, it has been 
reported that loss of some inhibitory interneurons in mice lacking the transcription factor Bhlhb5 results in exaggerated itch, and the cells that are lost include many of those that would normally express nNOS. Therefore, in the final set of experiments was designed to test whether there is a reduction in the inhibitory synaptic input to the giant cells in Bhlhb5-/- mouse. Spinal cord sections from Bhlhb5-/- mice and the wild type littermates were processed and analysed to determine any difference in the inhibitory nNOS input to lamina I giant cells belonging to either group. The giant cells from the knockout mice showed a substantial reduction (~80%) in their inhibitory nNOS input; with a moderate reduction in their overall GABAergic input (~35%). There was a considerable increase in nNOS-/VGAT+ boutons in the Bhlhb5-/- mouse (18 ± 4.6 and 37.7 ± 8.2/100 µm of the dendrite in WT and KO, respectively), suggesting some compensation from other nNOS-negative inhibitory interneurons. These results suggest that 
the loss of nNOS-containing inhibitory synaptic input to lamina I projection cells may contribute to the abnormal scratching behaviour seen in the Bhlhb5-/- mouse. This raises the possibility that the giant cells and a subset of large lamina I NK1r-expressing cells are involved in perception of itch.},
  Crossref                 = {http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5596/},
  Keywords                 = {Spinal Cord, neurokinin 1 receptor, itch, pain, dynorphin},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Timestamp                = {20.10.2014},
  Url                      = {http://theses.gla.ac.uk/id/eprint/5596}
}

@Article{Mathiasen:2017,
  author    = {Mathiasen, M. L. and Dillingham, C. M. and Kinnavane, L. and Powell, A. and Aggleton, J. P.},
  title     = {{{A}symmetric cross-hemispheric connections link the rat anterior thalamic nuclei with the cortex and hippocampal formation}},
  year      = {2017},
  month     = {Feb},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.026},
  crossref  = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452217301094},
  journal   = {Neuroscience},
  keywords  = {Contralateral; Corticothalamic; Hippocampus; Interhemispheric; Thalamocortical; Thalamus},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {28.02.2017},
}

@Article{Ascanio:2002,
  author      = {d'Ascanio, Paola and Centini, Claudia and Pompeiano, Maria and Pompeiano, Ottavio and Balaban, Evan},
  title       = {Fos and FRA protein expression in rat nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis during different space flight conditions.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {59},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {65--74},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0361-9230(02)00840-7},
  abstract    = {The nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (LPGi) exerts a prominent excitatory influence over locus coeruleus (LC) neurons, which respond to gravity signals. We investigated whether adult albino rats exposed to different gravitational fields during the NASA Neurolab Mission (STS-90) showed changes in Fos and Fos-related antigen (FRA) protein expression in the LPGi and related cardiovascular, vasomotor, and respiratory areas. Fos and FRA proteins are induced rapidly by external stimuli and return to basal levels within hours (Fos) or days (FRA) after stimulation. Exposure to a light pulse (LP) 1 h prior to sacrifice led to increased Fos expression in subjects maintained for 2 weeks in constant gravity (either at approximately 0 or 1 G). Within 24 h of a gravitational change (launch or landing), the Fos response to LP was abolished. A significant Fos response was also induced by gravitational stimuli during landing, but not during launch. FRA responses to LP showed a mirror image pattern, 
with significant responses 24 h after launch and landing, but no responses after 2 weeks at approximately 0 or 1 G. There were no direct FRA responses to gravity changes. The juxtafacial and retrofacial parts of the LPGi, which integrate somatosensory/acoustic and autonomic signals, respectively, also showed gravity-related increases in LP-induced FRA expression 24 h after launch and landing. The neighboring nucleus ambiguus (Amb) showed completely different patterns of Fos and FRA expression, demonstrating the anatomical specificity of these results. Immediate early gene expression in the LPGi and related cardiovascular vasomotor and ventral respiratory areas may be directly regulated by excitatory afferents from vestibular gravity receptors. These structures could play an important role in shaping cardiovascular and respiratory function during adaptation to altered gravitational environments encountered during space flight and after return to earth.},
  institution = {Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Circadian Rhythm, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Gene Expression Regulation, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Photic Stimulation; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Respiratory Center, cytology/metabolism; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Space Flight; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Up-Regulation, physiology; Weightlessness, adverse effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0361923002008407},
  pmid        = {12372551},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Alcantara:1999a,
  author      = {d'Alcantara, P. and Schiffmann, S. N. and Swillens, S.},
  title       = {Effect of protein kinase A-induced phosphorylation on the gating mechanism of the brain Na+ channel: model fitting to whole-cell current traces.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {77},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {204--216},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/S0006-3495(99)76882-7},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(99)76882-7},
  abstract    = {The activity of the voltage-gated Na+ channel is subjected to modulation through covalent modifications. It has been previously shown that brain Na+ currents are reduced following the activation of the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway, but the effect of the phosphorylation on the gating mechanism of the channel has not been demonstrated so far. In this study, we analyze the whole-cell Na+ current recorded in the absence or presence of forskolin, which stimulates the PKA pathway. A minimal molecular model of the gating mechanism of the Na+ channel is defined to fit the experimental data: it consists of three closed states, one open state, and two inactivated states. We experimentally demonstrate that the kinetics of inactivation from the closed states are not affected by phosphorylation. The results obtained by computer fitting indicate that, among all the kinetic parameters describing the transitions between states, only one parameter is significantly modified in the presence of forskolin, and 
corresponds to the acceleration of the inactivation from the open state. This conclusion is supported by the analysis of current traces obtained from cells in the presence of a phosphatase inhibitor or loaded with the PKA catalytic unit, and is in agreement with previously reported single channel records.},
  institution = {Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie humaine et Nucléaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. pdalcant@ulb.ac.be},
  journal     = {Biophys J},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, metabolism; Cells, Cultured; Computer Simulation; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, metabolism; Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32; Electrophysiology; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; Forskolin, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Ion Channel Gating, drug effects; Kinetics; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Phosphoproteins, metabolism; Phosphorylation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium Channels, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-3495(99)76882-7},
  pmid        = {10388750},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Angeles-Duran:2012a,
  author      = {{\'{A}}ngeles-Dur{\'{a}}n, Sandybel and Ramos-Languren, Laura E. and Escobar, Martha L.},
  title       = {PKM$\zeta$ inhibition prevents the metaplastic change induced by conditioned taste aversion on insular cortex long-term potentiation in vivo.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {23},
  number      = {5-6},
  pages       = {473--480},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1515/revneuro-2012-0048},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2012-0048},
  abstract    = {The activity history of a given neuron or pathway has been suggested to influence its future responses to synaptic inputs. In particular, training in several learning tasks produces a metaplastic change, that is, a change in the ability to induce subsequent synaptic plasticity. Experimental evidence shows that the maintenance of long term memory and long-term potentiation (LTP) requires the persistent action of the atypical protein kinase Cisoform, protein kinase M ζ (PKM ζ ). Recent work has demonstrated that the inactivation of PKM ζ in the insular cortex (IC) abolishes conditioned taste aversion (CTA) long term memory. Our previous studies in the IC have demonstrated that the induction of LTP in the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (Bla)-IC projection previous to CTA training enhances the retention of this task. Moreover, recently, we have observed that CTA training blocks the subsequent induction of LTP in the Bla-IC projection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the 
participation of PKM ζon the CTA-dependent modification of the ability to induce subsequent LTP in the Bla-IC projection in vivo . Thus, we have delivered high-frequency stimulation in the Bla-IC projection in order to induce in vivo IC-LTP in the rats that underwent or did not have an impairment of CTA retention due to the intracortical administration of the selective PKM ζ pseudosubstrate inhibitory peptide, ZIP. Our results show that the microinfusion of ZIP into the IC of the behaving rats impairs long-term memory of CTA and prevents its effects on IC-LTP. These results indicate that PKM ζ is a key component of the cellular mechanisms necessary for the persistence of lasting memory traces as well as for those underlying metaplastic changes in neocortex, contributing to the persistence of aversive memories.},
  institution = {Division de Investigacion y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional Autonomade Mexico, Mexico.},
  journal     = {Rev Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, drug effects/physiology; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Avoidance Learning, drug effects/physiology; Biophysics; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism; Conditioning (Psychology), drug effects/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects; Long-Term Potentiation, drug effects/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Oligopeptides, pharmacology; Protein Kinase C, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Taste, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {/j/revneuro.ahead-of-print/revneuro-2012-0048/revneuro-2012-0048.xml},
  pmid        = {23096103},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Cavdar:2014b,
  author      = {{\c{C}}avdar, Safiye and {\"{O}}zg{\"{u}}r, Merve and Uysal, Sanem P{\i}nar and Amuk, {\"{O}}zge Ceren},
  title       = {Motor afferents from the cerebellum, zona incerta and substantia nigra to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {13},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {565--578},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1142/S0219635214500198},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219635214500198},
  abstract    = {The mediodorsal (MD) thalamic nucleus provides information from subcortical structures to the prefrontal cortex. The human MD thalamic nucleus has been implicated in a great variety of different clinical conditions and normal functions ranging from schizophrenia, Parkinsonism and epilepsy to many cognitive functions. In the rat the MD thalamic nucleus is divided into three cytoarchitectonic sectors whereas in the primates it is divided into two; medial one-third (magnocellular) and lateral two-thirds further the lateral sector is divided into pars parvocellularis pars multiformis, pars fasciculosa and pars caudalis. In this study we used a retrograde tracer, fluoro-gold (FG) to evaluate some of the afferents reaching the lateral sector of the MD (MDl) thalamic nucleus. The results of the present study have shown that MDl receives afferent connections from the lateral cerebellar nucleus (dentate nucleus), substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) and zona incerta (ZI). Subsequent to FG 
injections into the MDl, labeled cells were observed mainly bilaterally but were sparser on the contralateral side than ipsilaterally from each of the three structures listed. All three afferents showed a topographical organization. The labeled neurons were localized at the dorsomedial aspect of the lateral cerebellar nucleus, the dorsoventral aspect of the SNR and in the dorsal sector of the ZI. The lateral cerebellar nucleus reached the MDl via the superior cerebellar peduncle. No other deep cerebellar nuclei showed labeled cells. There were no labeled cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC). Although the three regions identified here are recognized as having motor functions, the connections to MD suggest that their outputs also play a role in cognitive or other higher cortical functions.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Koç University, Sarıyer 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.},
  journal     = {J Integr Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cell Count; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Zona Incerta, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {25164360},
  timestamp   = {20.04.2016},
}

@Article{Saponjic:2011a,
  author      = {{\v{S}}aponji{\'{c}}, Jasna},
  title       = {[Selective stimulations and lesions of the rat brain nuclei as the models for research of the human sleep pathology mechanisms].},
  year        = {2011},
  language    = {srp},
  number      = {51},
  pages       = {85--97},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  abstract    = {Many complex behavioral phenomena such as sleep can not be explained without multidisciplinary experimental approach, and complementay approaches in the animal models "in vivo" and human studies. Electrophysiological, pharmacological, anatomical and immunohistochemical techniques, and particularly stereotaxically guided local nanovolume microinjection technique, enable us to selectively stimulate and lesion the brain nuclei or their specific neuronal subpopulation, and to reslove the mechanisms of certain brain structure regulatory role, and its afferent-efferent connectivity within the brain. Local stereotaxically guided nanovolume microinjection technique enable us to investigate in animals the brain nulcei functional topography with a resolution of < or = 10 microM, and at a level of 300 microM of effective radius within the brain tissue "in vivo". The advantage of local glutamate or DL- homocysteic acid microinjection stimulation or local excitotoxic (glutamate, ibotenic acid, IgG 
saporin) microinjection lesion over electrical stimulation/lesion of the same neuronal population are that they reduces the likelihood of activation/lesion of fibers of passage. Much of our knowledge of the sleep neuronal substrates is based on animal studies primarly in cat and rat. Selective pharmacological stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT) in freely moving rat, using glutamate microinjection, proved that excitation of its cholinergic part is necessary for induction of wakefulness or REM (Datta S, 2001). Local nanovolume glutamate microinjection into PPT of anesthetized rats (Saponjić et al, 2003a) additionally evidenced P-wave and respiratory regulating neuronal subpopulation within the cholinergic compartment of PPT (apneogenic neuronal zone). Local microinjection of serotonin and noradrenaline into cholinergic PPT apneogenic zone evidenced their opposed impact through PPT on breathing, in contrast to their convergent regulatory role in behavioral state control (Saponjić et al., 2005a). 
Also, selective pharmacological stimulation by microinjection of DL-homocysteic acid defined four neuronal micro-circuitry approximately 500 microm in lenght of breathing-related neurons within the ventral respiratory group of medulla oblongata, which when stimulated produce different effects on respiratory rate, rhythm and amplitude, and on blood pressure. This study was the first high resolution study in order to understand anatomical and functional neuronal system organization (Monnier et al., 2003). Recently, local glutamate microinjection stimulation technique enabled detailed functional topography of respiratory, cardiovascular and pontine-wave responses within the PPT (Topchiy et al., 2010). Discovery of "flip-flop" switch for REM sleep control is based on the experiments in rats using local stereotaxically guided microinjection of excitotoxins (ibotenic acid, IgG saporin), and the anterograde and retrograde tracers for selective lesion, and identifying "REM-off" and "REM- on" regions and their 
afferent-efferent connections, and for identifying pathways for REM atonia and REM EEG activation (Lu et al., 2006). Recently, selective lesion of SLD part of "REM-on" region in rat established an animal model of RBD, as well as a selective ibotenic acid lesion of PC part of "REM-on" region abolished theta during REM (Lu et al., 200; Anaclet et al., 2010). Selective ablation targeted to pre-Bötzinger complex neurons of ventrolateral respiratory group of medulla in rat induced REM related respiratory disorder up to 10 days, when this respiratory disorder became spreaded to all sleep phases, and even during wakefulness, due to long-lasting intermitent hypoxia, and an increase of the threshold for hypoxia/hypercapnea induced arousal response (McKay et al., 2005). Human development, maturation, healthy aging and many neurological diseases are associated with profound changes in sleep/wake states distribution and with variety of the sleep-related behavioral disorders. Sleep and sleep-related respiratory disorders 
(insomnia, hypersomnia, parasomnias, excessive nocturnal motor activity, circadian sleep-wake rhythm disturbances, respiratory dysrhythmias, RBD) are very frequently unnoticed in patients with neurodegenerative diseases (Boeve et al., 2007; Whitwell et al., 2007). Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease (AD, PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases, with prevalence of 0.5-1\%; increasing to 1-3\% for Parkinson, and up to 50\% for Alzheimer's disease in ages over 69 (Nussbaum and Christopher, 2003). In spite of a long knowledge of their clinical description and brain pathology (lesions of the NB cholinergic neurons in basal forebrain, dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra, etc.), they remain incurable with only limited success in temporal amelioration of their symptoms. Clinical symptoms first appear at 65-69 years on average, but there are indications that subclinical features may start many years earlier. Patients with REM-sleep behavior disorder (RBD) face close to a 20\% 5-year risk of developing 
PD or dementia, and that risk rises to more than 40\% after 10 years, and exceeds 50\% after 12 years. Human studies evidenced that sleep/wake cycle disturbance, as no cognitive symptom of dementia, precedes on average 3 years before the clinical diagnosis of the AD (Simic et al., 2009), and that RBD, precedes as symptom the onset of motor and cognitive disturbances by years or decades. AD and PD involve the selective loss of specific neuronal populations within the brain. RBD in those patients reflects an underlying synucleinopathy, with presence of the alpha-synuclein protein pathology within the REM sleep-related regulatory structures of the dorsal midbrain and pons at the onset of disease, with ascending pattern of neurodegeneration progression from brainstem to basal areas of the brain (Whitwell et al., 2007; Simic et al., 2009: Raggi and Ferri, 2010). On the base of hypothesis that basal forebrain cholinergic system plays an important role in the etiology of the most common neurodegenerative diseases 
of elderly (AD, PD), the lesion of the nucleus basalis in rat presents the most utilized "in vivo" animal model to study the disorders of cortical cholinergic innervation, and its impact on higher central nervous system functions. Our knowledge of the neural substrates for sleep/wake states and sleep-related behavior disorders regulation in health and the diseases, over more than 50 years of sleep research, is based on animal models, pharmacotherapy, central nervous system lesions, and the neuropathological studies in humans. Today we have many complementary animal models of human sleep pathology, and further work in fundamental multidisciplinary and clinical research between sleep and neurodegenerative disease investigators is promising to enable us understand normal and abnormal sleep, and may provide new insights into preventive or disease-altering approaches for therapy. Obviously counseling and prevention of AD or PD would be highly enriched by the development of a practical, sensitive and reliable 
methodology of detecting those patients with RBD, or other sleep disorders, who are at risk for developing AD or PD.},
  journal     = {Glas Srp Akad Nauka Med},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, drug effects/physiology; Cats; Humans; Models, Animal; Rats; Sleep Wake Disorders, physiopathology; Sleep, REM, physiology; Sleep, physiology; Wakefulness, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {22165729},
  timestamp   = {20.04.2016},
}

@Article{Aarnisalo:1998,
  author      = {Aarnisalo, A. A. and Panula, P.},
  title       = {Neuropeptide FF in the lateral spinal and lateral cervical nuclei: evidence of contacts on spinothalamic neurons.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {119},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {159--165},
  doi         = {10.1007/s002210050329},
  abstract    = {Neuropeptide FF (NPFF, F8Famide) is best known for its modulating effect on opioid analgesia and morphine tolerance. However, the exact mode of action of NPFF in sensory transmission is not known. We compared the distribution of NPFF-immunoreactive (ir) fibers and terminal-like thickenings with the retrograde, tracer-filled spinothalamic (ST) neurons in the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN) and lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) of rat, areas where NPFF-containing nerve terminals are abundant. We injected fluorescent latex microspheres into the ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus and more medial thalamic nuclei, which are innervated by ST neurons. We found NPFF-ir terminal-like thickenings and fibers apposing the tracer-filled neurons in the LSN and LCN. ST neurons filled with the retrograde tracer making contacts with NPFF-ir terminal-like thickenings, were found to terminate not only in the ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus but also in more medial thalamic nuclei. The highest number of tracer-
filled ST neurons having NPFF-ir terminal-like thickenings and fibers in apposition were found at the cervical level. Our results suggest that NPFF-containing systems in the spinal cord of rat are not limited to the substantia gelatinosa, and the sensory functions of NPFF may be mediated at least partly through the modulation of the ST system. NPFF-ir contacts in the LSN and LCN might play an important role in the somatic sensory transmission system. This study shows evidence for the first time that the spinal NPFF-containing system may be involved in mechanisms that control sensory input to the supraspinal levels.},
  institution = {Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Finland.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Neck; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Oligopeptides, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, physiology; Spinothalamic Tracts, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9535565},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aarnisalo:1995,
  author    = {Aarnisalo, AA and Panula, P},
  title     = {Neuropeptide FF-containing efferent projections from the medial hypothalamus of rat: a phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study},
  year      = {1995},
  volume    = {65},
  pages     = {175-192},
  doi       = {10.1016/0306-4522(94)00459-i},
  journal   = {Neuroscience},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aarnoutse:1995,
  author      = {Aarnoutse, E. J. and {Van der Want}, J. J. and Vrensen, G. F.},
  title       = {Retrograde fluorescent microsphere tracing of retinal and central afferents to the nucleus of the optic tract in pigmented and albino rats.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {201},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {143--146},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(95)12159-5},
  abstract    = {The pretectal nucleus of the optic tract is involved in optokinetic nystagmus. Albino animals suffer from inverse optokinetic nystagmus, possibly due to a smaller number of ipsilateral projections. Animals with laterally placed eyes have an asymmetric nystagmus, attributed to a presumed lack of binocular cortical input to the nucleus of the optic tract. Moreover, a direct input from the ipsilateral retina is controversial. We investigated the retinal and central afferents to the nucleus of the optic tract in the rat by retrograde tracing using fluorescent latex microspheres. Ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells were observed in pigmented and also in albino rats. Projections from the visual cortex and primary visual nuclei were demonstrated.},
  institution = {Department of Morphology, Graduate School for the Neurosciences, The Netherlands.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Fluorescence; Male; Microspheres; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Nystagmus, Optokinetic, physiology; Pigmentation, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred BN; Rats, Wistar; Retina, cytology/physiology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, physiology; Visual Pathways, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304-3940(95)12159-5},
  pmid        = {8848238},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Aas:1990,
  author      = {J. E. Aas and P. Brodal},
  title       = {GABA and glycine as putative transmitters in subcortical pathways to the pontine nuclei. A combined immunocytochemical and retrograde tracing study in the cat with some observations in the rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {34},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {149-162},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90309-r},
  abstract    = {Using the retrograde tracers horseradish peroxidase-wheatgerm agglutinin and gold particles conjugated to wheatgerm agglutinin apo-horseradish peroxidase in combination with an antiserum against glutaraldehyde-fixed GABA, it was examined whether the pontine nuclei of the cat receive projections from GABA-like immunoreactive neurons in the brainstem, diencephalon, or deep cerebellar nuclei, contributing to the GABA-like immunoreactive fibre plexus previously demonstrated in the pontine nuclei [Brodal et al. (1988) Neuroscience 25, 27-45]. Following tracer injections that covered both the pontine nuclei and the reticular tegmental nucleus in two cats, it was found that 125 out of 1166 (10.7\%) and 29 out of 294 (9.9\%) retrogradely labelled neurons in the cerebellar nuclei were GABA-like immunoreactive. In the same two experiments only six out of 2029 (0.3\%) and 10 out of 1398 (0.7\%) retrogradely labelled neurons in the brainstem and diencephalon were GABA-like immunoreactive. Among the 
regions in the brainstem and diencephalon known to project to the pontine nuclei, double-labelled cells were seen in the reticular formation, the periaqueductal gray, and the nucleus praepositus hypoglossi, but not in the zona incerta or the anterior pretectal nucleus, regions that have been shown to contain glutamate decarboxylase-like immunoreactive neurons projecting to the pontine nuclei in the rat [Border et al. (1986) Brain Res. Bull. 17, 169-179]. In order to test whether this is due to species differences, the same experimental approach was used in the rat, and it was found that 54 out of 3249 (1.7\%) retrogradely labelled neurons in the brainstem and diencephalon were double-labelled. Notably, in the zona incerta 2\% of the retrogradely labelled cells were also GABA-like immunoreactive, and in the reticular formation there was a higher proportion of double-labelled cells than was found in the cat. Additional sources were identified, that may contribute to the GABA-like immunoreactive fibre plexus in 
the pontine nuclei of the rat. This, in conjunction with the previous finding that the pontine nuclei of the rat contain only very few putative GABAergic neurons [Border and Mihailoff (1985) Expl Brain Res. 59, 600-614; Brodal et al. (1988) Neuroscience 25, 27-45], lead to the suggestion that the GABA-like immunoreactive fibre plexus in the pontine nuclei of the rat is predominantly of extrinsic origin, possibly representing a mosaic of the terminal fields of several subcorticopontine projections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Anatomical Institute, University of Oslo, Norway.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, cytology/metabolism; Cats; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Diencephalon, cytology/metabolism; Glycine, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Pons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {1691464},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aas:1989,
  author      = {Aas, Jan-Erik and Brodal, Per},
  title       = {Demonstration of a Mamillo-Ponto-Cerebellar Pathway.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {61--74},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1989.tb00775.x},
  url         = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1989.tb00775.x/abstract},
  abstract    = {The pathway from the mamillary complex to the cerebellum via the pontine nuclei has been studied using several anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques in the cat. We have also compared the pontine terminal regions of fibres from the mamillary complex and from the cingulate gyrus. Implantations of crystalline horseradish peroxidase wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA) in the mamillary complex and lesions of the cingulate gyrus were combined in the same animal with injections of HRP-WGA, rhodamine-B-isothiocyanate (RITC), and Fluoro-Gold in different parts of the cerebellar hemisphere. Fibres from both the mamillary complex and the cingulate gyrus terminate mainly within a transversely oriented, c-shaped band in the ipsilateral, rostral pontine nuclei. Within this band the terminal fields of fibres from the mamillary complex and the cingulate gyrus form a mosaic-like pattern of partly overlapping patches. Pontine regions receiving a mamillary input project mainly to the ventral paraflocculus, 
and to a lesser degree to the dorsal paraflocculus, but apparently not to the uvula or crus II. Judging from the literature it seems highly unlikely that other parts of the cerebellar hemispheres received projections from these pontine regions. Fibres from the ventral paraflocculus were shown to terminate in the parvicellular part of the lateral cerebellar nucleus only. The present findings would seem to imply that inputs from the mamillary complex and a related cortical region, the cingulate gyrus, are partly integrated, partly kept separate at the precerebellar level. This would ensure that small groups of cells in the rostral pontine nuclei receive a specific set of afferents. Conceivably, the information transmitted to the cerebellum by these groups of pontine cells might be related to functions of the mamillary complex, such as learning, motivation, and spatial memory.},
  institution = {Anatomical Institute, University of Oslo, O162 Oslo 1, Norway.},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {ejn_01010061},
  pmid        = {12106175},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Abankwa:2002a,
  author      = {Abankwa, Daniel and K{\"{u}}ry, Patrick and M{\"{u}}ller, Hans Werner},
  title       = {Dynamic changes in gene expression profiles following axotomy of projection fibres in the Mammalian CNS.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {21},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {421--435},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1006/mcne.2002.1183},
  abstract    = {Following postcommissural fornix transection we have investigated the postaxotomy transcriptional program in the subiculum where the injured axons originate. cDNA array hybridization revealed 125 genes that were specifically regulated as the injured neurons passed through three distinct postlesion (PL) stages comprising (i). early phase of injury and axon degeneration, (ii). sprouting phase of the proximal stump, and (iii). axonal growth arrest at the lesion scar. Numerous genes were detected which have, so far, not been associated with axotomy or axonal growth. Following the early lesion response that is characterized predominantly by down-regulation of genes at 1 day PL, neurons switch to a sprouting program with the majority of genes up-regulated at 7 days PL. However, the latter program of gene expression is not maintained but largely reversed (at 3 weeks PL) to the initial profile as axonal growth is blocked at the lesion barrier, indicating retrograde signaling that leads to down-
regulation of neuronal genes previously up-regulated during axon sprouting.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.},
  journal     = {Mol Cell Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axotomy, adverse effects; Brain Injuries, genetics/metabolism/physiopathology; DNA, Complementary, analysis/genetics; Fornix, Brain, injuries/metabolism/surgery; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, genetics; Growth Cones, metabolism; Nerve Degeneration, genetics/metabolism/physiopathology; Nerve Regeneration, genetics; Nerve Tissue Proteins, genetics; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recovery of Function, genetics; Time Factors; Up-Regulation, genetics},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1044743102911838},
  pmid        = {12498784},
  timestamp   = {20.04.2016},
}

@Article{Abankwa:2002,
  author      = {Abankwa, Daniel and Küry, Patrick and Müller, Hans Werner},
  title       = {Dynamic changes in gene expression profiles following axotomy of projection fibres in the Mammalian CNS.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {21},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {421--435},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1006/mcne.2002.1183},
  abstract    = {Following postcommissural fornix transection we have investigated the postaxotomy transcriptional program in the subiculum where the injured axons originate. cDNA array hybridization revealed 125 genes that were specifically regulated as the injured neurons passed through three distinct postlesion (PL) stages comprising (i). early phase of injury and axon degeneration, (ii). sprouting phase of the proximal stump, and (iii). axonal growth arrest at the lesion scar. Numerous genes were detected which have, so far, not been associated with axotomy or axonal growth. Following the early lesion response that is characterized predominantly by down-regulation of genes at 1 day PL, neurons switch to a sprouting program with the majority of genes up-regulated at 7 days PL. However, the latter program of gene expression is not maintained but largely reversed (at 3 weeks PL) to the initial profile as axonal growth is blocked at the lesion barrier, indicating retrograde signaling that leads to down-
regulation of neuronal genes previously up-regulated during axon sprouting.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.},
  journal     = {Mol Cell Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axotomy, adverse effects; Brain Injuries, genetics/metabolism/physiopathology; DNA, Complementary, analysis/genetics; Fornix, Brain, injuries/metabolism/surgery; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, genetics; Growth Cones, metabolism; Nerve Degeneration, genetics/metabolism/physiopathology; Nerve Regeneration, genetics; Nerve Tissue Proteins, genetics; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recovery of Function, genetics; Time Factors; Up-Regulation, genetics},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1044743102911838},
  pmid        = {12498784},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Abbasova:2010,
  author      = {Abbasova, K. R. and Chepurnov, S. A. and Chepurnova, N. E. and {van Luijtelaar}, G.},
  title       = {The role of perioral afferentation in the occurrenceof spike-wave discharges in the WAG/Rij modelof absence epilepsy.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1366},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {257--262},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.007},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.007},
  abstract    = {According to the focal cortical theory of absence epilepsy, spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) have a cortical focal origin in the perioral region of the somatosensory cortex in rats. In the present study the role of peripheral afferents of the perioral (snout) region in the occurrence of spontaneous SWDs was investigated in the WAG/Rij (Wistar Albino Glaxo from Rijswijk) rat model of absence epilepsy in order to examine whether an input from peripheral sources is imperative for the occurrence of SWDs. Twelve male WAG/Rij rats were chronically equipped with cortical EEG electrodes. Peripheral afferents of the perioral region of the snout nervus trigeminus were pharmacologically blocked with a local injection of 2\% Novocain, a blockade of nervus facialis and saline injections were used as controls. ECoGs were recorded before and after bilateral injection of the drug. Blockade of the n. trigeminus decreased the incidence and duration of SWD, while similar injections with Novocain near the n. 
facialis had no effect. Injections with saline were also not effective. Our data demonstrate that intact peripheral afferent input may be primarily involved in the initiation of SWDs. It suggests that the cortico-thalamo-cortical circuits need the peripheral stimulations from the snout and vibrissae for an initiation of the spontaneous SWDs.},
  institution = {Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. akenul@gmail.com},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Analysis of Variance; Anesthetics, Local, pharmacology; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Electroencephalography, methods; Epilepsy, Absence, pathology/physiopathology; Evoked Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Male; Nerve Block, methods; Procaine, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Somatosensory Cortex, physiopathology; Time Factors; Trigeminal Nerve, drug effects/physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(10)02214-6},
  pmid        = {20934415},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Abbate:1991,
  author      = {Abbate, S. L. and Atkinson, M. B. and Breuer, A. C.},
  title       = {Amount and speed of fast axonal transport in diabetes.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {40},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {111--117},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.2337/diab.40.1.111},
  abstract    = {Abnormalities in axonal transport have been observed in human and experimental diabetes and may be related to the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Axonal transport has previously been evaluated by indirect methods. In this study, direct-measurement techniques were applied (with computer-enhanced video-recorded images) for the first time to evaluate intra-axonal organelle speed and frequency (the amount of organelle traffic) in both the anterograde fast component (AFC) and retrograde fast component (RFC) of axonal transport in diabetic nerve. Sciatic nerve and dorsal and ventral nerve roots were studied in the animal model of insulin-dependent diabetes (BB/Wistar rat) and sciatic nerve in the non-insulin-dependent (streptozocin-induced) model of diabetes (STZ-D rat). STZ-D rats were studied at 1 mo, and BB/Wistar rats were studied at 1 and 2 mo of diabetes duration. Statistically significant decreases in peripheral axon organelle speed were found only for RFC at 1 mo of diabetes in both 
the BB/Wistar (8.1\%) and STZ-D (5.4\%) rats. The difference was no longer significant in BB/Wistar rats at 2 mo of diabetes. This recovery suggests that the underlying abnormality is reversible. No differences were seen in AFC of any axons, and the only other difference seen was a 5.1\% decrement in RFC at 2 mo in the ventral roots. No significant difference was observed in any group for organelle frequencies. Other factors should be considered to explain the decrease in materials transported in accumulation studies. The transient deficits in RFC speed observed remain of undetermined significance in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.},
  institution = {Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195.},
  journal     = {Diabetes},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology; Blood Glucose, metabolism; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, genetics/physiopathology; Diabetic Neuropathies, physiopathology; Ganglia, Spinal, physiopathology; Male; Motor Neurons, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred BB; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reference Values; Sciatic Nerve, physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1707837},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Abbott:2013,
  Title                    = {Imaging axonal transport in the rat visual pathway.},
  Author                   = {Abbott, Carla J. and Choe, Tiffany E. and Lusardi, Theresa A. and Burgoyne, Claude F. and Wang, Lin and Fortune, Brad},
  Journal                  = {Biomed Opt Express},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {364--386},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Abstract                 = {A technique was developed for assaying axonal transport in retinal ganglion cells using 2 µl injections of 1\% cholera toxin b-subunit conjugated to AlexaFluor488 (CTB). In vivo retinal and post-mortem brain imaging by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and post-mortem microscopy were performed. The transport of CTB was sensitive to colchicine, which disrupts axonal microtubules. The bulk rates of transport were determined to be approximately 80-90 mm/day (anterograde) and 160 mm/day (retrograde). Results demonstrate that axonal transport of CTB can be monitored in vivo in the rodent anterior visual pathway, is dependent on intact microtubules, and occurs by active transport mechanisms.},
  Doi                      = {10.1364/BOE.4.000364},
  Institution              = {Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute, and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR 97232, USA.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {178418},
  Pmid                     = {23412846},
  Timestamp                = {26.04.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/BOE.4.000364}
}

@Article{Abbott:2005,
  author      = {Abbott, Caroline R. and Monteiro, Mariana and Small, Caroline J. and Sajedi, Arshia and Smith, Kirsty L. and Parkinson, James R C. and Ghatei, Mohammad A. and Bloom, Stephen R.},
  title       = {The inhibitory effects of peripheral administration of peptide YY(3-36) and glucagon-like peptide-1 on food intake are attenuated by ablation of the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1044},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {127--131},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.brainres.2005.03.011},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.03.011},
  abstract    = {The vagus nerve forms a neuro-anatomical link between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. A number of gastrointestinal hormones, including cholecystokinin and ghrelin, require an intact vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway to affect CNS feeding circuits. We have shown that the effects of peripheral administration of both peptide YY(3-36) (PYY(3-36)) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on food intake and activation of hypothalamic arcuate feeding neurones are abolished following either bilateral sub-diaphragmatic total truncal vagotomy or brainstem-hypothalamic pathway transectioning in rodents. These findings suggest that the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway may also play a role in the effects of circulating PYY(3-36) and GLP-1 on food intake.},
  institution = {Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, drug effects/physiology; Denervation, methods; Eating, drug effects; Efferent Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Hypothalamus, drug effects/physiology; Inhibition (Psychology); Male; Naphthalenes; Oxepins; Peptide Fragments; Peptide YY, administration /&/ dosage; Peptides, administration /&/ dosage; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vagotomy, methods; Vagus Nerve, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(05)00400-2},
  pmid        = {15862798},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Abbott:2012,
  Title                    = {C1 neurons excite locus coeruleus and A5 noradrenergic neurons along with sympathetic outflow in rats.},
  Author                   = {Abbott, S. B. and Kanbar, R. and Bochorishvili, G. and Coates, M. B. and Stornetta, R. L. and Guyenet, P. G.},
  Journal                  = {J Physiol},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Number                   = {Pt 12},
  Pages                    = {2897--2915},
  Volume                   = {590},

  Abstract                 = {C1 neurons activate sympathetic tone and stimulate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in circumstances such as pain, hypoxia or hypotension. They also innervate pontine noradrenergic cell groups, including the locus coeruleus (LC) and A5. Activation of C1 neurons reportedly inhibits LC neurons; however, because these neurons are glutamatergic and have excitatory effects elsewhere, we re-examined the effect of C1 activation on pontine noradrenergic neurons (LC and A5) using a more selective method. Using a lentivirus that expresses channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) under the control of the artificial promoter PRSx8, we restricted ChR2 expression to C1 neurons (67\%), retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons (20\%) and cholinergic neurons (13\%). The LC contained ChR2-positive terminals that formed asymmetric synapses and were immunoreactive for vesicular glutamate transporter type 2. Low-frequency photostimulation of ChR2-expressing neurons activated LC (38 of 65; 58\%) and A5 neurons (11 of 
16; 69\%) and sympathetic nerve discharge. Locus coeruleus and A5 inhibition was not seen unless preceded by excitation. Locus coeruleus activation was eliminated by intracerebroventricular kynurenic acid. Stimulation of ChR2-expressing neurons at 20 Hz produced modest increases in LC and A5 neuronal discharge. In additional rats, the retrotrapezoid nucleus region was destroyed with substance P–saporin prior to lentivirus injection into the rostral ventrolateral medulla, increasing the proportion of C1 ChR2-expressing neurons (83\%). Photostimulation in these rats activated the same proportion of LC and A5 neurons as in control rats but produced no effect on sympathetic nerve discharge owing to the destruction of bulbospinal C1 neurons. In conclusion, low-frequency stimulation of C1 neurons activates pontine noradrenergic neurons and sympathetic nerve discharge, possibly via the release of glutamate from monosynaptic C1 inputs.},
  Doi                      = {10.1113/jphysiol.2012.232157},
  Institution              = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Adrenergic Neurons, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Electroencephalography; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, physiology; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Male; Pituitary-Adrenal System, innervation/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {jphysiol.2012.232157},
  Pmc                      = {PMC3448155},
  Pmid                     = {22526887},
  Timestamp                = {25.01.2016},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.232157}
}

@Article{Abdallah:2013,
  Title                    = {Bilateral descending hypothalamic projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis in rats.},
  Author                   = {Abdallah, Khaled and Artola, Alain and Monconduit, Lénaic and Dallel, Radhouane and Luccarini, Philippe},
  Journal                  = {PLoS One},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {e73022},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Abstract                 = {Several lines of evidence suggest that the hypothalamus is involved in trigeminal pain processing. However, the organization of descending hypothalamic projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C) remains poorly understood. Microinjections of the retrograde tracer, fluorogold (FG), into the Sp5C, in rats, reveal that five hypothalamic nuclei project to the Sp5C: the paraventricular nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, the perifornical hypothalamic area, the A11 nucleus and the retrochiasmatic area. Descending hypothalamic projections to the Sp5C are bilateral, except those from the paraventricular nucleus which exhibit a clear ipsilateral predominance. Moreover, the density of retrogradely FG-labeled neurons in the hypothalamus varies according to the dorso-ventral localization of the Sp5C injection site. There are much more labeled neurons after injections into the ventrolateral part of the Sp5C (where ophthalmic afferents project) than after injections into 
its dorsomedial or intermediate parts (where mandibular and maxillary afferents, respectively, project). These results demonstrate that the organization of descending hypothalamic projections to the spinal dorsal horn and Sp5C are different. Whereas the former are ipsilateral, the latter are bilateral. Moreover, hypothalamic projections to the Sp5C display somatotopy, suggesting that these projections are preferentially involved in the processing of meningeal and cutaneous inputs from the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve in rats. Therefore, our results suggest that the control of trigeminal and spinal dorsal horn processing of nociceptive information by hypothalamic neurons is different and raise the question of the role of bilateral, rather than unilateral, hypothalamic control.},
  Doi                      = {10.1371/journal.pone.0073022},
  Institution              = {d, France.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {epublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {PONE-D-13-04185},
  Pmid                     = {23951340},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073022}
}

@Article{Abdel-Majid:2005,
  Title                    = {Tracer coupling of neurons in the rat retina inner nuclear layer labeled by Fluorogold.},
  Author                   = {Raja' M Abdel-Majid and Michele L Archibald and François Tremblay and William H Baldridge},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {114--120},
  Volume                   = {1063},

  Abstract                 = {A subpopulation of neurons in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the rat retina were labeled 9-13 weeks after application of Fluorogold (FG) to the superior colliculus. Neurobiotin injection of FG-labeled cells in the INL of flatmounted living retina revealed that these cells consisted of both displaced ganglion cells and a subset of amacrine cells. Fluorogold-labeled amacrine cells in the INL showed tracer coupling to other presumptive amacrine cells in the INL, but there was no evidence of coupling to neurons in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). As the labeling of amacrine cells by FG may be due to gap junction coupling between ganglion and amacrine cells, these data add to the evidence that tracer coupling between these cells can be unidirectional. Some of the FG-labeled displaced ganglion cells in the INL injected with Neurobiotin also showed tracer coupling to neurons in the INL or GCL.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.brainres.2005.09.046},
  Institution              = {Laboratory for Retina and Optic Nerve Research, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5.},
  Keywords                 = {Amacrine Cells, cytology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, methods; Fluorescent Dyes; Gap Junctions; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology; Stilbamidines; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Visual Pathways, cytology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0006-8993(05)01375-2},
  Pmid                     = {16263096},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.09.046}
}

@Article{Abdullah:2013,
  author      = {Abdullah, M. and O'Daly, A. and Vyas, A. and Rohde, C. and Brushart, T. M.},
  title       = {Adult motor axons preferentially reinnervate predegenerated muscle nerve.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {249},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1--7},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.07.019},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.07.019},
  abstract    = {Preferential motor reinnervation (PMR) is the tendency for motor axons regenerating after repair of mixed nerve to reinnervate muscle nerve and/or muscle rather than cutaneous nerve or skin. PMR may occur in response to the peripheral nerve pathway alone in juvenile rats (Brushart, 1993; Redett et al., 2005), yet the ability to identify and respond to specific pathway markers is reportedly lost in adults (Uschold et al., 2007). The experiments reported here evaluate the relative roles of pathway and end organ in the genesis of PMR in adult rats. Fresh and 2-week predegenerated femoral nerve grafts were transferred in correct or reversed alignment to replace the femoral nerves of previously unoperated Lewis rats. After 8 weeks of regeneration the motoneurons projecting through the grafts to recipient femoral cutaneous and muscle branches and their adjacent end organs were identified by retrograde labeling. Motoneuron counts were subjected to Poisson regression analysis to determine the 
relative roles of pathway and end organ identity in generating PMR. Transfer of fresh grafts did not result in PMR, whereas substantial PMR was observed when predegenerated grafts were used. Similarly, the pathway through which motoneurons reached the muscle had a significant impact on PMR when grafts were predegenerated, but not when they were fresh. Comparison of the relative roles of pathway and end organ in generating PMR revealed that neither could be shown to be more important than the other. These experiments demonstrate unequivocally that adult muscle nerve and cutaneous nerve differ in qualities that can be detected by regenerating adult motoneurons and that can modify their subsequent behavior. They also reveal that two weeks of Wallerian degeneration modify the environment in the graft from one that provides no modality-specific cues for motor neurons to one that actively promotes PMR.},
  institution = {Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, 601 N. Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Aging, physiology; Animals; Female; Femoral Nerve, physiology/transplantation; Motor Neurons, physiology; Nerve Degeneration, pathology/surgery; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Quadriceps Muscle, innervation/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Transplants, physiology/transplantation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0014-4886(13)00236-7},
  pmid        = {23933577},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Abe:1978,
  author      = {Abe, K.},
  title       = {A study of sensory projection from jaw muscles to the cerebral cortex in the rat.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {28},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {309--322},
  doi         = {10.2170/jjphysiol.28.309},
  abstract    = {The sensory projection from jaw muscles to the cerebral cortex have been studied in rats by electrophysiological and histochemical methods. Electrical stimulation of individual masticatory muscles elicited bilateral responses in the cortical areas 8, 10, 2, and 2a. The following pathway was postulated to mediate these cortical responses; impulses of muscle origin are conducted in turn to the trigeminal mesencephalic tract nucleus (TMT), the contralateral thalamic nucleus ventralis posteromedialis (VPM), the cerebral cortex and finally to the other cerebral cortex which is ipsilateral to the side of stimulation. The ipsilateral cortical response appeared about 5 msec later than the contralateral one and was abolished by sectioning the corpus callosum. By stimulating the cerebral cortex antidromically, the conduction time to the VPM was found to be as long as 6 msec. The conduction from the TMT to the contralateral VPM consumed a period of more than 10 msec. It was presumed to be multisynaptic,
 being based on the finding that horseradish peroxidase injected into the VPM could not be recovered in the contralateral TMT.},
  journal     = {Jpn J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Female; Latency Period (Psychology); Masticatory Muscles, physiology; Pons, physiology; Rats; Thalamus, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {713182},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Abou-Madi:1987,
  author      = {L. Abou-Madi and P. Pontarotti and G. Tramu and A. Cupo and M. Eybalin},
  title       = {Coexistence of putative neuroactive substances in lateral olivocochlear neurons of rat and guinea pig.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {2-3},
  pages       = {135--146},
  doi         = {10.1016/0378-5955(87)90131-6},
  abstract    = {We have used the retrograde axonal transport of Fast Blue, injected intra-cochlearly, to identify in the rat lateral superior olive (LSO) neurons which belong to the lateral olivocochlear system (LOCS). Using immunohistofluorescence technique, we have localized within Fast Blue-labeled neurons immunostainings for enkephalins (Met-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8), dynorphins (alpha-neo-endorphin, dynorphin 1-17) or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Many Fast Blue-labeled neurons did not show any immunostaining, but all the immunostained neurons found in the LSO were Fast Blue-labeled. In immunohistofluorescence colocalization experiments of two antigens, we could colocalize within the same neurons of the rat LSO immunostainings for ChAT and enkephalins and for ChAT and dynorphins. In each case, neurons only immunostained for ChAT, enkephalins or dynorphins could also be observed. A colocalization of the immunostainings for Met-enkephalin and dynorphins within neurons of the guinea 
pig and rat LSO was also found. However, in this case, neurons which did not show colocalization were only Met-enkephalin-immunoreactive, thus suggesting that all the dynorphins immunoreactive LSO neurons also contain enkephalins. These findings support the idea that the neurons of the LSO which contain ChAT-, enkephalin- or dynorphin-immunostainings project to the cochlea and belong to the LOCS. It can also be concluded that acetylcholine, enkephalins and dynorphins coexist within a same population of neurons of the LOCS, although other patterns of co-containment of neuroactive substances within LOCS neurons may also exist.},
  institution = {INSERM-U. 254, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Audition, Hôpital St Charles, Montpellier, France.},
  journal     = {Hear Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Axons, ultrastructure; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Cochlear Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Dynorphins, metabolism; Enkephalins, metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Neurons, ultrastructure; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2890617},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Abrahamson:1981,
  author      = {Abrahamson, D. R. and Rodewald, R.},
  title       = {Evidence for the sorting of endocytic vesicle contents during the receptor-mediated transport of IgG across the newborn rat intestine.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {91},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {270--280},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1083/jcb.91.1.270},
  abstract    = {Fc receptors on the luminal membranes of intestinal epithelial cells in the neonatal rat mediate the vesicular transfer of functionally intact IgG from the intestinal lumen to the circulation. In addition, there is a low level of nonselective protein uptake, but in this case transfer does not occur. To determine whether a specialized class of endocytic vesicles could account for the selective transfer of IgG, mixtures of IgG conjugated to ferritin (IgG-Ft) and unconjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were injected together into the proximal intestine of 10-d-old rats, and the cellular distribution of these two different tracers was determined by electron microscopy. Virtually all apical endocytic vesicles contained both tracers, indicating simultaneous uptake of both proteins within the same vesicle. However, only IgG-Ft bound to the apical plasma membrane, appeared within coated vesicles at the lateral cell surface, and was released from cells. HRP did not bind to the luminal membrane and 
was not transferred across cells but was confined to apical lysosomes as identified by acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase activities. To test the possibility that the binding of IgG to its receptor stimulated endocytosis, HRP was used as a fluid volume tracer, and the amount of HRP taken up by cells in the presence and absence of IgG was measured morphologically and biochemically. The results demonstrate that endocytosis in these cells is constitutive and occurs at the same level in the absence of IgG. The evidence presented indicates that the principal selective mechanism for IgG transfer is the binding of IgG to its receptor during endocytosis. Continued binding to vesicle membranes appears to be required for successful transfer because unbound proteins are removed from the transport pathway before exocytosis. These results favor the proposal that IgG is transferred across cells as an IgG-receptor complex.},
  journal     = {J Cell Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn, immunology; Cell Compartmentation; Cytoplasmic Granules, metabolism; Endocytosis; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunoglobulin G, metabolism; Intestinal Mucosa, metabolism; Lysosomes, metabolism; Rats; Receptors, Fc, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7298722},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Abrahamson:2001,
  author    = {Abrahamson, EE and Moore, RY},
  title     = {The posterior hypothalamic area: chemoarchitecture and afferent connections.},
  year      = {2001},
  volume    = {889},
  pages     = {1-22},
  doi       = {10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03015-8},
  journal   = {Brain Res},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Abrams:2005,
  Title                    = {Serotonergic systems associated with arousal and vigilance behaviors following administration of anxiogenic drugs.},
  Author                   = {J. K. Abrams and P. L. Johnson and A. Hay-Schmidt and J. D. Mikkelsen and A. Shekhar and C. A. Lowry},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {983--997},
  Volume                   = {133},

  Abstract                 = {Serotonergic systems play important roles in modulating behavioral arousal, including behavioral arousal and vigilance associated with anxiety states. To further our understanding of the neural systems associated with increases in anxiety states, we investigated the effects of multiple anxiogenic drugs on topographically organized subpopulations of serotonergic neurons using double immunohistochemical staining for c-Fos and tryptophan hydroxylase combined with topographical analysis of the rat dorsal raphe nucleus (DR). Anxiogenic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties including the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine, the serotonin 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist m-chlorophenyl piperazine (mCPP), the alpha2-adrenoreceptor antagonist yohimbine, and the benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonist N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG-7142) induced increases in behavioral arousal and vigilance behaviors consistent with an increase in anxiety state. In addition, these 
anxiogenic drugs, excluding yohimbine, had convergent actions on an anatomically-defined subset of serotonergic neurons within the middle and caudal, dorsal subdivision of the DR. High resolution topographical analysis revealed that at the mid-rostrocaudal level, caffeine and FG-7142 had convergent effects on c-Fos expression in serotonergic neurons that were restricted to a previously undefined region, which we have named the shell region of the dorsal part of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRDSh), that overlaps the anatomical border between the dorsal part of the dorsal raphe nucleus, the ventral part of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRV), and the ventrolateral part of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRVL). Retrograde tracing methods revealed that DRDSh contains large numbers of neurons projecting to the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, a forebrain structure important for emotional appraisal and modulation of anxiety-related physiological and behavioral responses. Together these findings support the hypothesis that there 
is a functional topographical organization in the DR and are consistent with the hypothesis that anxiogenic drugs have selective actions on a subpopulation of serotonergic neurons projecting to a distributed central autonomic and emotional motor control system regulating anxiety states and anxiety-related physiological and behavioral responses.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.025},
  Institution              = {Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.},
  Keywords                 = {Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists, pharmacology; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents, pharmacology; Arousal, drug effects; Behavior, Animal, drug effects; Blotting, Western, methods; Brain; Brain Mapping; Caffeine, pharmacology; Carbolines, pharmacology; Cell Count, methods; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Feeding Behavior, drug effects; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Gene Expression Regulation, drug effects; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Piperazines, pharmacology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin Receptor Agonists, pharmacology; Serotonin, metabolism; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Time Factors; Tryptophan Hydroxylase, metabolism; Video Recording, methods; Yohimbine, pharmacology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(05)00344-1},
  Pmid                     = {15916857},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.025}
}

@Article{Abrams:2004,
  author      = {Abrams, Jolane K. and Johnson, Philip L. and Hollis, Jacob H. and Lowry, Christopher A.},
  title       = {Anatomic and functional topography of the dorsal raphe nucleus.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1018},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {46--57},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1196/annals.1296.005},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1296.005},
  abstract    = {Serotonergic systems play an important and generalized role in regulation of sleep-wake states and behavioral arousal. Recent in vivo electrophysiologic recording studies in animals suggest that several different subtypes of serotonergic neurons with unique behavioral correlates exist within the brainstem raphe nuclei, raising the possibility that topographically organized subpopulations of serotonergic neurons may have unique behavioral or physiologic correlates and unique functional properties. We have shown that the stress-related and anxiogenic neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor can stimulate the in vitro neuronal firing rates of topographically organized subpopulations of serotonergic neurons within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR). These findings are consistent with a wealth of behavioral studies suggesting that serotonergic systems within the DR are involved in the modulation of ongoing anxiety-related behavior and in behavioral sensitization, a process whereby anxiety- and fear-
related behavioral responses are sensitized for a period of up to 24 to 48 h. The dorsomedial subdivision of the DR, particularly its middle and caudal aspects, has attracted considerable attention as a region that may play a critical role in the regulation of acute and chronic anxiety states. Future studies aimed at characterization of the molecular and cellular properties of topographically organized subpopulations of serotonergic neurons are likely to lead to major advances in our understanding of the role of serotonergic systems in stress-related physiology and behavior.},
  institution = {University Research Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Bristol, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom. J.K.Abrams@bristol.ac.uk},
  journal     = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Gene Expression; Genes, Immediate-Early; Neurons, Efferent, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Serotonin, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {1018/1/46},
  pmid        = {15240351},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Abul:2002,
  author      = {Abul, Habib T. and Mathew, T Chacko and Abul, Fawzi and Al-Sayer, Hilal and Dashti, Hussein M.},
  title       = {Antioxidant enzyme level in the testes of cirrhotic rats.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {18},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {56--59},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00743-2},
  abstract    = {An understanding of the tissue and organ level of antioxidant enzymes that scavenge reactive oxygen species may provide an indication of their susceptibility to free radical-related cytotoxic damage. A direct association between testicular production of excessive reactive oxygen species and male infertility has been noted. We measured the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the testes of thioacetamide-induced cirrhotic rats.Antioxidant enzyme activities and trace element levels (copper, zinc, manganese, and selenium) in the testes of thioacetamide-induced cirrhotic and control rats were measured. The statistical difference between the experimental and control groups with regard to the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and levels of trace elements was analyzed with Student's t test.Our results showed a significant decrease in the activity of these enzymes in the testes of cirrhotic rats. The testicular levels of copper, zinc, and 
manganese, which are associated with these antioxidant enzymes, increased, whereas selenium decreased slightly in cirrhotic rats; that decrease was not statistically significant.Our studies showed a drastic decrease in the level of antioxidant enzymes in the testes of cirrhotic rats that could have deleterious effects on sperm function in these animals. Further studies are necessary to understand the exact pathways of trace element metabolism in the testes of cirrhotic rats.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Kuwait University Health Sciences Center, Safat, Kuwait.},
  journal     = {Nutrition},
  keywords    = {Animals; Free Radical Scavengers, metabolism; Glutathione Peroxidase, metabolism; Infertility, Male, etiology/metabolism; Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental, complications/enzymology; Male; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reactive Oxygen Species, metabolism; Superoxide Dismutase, metabolism; Testis, enzymology/physiology; Trace Elements, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0899900701007432},
  pmid        = {11827766},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Acarin:1996a,
  author      = {Acarin, L. and Gonz{\'{a}}lez, B. and Castellano, B. and Castro, A. J.},
  title       = {Microglial response to N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated excitotoxicity in the immature rat brain.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {367},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {361--374},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {gt;3.0.CO;2-3},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-3},
  abstract    = {The intracerebral injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) has been proposed as a model for hypoxic-ischemic insult in the immature brain. In this light, the aim of this study was to describe the time course of the microglial reaction in the areas undergoing primary degeneration at the site of intracortical NMDA injection as well as in areas undergoing secondary anterograde and/or retrograde degeneration. Fifty nanomoles of NMDA were injected in the sensorimotor cortex of 6-day-old rats. After survival times ranging from 10 hours to 28 days, cryostat sections were stained for routine histology and for the demonstration of microglial cells by means of tomato lectin histochemistry. The areas affected by primary degeneration caused by the intracortical injection of NMDA were the neocortex, the hippocampus, and the rostral thalamus. Secondary degeneration (retrograde and anterograde) was observed in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus. The cortical lesion also caused Wallerian degeneration 
of the cortical descending efferents as observed in the basilar pons. Microglial reactivity in all these areas was present at 10 hours postinjection and was restricted to the areas undergoing neuronal or axonal degeneration. Reactive microglial cells were stained intensely and showed a round or pseudopodic morphology. At 3 days, an apparent increase in the number of tomato lectin-positive cells was observed in the areas undergoing neuronal death. By 7 days after the injection, the lesion became nonprogressive, and by 14 and 28 days, microglial cells showed moderate lectin binding and a more ramified morphology.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Ischemia, chemically induced/pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Efferent Pathways, drug effects; Female; Hippocampus, drug effects; Male; Microglia, drug effects; N-Methylaspartate, pharmacology; Nerve Degeneration, drug effects; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, drug effects/pathology; Thalamus, drug effects; Wallerian Degeneration, drug effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-3},
  pmid        = {8698898},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Acarin:1996,
  author      = {L. Acarin and B. González and B. Castellano and A. J. Castro},
  title       = {Microglial response to N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated excitotoxicity in the immature rat brain.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {367},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {361--374},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing experiment in the rat. NMDA injection. Degeneration / lesion experiment. Hypoxic insult.},
  doi         = {gt;3.0.CO;2-3},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-3},
  abstract    = {The intracerebral injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) has been proposed as a model for hypoxic-ischemic insult in the immature brain. In this light, the aim of this study was to describe the time course of the microglial reaction in the areas undergoing primary degeneration at the site of intracortical NMDA injection as well as in areas undergoing secondary anterograde and/or retrograde degeneration. Fifty nanomoles of NMDA were injected in the sensorimotor cortex of 6-day-old rats. After survival times ranging from 10 hours to 28 days, cryostat sections were stained for routine histology and for the demonstration of microglial cells by means of tomato lectin histochemistry. The areas affected by primary degeneration caused by the intracortical injection of NMDA were the neocortex, the hippocampus, and the rostral thalamus. Secondary degeneration (retrograde and anterograde) was observed in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus. The cortical lesion also caused Wallerian degeneration 
of the cortical descending efferents as observed in the basilar pons. Microglial reactivity in all these areas was present at 10 hours postinjection and was restricted to the areas undergoing neuronal or axonal degeneration. Reactive microglial cells were stained intensely and showed a round or pseudopodic morphology. At 3 days, an apparent increase in the number of tomato lectin-positive cells was observed in the areas undergoing neuronal death. By 7 days after the injection, the lesion became nonprogressive, and by 14 and 28 days, microglial cells showed moderate lectin binding and a more ramified morphology.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Ischemia, chemically induced/pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Efferent Pathways, drug effects; Female; Hippocampus, drug effects; Male; Microglia, drug effects; N-Methylaspartate, pharmacology; Nerve Degeneration, drug effects; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, drug effects/pathology; Thalamus, drug effects; Wallerian Degeneration, drug effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-3},
  pmid        = {8698898},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Accolla:2007,
  author      = {Riccardo Accolla and Brice Bathellier and Carl C H Petersen and Alan Carleton},
  title       = {Differential spatial representation of taste modalities in the rat gustatory cortex.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {27},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {1396--1404},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5188-06.2007},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5188-06.2007},
  abstract    = {Discrimination between foods is crucial for the nutrition and survival of animals. Remarkable progress has been made through molecular and genetic manipulations in the understanding of the coding of taste at the receptor level. However, much less is known about the cortical processing of taste sensation and the organizing principles of the gustatory cortex (GC). Using genetic tracing, it has recently been shown that sweet and bitter taste are processed through segregated neuronal circuitries along the gustatory pathway up to the cortical level. This is in disagreement with the evidence that GC neurons recorded in both anesthetized and behaving animals responded to multiple taste modalities (including sweet and bitter). To investigate the functional architecture of the GC in regard to taste modalities, we used in vivo intrinsic optical imaging, a technique that has been successfully applied to explore the organization of other neocortical regions. We found that four of the primary taste 
modalities (sweet, bitter, salty, and sour) are represented by distinctive spatial patterns but that no region was specific to a single modality. In addition, we found that two tastants of similar hedonic value (pleasant or unpleasant) activated areas with more common regions than two tastants with opposite hedonic value. In summary, we propose that these specific cortical patterns can be used to discriminate among various tastants.},
  institution = {Flavour Perception Group, Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, blood supply/physiology/ultrastructure; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Citric Acid, administration /&/ dosage; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drinking Behavior, physiology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, analysis; Food Preferences; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Physical Stimulation; Quinine, administration /&/ dosage; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium Chloride, administration /&/ dosage; Sucrose, administration /&/ dosage; Taste Buds, drug effects/physiology; Taste, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {27/6/1396},
  pmid        = {17287514},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Accorsi-Mendonca:2015,
  Title                    = {Enhanced Firing in NTS Induced by Short-Term Sustained Hypoxia Is Modulated by Glia-Neuron Interaction.},
  Author                   = {Accorsi-Mendon{\c{c}}a, Daniela and Almado, Carlos E L. and Bonagamba, Leni G H. and Castania, Jaci A. and Moraes, Davi J A. and Machado, Benedito H.},
  Journal                  = {J Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {17},
  Pages                    = {6903--6917},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Abstract                 = {Humans ascending to high altitudes are submitted to sustained hypoxia (SH), activating peripheral chemoreflex with several autonomic and respiratory responses. Here we analyzed the effect of short-term SH (24 h, FIO210\%) on the processing of cardiovascular and respiratory reflexes using an in situ preparation of rats. SH increased both the sympatho-inhibitory and bradycardiac components of baroreflex and the sympathetic and respiratory responses of peripheral chemoreflex. Electrophysiological properties and synaptic transmission in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons, the first synaptic station of afferents of baroreflexes and chemoreflexes, were evaluated using brainstem slices and whole-cell patch-clamp. The second-order NTS neurons were identified by previous application of fluorescent tracer onto carotid body for chemoreceptor afferents or onto aortic depressor nerve for baroreceptor afferents. SH increased the intrinsic excitability of NTS neurons. Delayed 
excitation, caused by A-type potassium current (IKA), was observed in most of NTS neurons from control rats. The IKA amplitude was higher in identified second-order NTS neurons from control than in SH rats. SH also blunted the astrocytic inhibition of IKA in NTS neurons and increased the synaptic transmission in response to afferent fibers stimulation. The frequency of spontaneous excitatory currents was also increased in neurons from SH rats, indicating that SH increased the neurotransmission by presynaptic mechanisms. Therefore, short-term SH changed the glia-neuron interaction, increasing the excitability and excitatory transmission of NTS neurons, which may contribute to the observed increase in the reflex sensitivity of baroreflex and chemoreflex in in situ preparation.},
  Doi                      = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4598-14.2015},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.},
  Keywords                 = {4-Aminopyridine, pharmacology; Action Potentials, physiology; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Amino Acids; Animals; Anoxia, pathology; Baroreflex, drug effects; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Chemoreceptor Cells, physiology; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists, pharmacology; Heart Rate, physiology; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Neuroglia, physiology; Potassium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Pressoreceptors, drug effects; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, pathology; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiopathology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {35/17/6903},
  Pmid                     = {25926465},
  Timestamp                = {05.01.2016},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4598-14.2015}
}

@Article{Accorsi-Mendonca:2009a,
  author      = {Accorsi-Mendon{\c{c}}a, Daniela and Bonagamba, Leni G H. and Le{\~{a}}o, Ricardo M. and Machado, Benedito H.},
  title       = {Are L-glutamate and ATP cotransmitters of the peripheral chemoreflex in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius?},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {94},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {38--45},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1113/expphysiol.2008.043653},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2008.043653},
  abstract    = {Peripheral chemoreflex activation in awake rats or in the working heart-brainstem preparation (WHBP) produces sympathoexcitation, bradycardia and an increase in the frequency of phrenic nerve activity. Our focus is the neurotransmission of the sympathoexcitatory component of the chemoreflex within the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS), and recently we verified that the simultaneous antagonism of ionotropic glutamate and purinergic P(2) receptors in the NTS blocked the pressor response and increased thoracic sympathetic activity in awake rats and WHBP, respectively, in response to peripheral chemoreflex activation. These previous data suggested the involvement of ATP and L-glutamate in the NTS in the processing of the sympathoexcitatory component of the chemoreflex by unknown mechanisms. For a better understanding of these mechanisms, here we used a patch-clamp approach in brainstem slices to evaluate the characteristics of the synaptic transmission of NTS neurons sending projections to 
the ventral medulla, which include the premotor neurons involved in the generation of the sympathetic outflow. The NTS neurons sending projections to the ventral medulla were identified by previous microinjection of the membrane tracer dye, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), in the ventral medulla and the spontaneous (sEPSCs) and tractus solitarius (TS)-evoked excitatory postsynaptic current (TS-eEPSCs) were recorded using patch clamp. With this approach, we made the following observations on NTS neurons projecting to the ventral medulla: (i) the sEPSCs and TS-eEPSCs of DiI-labelled NTS neurons were completely abolished by 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3(1H,4H)-dione (DNQX), an antagonist of ionotropic non-NMDA glutamatergic receptors, showing that they are mediated by L-glutamate; (ii) application of ATP increased the frequency of appearance of spontaneous glutamatergic currents, reflecting an increased exocytosis of glutamatergic vesicles; and (iii) ATP decreased the peak 
of TS-evoked glutamatergic currents. We conclude that L-glutamate is the main neurotransmitter of spontaneous and TS-evoked synaptic activities in the NTS neurons projecting to the ventral medulla and that ATP has a dual modulatory role on this excitatory transmission, facilitating the spontaneous glutamatergic transmission and inhibiting the TS-evoked glutamatergic transmission. These data also suggest that ATP is not acting as a cotransmitter with L-glutamate, at least at the level of this subpopulation of NTS neurons studied.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Exp Physiol},
  keywords    = {Adenosine Triphosphate, physiology; Animals; Chemoreceptor Cells, physiology; Electrophysiological Phenomena, physiology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Glutamic Acid, physiology; Male; Neurons, physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents, physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Peripheral Nervous System, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {expphysiol.2008.043653},
  pmid        = {18931046},
  timestamp   = {20.04.2016},
}

@Article{Accorsi-Mendonca:2009,
  Title                    = {Are L-glutamate and ATP cotransmitters of the peripheral chemoreflex in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius?},
  Author                   = {Daniela Accorsi-Mendonça and Leni G H Bonagamba and Ricardo M Leão and Benedito H Machado},
  Journal                  = {Exp Physiol},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {38--45},
  Volume                   = {94},

  Abstract                 = {Peripheral chemoreflex activation in awake rats or in the working heart-brainstem preparation (WHBP) produces sympathoexcitation, bradycardia and an increase in the frequency of phrenic nerve activity. Our focus is the neurotransmission of the sympathoexcitatory component of the chemoreflex within the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS), and recently we verified that the simultaneous antagonism of ionotropic glutamate and purinergic P(2) receptors in the NTS blocked the pressor response and increased thoracic sympathetic activity in awake rats and WHBP, respectively, in response to peripheral chemoreflex activation. These previous data suggested the involvement of ATP and L-glutamate in the NTS in the processing of the sympathoexcitatory component of the chemoreflex by unknown mechanisms. For a better understanding of these mechanisms, here we used a patch-clamp approach in brainstem slices to evaluate the characteristics of the synaptic transmission of NTS neurons sending 
projections to the ventral medulla, which include the premotor neurons involved in the generation of the sympathetic outflow. The NTS neurons sending projections to the ventral medulla were identified by previous microinjection of the membrane tracer dye, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), in the ventral medulla and the spontaneous (sEPSCs) and tractus solitarius (TS)-evoked excitatory postsynaptic current (TS-eEPSCs) were recorded using patch clamp. With this approach, we made the following observations on NTS neurons projecting to the ventral medulla: (i) the sEPSCs and TS-eEPSCs of DiI-labelled NTS neurons were completely abolished by 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3(1H,4H)-dione (DNQX), an antagonist of ionotropic non-NMDA glutamatergic receptors, showing that they are mediated by L-glutamate; (ii) application of ATP increased the frequency of appearance of spontaneous glutamatergic currents, reflecting an increased exocytosis of glutamatergic vesicles; and (iii) ATP 
decreased the peak of TS-evoked glutamatergic currents. We conclude that L-glutamate is the main neurotransmitter of spontaneous and TS-evoked synaptic activities in the NTS neurons projecting to the ventral medulla and that ATP has a dual modulatory role on this excitatory transmission, facilitating the spontaneous glutamatergic transmission and inhibiting the TS-evoked glutamatergic transmission. These data also suggest that ATP is not acting as a cotransmitter with L-glutamate, at least at the level of this subpopulation of NTS neurons studied.},
  Doi                      = {10.1113/expphysiol.2008.043653},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.},
  Keywords                 = {Adenosine Triphosphate, physiology; Animals; Chemoreceptor Cells, physiology; Electrophysiological Phenomena, physiology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Glutamic Acid, physiology; Male; Neurons, physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents, physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Peripheral Nervous System, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {expphysiol.2008.043653},
  Pmid                     = {18931046},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2008.043653}
}

@Article{Ackerley:2006,
  Title                    = {A novel site of synaptic relay for climbing fibre pathways relaying signals from the motor cortex to the cerebellar cortical C1 zone.},
  Author                   = {Rochelle Ackerley and Joanne Pardoe and Richard Apps},
  Journal                  = {J Physiol},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {Pt 2},
  Pages                    = {503--518},
  Volume                   = {576},

  Abstract                 = {The climbing fibre projection from the motor cortex to the cerebellar cortical C1 zone in the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum was investigated using a combination of physiological, anatomical and neuropharmacological techniques. Electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral fore- or hindimbs or somatotopically corresponding parts of the contralateral motor cortex evoked climbing fibre field potentials at the same cerebellar recording sites. Forelimb-related responses were located in the C1 zone in the paramedian lobule or lobulus simplex and hindlimb-related responses were located in the C1 zone in the copula pyramidis. Microinjections of anterograde axonal tracer (Fluoro-Ruby or Fluoro-Emerald) were made into the fore- or hindlimb parts of the motor cortex where stimulation evoked the largest cerebellar responses. After a survival period of 7-10 days, the neuraxis was examined for anterograde labelling. No terminal labelling was ever found in the inferior olive, but labelled 
terminals were consistently found in a well-localized site in the dorso-medial medulla, ventral to the gracile nucleus, termed the matrix region. Pharmacological inactivation of the matrix region (2 mm caudal to the obex) selectively reduced transmission in descending (cerebro-olivocerebellar) but not ascending (spino-olivocerebellar) paths targeting fore- or hindlimb-receiving parts of the C1 zone. Transmission in spino-olivocerebellar paths was either unaffected, or in some cases increased. The identification of a novel pre-olivary relay in cerebro-olivocerebellar paths originating from fore- and hindlimb motor cortex has implications for the regulation of transmission in climbing fibre pathways during voluntary movements and motor learning.},
  Doi                      = {10.1113/jphysiol.2006.114215},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology, school of Medical Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, UK.},
  Keywords                 = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Motor Activity, physiology; Motor Cortex, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Psychomotor Performance, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {jphysiol.2006.114215},
  Pmid                     = {16887878},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.114215}
}

@Article{Acosta:2001a,
  author      = {Acosta, C. G. and F{\'{a}}brega, A. R. and Masc{\'{o}}, D. H. and L{\'{o}}pez, H. S.},
  title       = {A sensory neuron subpopulation with unique sequential survival dependence on nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor during development.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {21},
  number      = {22},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {8873--8885},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/22/8873.long},
  abstract    = {We characterized a subpopulation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons that were previously identified as preferential targets of enkephalins. This group, termed P-neurons after their "pear" shape, sequentially required nerve growth factor (NGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for survival in vitro during different developmental stages. Embryonic P-neurons required NGF, but not bFGF. NGF continued to promote their survival, although less potently, up to postnatal day 2 (P2). Conversely, at P5, they needed bFGF but not NGF, with either factor having similar effects at P2. This trophic switch was unique to that DRG neuronal group. In addition, neither neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) nor brain-derived neurotrophic factor influenced their survival during embryonic and postnatal stages, respectively. The expression of NGF (Trk-A) and bFGF (flg) receptors paralleled the switch in trophic requirement. No single P-neuron appeared to coexpress both Trk-A and flg. In contrast, all of them 
coexpressed flg and substance P, providing a specific marker of these cells. Immunosuppression of bFGF in newborn animals greatly reduced their number, suggesting that the factor was required in vivo. bFGF was present in the DRG and spinal cord, as well as in skeletal muscle, the peripheral projection site of P-neurons, as revealed by tracer DiIC(18)3. The lack of requirement of NT-3 for survival and immunoreactivity for the neurofilament of 200 kDa distinguished them from muscle proprioceptors, suggesting that they are likely to be unmyelinated muscle fibers. Collectively, their properties indicate that P-neurons constitute a distinct subpopulation of sensory neurons for which the function may be modulated by enkephalins.},
  institution = {Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, INIMEC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antibodies, pharmacology; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, pharmacology; Cell Count; Cell Survival, drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/pharmacology; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation; Nerve Growth Factor, pharmacology; Neurons, Afferent, classification/cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Neurotrophin 3, pharmacology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Phenotype; Rats; Receptor, trkA, metabolism; Substance P, biosynthesis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {21/22/8873},
  pmid        = {11698599},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Acosta:2001,
  author      = {Acosta, C. G. and Fábrega, A. R. and Mascó, D. H. and López, H. S.},
  title       = {A sensory neuron subpopulation with unique sequential survival dependence on nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor during development.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {21},
  number      = {22},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {8873--8885},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/22/8873.long},
  abstract    = {We characterized a subpopulation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons that were previously identified as preferential targets of enkephalins. This group, termed P-neurons after their "pear" shape, sequentially required nerve growth factor (NGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for survival in vitro during different developmental stages. Embryonic P-neurons required NGF, but not bFGF. NGF continued to promote their survival, although less potently, up to postnatal day 2 (P2). Conversely, at P5, they needed bFGF but not NGF, with either factor having similar effects at P2. This trophic switch was unique to that DRG neuronal group. In addition, neither neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) nor brain-derived neurotrophic factor influenced their survival during embryonic and postnatal stages, respectively. The expression of NGF (Trk-A) and bFGF (flg) receptors paralleled the switch in trophic requirement. No single P-neuron appeared to coexpress both Trk-A and flg. In contrast, all of them 
coexpressed flg and substance P, providing a specific marker of these cells. Immunosuppression of bFGF in newborn animals greatly reduced their number, suggesting that the factor was required in vivo. bFGF was present in the DRG and spinal cord, as well as in skeletal muscle, the peripheral projection site of P-neurons, as revealed by tracer DiIC(18)3. The lack of requirement of NT-3 for survival and immunoreactivity for the neurofilament of 200 kDa distinguished them from muscle proprioceptors, suggesting that they are likely to be unmyelinated muscle fibers. Collectively, their properties indicate that P-neurons constitute a distinct subpopulation of sensory neurons for which the function may be modulated by enkephalins.},
  institution = {Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, INIMEC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antibodies, pharmacology; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, pharmacology; Cell Count; Cell Survival, drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/pharmacology; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation; Nerve Growth Factor, pharmacology; Neurons, Afferent, classification/cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Neurotrophin 3, pharmacology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Phenotype; Rats; Receptor, trkA, metabolism; Substance P, biosynthesis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {21/22/8873},
  pmid        = {11698599},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Acsady:1996a,
  author      = {Acs{\'{a}}dy, L. and Arabadzisz, D. and Katona, I. and Freund, T. F.},
  title       = {Topographic distribution of dorsal and median raphe neurons with hippocampal, septal and dual projection.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {47},
  number      = {1-4},
  pages       = {9--19},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  abstract    = {Double retrograde neuronal tracing techniques with used to determine the distribution and degree of overlap between cell population in the raphe nuclei with a projection to the medial septum and/or the hippocampus. The results of the present study showed that numerous median raphe neurons that innervated the hippocampus, sent a collateral projection to the medial septum. In contrast to that, a spatially segregated population of serotonergic neurons located caudally in the dorsal raphe nucleus projected only to the medial septum but not to the hippocampus. Our results show that the medial septum receives dual serotonergic innervation from the midbrain raphe nuclei. One projection arises from axon collaterals of neurons that contribute to the median raphe-hippocampal pathway as well. The second serotonergic input originates from the caudal part of the dorsal raphe nucleus, and innervates the medial septum, but ignores the hippocampus. These findings suggest that, in addition to the well-known 
serotonergic effect of the median raphe on hippocampal electrical activity, theta rhythm in the hippocampus may also be modulated by the dorsal raphe nucleus via the medial septum.},
  institution = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.},
  journal     = {Acta Biol Hung},
  keywords    = {Animals; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Serotonin, metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9124016},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Acsady:1993a,
  author      = {Acs{\'{a}}dy, L. and Halasy, K. and Freund, T. F.},
  title       = {Calretinin is present in non-pyramidal cells of the rat hippocampus--III. Their inputs from the median raphe and medial septal nuclei.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {52},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {829--841},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(93)90532-k},
  abstract    = {The subcortical innervation of a recently described subpopulation of non-pyramidal neurons, containing the calcium binding protein, calretinin, was investigated in the rat hippocampus using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and double immunocytochemistry for calretinin and serotonin at the light and electron microscopic levels. Our results show that the GABAergic component of the septohippocampal pathway and the serotonergic raphe afferents establish multiple synaptic contacts with the calretinin-immunoreactive interneurons. The majority of the targets of both pathways were spine-free calretinin neurons known to innervate the dendritic region of the principal cells, but the GABAergic septal pathway was found to terminate also on the spiny neurons of stratum lucidum of the CA3 region and in the dentate hilus. The present results demonstrate that the serotonergic raphe-hippocampal and the GABAergic septohippocampal pathways are able to modulate dendritic inhibition of 
principal cells via calretinin-containing GABAergic interneurons.},
  institution = {Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Brain, physiology; Calbindin 2; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neurons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Raphe Nuclei, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, analysis; Serotonin, analysis; Synapses, ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(93)90532-K},
  pmid        = {7680801},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Acsady:2000a,
  author      = {Acs{\'{a}}dy, L. and Pascual, M. and Rocamora, N. and Soriano, E. and Freund, T. F.},
  title       = {Nerve growth factor but not neurotrophin-3 is synthesized by hippocampal GABAergic neurons that project to the medial septum.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {98},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {23--31},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00091-9},
  abstract    = {Conventional uptake of neurotrophins takes place at axon terminals via specific receptors, and is followed by retrograde transport. Recent studies demonstrated that, with the exception of nerve growth factor, other neurotrophins may be delivered anterogradely to the region containing the receptor expressing neurons. In this study we used a triple labeling method that combines retrograde tract tracing, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to examine whether non-principal cells projecting from the hippocampus to the septum synthesize nerve growth factor. Our results show that, on average, 59\% of the horseradish peroxidase-labeled hippocamposeptal nonpyramidal neurons also display nerve growth factor messenger RNA hybridization signal. The ratio was slightly higher in the CA1 stratum oriens and the hilus of the dentate gyrus (64 and 62\%, respectively) compared to stratum oriens of the CA3 region (58\%). In addition, we demonstrated that many nerve growth factor-positive septally 
projecting neurons also contain the calcium-binding protein calbindin D-28K, whereas nerve growth factor-negative projecting cells mostly lack this neurochemical marker. In contrast to nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3 has never been found in hippocamposeptal cells. Hippocamposeptal GABAergic cells are reciprocally connected with the medial septum, thus they are in a key position to regulate nerve growth factor release as a function of the activity level in the septohippocampal system. Furthermore, our results raise the intriguing possibility that nerve growth factor may be transported also in an anterograde manner. Regardless of the direction of transport, the presence of nerve growth factor in hippocamposeptal cells suggests that long distance fast synaptic mechanisms and slow neurotrophin action are coupled in these neurons.},
  institution = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 67 H-1450, Budapest, Hungary.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calbindins; Diagonal Band of Broca, cytology/metabolism; Gene Expression, physiology; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; In Situ Hybridization; Interneurons, chemistry/metabolism; Nerve Growth Factor, genetics; Neural Pathways; Neurotrophin 3, genetics; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, analysis; Septum of Brain, cytology/metabolism; Somatostatin, biosynthesis; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(00)00091-9},
  pmid        = {10858608},
  timestamp   = {20.04.2016},
}

@Article{Acsady:1996,
  Title                    = {Topographic distribution of dorsal and median raphe neurons with hippocampal, septal and dual projection.},
  Author                   = {Acsády, L. and Arabadzisz, D. and Katona, I. and Freund, T. F.},
  Journal                  = {Acta Biol Hung},
  Year                     = {1996},
  Number                   = {1-4},
  Pages                    = {9--19},
  Volume                   = {47},

  Abstract                 = {Double retrograde neuronal tracing techniques with used to determine the distribution and degree of overlap between cell population in the raphe nuclei with a projection to the medial septum and/or the hippocampus. The results of the present study showed that numerous median raphe neurons that innervated the hippocampus, sent a collateral projection to the medial septum. In contrast to that, a spatially segregated population of serotonergic neurons located caudally in the dorsal raphe nucleus projected only to the medial septum but not to the hippocampus. Our results show that the medial septum receives dual serotonergic innervation from the midbrain raphe nuclei. One projection arises from axon collaterals of neurons that contribute to the median raphe-hippocampal pathway as well. The second serotonergic input originates from the caudal part of the dorsal raphe nucleus, and innervates the medial septum, but ignores the hippocampus. These findings suggest that, in addition to 
the well-known serotonergic effect of the median raphe on hippocampal electrical activity, theta rhythm in the hippocampus may also be modulated by the dorsal raphe nucleus via the medial septum.},
  Institution              = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Serotonin, metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {9124016},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013}
}

@Article{Acsady:1993,
  author      = {L. Acsády and K. Halasy and T. F. Freund},
  title       = {Calretinin is present in non-pyramidal cells of the rat hippocampus--III. Their inputs from the median raphe and medial septal nuclei.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {52},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {829--841},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(93)90532-k},
  abstract    = {The subcortical innervation of a recently described subpopulation of non-pyramidal neurons, containing the calcium binding protein, calretinin, was investigated in the rat hippocampus using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and double immunocytochemistry for calretinin and serotonin at the light and electron microscopic levels. Our results show that the GABAergic component of the septohippocampal pathway and the serotonergic raphe afferents establish multiple synaptic contacts with the calretinin-immunoreactive interneurons. The majority of the targets of both pathways were spine-free calretinin neurons known to innervate the dendritic region of the principal cells, but the GABAergic septal pathway was found to terminate also on the spiny neurons of stratum lucidum of the CA3 region and in the dentate hilus. The present results demonstrate that the serotonergic raphe-hippocampal and the GABAergic septohippocampal pathways are able to modulate dendritic inhibition of 
principal cells via calretinin-containing GABAergic interneurons.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Brain, physiology; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neurons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Raphe Nuclei, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin, analysis; Synapses, ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(93)90532-K},
  pmid        = {7680801},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Acsady:2000,
  author      = {Acsády, L. and Pascual, M. and Rocamora, N. and Soriano, E. and Freund, T. F.},
  title       = {Nerve growth factor but not neurotrophin-3 is synthesized by hippocampal GABAergic neurons that project to the medial septum.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {98},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {23--31},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00091-9},
  abstract    = {Conventional uptake of neurotrophins takes place at axon terminals via specific receptors, and is followed by retrograde transport. Recent studies demonstrated that, with the exception of nerve growth factor, other neurotrophins may be delivered anterogradely to the region containing the receptor expressing neurons. In this study we used a triple labeling method that combines retrograde tract tracing, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to examine whether non-principal cells projecting from the hippocampus to the septum synthesize nerve growth factor. Our results show that, on average, 59\% of the horseradish peroxidase-labeled hippocamposeptal nonpyramidal neurons also display nerve growth factor messenger RNA hybridization signal. The ratio was slightly higher in the CA1 stratum oriens and the hilus of the dentate gyrus (64 and 62\%, respectively) compared to stratum oriens of the CA3 region (58\%). In addition, we demonstrated that many nerve growth factor-positive septally 
projecting neurons also contain the calcium-binding protein calbindin D-28K, whereas nerve growth factor-negative projecting cells mostly lack this neurochemical marker. In contrast to nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3 has never been found in hippocamposeptal cells. Hippocamposeptal GABAergic cells are reciprocally connected with the medial septum, thus they are in a key position to regulate nerve growth factor release as a function of the activity level in the septohippocampal system. Furthermore, our results raise the intriguing possibility that nerve growth factor may be transported also in an anterograde manner. Regardless of the direction of transport, the presence of nerve growth factor in hippocamposeptal cells suggests that long distance fast synaptic mechanisms and slow neurotrophin action are coupled in these neurons.},
  institution = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 67 H-1450, Budapest, Hungary.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis; Diagonal Band of Broca, cytology/metabolism; Gene Expression, physiology; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; In Situ Hybridization; Interneurons, chemistry/metabolism; Nerve Growth Factor, genetics; Neural Pathways; Neurotrophin 3, genetics; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Septum of Brain, cytology/metabolism; Somatostatin, biosynthesis; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(00)00091-9},
  pmid        = {10858608},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Acuna-Goycolea:2000a,
  author      = {Acu{\~{n}}a-Goycolea, C. and Fuentealba, P. and Torrealba, F.},
  title       = {Anatomical substrate for separate processing of ascending and descending visceral information in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {883},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {229--232},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02845-6},
  abstract    = {We examined the possible existence of divergent visceral pathways arising from the nucleus of the solitary tract, by co-injecting axonal tracers into the parabrachial nucleus and into the ventrolateral medulla. We found that around 5\% of NTS neurons projected to both sites, and that neurons projecting to VLM were larger. This parallel organization allows a differential control of the ascending versus descending visceral pathways at an early stage of processing.},
  institution = {Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Visceral Afferents, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(00)02845-6},
  pmid        = {11074052},
  timestamp   = {20.04.2016},
}

@Article{Acuna-Goycolea:2000,
  author      = {C. Acuña-Goycolea and P. Fuentealba and F. Torrealba},
  title       = {Anatomical substrate for separate processing of ascending and descending visceral information in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {883},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {229--232},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02845-6},
  abstract    = {We examined the possible existence of divergent visceral pathways arising from the nucleus of the solitary tract, by co-injecting axonal tracers into the parabrachial nucleus and into the ventrolateral medulla. We found that around 5\% of NTS neurons projected to both sites, and that neurons projecting to VLM were larger. This parallel organization allows a differential control of the ascending versus descending visceral pathways at an early stage of processing.},
  institution = {Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Visceral Afferents, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(00)02845-6},
  pmid        = {11074052},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Ader:1980a,
  author      = {Ad{\`{e}}r, J. P. and Room, P. and Postema, F. and Korf, J.},
  title       = {Bilaterally diverging axon collaterals and contralateral projections from rat locus coeruleus neurons, demonstrated by fluorescent retrograde double labeling and norepinephrine metabolism.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {49},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {207--208},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf01252126},
  abstract    = {Evans Blue (EB) and a mixture of 4'-6'-diamidino-2-phenylindol 2 HCl and primuline (DAPI-Pr), fluorescing at different wave-lengths were injected into the rat hippocampus, frontal cortex or lateral part of the thalamus. After unilateral injection either of the two substances was retrogradely transported not only to ipsilateral but also to contralateral locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. Moreover after simultaneous injections of EB and DAPI-Pr respectively into the opposite brain structures of individual animals double-labeled neurons were observed in the bilateral LC. Unilateral electrical stimulation of the LC induced significant decreases of norepinephrine and increases of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene-glycol in both the ipsi- and contralateral frontal cortex and whole forebrain, respectively. These ipsi- and contralateral alterations of the amine and its metabolite correlated highly significantly. These results indicate that several LC neurons have both contralateral and bilateral 
projections to the brain areas mentioned above.},
  journal     = {J Neural Transm},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Electric Stimulation; Evans Blue; Fluorescent Dyes; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Rats; Staining and Labeling, methods; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6162001},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Adaikkan:2015,
  author      = {Adaikkan, Chinnakkaruppan and Rosenblum, Kobi},
  title       = {A molecular mechanism underlying gustatory memory trace for an association in the insular cortex.},
  year        = {2015},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {4},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.7554/eLife.07582},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07582},
  abstract    = {Events separated in time are associatively learned in trace conditioning, recruiting more neuronal circuits and molecular mechanisms than in delay conditioning. However, it remains unknown whether a given sensory memory trace is being maintained as a unitary item to associate. Here, we used conditioned taste aversion learning in the rat model, wherein animals associate a novel taste with visceral nausea, and demonstrate that there are two parallel memory traces of a novel taste: a short-duration robust trace, lasting approximately 3 hr, and a parallel long-duration weak one, lasting up to 8 hr, and dependent on the strong trace for its formation. Moreover, only the early robust trace is maintained by a NMDAR-dependent CaMKII- AMPAR pathway in the insular cortex. These findings suggest that a memory trace undergoes rapid modifications, and that the mechanisms underlying trace associative learning differ when items in the memory are experienced at different time points.},
  institution = {Center for Gene Manipulation in the Brain, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.},
  journal     = {Elife},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {26452094},
  timestamp   = {05.01.2016},
}

@Article{Adams:1979,
  author      = {Adams, J. C.},
  title       = {Ascending projections to the inferior colliculus.},
  year        = {1979},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {183},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {519--538},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.901830305},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901830305},
  abstract    = {Cells that send ascending projections to the inferior colliculus were identified following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the colliculus. Labelled cells were found in all subcollicular auditory nuclei. Virtually all cells of the ipsilateral ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and medial superior olive appear to project to the colliculus. Very few cells in these nuclei were labelled on the contralateral side. Heavy labelling on the contralateral side was found in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and cochlear nucleus, with less labelling being found ipsilaterally in these nuclei. The lateral superior olive was approximately evenly labelled on the two sides, with about half the cells from each side projecting to each colliculus. Cells in all periolivary cell groups were labelled, with most being found adjacent to the medial superior olive. An effort was made to identify individual cell types that were labelled and some 24 cell types were identified. In the cochlear 
nucleus there were marked differences between cell types in the extent of their labelling. Topographic projections matched previously described tonotopic organization of the colliculus and all major subcollicular nuclei except the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. A description of the cells in the nucleus is provided.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Brain Mapping; Cats; Cochlear Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {759446},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Adams:1983,
  author      = {Adams, J. C.},
  title       = {Multipolar cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus project to the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the inferior colliculus.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {37},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {205--208},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(83)90431-7},
  abstract    = {When retrograde markers are placed in the dorsal cochlear nucleus two classes of labeled cells are found in the ventral cochlear nucleus. These are multipolar cells and granule cells. The structure and distribution of labeled multipolar cells greatly resemble those seen following injection of retrograde markers into the contralateral inferior colliculus. When one retrograde marker is placed in the dorsal cochlear nucleus and another simultaneously placed into the contralateral inferior colliculus, large numbers of multipolar cells containing both markers are found in the ventral cochlear nucleus. These findings show that all or most cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus that project to the inferior colliculus also send collaterals to the ipsilateral dorsal cochlear nucleus.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Cats; Cochlear Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, classification/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6888799},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Adams:1995,
  Title                    = {Cells of the perireticular nucleus project to the developing neocortex of the rat.},
  Author                   = {N. C. Adams and G. E. Baker},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {613--626},
  Volume                   = {359},

  Abstract                 = {The perireticular nucleus is a recently described thin sheet of small cells among the fibres of the internal capsule, lying lateral to the thalamic reticular nucleus and medial to the globus pallidus (Clemence and Mitrofanis [1992]. J. Comp. Neurol. 322:167-180). During development, the perireticular nucleus is relatively large, lying in the path of the growing corticofugal and thalamocortical axons and filling the area of the internal capsule lateral to the thalamic reticular nucleus. After these axons have formed their connections, the perireticular nucleus rapidly decreases in size, leaving only a few cells in the adult (Mitrofanis [1992] J. Comp. Neurol. 320:161-181). In this study, we aimed to investigate the connections between the developing cortex and thalamus by making injections of tracer into the cortical plate. Injections of Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP), Wheat Germ Agglutinin bound to HRP (WGA-HRP) and 1'dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3 tetramethycarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) 
were made in vivo between embryonic day (E) 18 and adult and DiI was placed in the fixed brains of rats aged between E16 and postnatal day (P)1. Between E17 and P10, the retrograde perikaryal labelling resulting from these injections revealed a transient projection from the perireticular nucleus to the ipsilateral cortical plate. No cells were labelled in the thalamic reticular nucleus. This suggests that the perireticular nucleus must be regarded as a group of cells distinct from the thalamic reticular nucleus and having a separate role in development. Comparisons between the perireticular cells and the cells of the cortical subplate suggest that both may be playing comparable roles in early development, possibly guiding fibres towards their end stations or serving to rearrange the complex mapped projections linking the thalamus and cortex.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903590408},
  Institution              = {Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford, England.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, embryology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Embryonic and Fetal Development, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamic Nuclei, embryology/growth /&/ development/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7499551},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903590408}
}

@Article{Ade:2007,
  author      = {Kristen K Ade and David M Lovinger},
  title       = {Anandamide regulates postnatal development of long-term synaptic plasticity in the rat dorsolateral striatum.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {27},
  number      = {9},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {2403--2409},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2916-06.2007},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2916-06.2007},
  abstract    = {Long-term changes in synaptic efficacy produced by high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of glutamatergic afferents to the rat dorsolateral striatum exhibit heterogeneity during early stages of postnatal development. Whereas HFS most often induces striatal long-term potentiation (LTP) in rats postnatal day 12 (P12)-P14, the same stimulation tends to induce long-term depression (LTD) at ages P16-P34. Previous studies have shown that striatal LTD induction depends on retrograde endocannabinoid signaling and activation of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. It is also known that levels of one of the primary endogenous CB1 receptor agonists, anandamide (AEA), increases during development in whole-brain samples. In the present study, we sought to determine whether this developmental increase in AEA also takes place in striatal tissue and whether increased AEA levels contribute to the postnatal switch in the response to HFS. We observed a pronounced increase in striatal levels of AEA, but not the other major 
endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), during the postnatal period characterized by the switch from LTP to LTD. Furthermore, application of synthetic AEA during HFS in field recordings of slices from P12-P14 rats allowed for induction of LTD whereas blocking the CB1 receptor during HFS in animals P16-P34 resulted in expression of LTP. However, blocking 2-AG synthesis with the DAG-lipase inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin did not alter HFS-induced striatal LTD. In addition, synaptic depression produced by a synthetic CB1 agonist was similar across development. Together, these findings suggest that the robust developmental increase in striatal AEA may be the key factor in the emergence of HFS-induced striatal LTD.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Arachidonic Acids, metabolism/physiology; Corpus Striatum, growth /&/ development/physiology; Glycerides, metabolism; Growth, physiology; Long-Term Potentiation, physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Polyunsaturated Alkamides; Rats; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Synapses, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {27/9/2403},
  pmid        = {17329438},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Adell:1998,
  author      = {Adell, A. and Artigas, F.},
  title       = {A microdialysis study of the in vivo release of 5-HT in the median raphe nucleus of the rat.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {125},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1361--1367},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/sj.bjp.0702206},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0702206},
  abstract    = {The present study has examined several characteristics of the release of 5-HT in the median raphe nucleus in terms of its dependence of nerve impulse, provenance of a vesicular storage fraction as well as the regulatory role played by 5-HT1A receptors. Tetrodotoxin (1 microM) and reserpine (5 mg kg(-1), i.p.) virtually suppressed the output of 5-HT. The administration of EEDQ (10 mg kg(-1), i.p.) did not alter the basal release of 5-HT but abolished the reduction of 5-HT release induced by 8-OH-DPAT (0.1 mg kg(-1), s.c.). The perfusion of 1-100 microM of 8-OH-DPAT or the novel 5-HT1A agonist BAY x 3702 decreased the efflux of 5-HT, whereas the perfusion of the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100635 failed to alter 5-HT release. The decrease in dialysate 5-HT induced by 100 microM 8-OH-DPAT was reversed by the concurrent perfusion of 100 microM WAY-100635. Also, the perfusion of 100 microM WAY-100635 for 2 h inhibited partly the reduction of 5-HT release evoked by the systemic administration of 8-OH-
DPAT (0.1 mg kg(-1)). These results indicate that extracellular 5-HT in the median raphe nucleus is stored in vesicles and released in an impulse-dependent manner. Also, the basal release of 5-HT in the median raphe nucleus does not appear to be under the tonic control of somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors by endogenous 5-HT. Instead, this feedback mechanism seems to be triggered when an excess of the transmitter or a 5-HT1A agonist is present in the extracellular space of the median raphe nucleus.},
  institution = {Department of Neurochemistry, IIBB, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.},
  journal     = {Br J Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, pharmacology; Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors, pharmacology; Animals; Benzopyrans, pharmacology; Male; Microdialysis; Piperazines, pharmacology; Pyridines, pharmacology; Quinolines, pharmacology; Raphe Nuclei, secretion/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1; Receptors, Serotonin, physiology; Reserpine, pharmacology; Serotonin Antagonists, pharmacology; Serotonin Receptor Agonists, pharmacology; Serotonin, secretion; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology; Thiazoles, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9863668},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Adell:2002,
  author      = {Adell, Albert and Celada, Pau and Abellán, M Teresa and Artigas, Francesc},
  title       = {Origin and functional role of the extracellular serotonin in the midbrain raphe nuclei.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {39},
  number      = {2-3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {154--180},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0165-0173(02)00182-0},
  abstract    = {There is considerable interest in the regulation of the extracellular compartment of the transmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the midbrain raphe nuclei because it can control the activity of ascending serotonergic systems and the release of 5-HT in terminal areas of the forebrain. Several intrinsic and extrinsic factors of 5-HT neurons that regulate 5-HT release in the dorsal (DR) and median (MnR) raphe nucleus are reviewed in this article. Despite its high concentration in the extracellular space of the raphe nuclei, the origin of this pool of the transmitter remains to be determined. Regardless of its origin, is has been shown that the release of 5-HT in the rostral raphe nuclei is partly dependent on impulse flow and Ca(2+) ions. The release in the DR and MnR is critically dependent on the activation of 5-HT autoreceptors in these nuclei. Yet, it appears that 5-HT autoreceptors do not tonically inhibit 5-HT release in the raphe nuclei but rather play a role as sensors that 
respond to an excess of the endogenous transmitter. Both DR and MnR are equally responsive to the reduction of 5-HT release elicited by the local perfusion of 5-HT(1A) receptor agonists. In contrast, the effects of selective 5-HT(1B) receptor agonists are more pronounced in the MnR than in the DR. However, the cellular localization of 5-HT(1B) receptors in the raphe nuclei remains to be established. Furthermore, endogenous noradrenaline and GABA tonically regulate the extracellular concentration of 5-HT although the degree of tonicity appears to depend upon the sleep/wake cycle and the behavioral state of the animal. Glutamate exerts a phasic facilitatory control over the release of 5-HT in the raphe nuclei through ionotropic glutamate receptors. Overall, it appears that the extracellular concentration of 5-HT in the DR and the MnR is tightly controlled by intrinsic serotonergic mechanisms as well as afferent connections.},
  institution = {Department of Neurochemistry, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC (IDIBAPS), Carrer Rosselló 161, 6th floor, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain. aacnqi@iibb.csic.es},
  journal     = {Brain Res Brain Res Rev},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism/physiology; Animals; Behavior, physiology; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Extracellular Space, physiology; Humans; Membrane Glycoproteins, metabolism; Membrane Transport Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiology; Receptors, Serotonin, metabolism; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Serotonin, physiology; Sleep, physiology; Stress, Psychological, physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0165017302001820},
  pmid        = {12423765},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Adelmann:1996,
  author      = {G. Adelmann and T. Deller and M. Frotscher},
  title       = {Organization of identified fiber tracts in the rat fimbria-fornix: an anterograde tracing and electron microscopic study.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {193},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {481--493},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00185879},
  abstract    = {The fimbria is a major route for afferent and efferent fibers of the hippocampal formation. However, little is known about the intrinsic organization of the fimbria-fornix complex. In this study, the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHAL) was used to analyze the ultrastructure and topography of identified fiber tracts within the fimbria-fornix. Septo-hippocampal fibers are loosely distributed throughout the fimbria-fornix. Commissural fibers cross the midline in the ventral hippocampal commissure and form a tight fiber bundle in the fimbria. Crossed entorhino-hippocampal fibers cross the midline in the ventral hippocampal commissure rostral to the commissural fiber bundle, and crossed entorhino-entorhinal fibers pass through the dorsal hippocampal commissure. This suggests a topographical organization of fiber tracts within the fimbria-fornix that reflects the laminar organization of the hippocampal target structure: fibers of the diffusely terminating septohippocampal 
projection are loosely distributed throughout the fimbria-fornix, while those projections that are known to terminate in specific laminae of the hippocampal formation (commissural projection, crossed entorhino-hippocampal projection) form fiber bundles within the fimbria and the ventral hippocampal commissure.},
  institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Germany.},
  journal     = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Astrocytes, ultrastructure; Cerebral Cortex, chemistry/ultrastructure; Hippocampus, chemistry/ultrastructure; Injections; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Oligodendroglia, ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins, administration /&/ dosage/analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8729966},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Ader:1979,
  author      = {Adèr, J. P. and Postema, F. and Korf, J.},
  title       = {Contribution of the locus coeruleus to the adrenergic innervation of the rat spinal cord: a biochemical study.},
  year        = {1979},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {44},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {159--173},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf01253060},
  abstract    = {The possible existence and magnitude of a noradrenergic innervation from the locus coeruleus (LC) to the spinal cord was investigated in the rat with various techniques. Horseradish peroxidase, injected into the lumbar spinal cord produced heavy labelling of presumably noradrenaline (NA)-containing neurons in the ventral region of the LC, while cells in the dorsal region of the LC were only lightly labelled. The effects of electrothermic destruction and electrical stimulation of the LC on levels of NA in various parts of the spinal cord, the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus were studied. Fourteen days after unilateral destruction of the LC there were decreases in NA levels of about 85\% in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and of about 15\% in the cervical and thoracic segments of the spinal cord (ipsilateral versus contralateral). Fourteen days after bilateral lesioning of the LC significant decreases (about 25\%) in NA levels were observed in all spinal cord segments. Unilateral 
stimulation in or near the LC induced decreases of NA levels in all areas of the central nervous system investigated. In this experiment the levels of NA in the spinal cord were significantly lowered in the ipsilateral cervical (16\%), thoracic (12\%) and lumbar/sacral (15\%) segments of the spinal cord. These findings together indicate that a small part (no more than 30\%) of the NA levels in the rat spinal cord are dependent upon the integrity and activity of NA-containing neurons of the predominantly ipsilaterally localized LC.},
  journal     = {J Neural Transm},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism; Electric Stimulation; Hippocampus, metabolism; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {220381},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Ader:1980,
  author      = {J. P. Adèr and P. Room and F. Postema and J. Korf},
  title       = {Bilaterally diverging axon collaterals and contralateral projections from rat locus coeruleus neurons, demonstrated by fluorescent retrograde double labeling and norepinephrine metabolism.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {49},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {207--208},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf01252126},
  abstract    = {Evans Blue (EB) and a mixture of 4'-6'-diamidino-2-phenylindol 2 HCl and primuline (DAPI-Pr), fluorescing at different wave-lengths were injected into the rat hippocampus, frontal cortex or lateral part of the thalamus. After unilateral injection either of the two substances was retrogradely transported not only to ipsilateral but also to contralateral locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. Moreover after simultaneous injections of EB and DAPI-Pr respectively into the opposite brain structures of individual animals double-labeled neurons were observed in the bilateral LC. Unilateral electrical stimulation of the LC induced significant decreases of norepinephrine and increases of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene-glycol in both the ipsi- and contralateral frontal cortex and whole forebrain, respectively. These ipsi- and contralateral alterations of the amine and its metabolite correlated highly significantly. These results indicate that several LC neurons have both contralateral and bilateral 
projections to the brain areas mentioned above.},
  journal     = {J Neural Transm},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Electric Stimulation; Evans Blue; Fluorescent Dyes; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Rats; Staining and Labeling, methods; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {6162001},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Adermark:2007,
  author      = {Adermark, Louise and Lovinger, David M.},
  title       = {Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling at striatal synapses requires a regulated postsynaptic release step.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {104},
  number      = {51},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {20564--20569},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1073/pnas.0706873104},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706873104},
  abstract    = {Endocannabinoids (eCBs) mediate short- and long-term depression of synaptic strength by retrograde transsynaptic signaling. Previous studies have suggested that an eCB mobilization or release step in the postsynaptic neuron is involved in this retrograde signaling. However, it is not known whether this release process occurs automatically upon eCB synthesis or whether it is regulated by other synaptic factors. To address this issue, we loaded postsynaptic striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) with the eCBs anandamide (AEA) or 2-arachidonoylglycerol and determined the conditions necessary for presynaptic inhibition. We found that presynaptic depression of glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) induced by postsynaptic eCB loading required a certain level of afferent activation that varied between the different synaptic types. Synaptic depression at excitatory synapses was temperature-dependent and blocked by the eCB membrane 
transport blockers, VDM11 and UCM707, but did not require activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, l-calcium channels, nitric oxide, voltage-activated Na(+) channels, or intracellular calcium. Application of the CB(1)R antagonist, AM251, after depression was established, reversed the decrease in EPSC, but not in IPSC, amplitude. Direct activation of the CB(1) receptor by WIN 55,212-2 initiated synaptic depression that was independent of afferent stimulation. These findings indicate that retrograde eCB signaling requires a postsynaptic release step involving a transporter or carrier that is activated by afferent stimulation/synaptic activation.},
  institution = {Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.},
  journal     = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  keywords    = {Animals; Arachidonic Acids, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/pharmacology; Benzoxazines, pharmacology; Calcium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/pharmacology/physiology; Corpus Striatum, drug effects/physiology; Endocannabinoids; Furans, pharmacology; Glutamic Acid, physiology; Glycerides, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/pharmacology; Long-Term Synaptic Depression, drug effects; Membrane Potentials; Morpholines, pharmacology; Naphthalenes, pharmacology; Piperidines, pharmacology; Polyunsaturated Alkamides, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/pharmacology; Pyrazoles, pharmacology; Rats; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Synapses, drug effects/physiology; Synaptic Transmission; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0706873104},
  pmid        = {18077376},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Adermark:2007a,
  author      = {Adermark, Louise and Lovinger, David M.},
  title       = {Combined activation of L-type Ca2+ channels and synaptic transmission is sufficient to induce striatal long-term depression.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {27},
  number      = {25},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {6781--6787},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0280-07.2007},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0280-07.2007},
  abstract    = {Changes in synaptic strength at striatal synapses, such as long-term depression (LTD), may be involved in striatal-based learning and memory. Several molecular mechanisms have been implicated in striatal LTD, but it is not clear which mechanisms are crucial for LTD induction. We found that the activation of L-type calcium channels by 2,5-dimethyl-4-[2-(phenylmethyl)benzoyl]-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid methylester (FPL64176), combined with modest postsynaptic depolarization and synaptic activation, is sufficient to induce robust LTD (FPL-LTD). The L-channel activator 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (Bay K 8644) has a similar action. FPL-LTD occludes LTD induced by high-frequency stimulation (HFS-LTD) and requires elevated postsynaptic calcium and retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, properties similar to those of HFS-LTD. In contrast, FPL-LTD does not require the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), 
phospholipase C, or dopamine D2 receptors. FPL-LTD induction also requires afferent stimulation. These findings suggest a scenario in which L-type calcium channel activation is a crucial switch for LTD induction, and mGluRs and D2 receptors can be bypassed if this channel is activated.},
  institution = {Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calcium Channels, L-Type, metabolism; Calcium, metabolism; Corpus Striatum, metabolism; Long-Term Synaptic Depression, physiology; Mice; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {27/25/6781},
  pmid        = {17581965},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Adesnik:2010,
  author      = {Adesnik, Hillel and Scanziani, Massimo},
  title       = {Lateral competition for cortical space by layer-specific horizontal circuits.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {464},
  number      = {7292},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {1155--1160},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/nature08935},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08935},
  abstract    = {The cerebral cortex constructs a coherent representation of the world by integrating distinct features of the sensory environment. Although these features are processed vertically across cortical layers, horizontal projections interconnecting neighbouring cortical domains allow these features to be processed in a context-dependent manner. Despite the wealth of physiological and psychophysical studies addressing the function of horizontal projections, how they coordinate activity among cortical domains remains poorly understood. We addressed this question by selectively activating horizontal projection neurons in mouse somatosensory cortex, and determined how the resulting spatial pattern of excitation and inhibition affects cortical activity. We found that horizontal projections suppress superficial layers while simultaneously activating deeper cortical output layers. This layer-specific modulation does not result from a spatial separation of excitation and inhibition, but from a layer-
specific ratio between these two opposing conductances. Through this mechanism, cortical domains exploit horizontal projections to compete for cortical space.},
  institution = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Neurobiology Section and Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0634, USA.},
  journal     = {Nature},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Aging, physiology; Animals; Axons, metabolism; Mice; Models, Neurological; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Pyramidal Cells, metabolism; Rhodopsin, genetics/metabolism; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {nature08935},
  pmid        = {20414303},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Adler:2012,
  author      = {Adler, Elaine S. and Hollis, Jacob H. and Clarke, Iain J. and Grattan, David R. and Oldfield, Brian J.},
  title       = {Neurochemical characterization and sexual dimorphism of projections from the brain to abdominal and subcutaneous white adipose tissue in the rat.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {32},
  number      = {45},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {15913--15921},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in normal adult rats.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2591-12.2012},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2591-12.2012},
  abstract    = {Retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (rWAT) and subcutaneous (inguinal) white adipose tissue (iWAT) are both innervated and regulated by sympathetic efferents, but the distribution and identity of the cells in the brain that regulate sympathetic outflow are poorly characterized. Our aim was to use two isogenic strains of a neurotropic virus (pseudorabies, Bartha) tagged with either green or red fluorescent reporters to identify cells in the brain that project to rWAT and/or iWAT. These viruses were injected into separate WAT depots in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Retrogradely labeled neurons in the CNS were characterized by immunohistochemistry and PCR. For the latter, laser capture of individual virally labeled neurons was used. All virally labeled brain regions contained neurons projecting to either and both WAT depots. Neurons to abdominal fat were the most abundant in males, whereas females contained a greater proportion of neurons to subcutaneous via private lines and collateral 
branches. Retrogradely labeled neurons directed to WAT expressed estrogen receptor-α (ERα), and fewer neurons to subcutaneous WAT expressed ERα in males. Regardless of sex, projections from the arcuate nucleus were predominantly from pro-opiomelanocortin cells, with a notable lack of projections from agouti-related protein-expressing neurons. Within the lateral hypothalamus, neurons directed to rWAT and iWAT expressed orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), but male rats had a predominance of MCH directed to iWAT. In conclusion, the neurochemical substrates that project through polysynaptic pathways to iWAT and rWAT are different in male and female rats, suggesting that metabolic regulation of rWAT and iWAT is sexually dimorphic.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Abdominal Fat, innervation/metabolism; Adipose Tissue, White, innervation/metabolism; Animals; Brain, metabolism; Estrogen Receptor alpha, metabolism; Female; Hypothalamic Hormones, metabolism; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, metabolism; Male; Melanins, metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Pituitary Hormones, metabolism; Pro-Opiomelanocortin, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sex Characteristics; Subcutaneous Fat, innervation/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {32/45/15913},
  pmid        = {23136429},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2013},
}

@Article{Adli:1999,
  author      = {Adli, D. S. and Stuesse, S. L. and Cruce, W. L.},
  title       = {Immunohistochemistry and spinal projections of the reticular formation in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {404},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {387--407},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990215)404:3<387::aid-cne8>3.0.co;2-z},
  abstract    = {Over 30 nuclei have been identified in the reticular formation of rats, but only a small number of distinct reticular nuclei have been recognized in frogs. We used immunohistochemistry, retrograde tracing, and cell morphology to identify nuclei within the brainstem of Rana pipiens. FluoroGold was injected into the spinal cord, and, in the same frogs, antibodies to enkephalin, substance P, somatostatin, and serotonin were localized in adjacent sections. We identified many previously unrecognized reticular nuclei. The rhombencephalic reticular formation contained reticularis (r.) dorsalis; r. ventralis, pars alpha and pars beta; r. magnocellularis; r. parvocellularis; r. gigantocellularis; r. paragigantocellularis lateralis and dorsalis; r. pontis caudalis, pars alpha and pars beta; nucleus visceralis secundarius; r. pontis oralis, pars medialis and pars lateralis; raphe obscurus; raphe pallidus; raphe magnus; and raphe pontis. The mesencephalic reticular formation contained locus coeruleus-
subcoeruleus, r. cuneiformis, r. subcuneiformis, raphe dorsalis-raphe centralis superior, and raphe linearis. Thus, the reticular formation of frog, which is an anamniote, is organized complexly and is similar to the reticular formation in amniotes. Because many of these nuclei may be homologous to reticular nuclei in mammals, we used mammalian terminology for frog reticular nuclei.},
  institution = {Zoology Department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Rana pipiens, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Serotonin, metabolism; Somatostatin, metabolism; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Stilbamidines; Substance P, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-Z},
  pmid        = {9952355},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Adolphs:1994,
  author      = {R. Adolphs and D. Tranel and H. Damasio and A. Damasio},
  title       = {Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {372},
  number      = {6507},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {669--672},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/372669a0},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/372669a0},
  abstract    = {Studies in animals have shown that the amygdala receives highly processed visual input, contains neurons that respond selectively to faces, and that it participates in emotion and social behaviour. Although studies in epileptic patients support its role in emotion, determination of the amygdala's function in humans has been hampered by the rarity of patients with selective amygdala lesions. Here, with the help of one such rare patient, we report findings that suggest the human amygdala may be indispensable to: (1) recognize fear in facial expressions; (2) recognize multiple emotions in a single facial expression; but (3) is not required to recognize personal identity from faces. These results suggest that damage restricted to the amygdala causes very specific recognition impairments, and thus constrains the broad notion that the amygdala is involved in emotion.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242.},
  journal     = {Nature},
  keywords    = {Adult; Amygdala, physiology/physiopathology; Brain Diseases, physiopathology; Emotions; Facial Expression; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Social Perception; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Visual Perception, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7990957},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Adriaensen:2015,
  author    = {Adriaensen, Dirk and Brouns, Inge and Timmermans, Jean-Pierre},
  title     = {Sensory input to the central nervous system from the lungs and airways: {A} prominent role for purinergic signalling via {P}2X2/3 receptors},
  journal   = {Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical},
  year      = {2015},
  note      = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.autneu.2015.04.006},
  url       = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2015.04.006},
  urldate   = {2015-05-04},
  abstract  = {Specific subpopulations of lung-related primary afferent neurons in dorsal root and vagal sensory ganglia have been reported to express P2X2 and P2X3 receptors both in the neuronal cell bodies and in their peripheral terminals. The afferent innervation of airways and lungs is organised as sensory receptor structures, of which at least seven types with a vagal origin and two with a spinal origin have been reported.In view of the recently suggested therapeutic promise of ATP antagonism ? specifically at P2X3 receptor expressing nociceptive fibres ? in respiratory disorders, the present work focusses on four distinct populations of pulmonary sensory receptors that have so far been reported to express P2X2/3 receptors. Three of them originate from myelinated nerve fibres that display similar mechanosensor-like morphological and neurochemical characteristics. Two of the latter concern vagal nodose sensory fibres, either related to pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs), or giving rise to smooth 
muscle-associated airway receptors (SMARs); the third gives rise to visceral pleura receptors (VPRs) and most likely arises from dorsal root ganglia. The fourth population concerns C-fibre receptors (CFRs) that also derive from neuronal cell bodies located in vagal nodose ganglia.Although the majority of the airway- and lung-related sensory receptors that express P2X2/3 receptors apparently do not belong to accepted nociceptive populations, these data definitely point out that ATP may be an important player in the physiological transduction of different lung-related afferent signals from the periphery to the CNS. The observed variety within the populations of pulmonary sensory receptors that express P2X2/3 receptors argues for a critical and careful interpretation of the functional data.},
  annote    = {doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2015.04.006},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {05.05.2015},
}

@Article{Adriaensen:1998,
  author      = {Adriaensen, D. and Timmermans, J. P. and Brouns, I. and Berthoud, H. R. and Neuhuber, W. L. and Scheuermann, D. W.},
  title       = {Pulmonary intraepithelial vagal nodose afferent nerve terminals are confined to neuroepithelial bodies: an anterograde tracing and confocal microscopy study in adult rats.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {293},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {395--405},
  doi         = {10.1007/s004410051131},
  abstract    = {Our present understanding of the morphology of neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) in mammalian lungs is comprehensive. Several hypotheses have been put forward regarding their function but none has been proven conclusively. Microscopic data on the innervation that appears to affect the reaction of NEBs to stimuli have given rise to conflicting interpretations. The aim of this study has been to check the validity of the hypothesis that pulmonary NEBs receive an extensive vagal sensory innervation. The fluorescent neuronal tracer DiI was injected into the vagal sensory nodose ganglion and NEBs were visualized in toto by using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy on 100-micrometer-thick frozen sections of the lungs of adult rats. The most striking finding was the extensive intraepithelial terminal arborizations of DiI-labelled vagal afferents in intrapulmonary airways, apparently always co-appearing with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive NEBs. Not all NEBs received a 
traced nerve fibre. Intrapulmonary CGRP-containing nerve fibres, including those innervating NEBs, always appeared to belong to a nerve fibre population different from the DiI-traced fibres and hence did not arise from the nodose ganglion. Therefore, at least some of the pulmonary NEBs in adult rats are supplied with sensory nerve fibres that originate from the vagal nodose ganglion and form beaded ramifications between the NEB cells, thus providing support for the hypothesis of a receptor function for NEBs.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp (RUCA), Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium. dadria@ruca.ua.ac.be},
  journal     = {Cell Tissue Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Carbocyanines; Epithelial Cells, physiology/ultrastructure; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Lung, innervation/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Endings, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Nodose Ganglion, cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9716729},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Aerts:2008,
  author      = {Aerts, Joël J. and Plenevaux, Alain R. and Lemaire, Christian F. and Giacomelli, Fabrice and Warnock, Geoffrey I. and Phillips, Christophe L. and Luxen, André J.},
  title       = {Metabolism of no-carrier-added 2-[18F]fluoro-L-tyrosine in rats.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  pages       = {4},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1186/1756-6649-8-4},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-6649-8-4},
  abstract    = {Several fluorine-18 labelled fluoroamino acids have been evaluated as tracers for the quantitative assessment of cerebral protein synthesis in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET). Among these, 2-[18F]fluoro-L-tyrosine (2-[18F]Tyr) has been studied in mice at a low specific activity. Its incorporation into proteins is fast and metabolism via other pathways is limited. The present in vivo study was carried out in normal awake rats using no-carrier-added 2-[18F]Tyr. Under normal physiological conditions, we have studied the incorporation into proteins and the metabolism of the tracer in different brain areas.No-carrier-added 2-[18F]Tyr was administered to awake rats equipped with chronic arterial and venous catheters. The time course of the plasma activity was studied by arterial blood sampling. The biodistribution of the activity in the main organs was studied at the end of the experiment. The distribution of radioactive species in plasma and brain regions was studied by acidic 
precipitation of the proteins and HPLC analysis of the supernatant.The absolute uptake of radioactivity in brain regions was homogenous. In awake rats, no-carrier-added 2-[18F]Tyr exhibits a fast and almost quantitative incorporation into the proteins fractions of cerebellum and cortex. In striatum, this incorporation into proteins and the unchanged fraction of the tracer detected by HPLC could be lower than in other brain regions.This study confirms the potential of 2-[18F]fluoro-L-tyrosine as a tracer for the assessment of the rate of protein synthesis by positron emission tomography. The observed metabolism suggests a need for a correction for the appearance of metabolites, at least in plasma.},
  institution = {Centre de Recherches du Cyclotron, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique. j.aerts@ulg.ac.be},
  journal     = {BMC Med Phys},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {1756-6649-8-4},
  pmid        = {18990255},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Afarinesh:2015,
  Title                    = {Specific and Non-Specific Thalamocortical Afferents to the Whisker–Related Sensory Cortical Region in Rats with Congenital Hypothyroidism},
  Author                   = {Afarinesh M-R, Behzadi G},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {355-369},
  Volume                   = {22},

  Abstract                 = {Background & Aims: Thyroid hormones are of great importance in the development of the central nervous system. Congenital hypothyroidism may affect the reorganization of specific and non-specific thalamocortical afferents to whisker–related sensory (wS1) corticol region in rats. Methods: Congenital hypothyroidism was induced by adding propylthiouracil (PTU) (25 ppm) to the rats’ drinking water from embryonic day 16 to postnatal day 60. Pregnant rats were divided into normal and congenital hypothyroidism groups. Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into wS1 cortical area as tracer. Results: Following tracer injection, retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in the thalamic specific relay nuclus including ventral posterior medial (VPM), and in the nonspecific thalamic nuclei including centrolatral (CL), centromedial (CM), ventromedial (VM), posteromedial (PO), and reunion (Re). The number of VPM and PO labeled neurons significantly reduced in the 
congenital hypothyroidim group compared to the normal group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, recpectively). No significant difference was observed between the hypothyroidism group and control group in terms of the number of labeled projection neurons in CL, CM, VM, and Re nuclei. Conclusion: The present study showed that congenital hypothyroidism alters the thalamocortical projection pattern from VPM and PO thalamic nuclei to barrel cortex.},
  Keywords                 = {Congenital hypothyroidism, Barrel cortex, Whisker, Thalamocortical afferents},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Timestamp                = {06.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://scholar.google.de/scholar_url?url=http://www.jkmu.kmu.ac.ir/en/index.php/kmus/article/viewFile/978/pdf&hl=de&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm3orklnzEbQ4Bh9BVUO2P38Ki_CUg&nossl=1&oi=scholaralrt}
}

@Article{Afework:1995,
  author      = {Afework, M. and Ralevic, V. and Burnstock, G.},
  title       = {The intra-adrenal distribution of intrinsic and extrinsic nitrergic nerve fibres in the rat.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {190},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {109--112},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(95)11514-w},
  abstract    = {The intra-adrenal distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive nerve fibres was studied in rats subjected to various denervations. Splanchnic nerve section eliminated the NOS-immunoreactive nerve fibres which innervate adrenal chromaffin and neuronal cells. It did not affect those innervating blood vessels and zona glomerulosa, which instead were affected by adrenal demedullation. Guanethidine, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and capsaicin treatments, however, did not produce any change. These results suggest that nitrergic nerves which innervate adrenal medullary cells are extrinsic (largely preganglionic sympathetic), whilst those innervating the zona glomerulosa and the majority of adrenal vessels are intrinsic, and that they do not belong to nerves sensitive to the sympathetic nerve neurotoxins, guanethidine and 6-OHDA, or the sensory neurotoxin, capsaicin.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Adrenal Glands, enzymology/innervation; Adrenal Medulla, physiology; Amino Acid Oxidoreductases, metabolism; Animals; Capsaicin, pharmacology; Denervation; Histocytochemistry; Male; NADPH Dehydrogenase, metabolism; Nerve Fibers, enzymology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/physiology; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Sympathectomy, Chemical},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304-3940(95)11514-W},
  pmid        = {7543990},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Affleck:2012,
  Title                    = {The projection and synaptic organisation of NTS afferent connections with presympathetic neurons, GABA and nNOS neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.},
  Author                   = {Affleck, V. S. and Coote, J. H. and Pyner, S.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Pages                    = {48--61},
  Volume                   = {219},

  Abstract                 = {Elevated sympathetic nerve activity, strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, is partly generated from the presympathetic neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). The PVN-presympathetic neurons regulating cardiac and vasomotor sympathetic activity receive information about cardiovascular status from receptors in the heart and circulation. These receptors signal changes via afferent neurons terminating in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), some of which may result in excitation or inhibition of PVN-presympathetic neurons. Understanding the anatomy and neurochemistry of NTS afferent connections within the PVN could provide important clues to the impairment in homeostasis cardiovascular control associated with disease. Transynaptic labelling has shown the presence of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-containing neurons and GABA interneurons that terminate on presympathetic PVN neurons any of which may be the target for NTS afferents. So far 
NTS connections to these diverse neuronal pools have not been demonstrated and were investigated in this study. Anterograde (biotin dextran amine - BDA) labelling of the ascending projection from the NTS and retrograde (fluorogold - FG or cholera toxin B subunit - CTB) labelling of PVN presympathetic neurons combined with immunohistochemistry for GABA and nNOS was used to identify the terminal neuronal targets of the ascending projection from the NTS. It was shown that NTS afferent terminals are apposed to either PVN-GABA interneurons or to nitric oxide producing neurons or even directly to presympathetic neurons. Furthermore, there was evidence that some NTS axons were positive for vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGLUT2). The data provide an anatomical basis for the different functions of cardiovascular receptors that mediate their actions via the NTS-PVN pathways.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.070},
  Institution              = { Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I, biosynthesis; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, biosynthesis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(12)00609-4},
  Pmid                     = {22698695},
  Timestamp                = {26.04.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.070}
}

@Article{Afonso-Oramas:2014a,
  author      = {Afonso-Oramas, Domingo and Cruz-Muros, Ignacio and Castro-Hern{\'{a}}ndez, Javier and Salas-Hern{\'{a}}ndez, Josmar and Barroso-Chinea, Pedro and Garc{\'{i}}a-Hern{\'{a}}ndez, Sonia and Lanciego, Jos{\'{e}} L. and Gonz{\'{a}}lez-Hern{\'{a}}ndez, Tom{\'{a}}s},
  title       = {Striatal vessels receive phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase-rich innervation from midbrain dopaminergic neurons.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  pages       = {84},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.3389/fnana.2014.00084},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2014.00084},
  abstract    = {Nowadays it is assumed that besides its roles in neuronal processing, dopamine (DA) is also involved in the regulation of cerebral blood flow. However, studies on the hemodynamic actions of DA have been mainly focused on the cerebral cortex, but the possibility that vessels in deeper brain structures receive dopaminergic axons and the origin of these axons have not been investigated. Bearing in mind the evidence of changes in the blood flow of basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease (PD), and the pivotal role of the dopaminergic mesostriatal pathway in the pathophysiology of this disease, here we studied whether striatal vessels receive inputs from midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The injection of an anterograde neuronal tracer in combination with immunohistochemistry for dopaminergic, vascular and astroglial markers, and dopaminergic lesions, revealed that midbrain dopaminergic axons are in close apposition to striatal vessels and perivascular astrocytes. These axons form dense perivascular 
plexuses restricted to striatal regions in rats and monkeys. Interestingly, they are intensely immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylated at Ser19 and Ser40 residues. The presence of phosphorylated TH in vessel terminals indicates they are probably the main source of basal TH activity in the striatum, and that after activation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, DA release onto vessels precedes that onto neurons. Furthermore, the relative weight of this "vascular component" within the mesostriatal pathway suggests that it plays a relevant role in the pathophysiology of PD.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Biomedical Technologies Institute (ITB, CIBICAN) La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Spanish Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Madrid, Spain.},
  journal     = {Front Neuroanat},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmc         = {PMC4144090},
  pmid        = {25206324},
  timestamp   = {20.04.2016},
}

@Article{Afonso-Oramas:2014,
  Title                    = {Striatal vessels receive phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase-rich innervation from midbrain dopaminergic neurons.},
  Author                   = {Afonso-Oramas, Domingo and Cruz-Muros, Ignacio and Castro-Hernández, Javier and Salas-Hernández, Josmar and Barroso-Chinea, Pedro and García-Hernández, Sonia and Lanciego, José L. and González-Hernández, Tomás},
  Journal                  = {Front Neuroanat},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Pages                    = {84},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Abstract                 = {Nowadays it is assumed that besides its roles in neuronal processing, dopamine (DA) is also involved in the regulation of cerebral blood flow. However, studies on the hemodynamic actions of DA have been mainly focused on the cerebral cortex, but the possibility that vessels in deeper brain structures receive dopaminergic axons and the origin of these axons have not been investigated. Bearing in mind the evidence of changes in the blood flow of basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease (PD), and the pivotal role of the dopaminergic mesostriatal pathway in the pathophysiology of this disease, here we studied whether striatal vessels receive inputs from midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The injection of an anterograde neuronal tracer in combination with immunohistochemistry for dopaminergic, vascular and astroglial markers, and dopaminergic lesions, revealed that midbrain dopaminergic axons are in close apposition to striatal vessels and perivascular astrocytes. These axons form dense 
perivascular plexuses restricted to striatal regions in rats and monkeys. Interestingly, they are intensely immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylated at Ser19 and Ser40 residues. The presence of phosphorylated TH in vessel terminals indicates they are probably the main source of basal TH activity in the striatum, and that after activation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, DA release onto vessels precedes that onto neurons. Furthermore, the relative weight of this "vascular component" within the mesostriatal pathway suggests that it plays a relevant role in the pathophysiology of PD.},
  Doi                      = {10.3389/fnana.2014.00084},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Biomedical Technologies Institute (ITB, CIBICAN) La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain ; Spanish Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Madrid, Spain.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {epublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {25206324},
  Timestamp                = {09.03.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2014.00084}
}

@Article{Afsharpour:1985,
  Title                    = {Topographical projections of the cerebral cortex to the subthalamic nucleus.},
  Author                   = {S. Afsharpour},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1985},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {14--28},
  Volume                   = {236},

  Abstract                 = {Corticosubthalamic projections in the rat were investigated using the autoradiographic anterograde axonal tracing technique. After unilateral injections of tritiated amino acids in the cerebral cortex, projections to the ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus (STH) could be found arising only from the frontal agranular cortex and the zone of MI-SI overlap. Injections into granular areas of the cortex (e.g., somatosensory and visual areas) did not result in labeling in STH. Following injections in the frontal agranular cortex, labeling was present in the ipsilateral but not the contralateral STH. In general, injections that involved the lateral agranular field of frontal cortex, as defined by Donoghue and Wise ('82), resulted in a greater amount of labeling in STH than injections within the medial agranular area or the zone of MI-SI overlap. The projection from the frontal agranular areas to STH is topographically organized. The rostral part of the lateral agranular cortex projects to 
the lateral portion of the rostral two-thirds of STH, and the caudal part of this field projects to the ventral aspect of the middle third of STH. Injections in the rostral part of the medial agranular cortex resulted in labeling throughout the ventral two-thirds of the medial half of STH. The caudal part of the medial agranular cortex projects to the dorsolateral part of the caudal two-thirds of STH. The present results reveal projections from only the frontal agranular cortex and the zone of MI-SI overlap to STH in the rat. The cortico-STH projection is ipsilateral and terminates in a topographical manner in all parts of STH.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902360103},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Histocytochemistry; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pmid                     = {2414329},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902360103}
}

@Article{Agarwal:1992,
  author      = {Agarwal, S. K. and Calaresu, F. R.},
  title       = {Electrical stimulation of nucleus tractus solitarius excites vagal preganglionic cardiomotor neurons of the nucleus ambiguus in rats.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {574},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {320--324},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(92)90833-u},
  abstract    = {Recent evidence indicates that the cell bodies of vagal cardioinhibitory neurons are located principally in the external formation of the nucleus ambiguus (NA). As activation of baroreceptor afferent fibers projecting to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) elicits a decrease in heart rate it is likely that there is a connection between the NTS and NA. To test the hypothesis that stimulation of the NTS can excite vagal preganglionic cardiomotor neurons (VPCN) in the NA, activity from 78 neurons in the NA was recorded extracellularly before and during stimulation of a depressor site in the NTS (1 Hz, 0.1 ms) in urethan anesthetized and artificially ventilated male Wistar rats. Sixteen neurons were characterized as vagal preganglionic cardiomotor neurons (VPCN) because they were excited by baroreceptor activation (1-3 micrograms phenylephrine i.v.) and showed rhythmicity of their spontaneous activity in synchrony with the cardiac cycle. Stimulation of the NTS increased the firing rate of all 
these VPCN. The remaining 62 neurons could not be considered as VPCN because they either had respiratory rhythmicity or were not sensitive to baroreceptor activation, or they were sensitive to baroreceptor activation but did not display cardiac cycle related rhythmicity. These results provide evidence for the existence of an excitatory pathway from NTS to vagal preganglionic cardiomotor neurons in the NA.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, University of Western Ontario London, Canada.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Heart Rate, physiology; Heart, innervation; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Motor Neurons, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, cytology/physiology; Vagus Nerve, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(92)90833-U},
  pmid        = {1638403},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Agarwal:1993,
  author      = {Agarwal, S. K. and Calaresu, F. R.},
  title       = {Supramedullary inputs to cardiovascular neurons of rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {265},
  number      = {1 Pt 2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {R111--R116},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/ajpregu/265/1/R111.full.pdf},
  abstract    = {Experiments were done to test the hypothesis that selective activation of cell bodies in different nuclei known to be involved in central cardiovascular control could excite or inhibit the discharge of neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). It is known that chemical stimulation of the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN), locus ceruleus (LC), and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in anesthetized animals elicits increases (LPBN) or decreases (LC and LHA) in arterial pressure. We therefore recorded extracellularly spontaneous activity from RVLM units in urethan-anesthetized rats and monitored the changes in firing frequency of these neurons during chemical stimulation of one of LPBN, LC, and LHA. Thirty-two units were classified as cardiovascular neurons because their activity was inhibited by baroreceptor activation (1-3 micrograms phenylephrine iv) and displayed a cardiac cycle-related rhythmicity. Chemical stimulation with sodium glutamate of arterial pressor sites in the 
ipsilateral LPBN increased the firing frequency (40.3 +/- 1.3\%) of 11 cardiovascular neurons. Activation of cell bodies in arterial depressor sites in the ipsilateral LC inhibited the firing rate (59.1 +/- 7.1\%) of 10 cardiovascular neurons and excited 1 unit. Activation of cell bodies in arterial depressor sites in the ipsilateral LHA inhibited the discharge rate (25.4 +/- 4.7\%) of six cardiovascular neurons, excited one unit, and did not alter the rate of the remaining three units. These results provide direct evidence for the existence of excitatory and inhibitory pathways from neurons located in the LPBN, LC, and LHA to cardiovascular neurons in the RVLM.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cardiovascular System, innervation; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, physiology; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8342674},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Agassandian:2002,
  Title                    = {Direct projections from the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons: a link to cerebrovascular regulation.},
  Author                   = {Agassandian, Khristofor and Fazan, Valeria P S. and Adanina, Valentina and Talman, William T.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {242--254},
  Volume                   = {452},

  Abstract                 = {Peripheral or central interruption of the baroreflex or the parasympathetic innervation of cerebral vessels leads to similar changes in regulation of cerebral blood flow. Therefore, we sought to test the hypothesis that the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii, the site of termination of arterial baroreceptor nerves, projects to pontine preganglionic neurons whose stimulation elicits cerebral vasodilatation. The current study utilized both light and electron microscopic techniques to analyze anterograde tracing from the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the pons. We further used retrograde tracing from that same pontine region to the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii and evaluated the confluence of tracing from the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to pontine preganglionic neurons labeled retrogradely from the pterygopalatine ganglia. The cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii projected to pontine 
preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, but more rostral and caudal regions of nucleus tractus solitarii did not. In contrast, all three regions of nucleus tractus solitarii projected to the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Although not projecting to pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, regions lateral, rostral, and caudal to cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii sent projections through the pons medial to the preganglionics. The study establishes the presence of a direct monosynaptic pathway from neurons in the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii to pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that project to the pterygopalatine ganglia, the source of nitroxidergic vasodilatory innervation of cerebral blood vessels. It provides evidence that activation of those preganglionic neurons can cause cerebral vasodilatation and increased cerebral blood flow. Finally, it demonstrates differential innervation of medullary and pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons by 
different regions of the nucleus tractus solitarii.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.10372},
  Institution              = {Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Baroreflex, physiology; Cerebrovascular Circulation, physiology; Ganglia, Autonomic, physiology; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, physiology/ultrastructure; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Pons, blood supply/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, blood supply/physiology/ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {12353220},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10372}
}

@Article{Agassandian:2003,
  author      = {Agassandian, Khristofor and Fazan, Valeria P S. and Margaryan, Naira and Dragon, Deidre Nitschke and Riley, Jeffrey and Talman, William T.},
  title       = {A novel central pathway links arterial baroreceptors and pontine parasympathetic neurons in cerebrovascular control.},
  journal     = {Cell Mol Neurobiol},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {23},
  number      = {4-5},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {463--478},
  url         = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1025059710382},
  abstract    = {1. We tested the hypothesis that arterial baroreceptor reflexes modulate cerebrovascular tone through a pathway that connects the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii with parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the pons. 2. Anesthetized rats were used in all studies. Laser flowmetry was used to measure cerebral blood flow. We assessed cerebrovascular responses to increases in arterial blood pressure in animals with lesions of baroreceptor nerves, the nucleus tractus solitarii itself, the pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, or the parasympathetic ganglionic nerves to the cerebral vessels. Similar assessments were made in animals after blockade of synthesis of nitric oxide, which is released by the parasympathetic nerves from the pterygopalatine ganglia. Finally the effects on cerebral blood flow of glutamate stimulation of pontine preganglionic parasympathetic neurons were evaluated. 3. We found that lesions at any one of the sites in the putative pathway or 
interruption of nitric oxide synthesis led to prolongation of autoregulation as mean arterial pressure was increased to levels as high as 200 mmHg. Conversely, stimulation of pontine parasympathetic preganglionic neurons led to cerebral vasodilatation. The second series of studies utilized classic anatomical tracing methods to determine at the light and electron microscopic level whether neurons in the cardiovascular nucleus tractus solitarii, the site of termination of baroreceptor afferents, projected to the pontine preganglionic neurons. Fibers were traced with anterograde tracer from the nucleus tractus solitarii to the pons and with retrograde tracer from the pons to the nucleus tractus solitarii. Using double labeling techniques we further studied synapses made between labeled projections from the nucleus tractus solitarii and preganglionic neurons that were themselves labeled with retrograde tracer placed into the pterygopalatine ganglion. 4. These anatomical studies showed that the nucleus tractus 
solitarii directly projects to pontine preganglionic neurons and makes asymmetric, seemingly excitatory, synapses with those neurons. These studies provide strong evidence that arterial baroreceptors may modulate cerebral blood flow through direct connections with pontine parasympathetic neurons. Further study is needed to clarify the role this pathway plays in integrative physiology.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autonomic Pathways, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Baroreflex, drug effects/physiology; Blood Pressure, drug effects/physiology; Cerebral Arteries, innervation/physiology; Cerebrovascular Circulation, drug effects/physiology; Denervation; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Glutamic Acid, metabolism/pharmacology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nitric Oxide Synthase, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Nitric Oxide, biosynthesis; Parasympathetic Nervous System, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Pons, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Pressoreceptors, physiology/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, physiology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {14514008},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Agassandian:2012,
  Title                    = {C1 catecholamine neurons form local circuit synaptic connections within the rostroventrolateral medulla of rat.},
  Author                   = {Agassandian, K. and Shan, Z. and Raizada, M. and Sved, A. F. and Card, J. P.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Pages                    = {247--259},
  Volume                   = {227},

  Abstract                 = {C1 catecholamine neurons reside within the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM), an area that plays an integral role in blood pressure regulation through reticulospinal projections to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the thoracic spinal cord. In a previous investigation we mapped the efferent projections of C1 neurons, documenting supraspinal projections to cell groups in the preautonomic network that contribute to the control of cardiovascular function. Light microscopic study also revealed putative local circuit connections within RVLM. In this investigation we tested the hypothesis that RVLM C1 neurons elaborate a local circuit synaptic network that permits communication between C1 neurons giving rise to supraspinal and reticulospinal projections. A replication defective lentivirus vector that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of a synthetic dopamine beta hydroxylase (D?H) promoter was used to label C1 neurons and their processes. 
Confocal fluorescence microscopy demonstrated thin varicose axons immunopositive for EGFP and tyrosine hydroxylase that formed close appositions to C1 somata and dendrites throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the C1 area. Dual-labeled electron microscopic analysis revealed axosomatic, axodendritic and axospinous synaptic contacts with C1 and non-C1 neurons with a distribution recapitulating that observed in the light microscopic analysis. Labeled boutons were large, contained light axoplasm, lucent spherical vesicles, and formed asymmetric synaptic contacts. Collectively these data demonstrate that C1 neurons form a synaptic network within the C1 area that may function to coordinate activity among projection-specific subpopulations of neurons. The data also suggest that the boundaries of RVLM should be defined on the basis of function criteria rather than the C1 phenotype of neurons.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.049},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Catecholamines, metabolism; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Genetic Vectors, physiology; Green Fluorescent Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Net, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure; Transduction, Genetic; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(12)00969-4},
  Pmid                     = {23041757},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.049}
}

@Article{Aggleton:1992,
  author      = {Aggleton, J. P. and Kentridge, R. W. and Sembi, S.},
  title       = {Lesions of the fornix but not the amygdala impair the acquisition of concurrent discriminations by rats.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {48},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {103--112},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0166-4328(05)80146-9},
  abstract    = {Rats with lesions in either the fornix, the amygdala, or both were compared with control animals on the acquisition of three different concurrent object discrimination tasks. In the first task the animals received one trial per day on each of six pairs of stimulus objects ('spaced' condition). In the second task the animals received four trials per day on each of six stimulus pairs ('standard' condition), and in the last task the animals received 36 trials on each of two stimulus pairs in just a single day ('massed' condition). Animals with fornical lesions were impaired on all three conditions. In contrast, the amygdala lesions only affected the 'massed' condition and then only when the animals had to select the 'non-preferred' stimulus. Although animals with combined amygdala and fornical lesions were impaired on all three conditions there was no evidence that their deficit was greater than that in the animals with lesions restricted to just the fornix. In view of the evidence that 
concurrent discrimination learning offers an appropriate test for anterograde amnesia these findings are seen as consistent with the notion that the hippocampus, but not the amygdala, is critically involved in the mnemonic processes disrupted by amnesia.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Durham, UK.},
  journal     = {Behav Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Attention, physiology; Brain Mapping; Discrimination Learning, physiology; Form Perception, physiology; Hippocampus, physiology; Male; Mental Recall, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Problem Solving, physiology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1616601},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aggleton:1993,
  author      = {Aggleton, J. P. and Sahgal, A.},
  title       = {The contribution of the anterior thalamic nuclei to anterograde amnesia.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {31},
  number      = {10},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {1001--1019},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0028-3932(93)90029-y},
  abstract    = {This paper first reviews the anatomical, pathological, and neuropsychological evidence implicating the anterior thalamic nuclei in memory processes. It is concluded that there is much indirect evidence indicating that anterior thalamic dysfunction is an important factor in anterograde amnesia. More direct evidence for the involvement of the anterior thalamic nuclei in memory processes emerges from two experiments with rats that examined performance of a spatial test of working memory, delayed nonmatching-to-position. The first study revealed that neurotoxic lesions of the anterior thalamic nuclei and radiofrequency lesions of the fornix both produce equivalent performance deficits. In contrast, lesions of the mamillary bodies were without effect. A second study showed that lesions of the fornix and removal of the hippocampus produced very similar deficits. These data indicate that while the involvement of the anterior thalamic nuclei in certain memory functions depends on inputs from the 
hippocampus, this involvement need not depend on indirect afferents via the mamillary bodies.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Durham, U.K.},
  journal     = {Neuropsychologia},
  keywords    = {Amnesia, physiopathology; Animals; Conditioning, Operant, physiology; Hippocampus, physiology; Mamillary Bodies, physiopathology; Rats; Thalamic Nuclei, physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0028-3932(93)90029-Y},
  pmid        = {8290019},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aggleton:2005,
  author      = {John P Aggleton and Seralynne D Vann and Richard C Saunders},
  title       = {Projections from the hippocampal region to the mammillary bodies in macaque monkeys.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {22},
  number      = {10},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {2519--2530},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing experiment in the rat. Experiment with monkey.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04450.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04450.x},
  abstract    = {A combination of anterograde and retrograde tracers mapped the direct hippocampal and parahippocampal inputs to the mammillary bodies in two species of macaque monkey. Dense projections arose from pyramidal cells in layer III of the subiculum and prosubiculum, and terminated in the medial mammillary nucleus. While there was no evidence of an input from the dentate gyrus or fields CA1-3, a small contribution arose from the presubiculum and entorhinal cortices. All of the hippocampal and parahippocampal projections to the mammillary bodies appeared to use the fornix as a route. The caudal portions of the subiculum and prosubiculum contained the greatest numbers of cells projecting to the mammillary bodies. A light contralateral projection to the medial mammillary nucleus was also observed, although this appeared to arise primarily from the more rostral portions of the subiculum and prosubiculum. There was a crude topography within the medial mammillary nucleus, with the caudal subicular 
projections terminating in the mid and dorsal portions of the nucleus while the rostral subicular and entorhinal projections terminated in the ventral and lateral portions of the medial nucleus. Light ipsilateral projections throughout the lateral mammillary nucleus were sometimes observed. Comparisons with related studies of the macaque brain showed that the dense hippocampal projections to the mammillary bodies arise from a population of subicular cells separate from those that project to the anterior thalamic nuclei, even though the major output from the mammillary bodies is to the anterior thalamic nuclei. Other comparisons revealed underlying similarities with the corresponding projections in the rat brain.},
  institution = {School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT UK. aggleton@cf.ac.uk},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Amino Acids, metabolism; Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Cell Count; Entorhinal Cortex, physiology; Fornix, Brain, physiology; Hippocampus, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Macaca fascicularis; Macaca mulatta; Male; Mamillary Bodies, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neuropil, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {EJN4450},
  pmid        = {16307594},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aghajanian:1977,
  author      = {G. K. Aghajanian and R. Y. Wang},
  title       = {Habenular and other midbrain raphe afferents demonstrated by a modified retrograde tracing technique.},
  year        = {1977},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {122},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {229--242},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(77)90291-8},
  abstract    = {Afferents to th midbrain dorsal and median raphe nuclei in the rat were studied by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport method. The HRP was given by means of a modified iontophoretic delivery technique. This technique permitted an efficient and localized deposition of a high concentration of HRP into the raphe nuclei. Afferents to the raphe as determined by this method could be categorized into 2 classes; those exclusively to the raphe and those also positive for adjacent reticular formation. The most striking afferent area to the raphe, both in terms of selectivity and density, was the lateral habenula. This result is in accord with previous studies using degeneration methods which indicate an habenular projection to the raphe area. There were afferents exclusively positive for the dorsal raphe nucleus emanating from the nucleus of the solitary tract. Most other raphe afferent areas were also positive for the reticular formation (e.g;, prefrontal cortex, medial 
forebrain bundle, preoptic nuclei, and reticular formation). The existence of a major afferent system from the lateral habenula to the midbrain raphe is consistent with the concept of a "dorsal pathway" which might be responsible for relaying information from forebrain limbic structures to the "midbrain limbic areas".},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Brain Stem, cytology; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Mesencephalon, cytology; Rats; Reticular Formation, cytology; Retrograde Degeneration},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(77)90291-8},
  pmid        = {837230},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Agnati:1985,
  author      = {L. F. Agnati and K. Fuxe and M. Zoli and P. Davalli and A. Corti and I. Zini and G. Toffano},
  title       = {Effects of neurotoxic and mechanical lesions of the mesostriatal dopamine pathway on striatal polyamine levels in the rat: modulation by chronic ganglioside GM1 treatment.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {61},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {339--344},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(85)90487-2},
  abstract    = {In male rats, partial hemitransections but not 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced lesions of the mesostriatal dopamine (DA) pathway produce after 7 days a marked and a modest increase of striatal putrescine and spermidine levels, respectively, on the lesioned side. Following chronic ganglioside GM1 treatment of partially hemitransected rats, an increase of striatal polyamine levels was observed also on the intact side. It is suggested that retrograde cell body changes produced by hemitransection may induce striatal ornithine decarboxylase activity and in this way increase striatal putrescine levels, favoring regenerative mechanisms. The increase of striatal polyamine levels by GM1 treatment on the intact side of both 6-OHDA and mechanically lesioned rats compared with intact unoperated rats may also reflect an increased synthesis of striatal polyamines.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, analysis/physiology; Dopamine, physiology; G(M1) Ganglioside, pharmacology; Hydroxydopamines, pharmacology; Male; Mesencephalon, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Ornithine Decarboxylase, metabolism; Oxidopamine; Polyamines, analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3935984},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Agster:2009,
  Title                    = {Cortical efferents of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat.},
  Author                   = {Kara L Agster and Rebecca D Burwell},
  Journal                  = {Hippocampus},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {1159--1186},
  Volume                   = {19},

  Abstract                 = {We investigated the cortical efferents of the parahippocampal region by placing injections of the anterograde tracers, Phaseolus vulgaris-leuccoagglutinin, and biotinylated dextran amine, throughout the perirhinal (PER), postrhinal (POR), and entorhinal cortices of the rat brain. The resulting density of labeled fibers was evaluated in 25 subregions of the piriform, frontal, insular, temporal, cingulate, parietal, and occipital areas. The locations of labeled terminal fibers differed substantially depending on whether the location of the injection site was in PER area 35, PER area 36, POR, or the lateral or the medial entorhinal (LEA and MEA). The differences were greater for sensory regions. For example, the POR efferents preferentially target visual and spatial regions, whereas the PER efferents target all sensory modalities. The cortical efferents of each region largely reciprocate the cortical afferents, though the degree of reciprocity varied across originating and target 
regions. The laminar pattern of terminal fibers was consistent with the notion that the efferents are feedback projections. The density and amount of labeled fibers also differed substantially depending on the regional location of injection sites. PER area 36 and POR give rise to a greater number of heavy projections, followed by PER area 35. LEA also gives rise to widespread cortical efferents, arising mainly from a narrow band of cortex adjacent to the PER. In contrast, the remainder of the LEA and the MEA provides only weak efferents to cortical regions. Prior work has shown that nonspatial and spatial information is transmitted to the hippocampus via the PER-LEA and POR-MEA pathways, respectively. Our findings suggest that the return projections follow the same pathways, though perhaps with less segregration.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/hipo.20578},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Cluster Analysis; Discriminant Analysis; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Entorhinal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Male; Models, Neurological; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Neurons, cytology; Parahippocampal Gyrus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {19360714},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20578}
}

@Article{Agster:2013,
  Title                    = {Hippocampal and subicular efferents and afferents of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat.},
  Author                   = {Agster, Kara L. and Burwell, Rebecca D.},
  Journal                  = {Behav Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Pages                    = {50--64},
  Volume                   = {254},

  Abstract                 = {Available evidence suggests there is functional differentiation among hippocampal and parahippocampal subregions and along the dorsoventral (septotemporal) axis of the hippocampus. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the efferent and afferent connections of perirhinal areas 35 and 36, postrhinal cortex, and the lateral and medial entorhinal areas (LEA and MEA) with dorsal and ventral components of the hippocampal formation (dentate gyrus, hippocampus cornu ammonis fields, and subiculum) as well as the presubiculum, and the parasubiculum. The entorhinal connections were also characterized with respect to the LEA and MEA dentate gyrus-projecting bands. In general, the entorhinal connections with the hippocampal formation are much stronger than the perirhinal and postrhinal connections. The entorhinal cortex projects strongly to all components of the hippocampal formation, whereas the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices project weakly and only to CA1 and the 
subiculum. In addition, the postrhinal cortex preferentially targets the dorsal CA1 and subiculum, whereas the perirhinal cortex targets ventral subiculum. Similarly, the perirhinal cortex receives more input from ventral hippocampal formation structures and the postrhinal cortex receives more input from dorsal hippocampal structures. The LEA and the MEA medial band are more strongly interconnected with ventral hippocampal structures, whereas the MEA lateral band is more interconnected with dorsal hippocampal structures. With regard to the presubiculum and parasubiculum, the postrhinal cortex and the MEA lateral band receive stronger input from the dorsal presubiculum and caudal parasubiculum. In contrast, the LEA and MEA medial bands receive stronger input from the ventral presubiculum and rostral parasubiculum.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.005},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0166-4328(13)00404-X},
  Pmid                     = {23872326},
  Timestamp                = {21.11.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.005}
}

@Article{Agster:2016,
  Title                    = {Subcortical connections of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat. II. efferents.},
  Author                   = {Agster, Kara L. and {Tom{\'{a}}s Pereira}, In{\^{e}}s and Saddoris, Michael P. and Burwell, Rebecca D.},
  Journal                  = {Hippocampus},
  Year                     = {2016},

  Month                    = {Apr},

  Abstract                 = {This is the second of two studies detailing the subcortical connections of the perirhinal (PER), the postrhinal (POR) and entorhinal (EC) cortices of the rat. In the present study, we analyzed the subcortical efferents of the rat PER areas 35 and 36, POR, and the lateral and medial entorhinal areas (LEA and MEA). Anterograde tracers were injected into these five regions, and the resulting density of fiber labeling was quantified in an extensive set of subcortical structures. Density and topography of fiber labeling were quantitatively assessed in 36 subcortical areas, including olfactory structures, claustrum, amygdala nuclei, septal nuclei, basal ganglia, thalamic nuclei, and hypothalamic structures. In addition to reporting the density of labeled fibers, we incorporated a new method for quantifying the size of anterograde projections that takes into account the volume of the target subcortical structure as well as the density of fiber labeling. The PER, POR and EC displayed 
unique patterns of projections to subcortical areas. Interestingly, all regions examined provided strong input to the basal ganglia, although the projections arising in the PER and LEA were stronger and more widespread. PER areas 35 and 36 exhibited similar pattern of projections with some differences. PER area 36 projects more heavily to the lateral amygdala and much more heavily to thalamic nuclei including the lateral posterior nucleus, the posterior complex, and the nucleus reuniens. Area 35 projects more heavily to olfactory structures. The LEA provides the strongest and most widespread projections to subcortical structures including all those targeted by the PER as well as the medial and posterior septal nuclei. POR shows fewer subcortical projections overall, but contributes substantial input to the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. The MEA projections are even weaker. Our results suggest that the PER and LEA have greater influence over olfactory, amygdala, and septal nuclei, whereas PER area 
36 and the POR have greater influence over thalamic nuclei. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/hipo.22600},
  Institution              = {Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {aheadofprint},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {27101786},
  Timestamp                = {26.04.2016},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22600}
}

@Article{Aguado:2002,
  author      = {Aguado, Luis I.},
  title       = {Role of the central and peripheral nervous system in the ovarian function.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {59},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {462--473},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/jemt.10232},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10232},
  abstract    = {This review attempts to give a comprehensive overview of ovarian innervation, considering the whole nervous system and its different levels that may modify the ovarian function. The connection between the ovary and the central nervous system through the autonomic pathways, including the peripheral ganglia, is highlighted. The evidence obtained over the last years highlights the role of the superior ovarian nerve (SON) in the ovarian phenomena. Besides, the effect on the ovary of conventional neurotransmitters and others such as indolamines and peptides, which have been found in this organ, are discussed. Various reproductive diseases have been studied almost exclusively from the endocrine point of view. It is evident that a better knowledge about the role of the neural factors involved in the ovarian physiology may facilitate the understanding of some of these. A review of the concepts and an update of some experimental designs is made that permits clarifying several aspects of the 
relationship between the neural system and the ovary. At present, there is no doubt that the innervation of the ovary is involved in several physiological aspects of this gland function. However, the relationship of some levels of the nervous system and the ovary offer a wide avenue for future research.},
  institution = {Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina 5700. labir@unsl.edu.ar},
  journal     = {Microsc Res Tech},
  keywords    = {Animals; Central Nervous System, physiology; Female; Humans; Ovary, blood supply/innervation/physiology/secretion; Peripheral Nervous System, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12467021},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Aguayo:1986,
  author    = {Aguayo, ALBERT J},
  title     = {Axonal regeneration in the adult mammalian central nervous system: anatomical and functional studies},
  journal   = {Molecular genetics in developmental neurobiology Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo},
  year      = {1986},
  pages     = {259--274},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1025059710382},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Aguayo:1981,
  author      = {Aguayo, A. J. and David, S. and Bray, G. M.},
  title       = {Influences of the glial environment on the elongation of axons after injury: transplantation studies in adult rodents.},
  journal     = {J Exp Biol},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {95},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {231--240},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://jeb.biologists.org/content/95/1/231.long},
  abstract    = {Tissue transplantation methods, previously used to study neural development, myelination and inherited disorders of myelin can be applied also to the investigation of repair and regeneration in the mammalian CNS. The elongation of axons from injured peripheral nerve of CNS has been studied in adult mice and rats by observing the growth of axons into PNS or CNS tissue grafts. Following spinal cord injury and also after transplantation of optic nerves into the PNS there is axonal sprouting but these neuronal processes fail to elongate more than a few mm into the surrounding glia. On the other hand if segments of a peripheral nerve are grafted into the transected spinal cord, axons arising from spinal neurons and dorsal root ganglia become associated with the transplanted Schwann cells and elongate along the graft, approximately 1 cm. Recently the elongation of axons from spinal and medullary neurones was studied using a new experimental model which employed PNS grafts as 'bridges' to connect 
the spinal cord and the brain stem. In a series of adult C57BL/6J mice and Sprague Dawley rats, autologous segments of sciatic nerve were used to create 'bridges' between the lower cervical or upper thoracic spinal cord and the medulla oblongata. The spinal cord between these two levels was left intact. Grafted segments examined by light and electron microscope 1-7 months after surgery were well innervated by Schwann cell ensheathed axons that had grown the entire length of the graft (2 cm in mice and 3.5 cm in rats). The origin and termination of these axons were determined by transecting the regenerated grafts and applying horseradish peroxidase to the cut ends. Retrogradely labelled neurones were found to be distributed widely in the gray matter of the spinal cord and medulla near the sites of insertion of the graft. Anterogradely labelled fibres coursing within the graft penetrated the CNS for short distances, approximately 2 mm. These new results indicate that following CNS injury a conducive glial 
environment does allow spinal and brain stem neurones to elongate axons for distances that can be greater than those they usually extend for in the intact animal. This evidence that the regenerative response of similar axons differs in CNS and PNS neuroglia supports the hypothesis that influences arising from the environment play an important role in the success or failure of regeneration. The regenerative potentiality of central neurones may be expressed only when the CNS neuroglial environment is changed to resemble that in the PNS.},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Myelin Sheath, physiology; Nerve Regeneration; Neuroglia, physiology; Optic Nerve, transplantation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sciatic Nerve, transplantation; Spinal Cord, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7334319},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aguayo:1991,
  author      = {Aguayo, A. J. and Rasminsky, M. and Bray, G. M. and Carbonetto, S. and McKerracher, L. and Villegas-Pérez, M. P. and Vidal-Sanz, M. and Carter, D. A.},
  title       = {Degenerative and regenerative responses of injured neurons in the central nervous system of adult mammals.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {331},
  number      = {1261},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {337--343},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1098/rstb.1991.0025},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1991.0025},
  abstract    = {In adult mammals, the severing of the optic nerve near the eye is followed by a loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and a failure of axons to regrow into the brain. Experimental manipulations of the non-neuronal environment of injured RGCs enhance neuronal survival and make possible a lengthy axonal regeneration that restores functional connections with the superior colliculus. These effects suggest that injured nerve cells in the mature central nervous system (CNS) are strongly influenced by interactions with components of their immediate environment as well as their targets. Under these conditions, injured CNS neurons can express capacities for growth and differentiation that resemble those of normally developing neurons. An understanding of this regeneration in the context of the cellular and molecular events that influence the interactions of axonal growth cones with their non-neuronal substrates and neuronal targets should help in the further elucidation of the capacities of neuronal 
systems to recover from injury.},
  institution = {Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.},
  journal     = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Central Nervous System, injuries/physiopathology; Mammals; Nerve Degeneration, physiology; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Synapses, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1677478},
  timestamp   = {07.08.2015},
}

@Article{Agudo:2009,
  Title                    = {Immediate upregulation of proteins belonging to different branches of the apoptotic cascade in the retina after optic nerve transection and optic nerve crush.},
  Author                   = {Agudo, Marta and Pérez-Marín, Maria C. and Sobrado-Calvo, Paloma and Lönngren, Ulrika and Salinas-Navarro, Manuel and Cánovas, Isabel and Nadal-Nicolás, Francisco M. and Miralles-Imperial, Jaime and Hallböök, Finn and Vidal-Sanz, Manuel},
  Journal                  = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {424--431},
  Volume                   = {50},

  Abstract                 = {To further investigate the molecular signals underlying optic nerve (ON) injury, the authors analyzed in adult control, ON-transected, and ON-crushed retinas the expression pattern and time-course regulation of the following proteins, all of which are linked to apoptosis through different pathways: Stat 1, caspase 11 (inflammation and death), cathepsins C and B (lysosomal death pathway), calpain 1 (endoplasmic reticulum stress), calreticulin (apoptosis marker), Jun (early response), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (cell cycle arrest).Adult female rats were subjected to intraorbital optic nerve transection (IONT) or intraorbital optic nerve crush (IONC). Protein from naive and ON-injured adult rat retinas was extracted at different times postlesion, and Western blotting experiments were performed. For immunohistofluorescence analyses, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were retrogradely identified with fluorogold applied to the superior colliculi 1 week before injury.Western blotting 
analyses revealed upregulation of all the analyzed proteins as early as 12 hours postlesion (hpl), peaking at 48 hpl, in agreement with our previous RNA study findings. Furthermore, immunohistofluorescence to radial sections showed that all but Stat 1 were expressed by the primarily injured neurons, the RGCs, as seen by colocalization with fluorogold.All analyzed proteins were upregulated in the retina after IONT or IONC as early as 12 hpl, indicating that ON injury regulates several branches of the apoptotic cascade and suggesting that commitment to death might be an earlier event than previously anticipated.},
  Doi                      = {10.1167/iovs.08-2404},
  Institution              = {Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain. martabar@um.es},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Apoptosis; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, metabolism; Blotting, Western; Calbindin 2; Caspases, metabolism; Cathepsin B, metabolism; Cathepsin C, metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Nerve Crush; Optic Nerve Injuries, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon, metabolism; Retina, metabolism; Retinal Ganglion Cells, metabolism/pathology; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, metabolism; STAT1 Transcription Factor, metabolism; Time Factors; Up-Regulation},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {iovs.08-2404},
  Pmid                     = {18775855},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2404}
}

@Article{Aguiar:2013,
  author      = {Aguiar, Paulo and Sousa, Mafalda and Szucs, Peter},
  title       = {Versatile morphometric analysis and visualization of the three-dimensional structure of neurons.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {393--403},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s12021-013-9188-z},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12021-013-9188-z},
  abstract    = {The computational properties of a neuron are intimately related to its morphology. However, unlike electrophysiological properties, it is not straightforward to collapse the complexity of the three-dimensional (3D) structure into a small set of measurements accurately describing the structural properties. This strong limitation leads to the fact that many studies involving morphology related questions often rely solely on empirical analysis and qualitative description. It is possible however to acquire hierarchical lists of positions and diameters of points describing the spatial structure of the neuron. While there is a number of both commercially and freely available solutions to import and analyze this data, few are extendable in the sense of providing the possibility to define novel morphometric measurements in an easy to use programming environment. Fewer are capable of performing morphometric analysis where the output is defined over the topology of the neuron, which naturally requires 
powerful visualization tools. The computer application presented here, Py3DN, is an open-source solution providing novel tools to analyze and visualize 3D data collected with the widely used Neurolucida (MBF) system. It allows the construction of mathematical representations of neuronal topology, detailed visualization and the possibility to define non-standard morphometric analysis on the neuronal structures. Above all, it provides a flexible and extendable environment where new types of analyses can be easily set up allowing a high degree of freedom to formulate and test new hypotheses. The application was developed in Python and uses Blender (open-source software) to produce detailed 3D data representations.},
  institution = {Centro de Matemática da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal, pauloaguiar@fc.up.pt.},
  journal     = {Neuroinformatics},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Computational Biology, methods; Computer Graphics; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Software},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {23765606},
  timestamp   = {13.07.2015},
}

@Article{Aguilar:2005,
  author      = {Aguilar, Juan R. and Castro-Alamancos, Manuel A.},
  title       = {Spatiotemporal gating of sensory inputs in thalamus during quiescent and activated states.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {25},
  number      = {47},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {10990--11002},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3229-05.2005},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3229-05.2005},
  abstract    = {The main role of the thalamus is to relay sensory inputs to the neocortex according to the regulations dictated by behavioral state. Hence, changes in behavioral state are likely to transform the temporal and spatial properties of thalamocortical receptive fields. We compared the receptive fields of single cells in the ventroposterior medial thalamus (VPM) of urethane-anesthetized rats during quiescent states and during aroused (activated) states. During quiescent states, VPM cells respond to stimulation of a principal whisker (PW) and may respond modestly to one or a few adjacent whiskers (AWs). During either generalized forebrain activation or selective thalamic activation caused by carbachol infusion in the VPM, the responses to AWs enhance so that VPM receptive fields become much larger. Such enlargement is not observed at the level of the principal trigeminal nucleus, indicating that it originates within the thalamus. Interestingly, despite the increase in AW responses during activation,
 simultaneous deflection of the PW and AWs produced VPM responses that resembled the PW response, as if the AWs were not stimulated. This nonlinear summation of sensory responses was present during both quiescent and activated states. In conclusion, the thalamus suppresses the excitatory surround (AWs) of the receptive field during quiescent states and enlarges this surround during arousal. But, thalamocortical cells represent only the center (PW) of the receptive field when the center (PW) and surround (AWs) are stimulated simultaneously.},
  institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Anesthesia; Animals; Arousal, physiology; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Carbachol, pharmacology; Cholinergic Agonists, pharmacology; Electric Stimulation; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rest; Reticular Formation, drug effects/physiology; Sensation, physiology; Thalamus, drug effects/physiology; Time Factors; Vibrissae, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {25/47/10990},
  pmid        = {16306412},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Ahlenius:1980,
  author    = {Ahlenius, S},
  title     = {Enhanced suppression of a conditioned avoidance response by haloperidol but not phenoxybenzamine in rats with bilateral parafascicular lesions},
  year      = {1980},
  volume    = {40},
  number    = {2},
  pages     = {164--169},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {http://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCoQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%2FBF00237534.pdf&ei=fSdXVKuBJM7laJH-gogE&usg=AFQjCNFIlX052HnfU4XmgKXyAxWYZioMDA&bvm=bv.78677474,d.d2s&cad=rja},
  journal   = {Exp Brain Res},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Springer},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Ahlenius:1982,
  author      = {Ahlenius, S. and Andén, N. E. and Grabowska-Andén, M.},
  title       = {Apomorphine-induced ipsilateral turning in rats with unilateral lesions of the parafascicular nucleus.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {47},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {270--276},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00239386},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Apomorphine, pharmacology; Brain Mapping; Haloperidol, pharmacology; Male; Motor Activity, drug effects/physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7117451},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Ahlenius:1987,
  author      = {S. Ahlenius and V. Hillegaart and G. Thorell and O. Magnusson and C. J. Fowler},
  title       = {Suppression of exploratory locomotor activity and increase in dopamine turnover following the local application of cis-flupenthixol into limbic projection areas of the rat striatum.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {402},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {131--138},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(87)91055-9},
  abstract    = {Recent neuroanatomical tracer studies have demonstrated the topography of 'limbic' (A10) projections into the striatum of the rat (see Introduction). The target areas include the nucleus accumbens and the ventromedial part of the neostriatum, whereas the dorsolateral part of the neostriatum does not receive such afferents. Taking this topography into account, the present results show that local application of cis-flupenthixol (10-40 micrograms/side) into the nucleus accumbens or the ventromedial, but not the dorsolateral, neostriatum produces suppression of exploratory locomotor activity in the rat. trans-Flupenthixol (40 micrograms/side) was completely ineffective when locally applied into the nucleus accumbens. Measurements of the concentrations of the dopamine metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) at the site of injection, and in neighboring areas at different times after cis-flupenthixol administration, indicated that there was little or no 
diffusion of the drug from the injection sites. Much higher concentrations of DOPAC and HVA in a given area were found after systemic administration of cis-flupenthixol as compared with local application of the drug to the same area.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid, analysis; Animals; Catalepsy, chemically induced; Corpus Striatum, analysis/drug effects; Dopamine, analysis; Exploratory Behavior, drug effects; Flupenthixol, pharmacology; Homovanillic Acid, analysis; Male; Nucleus Accumbens, drug effects; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septal Nuclei, drug effects; Stereoisomerism; Thioxanthenes, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(87)91055-9},
  pmid        = {3828778},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Ahlgren:2012,
  author      = {Ahlgren, Joslyn K. and Hayward, Linda F.},
  title       = {Role of lateral parabrachial opioid receptors in exercise-induced modulation of the hypotensive hemorrhage response in conscious male rats.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {226},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {404--410},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.036},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.036},
  abstract    = {Some of the benefits of exercise appear to be mediated through modulation of neuronal excitability in central autonomic control circuits. Previously, we identified that six weeks of voluntary wheel running had a protective effect during hemorrhage (HEM), limiting both the hypotensive phase of HEM and enhancing recovery. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of opioid release in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) on the response to severe HEM in chronically exercised (EX, voluntary) versus sedentary (SED) controls. Male Sprague Dawley rats were allowed either free access to running wheels (EX) or normal cage conditions (SED). After 6 weeks of "training" animals were instrumented with a bilateral cannula directed toward the dorsolateral pons and arterial catheters. After a recovery period, animals underwent central microinjection of either vehicle (VEH; n=3/group) or the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (NAL; n=6/group) followed by withdrawal of 30\% of their total 
estimated blood volume. Following VEH injection, the drop in MAP during and following HEM was significantly attenuated in the EX vs SED animals. Alternatively, NAL microinjection in the dorsolateral pons (20 ?M, 200-500 nl) reversed the beneficial effect of EX on the HEM response. NAL microinjection in SED rats did not significantly alter the response to HEM. These data suggest chronic voluntary EX has a beneficial effect on the autonomic response to severe HEM which is mediated, in part, via EX-induced plasticity of the opioid system within the dorsolateral pons.},
  institution = {University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. of Physiological Sciences, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.},
  journal     = {Behav Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Blood Pressure, drug effects/physiology; Heart Rate, drug effects/physiology; Hemorrhage, complications/physiopathology/therapy; Hypotension, complications/physiopathology/therapy; Male; Microinjections; Naloxone, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Narcotic Antagonists, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Physical Conditioning, Animal, physiology; Pons, drug effects/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Opioid, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0166-4328(11)00709-1},
  pmid        = {21985861},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Ahlsen:1982,
  author      = {Ahlsen, G. and Grant, K. and Lindström, S.},
  title       = {Monosynaptic excitation of principal cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus by corticofugal fibers.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {234},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {454--458},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(82)90886-1},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cats; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Geniculate Bodies, physiology; Interneurons, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neurons, classification/physiology; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Visual Cortex, physiology; Visual Pathways, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(82)90886-1},
  pmid        = {6277434},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Ahmad:2011,
  author      = {Ahmad, Ajmal and Khan, Mohd Moshahid and Ishrat, Tauheed and Khan, M Badruzzaman and Khuwaja, Gulrana and Raza, Syed Shadab and Shrivastava, Pallavi and Islam, Fakhrul},
  title       = {Synergistic effect of selenium and melatonin on neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia in rats.},
  year        = {2011},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {139},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {81--96},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s12011-010-8643-z},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-010-8643-z},
  abstract    = {The synergistic scavenger effects of selenium and melatonin collectively we called Se-Mel was studied on the prevention of neuronal injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion. Male Wistar rats were treated with sodium selenite (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) and melatonin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min before the middle carotid artery occlusion (MCAO) and immediately after MCAO to male Wistar rats and was continued for 3 days once daily at the interval of 24 h. Behavioral activity (spontaneous motor activity and motor deficit) was improved in Se-Mel-treated rats as compared to MCAO group rats. The level of glutathione and the activity of antioxidant enzymes was depleted significantly while the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, protein carbonyl, and nitric oxide radical (NO(·)) was increased significantly in MCAO group. Systemic administration of Se-Mel ameliorated oxidative stress and improves ischemia/reperfusion-induced focal cerebral ischemia. Se-Mel also inhibited inducible nitric oxide 
synthase expression in Se-Mel+MCAO group as compared to MCAO group rats. Thus, Se-Mel has shown an excellent neuroprotective effect against ischemia/reperfusion injury through an anti-ischemic pathway. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the pretreatment with Se-Mel at the onset of reperfusion, reduced post-ischemic damage, and improved neurological outcome following transient focal cerebral ischemia in male Wistar rat.},
  institution = {Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.},
  journal     = {Biol Trace Elem Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antioxidants, metabolism; Glutathione, metabolism; Ischemic Attack, Transient, drug therapy; Male; Melatonin, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Neuroprotective Agents, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Oxidative Stress, drug effects; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Selenium, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {20358308},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Ahmed:1996a,
  author      = {Ahmed, A. K. and Dong, K. and Setsu, T. and Yamadori, T.},
  title       = {Correlation between different types of retinal ganglion cells and their projection pattern in the albino rat.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {706},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {163--168},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)01283-4},
  abstract    = {Injecting Fluoro-Gold (FG) and Evans-Blue (EB) into the right dLGN and SC in the adult albino rat, ipsilaterally projecting double-labeled retinal ganglion cells were mainly seen in the ventrotemporal crescent. They were mainly large sized cells. The ipsilaterally projecting double-labeled cells tended to have larger somata than the single- and double-labeled cells projecting to the contralateral superior colliculus and/or dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body.},
  institution = {First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Size; Coloring Agents; Evans Blue; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Functional Laterality, physiology; Geniculate Bodies, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retinal Ganglion Cells, physiology; Stilbamidines; Superior Colliculi, physiology; Visual Fields, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006899395012834},
  pmid        = {8720506},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Ahmed:1995b,
  Title                    = {Afferent projections to the cingulate cortex in albino rats: a study with a retrograde labeling method using fluoro-gold.},
  Author                   = {Ahmed, A. K. and Dong, K. and Sugioka, K. and Yamadori, T.},
  Journal                  = {Kobe J Med Sci},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {247--255},
  Volume                   = {41},

  Abstract                 = {We studied the neuronal populations that project their axons to the cingulate cortex in albino rats using the retrograde fluorescent dye of 4\% Fluoro-Gold injected into the anterior, middle and posterior portions of the cingulate cortex. The result showed that the following ipsilateral structures are sending fibers to these three portions: the prefrontal cortex, frontoparietal motor cortex, indusium griseum, dorsal endopiriform nucleus, lateral part of medial mammillary nucleus, nuclei of diagonal band of Broca, anterior pretectum, anterior part of caudate-putamen, hippocampal formation, anteroventral, anteromedial, lateroposterior, ventroposterior and dorsomedial thalamic nuclei. The anterior portion of the cingulate cortex receives inputs from the following ipsi- and contralateral structures: the accessory olfactory bulbs, anterior olfactory nuclei, middle and posterior portions of the cingulate cortex. The middle cingulate cortex receives fibers only from the ipsilateral 
dorsal part of the lateral septal nucleus in addition from the ipsi- and contralateral anterior and posterior portions of the cingulate cortex. While the posterior portion of the cingulate cortex receives separate inputs from the following ipsilateral structures: anterodorsal thalamic nucleus, temporal cortex, entorhinal cortex, areas 17 and 18, as well as from the ipsi- and contralateral anterior and middle portions of the cingulate cortex. The present study shows that the cingulate cortex receives various kinds of inputs from the other parts of the brain which are involved in emotion, memory, vision and motion, and also suggests that there are differences in afferent projections among the anterior, middle and posterior portions of the cingulate cortex.},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Gyrus Cinguli, physiology; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stilbamidines; Synaptic Transmission},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8869010},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013}
}

@Article{Ahmed:1995,
  author      = {A. K. Ahmed and K. Dong and T. Yamadori},
  title       = {A retrograde double-labelling study of retinal ganglion cells that project ipsilaterally to vLGN and LPN rather than dLGN and SC, in albino rat.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {674},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {275--282},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)01452-n},
  abstract    = {We studied ipsilaterally projecting, double-labeled retinal ganglion cells that have bifurcating axons by retrograde fluorescent double-labeling in albino rats. Ten albino (Wistar, Japan Ceca) rats of either sex, weighing 350-400 g were used. With the rats in a state of deep anesthesia, we pressure-injected 0.02 microliter of 15\% Evans blue (EB) into the right ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN), and 4\% Fluoro-gold (FG) iontophoretically into the right posterior lateral thalamic nucleus (LP). The animals were perfused with formol-saline 48-72 h later and both the brain and eyes were exercised. The brain was sectioned coronally, and each retina was removed and mounted flat on a glass slide. Double-labeled cells were found in the ventral temporal crescent of the retina. In one animal and total number of ipsilaterally labeled cells was 566, and the percentage of double-labeled vLGN and LP projecting cells, single-labeled vLGN projecting cells, and single-labeled LP projecting cells were 
29.8, 58.8 and 11.3, respectively.},
  institution = {First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Geniculate Bodies, cytology; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retinal Ganglion Cells, physiology; Stilbamidines; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, cytology; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Visual Pathways, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {0006-8993(94)01452-N},
  pmid        = {7796107},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Ahmed:1996,
  author      = {A. K. Ahmed and N. G. Guison and T. Yamadori},
  title       = {A retrograde fluorescent-labeling study of direct relationship between the limbic (anterodorsal and anteroventral thalamic nuclei) and the visual system in the albino rat.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {729},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {119--123},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(96)00283-1},
  abstract    = {Injecting different fluorescent tracers into the right anterodorsal (AD)/anteroventral (AV) or AD/AV and the primary visual nuclei of dorsal lateral geniculate (dLGN) or superior colliculus (SC), a direct projection from the left retina to these anterior thalamic nuclei was ascertained in the central part of ventro-nasal retinal quadrant. Single-labeled cells were of small type. No double-labeled cells were demonstrated.},
  institution = {First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Geniculate Bodies, physiology; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retinal Ganglion Cells, physiology; Superior Colliculi, physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Visual Pathways, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {S0006899396002831},
  pmid        = {8874883},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Ahmed:1995c,
  author      = {A. K. Ahmed and K. Sugioka and K. Dong and T. Yamadori},
  title       = {A study of double-labeled retinal ganglion cells from the superior colliculus in the developing albino rat.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {85},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {71--79},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-3806(94)00191-2},
  abstract    = {We studied the distribution pattern and percentage of bilaterally projecting, double-labeled retinal ganglion cells in the albino rat by the retrograde fluorescent double labeling. Forty-five albino (Wistar, Japan Clea) rats of either sex and of different stage of development ranging in age from the day of birth (Day 0) to Day 30, were used. With the rats under deep anesthesia, we pressure injected 0.02 microliter of 15\% Evans blue (EB) and 0.02 microliter of 4\% Fluoro-gold (FG) into the right and left superior colliculi, respectively; for rats older than 5 days, the volume of each tracer was 0.04 microliter. The animals were perfused with formol-saline 48 to 72 h later and the brain and eyeballs were excised and sectioned. Double-labeled cells were found over almost the entire retina, with the concentration in the lower temporal crescent in rats up to day 1; concentration gradually shifted to the ventral half between days 5 and 10. After day 15, double-labeled cells were found only in the 
ventral-temporal crescent of the retina, which is the pattern in the adult rats. The percentages of retinal ganglion cells that were double-labeled at days 0, 1, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 were 60.2, 51.6, 60.5, 57.6, 62.2, 60.7, 55.7, 45.2, and 39.1, respectively. After day 10, the percentage of such cells decreased steadily.},
  institution = {First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, growth /&/ development; Efferent Pathways; Evans Blue, diagnostic use; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar, growth /&/ development; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology; Stilbamidines; Superior Colliculi, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0165380694001912},
  pmid        = {7781170},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Ahmed:1995a,
  author      = {A. K. Farid Ahmed and K. Dong and T. Yamadori},
  title       = {A retrograde double-labeling study of uni- and bilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells that project to the superior colliculi after unilateral eye removal at birth in the albino rat.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {704},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {307--312},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)01282-6},
  abstract    = {By injecting Fluoro-Gold and Evans-Blue into the right and left superior colliculi of the normal adult albino rats, bilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells were labeled in the ventrotemporal crescent accounting for 37.9\% of all the labeled cells, whereas in 0- and 5-day unilaterally enucleated rats these were found in the lower half of the retina accounting for 64.8\% and 80.6\%, respectively. Furthermore, they tended to have larger somata (type I cells).},
  institution = {First Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Ethidium, diagnostic use; Eye Enucleation; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Microinjections; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retina, cytology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology; Stilbamidines; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Time Factors; Visual Pathways},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(95)01282-6},
  pmid        = {8788927},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Ahmed:2009,
  Title                    = {Retrograde and anterograde transport of HIV protein gp120 in the nervous system.},
  Author                   = {Ahmed, Farid and MacArthur, Linda and {De Bernardi}, Maria A. and Mocchetti, Italo},
  Journal                  = {Brain Behav Immun},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {355--364},
  Volume                   = {23},

  Abstract                 = {Neurodegeneration and gliosis are prominent pathological features of subjects with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dementia complex (HAD). In these patients, neurodegeneration occurs in uninfected neurons. In addition, these patients develop sensory neuropathy despite the antiretroviral therapy. The HIV protein gp120, which mimics some of the pathological alterations seen in HAD, is retrogradely transported in rodent neurons. However, it is still unclear whether gp120 can also be transported anterogradely and whether axonal transport can occur in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). To determine whether gp120 is transported retrogradely and/or anterogradely, we injected gp120IIIB together with the retrograde tracer fluoro-ruby (FR) or the anterograde tracer 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyamine perchlorate (DiI) into the rat superior colliculi. We discovered that gp120 is retrogradely transported with FR along a direct pathway from the superior colliculus to 
the retina and anterogradely transported with DiI to several areas of the occipital cortex. To determine whether gp120 is also axonally transported in the peripheral nerves, gp120 and FR were injected into the sciatic nerve. No gp120 immunoreactivity was found in the sciatic nerve or dorsal root ganglia, suggesting that gp120 axonal transport does not occur in the PNS. Gp120 axonal transport may play a role in neuronal injury. Therefore, we examined apoptosis at various time points after gp120 injection. Activated caspase-3 was evident within neurons transporting gp120. These results indicate that axonal transport of gp120 might exacerbate the pathogenesis of HIV-1.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.bbi.2008.11.007},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Research Building, Room EP04 Box 571464, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Apoptosis, drug effects; Axonal Transport, drug effects; Blotting, Western; Carbocyanines; Caspase 3, metabolism; Dextrans; HIV Envelope Protein gp120, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism/pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Degeneration, chemically induced/pathology; Nervous System, drug effects/metabolism; Neural Pathways, drug effects/metabolism; Occipital Lobe, drug effects/metabolism; Peripheral Nerves, drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines; Sciatic Nerve, drug effects/metabolism; Superior Colliculi, drug effects/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0889-1591(08)00425-X},
  Pmid                     = {19111924},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2008.11.007}
}

@Article{Ahmed:2006,
  author      = {Ahmed, Mohi U. and Cheng, Louise and Dietrich, Susanne},
  title       = {Establishment of the epaxial-hypaxial boundary in the avian myotome.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {235},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {1884--1894},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/dvdy.20832},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.20832},
  abstract    = {Trunk skeletal muscles are segregated into dorsomedial epaxial and ventrolateral hypaxial muscles, separated by a myoseptum. In amniotes, they are generated from a transient structure, the dermomyotome, which lays down muscle, namely the myotome underneath. However, the dermomyotome and myotome are dorsoventrally continuous, with no morphologically defined epaxial-hypaxial boundary. The transcription factors En1 and Sim1 have been shown to molecularly subdivide the amniote dermomyotome, with En1 labeling the epaxial dermomyotome and Sim1 the hypaxial counterpart. Here, we demonstrate that En1 and Sim1 expression persists in cells leaving the dermomyotome, superimposing the expression boundary onto muscle and skin. En1-expressing cells colonize the myotome initially from the rostral and caudal lips, and slightly later, directly from the de-epithelializing dermomyotomal center. En1 expression in the myotome is concomitant with the appearance of Fgfr4/Pax7-expressing mitotically active 
myoblasts. This finding suggests that Fgfr4+/Pax7+/En1+ cells carry their expression with them when entering the myotome. Furthermore, it suggests that the epaxial-hypaxial boundary of the myotome is established through the late arising, mitotically active myoblasts.},
  institution = {Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, United Kingdom.},
  journal     = {Dev Dyn},
  keywords    = {Animals; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors, metabolism; Body Patterning; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Chick Embryo; Homeodomain Proteins, metabolism; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal, embryology/metabolism; Myoblasts, cytology/metabolism; PAX7 Transcription Factor, metabolism; Repressor Proteins, metabolism; Somites, cytology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {16680727},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Ahn:2003,
  author      = {Ahn, S. and Phillips, A. G.},
  title       = {Independent modulation of basal and feeding-evoked dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex by the central and basolateral amygdalar nuclei in the rat.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {116},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {295--305},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00551-1},
  abstract    = {Interactions of the central and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala with the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system are implicated in the acquisition and performance of conditioned responses for food reward. This study investigated whether dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens and the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat is influenced by the amygdala and if so, to assess the significance of the interaction in free feeding of a palatable food. To this end, we examined the effects of reverse-dialysis of the sodium channel blocker lidocaine into either the central or basolateral on dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens and the medial prefrontal cortex as determined by microdialysis and high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The present results revealed for the first time that inactivation of the central decreased basal levels of dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens, but not in the medial prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, administration of lidocaine into the 
central significantly attenuated feeding-evoked increases in dopamine efflux in both terminal regions. These neurochemical effects were accompanied by feeding-related behaviours akin to the Klüver-Bucy syndrome. In contrast, inactivation of the basolateral affected neither food intake nor dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens, but triggered dramatic long-lasting oscillations in dopamine efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex, irrespective of whether food was presented or not. Overall, these findings indicate that the central and basolateral independently modulate dopamine transmission in both terminal regions of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. The central, in particular, and its influence on the dopamine system, may be involved in the regulation of food intake.},
  institution = {Department of Psychiatry and the Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dopamine, metabolism/physiology; Eating, physiology; Feeding Behavior, physiology; Lidocaine, pharmacology; Male; Microdialysis; Nucleus Accumbens, metabolism/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Sodium Channel Blockers, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452202005511},
  pmid        = {12535961},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Ahumada:2013a,
  author      = {Ahumada, Juan and {Fern{\'{a}}ndez de Sevilla}, David and Couve, Alejandro and Bu{\~{n}}o, Washington and Fuenzalida, Marco},
  title       = {Long-term depression of inhibitory synaptic transmission induced by spike-timing dependent plasticity requires coactivation of endocannabinoid and muscarinic receptors.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {23},
  number      = {12},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {1439--1452},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1002/hipo.22196},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22196},
  abstract    = {The precise timing of pre-postsynaptic activity is vital for the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) or depression (LTD) at many central synapses. We show in synapses of rat CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro that spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) protocols that induce LTP at glutamatergic synapses can evoke LTD of inhibitory postsynaptic currents or STDP-iLTD. The STDP-iLTD requires a postsynaptic Ca(2+) increase, a release of endocannabinoids (eCBs), the activation of type-1 endocananabinoid receptors and presynaptic muscarinic receptors that mediate a decreased probability of GABA release. In contrast, the STDP-iLTD is independent of the activation of nicotinic receptors, GABAB Rs and G protein-coupled postsynaptic receptors at pyramidal neurons. We determine that the downregulation of presynaptic Cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein Kinase A pathways is essential for the induction of STDP-iLTD. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which the activation of cholinergic 
neurons and retrograde signaling by eCBs can modulate the efficacy of GABAergic synaptic transmission in ways that may contribute to information processing and storage in the hippocampus.},
  institution = {Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Valparaíso, Chile.},
  journal     = {Hippocampus},
  keywords    = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, pharmacology; Action Potentials, drug effects; Animals; Animals, Newborn; CA1 Region, Hippocampal, cytology; Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists, pharmacology; Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists, pharmacology; Cholinergic Agents, pharmacology; Endocannabinoids, metabolism; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Piperidines, pharmacology; Pyrazoles, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Muscarinic, metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Valine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {23966210},
  timestamp   = {20.04.2016},
}

@Article{Ahumada:2013,
  author      = {Ahumada, Juan and {Fernández de Sevilla}, David and Couve, Alejandro and Buño, Washington and Fuenzalida, Marco},
  title       = {Long-term depression of inhibitory synaptic transmission induced by spike-timing dependent plasticity requires coactivation of endocannabinoid and muscarinic receptors.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {23},
  number      = {12},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {1439--1452},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/hipo.22196},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22196},
  abstract    = {The precise timing of pre-postsynaptic activity is vital for the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) or depression (LTD) at many central synapses. We show in synapses of rat CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro that spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) protocols that induce LTP at glutamatergic synapses can evoke LTD of inhibitory postsynaptic currents or STDP-iLTD. The STDP-iLTD requires a postsynaptic Ca(2+) increase, a release of endocannabinoids (eCBs), the activation of type-1 endocananabinoid receptors and presynaptic muscarinic receptors that mediate a decreased probability of GABA release. In contrast, the STDP-iLTD is independent of the activation of nicotinic receptors, GABAB Rs and G protein-coupled postsynaptic receptors at pyramidal neurons. We determine that the downregulation of presynaptic Cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein Kinase A pathways is essential for the induction of STDP-iLTD. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which the activation of cholinergic 
neurons and retrograde signaling by eCBs can modulate the efficacy of GABAergic synaptic transmission in ways that may contribute to information processing and storage in the hippocampus.},
  institution = {Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Valparaíso, Chile.},
  journal     = {Hippocampus},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {23966210},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Ai:2007,
  Title                    = {Morphology and topography of nucleus ambiguus projections to cardiac ganglia in rats and mice.},
  Author                   = {Ai, J. and Epstein, P. N. and Gozal, D. and Yang, B. and Wurster, R. and Cheng, Z. J.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {845--860},
  Volume                   = {149},

  Abstract                 = {Vagal efferent axons from the nucleus ambiguus (NA) innervate ganglionated plexuses in the dorsal surface of cardiac atria, which in turn, may have different functional roles in cardiac regulation. However, the morphology and topography of vagal efferent projections to these ganglionated plexuses in rats and mice have not been well delineated. In the present study, we injected the tracer 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3' tetramethylindocarbocyanine methanesulfonate (DiI) into the left NA to label vagal efferent axons and terminals in cardiac ganglia and administered Fluoro-Gold (FG) i.p. to stain cardiac ganglia. Then, we used confocal microscopy and a Neurolucida 3-D Digitization System to qualitatively and quantitatively examine the distribution and structure of cardiac ganglia, and NA efferent projections to cardiac ganglia in the whole-mounts of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and FVB mice. Our observations were: 1) Cardiac ganglia of different shapes and sizes were distributed in the 
sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and lower pulmonary vein (LPV) regions on the dorsal surface of the atria. In each region, several ganglia formed a ganglionated plexus. The plexuses at different locations were interconnected by nerves. 2) Vagal efferent fibers ramified within cardiac ganglia, formed a complex network of axons, and innervated cardiac ganglia with very dense basket endings around individual cardiac principal neurons (PNs). 3) The percent of the PNs in cardiac ganglia which were innervated by DiI-labeled axons was 54.3+/-3.2\% in mice vs. 53.2+/-3.2\% in rats (P>0.10). 4) The density of axonal putative-synaptic varicosities on the surface of PNs was 0.15+/-0.02/microm(2) in mice vs. 0.16+/-0.02/microm(2) in rats (P>0.10). Thus, the distributions of cardiac ganglia and vagal efferent projections to cardiac ganglia in mice and rats were quite similar both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our study provides the structural foundation for future investigation of functional 
differentiation of ganglionated plexuses and the brain-heart circuitry in rodent models of human disease.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.062},
  Institution              = {Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Amino Acids, metabolism; Animals; Atrioventricular Node, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, cytology/physiology; Imaging, Three-Dimensional, methods; Mice; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Nodose Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(07)00953-0},
  Pmid                     = {17942236},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.062}
}

@Article{Ai:2007a,
  Title                    = {Degeneration of vagal efferent axons and terminals in cardiac ganglia of aged rats.},
  Author                   = {Ai, Jing and Gozal, David and Li, Lihua and Wead, William B. and Chapleau, Mark W. and Wurster, Robert and Yang, Baofeng and Li, Hulun and Liu, Rugao and Cheng, Zixi},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {74--88},
  Volume                   = {504},

  Abstract                 = {Baroreflex control of the heart rate is significantly reduced during aging. However, neural mechanisms that underlie such a functional reduction are not fully understood. We injected the tracer DiI into the left nucleus ambiguus (NA), then used confocal microscopy and a Neurolucida Digitization System to examine qualitatively and quantitatively vagal efferent projections to cardiac ganglia of young adult (5-6 months) and aged (24-25 months) rats (Sprague Dawley). Fluoro-Gold was injected intraperitoneally to counterstain cardiac ganglionic principal neurons (PNs). In aged, as in young rats, NA axons projected to all cardiac ganglia and formed numerous basket endings around PNs in the hearts. However, significant structural changes were found in aged rats compared with young rats. Vagal efferent axons contained abnormally swollen axonal segments and exhibited reduced or even absent synaptic-like terminals around PNs, such that the numbers of vagal fibers and basket endings around 
PNs were substantially reduced (P < 0.01). Furthermore, synaptic-like varicose contacts of vagal cardiac axons with PNs were significantly reduced by approximately 50\% (P < 0.01). These findings suggest that vagal efferents continue to maintain homeostatic control over the heart during aging. However, the marked morphological reorganization of vagal efferent axons and terminals in cardiac ganglia may represent the structural substrate for reduced vagal control of the heart rate and attenuated baroreflex function during aging.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.21431},
  Institution              = {Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Aging, physiology; Animals; Baroreflex, physiology; Heart, innervation; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Nerve Degeneration, pathology; Neural Pathways, cytology/pathology; Neurons, Efferent, cytology/pathology; Nodose Ganglion, cytology/pathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vagus Nerve, cytology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {17614301},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21431}
}

@Article{Ai:2009,
  Title                    = {Vagal afferent innervation and remodeling in the aortic arch of young-adult fischer 344 rats following chronic intermittent hypoxia.},
  Author                   = {Ai, J. and Wurster, R. D. and Harden, S. W. and Cheng, Z. J.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {658--666},
  Volume                   = {164},

  Abstract                 = {Previously, we have shown that chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) impairs baroreflex control of heart rate and augments aortic baroreceptor afferent function. In the present study, we examined whether CIH induces structural changes of aortic afferent axons and terminals. Young-adult Fischer 344 (F344, 4 months old) rats were exposed to room air (RA) or CIH for 35-45 days. After 14-24 days of exposure, they received tracer DiI injection into the left nodose ganglion to anterogradely label vagal afferent nerves. After surgery, animals were returned to their cages to continue RA or CIH exposure. Twenty-one days after DiI injection, the animals were sacrificed and the aortic arch was examined using confocal microscopy. In both RA and CIH rats, we found that DiI-labeled vagal afferent axons entered the wall of the aortic arch, then fanned out and branched into large receptive fields with numerous terminals (flower-sprays, end-nets and free endings). Vagal afferent axons projected 
much more to the anterior wall than to the posterior wall. In general, the flower-sprays, end-nets and free endings were widely and similarly distributed in the aortic arch of both groups. However, several salient differences between RA and CIH rats were found. Compared to RA control, CIH rats appeared to have larger vagal afferent receptive fields. The CIH rats had many abnormal flower-sprays, end-nets, and free endings which were intermingled and diffused into "bush-like" structures. However, the total number of flower-sprays was comparable (P>0.05). Since there was a large variance of the size of flower-sprays, we only sampled the 10 largest flower-sprays from each animal. CIH substantially increased the size of large flower-sprays (P<0.01). Numerous free endings with enlarged varicosities were identified, resembling axonal sprouting structures. Taken together, our data indicate that CIH induces significant remodeling of afferent terminal structures in the aortic arch of F344 rats. We suggest that such an 
enlargement of vagal afferent terminals may contribute to altered aortic baroreceptor function following CIH.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.066},
  Institution              = {Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Aging; Animals; Anoxia, pathology/physiopathology; Aorta, Thoracic, innervation/pathology/physiopathology; Chronic Disease; Microscopy, Confocal; Neuronal Plasticity; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Neurons, Afferent, pathology/physiology; Nodose Ganglion, pathology/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Time Factors; Vagus Nerve, pathology/physiopathology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(09)01116-6},
  Pmid                     = {19580847},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.066}
}

@Article{Aicher:2000a,
  author      = {Aicher, S. A. and Goldberg, A. and Sharma, S. and Pickel, V. M.},
  title       = {mu-opioid receptors are present in vagal afferents and their dendritic targets in the medial nucleus tractus solitarius.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {422},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {181--190},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000626)422:2<181::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-g},
  abstract    = {Ligands of the mu-opiate receptor (MOR) are known to influence many functions that involve vagal afferent input to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), including cardiopulmonary responses, gastrointestinal activity, and cortical arousal. The current study sought to determine whether a cellular substrate exists for direct modulation of vagal afferents and/or their neuronal targets in the NTS by ligands of the MOR. Anterograde tracing of vagal afferents arising from the nodose ganglion was achieved with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), and the MOR was detected by using antipeptide MOR antiserum. The medial subdivision of the intermediate NTS was examined by electron microscopy for the presence of peroxidase-labeled, BDA-containing vagal afferents and immunogold MOR labeling. MOR was present in both presynaptic axon terminals and at postsynaptic sites, primarily dendrites. In dendrites, MOR immunogold particles usually were located along extrasynaptic portions of the plasma membrane. Of 173 
observed BDA-labeled vagal afferent axon terminals, 33\% contained immunogold labeling for MOR within the axon terminal. Many of these BDA-labeled terminals formed asymmetric, excitatory-type synapses with dendrites, some of which contained MOR immunogold labeling. MORs were present in 19\% of the dendrites contacted by BDA-labeled terminals but were present rarely in both the vagal afferent and its dendritic target. Together, these results suggest that MOR ligands modulate either the presynaptic release from or the postsynaptic responses to largely separate populations of vagal afferents in the intermediate NTS. These results provide a cellular substrate for direct actions of MOR ligands on primary visceral afferents and their second-order neuronal targets in NTS.},
  institution = {Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA. saaicher@med.cornell.edu},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Dendrites, metabolism/ultrastructure; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nodose Ganglion, metabolism/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Opioid, mu, metabolism; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Solitary Nucleus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Vagus Nerve, metabolism/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-G},
  pmid        = {10842226},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aicher:2014,
  Title                    = {Corneal pain activates a trigemino-parabrachial pathway in rats.},
  Author                   = {Aicher, Sue A. and Hegarty, Deborah M. and Hermes, Sam M.},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Pages                    = {18--26},
  Volume                   = {1550},

  Abstract                 = {Corneal pain is mediated by primary afferent fibers projecting to the dorsal horn of the medulla, specifically the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. In contrast to reflex responses, the conscious perception of pain requires transmission of neural activity to higher brain centers. Ascending pain transmission is mediated primarily by pathways to either the thalamus or parabrachial nuclei. We previously showed that some corneal afferent fibers preferentially contact parabrachial-projecting neurons in the rostral pole of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, but the role of these projection neurons in transmitting noxious information from the cornea has not been established. In the present study, we show that noxious stimulation of the corneal surface activates neurons in the rostral pole of the nucleus caudalis, including parabrachially projecting neurons that receive direct input from corneal afferent fibers. We used immunocytochemical detection of c-Fos protein as an index of neuronal 
activation after noxious ocular stimulation. Animals had previously received injections of a retrograde tracer into either thalamic or parabrachial nuclei to identify projection neurons in the trigeminal dorsal horn. Noxious stimulation of the cornea induced c-Fos in neurons sending projections to parabrachial nuclei, but not thalamic nuclei. We also confirmed that corneal afferent fibers identified with cholera toxin B preferentially target trigeminal dorsal horn neurons projecting to the parabrachial nucleus. The parabrachial region sends ascending projections to brain regions involved in emotional and homeostatic responses. Activation of the ascending parabrachial system may explain the extraordinary salience of stimulation of corneal nociceptors.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.002},
  Institution              = { Science University, Mail code: L334, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States. Electronic address: hermess@ohsu.edu.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0006-8993(14)00017-1},
  Pmid                     = {24418463},
  Timestamp                = {01.05.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.002}
}

@Article{Aicher:2012a,
  Title                    = {Corneal afferents differentially target thalamic- and parabrachial-projecting neurons in spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis.},
  Author                   = {Aicher, S. A. and Hermes, S. M. and Hegarty, D. M.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = {Nov},

  Abstract                 = {Dorsal horn neurons send ascending projections to both thalamic nuclei and parabrachial nuclei; these pathways are thought to be critical pathways for central processing of nociceptive information. Afferents from the corneal surface of the eye mediate nociception from this tissue which is susceptible to clinically important pain syndromes. This study examined corneal afferents to the trigeminal dorsal horn and compared inputs to thalamic- and parabrachial-projecting neurons. We used anterograde tracing with cholera toxin B subunit to identify corneal afferent projections to trigeminal dorsal horn, and the retrograde tracer FluoroGold to identify projection neurons. Studies were conducted in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Our analysis was conducted at two distinct levels of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Vc) which receive corneal afferent projections. We found that corneal afferents project more densely to the rostral pole of Vc than the caudal pole. We also quantified the 
number of thalamic- and parabrachial-projecting neurons in the regions of Vc that receive corneal afferents. Corneal afferent inputs to both groups of projection neurons were also more abundant in the rostral pole of Vc. Finally, by comparing the frequency of corneal afferent appositions to thalamic- versus parabrachial-projecting neurons, we found that corneal afferents preferentially target parabrachial-projecting neurons in trigeminal dorsal horn. These results suggest that nociceptive pain from the cornea may be primarily mediated by a non-thalamic ascending pathway.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.033},
  Institution              = { Science University, Mail Code: L334, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States. Electronic address: aichers@ohsu.edu.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {aheadofprint},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(12)01144-X},
  Pmid                     = {23201828},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.033}
}

@Article{Aicher:2012,
  Title                    = {Descending projections from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) to trigeminal and spinal dorsal horns are morphologically and neurochemically distinct.},
  Author                   = {Aicher, Sue A. and Hermes, Sam M. and Whittier, Kelsey L. and Hegarty, Deborah M.},
  Journal                  = {J Chem Neuroanat},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {103--111},
  Volume                   = {43},

  Abstract                 = {Neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) are thought to modulate nociceptive transmission via projections to spinal and trigeminal dorsal horns. The cellular substrate for this descending modulation has been studied with regard to projections to spinal dorsal horn, but studies of the projections to trigeminal dorsal horn have been less complete. In this study, we combined anterograde tracing from RVM with immunocytochemical detection of the GABAergic synthetic enzyme, GAD67, to determine if the RVM sends inhibitory projections to trigeminal dorsal horn. We also examined the neuronal targets of this projection using immunocytochemical detection of NeuN. Finally, we used electron microscopy to verify cellular targets. We compared projections to both trigeminal and spinal dorsal horns. We found that RVM projections to both trigeminal and spinal dorsal horn were directed to postsynaptic profiles in the dorsal horn, including somata and dendrites, and not to primary afferent 
terminals. We found that RVM projections to spinal dorsal horn were more likely to contact neuronal somata and were more likely to contain GAD67 than projections from RVM to trigeminal dorsal horn. These findings suggest that RVM neurons send predominantly GABAergic projections to spinal dorsal horn and provide direct input to postsynaptic neurons such as interneurons or ascending projection neurons. The RVM projection to trigeminal dorsal horn is more heavily targeted to dendrites and is only modestly GABAergic in nature. These anatomical features may underlie differences between trigeminal and spinal dorsal horns with regard to the degree of inhibition or facilitation evoked by RVM stimulation.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.11.002},
  Institution              = { Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States. aichers@ohsu.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Chemistry, genetics/physiology; Gene Targeting, methods; Glutamate Decarboxylase, genetics/metabolism/physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Posterior Horn Cells, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Tracts, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nerve, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0891-0618(11)00180-3},
  Pmid                     = {22119519},
  Timestamp                = {26.04.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.11.002}
}

@Article{Aicher:1995a,
  author      = {Aicher, S. A. and Kurucz, O. S. and Reis, D. J. and Milner, T. A.},
  title       = {Nucleus tractus solitarius efferent terminals synapse on neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {693},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {51--63},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)00660-i},
  abstract    = {The caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVL) contains neurons that are vasodepressor and are a critical component of the baroreceptor reflex pathway. While electrophysiological studies suggest that CVL neurons are intercalated in the baroreceptor pathway between the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL), there is no direct evidence for this projection. Therefore, we identified CVL neurons that project to RVL by retrogradely labelling them with wheat germ agglutinin-apo-horseradish peroxidase conjugated to colloidal gold (WAHG) injected into the RVL. Retrogradely labelled neurons were seen in previously identified vasodepressor areas of the rostral CVL that are critical for the baroreceptor reflex. Double labelling for WAHG and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry indicated that CVL neurons that project to the RVL (CVL --> RVL neurons) are distinct from the noradrenergic neurons of the A1 cell group. To establish the presence of a direct projection 
from the NTS to CVL --> RVL neurons, the retrograde tracer WAHG was pressure injected into the RVL and the anterograde tracer biocytin was iontophoresed into the NTS of anesthetized rats. After 4-6 h, anesthetized rats were perfused transcardially with 3.75\% acrolein in 2\% paraformaldehyde and sections through the CVL were processed for both markers. By light microscopy, numerous biocytin-labelled varicose processes overlapped neurons containing WAHG in the CVL. By electron microscopy, biocytin was found in myelinated and unmyelinated axons and in axon terminals (0.9 + 0.02 microns) that contained primarily small clear vesicles. These terminals formed predominantly asymmetric synapses on large (1.5-6.0 microns in diameter) dendrites within the CVL. Some of the post-synaptic perikarya and large dendrites contained WAHG associated with lysosomes and multivesicular bodies, indicating that they belong to neurons which project to the RVL. We conclude that CVL --> RVL neurons are (a) distinct from A1 
noradrenergic cells; (b) receive direct synaptic contacts from NTS efferent terminals; (c) are potently and monosynaptically excited (asymmetric synapses) by NTS efferent terminals. These data support the hypothesis that CVL neurons are intercalated between the NTS and the RVL in the baroreceptor reflex pathway.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Baroreflex, physiology; Catecholamines, analysis; Efferent Pathways; Gold, diagnostic use; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(95)00660-I},
  pmid        = {8653421},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aicher:2000,
  author      = {S. A. Aicher and T. A. Milner and V. M. Pickel and D. J. Reis},
  title       = {Anatomical substrates for baroreflex sympathoinhibition in the rat.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {51},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {107--110},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00233-6},
  abstract    = {The fundamental neuronal substrates of the arterial baroreceptor reflex have been elucidated by combining anatomical, neurophysiological, and pharmacological approaches. A serial pathway between neurons located in the nuclei of the solitary tract (NTS), the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVL), and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL) plays a critical role in inhibition of sympathetic outflow following stimulation of baroreceptor afferents. In this paper, we summarize our studies using tract-tracing and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to define the potential functional sites for synaptic transmission within this circuitry. The results are discussed as they relate to the literature showing: (1) baroreceptor afferents excite second-order neurons in NTS through the release of glutamate; (2) these NTS neurons in turn send excitatory projections to neurons in the CVL; (3) GABAergic CVL neurons directly inhibit RVL sympathoexcitatory neurons; and (4) activation of this NTS-->CVL-->RVL 
pathway leads to disfacilitation of sympathetic preganglionic neurons by promoting withdrawal of their tonic excitatory drive, which largely arises from neurons in the RVL. Baroreceptor control may also be regulated over direct reticulospinal pathways exemplified by a newly recognized sympathoinhibitory region of the medulla, the gigantocellular depressor area. This important autonomic reflex may also be influenced by parallel, multiple, and redundant networks.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA. saaicher@med.cornell.edu},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Baroreflex, physiology; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Pressoreceptors, cytology/physiology; Rats; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0361-9230(99)00233-6},
  pmid        = {10709955},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aicher:1997,
  author      = {Aicher, S. A. and Reis, D. J.},
  title       = {Gigantocellular vasodepressor area is tonically active and distinct from caudal ventrolateral vasodepressor area.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {272},
  number      = {3 Pt 2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {R731--R742},
  url         = {http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/ajpregu/272/3/R731.full.pdf},
  abstract    = {The gigantocellular depressor area (GiDA) is a functionally defined subdivision of the medullary gigantocellular reticular formation where vasodepressor responses are evoked by glutamate microinjections (Aicher, S. A., D. J. Reis, D. A. Ruggiero, and T. A. Milner. Neuroscience 60: 761-779, 1994). The present experiments sought to determine whether the GiDA 1) tonically inhibits the sympathetic nervous system; 2) is necessary for baroreflex function; and 3) is functionally distinct from adjacent vasodepressor regions in the medullary reticular formation, including the midline raphe nuclei and the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVL). Excitotoxic lesions of the GiDA abolished the baroreflex and significantly increased sympathetic nerve activity in anesthetized rats. Equivalent injections into the midline raphe nuclei elevated sympathetic activity but did not alter baroreflex responses. Therefore, the GiDA is functionally distinct from the raphe nuclei, although both contain tonically active 
sympathoinhibitory neurons. Because the effects of GiDA lesions were identical to those seen after lesions of the CVL, further studies were required to demonstrate that the GiDA and CVL are functionally and anatomically distinct. First, intramedullary injections of kynurenic acid produced hypertension and blocked the baroreflex when placed in the CVL, but not when placed in the GiDA. Second, muscimol inactivation of the RVL blocked the hypertension produced by excitotoxic lesions of the CVL, but failed to block the hypertension produced by similar lesions of the GiDA. Third, CVL neurons project to the RVL but not the spinal cord, whereas GiDA neurons project to the spinal cord but not the RVL. These studies show that the CVL and GiDA are both tonically sympathoinhibitory regions, but they are distinct with regard to their functional connectivity with other autonomic regions.},
  institution = {Division of Neurobiology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA.},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Aorta, innervation; Baroreflex, drug effects; Blood Pressure, drug effects; Brain Mapping; Efferent Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Glutamic Acid, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Kainic Acid, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Kynurenic Acid, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, drug effects/physiology; Microinjections; Muscimol, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Phenylephrine, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Raphe Nuclei, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Vasomotor System, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9087634},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Aicher:1995,
  Title                    = {Monosynaptic projections from the medullary gigantocellular reticular formation to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the thoracic spinal cord.},
  Author                   = {Aicher, S. A. and Reis, D. J. and Nicolae, R. and Milner, T. A.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {563--580},
  Volume                   = {363},

  Abstract                 = {Microinjection of L-glutamate into a restricted area of the medullary gigantocellular reticular formation, the gigantocellular depressor area (GiDA), lowers arterial pressure. Unlike the nuclei tractus solitarii and the caudal ventrolateral medulla, the two principle medullary vasodepressor areas, the GiDA projects directly to the spinal cord and not to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (Aicher et al. [1994] Neuroscience 60:761-779). We investigated whether neurons within GiDA directly innervate autonomic areas of the thoracic spinal cord. Fluoro-Gold injected into the thoracic spinal cord labeled neurons within functionally defined vasodepressor sites in the GiDA in the same animal. To examine the morphology of GiDA efferents to the spinal cord, the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin was iontophoresed into the GiDA, and efferent processes in the intermediolateral cell column and nucleus intercalatus spinalis were examined by electron microscopy. Labeling was 
confined to axons and axon terminals (n = 144) that usually contained primarily small clear vesicles, contacted large and small dendrites, and formed symmetric (inhibitory) synapses. To determine whether some of the postsynaptic targets of GiDA efferent terminals in the thoracic spinal cord were sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons, these neurons were retrogradely labeled from the adrenal gland with Fluoro-Gold in rats that had deposits of the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), in the GiDA. Some BDA-containing terminals formed symmetric synapses with dendrites containing Fluoro-Gold. We conclude that a population of neurons in the GiDA monosynaptically innervates some sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The findings suggest the presence of a novel reticulospinal sympathoinhibitory projection originating in the GiDA.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903630405},
  Institution              = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Adrenergic Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, physiology/ultrastructure; Autonomic Pathways, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Glutamic Acid, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Histocytochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Microinjections; Microscopy, Electron; Phytohemagglutinins; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Stilbamidines; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8847418},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903630405}
}

@Article{Aicher:1994,
  author      = {S. A. Aicher and D. J. Reis and D. A. Ruggiero and T. A. Milner},
  title       = {Anatomical characterization of a novel reticulospinal vasodepressor area in the rat medulla oblongata.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {60},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {761--779},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(94)90503-7},
  abstract    = {Microinjection of L-glutamate into a subregion of the gigantocellular nucleus of the rat medulla oblongata significantly lowers arterial pressure. This vasodepressor area, the gigantocellular depressor area, is topographically distinct from other vasoactive areas of the medulla. We sought to determine the efferent projections of the gigantocellular depressor area and compare these to the efferent projections of sympathoexcitatory neurons within the rostral ventrolateral medulla. The anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin was deposited into sites in the gigantocellular depressor area or rostral ventrolateral medulla (pressor area) functionally defined as vasodepressor or vasopressor by microinjections of L-glutamate. Following Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin injections into the gigantocellular depressor area, labeled punctuate fibers were seen bilaterally within distinct areas of a number of autonomic regions including the nuclei of the solitary tract, subcoeruleus area, 
parabrachial complex, the medial medullary reticular formation of the medulla and pons, and laminae 7 and 10 of the thoracic spinal cord. Following deposits into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (pressor area), labeled fibers were seen in many of these same autonomic nuclei; however, efferents from the gigantocellular depressor area to the nucleus of the solitary tract, the parabrachial complex and the reticular formation were medial to rostral ventrolateral medulla (pressor area) efferents to these same areas. These data indicate that neurons within the gigantocellular depressor area and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (pressor area) project to autonomic nuclei throughout the central nervous system and further suggest a heterogeneity of function with regard to autonomic control both within the reticular formation and its efferent targets. In addition, these data support the view that the gigantocellular depressor area may be a novel reticulospinal sympathoinhibitory area.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Cornell University Medical College, Division of Neurobiology, New York, NY 10021.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Blood Pressure, drug effects/physiology; Brain Mapping; Glutamic Acid, pharmacology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Microinjections; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vasomotor System, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(94)90503-7},
  pmid        = {7936200},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aicher:2001,
  author      = {Aicher, S. A. and Schreihofer, A. M. and Kraus, J. A. and Sharma, S. and Milner, T. A. and Guyenet, P. G.},
  title       = {Mu-opioid receptors are present in functionally identified sympathoexcitatory neurons in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {433},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {34--47},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.1123},
  abstract    = {Agonists of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) produce profound hypotension and sympathoinhibition when microinjected into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL). These effects are likely to be mediated by the inhibition of adrenergic and other presympathetic vasomotor neurons located in the RVL. The present ultrastructural studies were designed to determine whether these vasomotor neurons, or their afferents, contain MORs. RVL bulbospinal barosensitive neurons were recorded in anesthetized rats and filled individually with biotinamide by using a juxtacellular labeling method. Biotinamide was visualized by using a peroxidase method and MOR was identified by using immunogold localization of an antipeptide antibody that recognizes the cloned MOR, MOR1. The subcellular relationship of MOR1 to RVL neurons with fast- or slow-conducting spinal axons was examined by electron microscopy. Fast- and slow-conducting cells were not morphologically distinguishable. Immunogold-labeling for MOR1 was found in 
all RVL bulbospinal barosensitive neurons examined (9 of 9). MOR1 was present in 52\% of the dendrites from both types of cells and in approximately half of these dendrites the MOR1 was at nonsynaptic plasmalemmal sites. A smaller portion of biotinamide-labeled dendrites (16\%) from both types of cells were contacted by MOR1-containing axons or axon terminals. Together, these results suggest that MOR agonists can directly influence the activity of all types of RVL sympathoexcitatory neurons and that MOR agonists may also influence the activity of afferent inputs to these cells. The heterogenous distribution of MORs within individual RVL neurons indicates that the receptor is selectively targeted to specific pre- and postsynaptic sites.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/analysis; Blood Pressure; Dendrites, chemistry/ultrastructure; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, chemistry/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, physiology; Receptors, Opioid, mu, analysis; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology; Trans-Activators, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11283947},
  timestamp   = {08.07.2015},
}

@Article{Aicher:1999,
  author      = {S. A. Aicher and S. Sharma and V. M. Pickel},
  title       = {N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are present in vagal afferents and their dendritic targets in the nucleus tractus solitarius.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {91},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {119--132},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00530-2},
  abstract    = {N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors are present in the nodose ganglion, which contains the cell bodies of vagal afferents, and in the nucleus tractus solitarius, where these afferent fibers terminate. This suggests that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are located presynaptically on visceral vagal afferents and/or their target neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius. To test this hypothesis, we combined anterograde transport of biotinylated dextran amine, following injections into the left nodose ganglion, with electron microscopic immunogold labeling of antipeptide antiserum against the R1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in the nucleus tractus solitarius of rat brain. Within the medial nucleus tractus solitarius, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor R1 immunoreactivity was seen in dendrites (39\% of 639 profiles), axons and axon terminals (41\%), and a few neuronal perikarya and glia. Many vagal afferent axons and terminals (40\% of 468 profiles) contained N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 
R1 immunogold labeling. In addition, 42\% of the dendrites contacted by vagal afferent terminals (n = 206) contained N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor R1 immunoreactivity. In axons and dendrites, the gold particles were occasionally seen within asymmetric postsynaptic junctions or at non-synaptic sites on the plasma membrane. More commonly, however, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor R1 labeling was seen on membranes of vesicular cytoplasmic organelles, suggesting that there is abundant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor protein available for activity-dependent mobilization to the plasmalemma. Since many vagal afferents are glutamatergic, our results implicate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in autoregulation of the presynaptic release and postsynaptic responses to glutamate at the level of the first central synapse in the nucleus tractus solitarius.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Dendrites, metabolism/ultrastructure; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neuroglia, drug effects/ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nodose Ganglion, cytology/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, drug effects/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, drug effects/metabolism; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Vagus Nerve, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(98)00530-2},
  pmid        = {10336064},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aigner:2000,
  author      = {Aigner, M. and {Robert Lukas}, J. and Denk, M. and Ziya-Ghazvini, F. and Kaider, A. and Mayr, R.},
  title       = {Somatotopic organization of primary afferent perikarya of the guinea-pig extraocular muscles in the trigeminal ganglion: a post-mortem DiI-tracing study.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {70},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {411--418},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1006/exer.1999.0828},
  abstract    = {Apart from the somatotopic organization of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) into the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular divisions along the mediolateral axis, there exist further somatotopic organizations within these three divisions. According to literature, the cell organization in the TG and the somatotopy in the brainstem develop together, formed by naturally occurring cell death in the TG. Thus, the somatotopy of the primary afferent trigeminal perikarya is of special interest. The aim of this study was to investigate the location of the primary afferent perikarya of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) in the TG of guinea-pig. The primary afferent perikarya were labeled by post-mortem application of the carbocyanine DiI on the oculomotor nerve branches near their entrance into the single EOMs. The DiI-positive perikarya were found musculo-somatically organized in the ipsilateral ophthalmic part of the TG at a wide range along the dorsoventral axis, expressing an overlap of the representation 
areas. The primary afferent perikarya of the superior rectus and the superior oblique muscles were mainly localized in the dorsal part of the ganglion while those of the inferior rectus and the inferior oblique muscle mainly in ventral part. The lateral and the medial rectus were predominantly represented in between. An organization along the mediolateral axis of the TG was not observed. Although guinea-pigs lack classical EOM proprioceptors, the somatotopic representation of the extraocular muscle primary afferent perikarya in the TG found in this study is in line with findings in species with well known encapsulated proprioceptors within the EOMs.},
  institution = {Institute of Anatomy 2, University of Vienna, Austria. martin.aigner@akh-wien.ac.at},
  journal     = {Exp Eye Res},
  keywords    = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Brain Stem; Carbocyanines, diagnostic use; Cats; Cattle; Cell Count; Coloring Agents, diagnostic use; Guinea Pigs; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Oculomotor Muscles, innervation/physiology; Proprioception, physiology; Rabbits; Rats; Sheep; Statistics, Nonparametric; Swine; Trigeminal Ganglion, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S001448359990828X},
  pmid        = {10865989},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aimi:1991,
  Title                    = {Localization of NADPH-diaphorase-containing neurons in sensory ganglia of the rat.},
  Author                   = {Aimi, Y. and Fujimura, M. and Vincent, S. R. and Kimura, H.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1991},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {382--392},
  Volume                   = {306},

  Abstract                 = {The presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase activity was studied histochemically in the sensory ganglia of the rat. Supraspinally, the trigeminal ganglion possessed only a few cells positively stained for NADPH-diaphorase, while a large number of positive neurons was found in the nodose ganglion. In the dorsal root ganglia, the distribution of positive cells showed a peculiar pattern in relation to spinal levels. Very minor populations (less than 2\% of the total ganglionic cells) exhibited positive reaction in ganglia at levels ranging from the first cervical (C1) to fourth thoracic (T4) and from the second lumber (L2) through the entire sacral levels. In the middle to lower thoracic levels (from T5 to L1), however, abundant diaphorase-positive cells were observed. From these positive neurons it was possible to trace intensely stained nerve fibers. In the lower thoracic level, for example, dense positive fibers were seen in the ramus 
communicans. Retrograde tracing studies revealed that diaphorase-containing neurons in the lower thoracic level project at least partly to the gastric wall and the celiac ganglion. These results indicate that the diaphorase-positive ganglionic neurons in the thoracicolumbar levels may carry autonomic visceral afferent information. Double staining with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and peptide immunohistochemistry revealed that NADPH-diaphorase colocalizes with calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in many of these visceral afferent neurons.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903060303},
  Institution              = {Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Ganglia, Spinal, chemistry/cytology; Male; NADPH Dehydrogenase, analysis; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neurons, enzymology; Neuropeptides, analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1864999},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903060303}
}

@Article{Aimone:1988,
  author      = {Aimone, L. D. and Bauer, C. A. and Gebhart, G. F.},
  title       = {Brain-stem relays mediating stimulation-produced antinociception from the lateral hypothalamus in the rat.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {2652--2663},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/8/7/2652},
  abstract    = {Several lines of evidence have demonstrated a role for the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in an endogenous system of descending inhibition. The present study, in rats lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital, was undertaken to examine systematically the organization in the brain stem of pathways mediating descending inhibition of the nociceptive tail flick (TF) reflex produced by focal electrical stimulation in the LH. The microinjection of lidocaine into the midbrain, dorsolateral pons, or medial medulla resulted in significant increases in stimulation thresholds in the LH for inhibition of the TF reflex (89.1, 67.4, and 73.6\%, respectively). Selective lesions of cell bodies in the midbrain or medulla by the neurotoxin ibotenic acid also produced significant increases in stimulation thresholds in the LH for inhibition of the TF reflex (31.6 and 131.6\%, respectively), thus revealing relays in the periaqueductal gray and the nucleus raphe magnus located between the LH and the lumbar spinal cord. 
The failure of ibotenic acid to affect LH-produced descending inhibition when microinjected into the dorsolateral pons, and the significant effect produced by lidocaine microinjected into the same area, implicates fibers of passage in the dorsolateral pons in descending inhibition of the TF reflex produced by focal electrical stimulation in the LH. The fluorescent dye Fast blue and HRP conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin were used to confirm that the area stimulated in the LH has reciprocal connections with the periaqueductal gray and nucleus raphe magnus.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, physiology; Brain, physiology; Hot Temperature; Hypothalamus, physiology; Ibotenic Acid, pharmacology; Injections; Lidocaine, pharmacology; Male; Nociceptors, physiology; Pain; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3249250},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Ainge:2004,
  author      = {Ainge, James A. and Jenkins, Trisha A. and Winn, Philip},
  title       = {Induction of c-fos in specific thalamic nuclei following stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {20},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {1827--1837},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03647.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03647.x},
  abstract    = {The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is a major source of cholinergic input to the thalamus. Tracing studies have established that the PPTg has projections to many thalamic nuclei and electrophysiological studies have shown acetylcholine (ACh) to have characteristic effects on thalamic neurons. Behavioural studies point to a role for the PPTg in attention and it is possible that a key substrate for this is the ability of the PPTg to modify sensorimotor gating through the thalamus. However, it is not clear how altered PPTg activity effects neuronal activity across the thalamus en masse. We have attempted to examine this by stimulating the PPTg in freely moving rats and measuring thalamic activation with c-fos immunohistochemistry. The PPTg was stimulated by unilateral microinjection of the L-glutamate uptake inhibitor L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) with the rationale that reuptake blockade increases locally the availability of endogenous neurotransmitter. It was 
shown that PDC microinjection into PPTg produced clear and consistent changes in Fos immunoreactivity in several thalamic nuclei, but most markedly in the centrolateral, ventrolateral and reticular nuclei. A second study was carried out to determine the gross behavioural effects of intra-PPTg L-glutamate blockade. No changes in locomotion or other general behaviours were observed, indicating that observed changes in thalamic Fos expression were not the result of increased behavioural output but rather a direct consequence of increased neuronal activity from PPTg input. The present data extend previous work establishing pedunculopontine-thalamic connections by specifying which particular nuclei are most affected by PPTg activation.},
  institution = {School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JU, Scotland.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, pharmacology; Animals; Cell Count; Genes, fos; Male; Models, Animal; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus, physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis/genetics; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {EJN3647},
  pmid        = {15380004},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aioun:2006,
  Title                    = {Anatomical evidence for glutamatergic transmission in primary sensory neurons and onto postganglionic neurons controlling penile erection in rats: an ultrastructural study with neuronal tracing and immunocytochemistry.},
  Author                   = {Aïoun, Josiane and Rampin, Olivier},
  Journal                  = {Cell Tissue Res},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {359--375},
  Volume                   = {323},

  Abstract                 = {In male rats, the dorsal penile nerve (DPN) conveys sensory information from the genitals to the lumbosacral spinal segments of the spinal cord. DPN is the afferent limb of a reflex loop that supports reflexive erections, and that includes a network of spinal interneurons and autonomic and somatic motoneurons to the penis and perineal striated muscles. Autonomic efferent pathways to the penis relay in the major pelvic ganglion (MPG). Glutamate (Glu) is a likely candidate as a neurotransmitter of reflexive erections. Both AMPA and NMDA glutamatergic receptor subunits are present in the lumbosacral spinal cord, and AMPA and NMDA receptor antagonists block reflexive erections. In the present study, we used tract-tracing experiments combined with immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical techniques to ascertain the presence of Glu at two different levels of the network controlling reflexive erections. DPN afferents were localized in the dorsal horn of the lumbosacral cord and 
displayed the characteristics of either C-fibers or Adelta fibers. DPN terminals (some of them glutamatergic) were mainly distributed in the medial edge of the dorsal horn in the L6 spinal segment. GluR1 subunits were present in some DPN afferents, suggesting that they could be autoreceptors. DPN fibers were also present in the MPG, as were Glu terminals and GluR4 subunits. The results reveal the presence of Glu in DPN fibers and terminals and suggest that both the spinal cord and the MPG use glutamatergic transmission to control reflexive erections.},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/s00441-005-0080-5},
  Institution              = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et de la Prise Alimentaire, UR 1197 INRA-Bâtiment, 325-78352 Cedex, Jouy-en-Josas, France. aioun@jouy.inra.fr},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Ganglia, Spinal, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Lumbosacral Region; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; N-Methylaspartate, pharmacology; Nerve Fibers, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Penile Erection, drug effects/physiology; Penis, innervation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission; alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid, pharmacology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {16307288},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-005-0080-5}
}

@InCollection{Aitkin:1986,
  author    = {Aitkin, Lindsay M},
  title     = {The Inferior Colliculus},
  booktitle = {The Auditory Midbrain},
  year      = {1986},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {75--100},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-59259-460-3_7},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Aitkin:1984,
  author      = {Aitkin, L. M. and Phillips, S. C.},
  title       = {The interconnections of the inferior colliculi through their commissure.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {228},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {210--216},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902280207},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902280207},
  abstract    = {Much is known of the sources and manner of termination of ascending and descending input to the inferior colliculus (IC) but its commissural connections are less well understood. Most studies of the commissure have utilized small lesions or tracer deposits; while all agree that commissural axons terminating in the IC do so in its superficial and dorsomedial sectors, it is not clear where projecting cell bodies are located in the IC. The present study attempted total infiltration of the commissure of the cat IC with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in an effort to label all neuronal somas whose axons cross in the commissure. The distribution of labeled cells after the brachium of the IC (BIC) was cut unilaterally and infiltrated with HRP was also examined to enable comparison of the locations and approximate proportions of cells projecting to the contralateral IC and medial geniculate body (MGB). The cells giving rise to commissural axons form an array tilted dorsally from caudal to rostral that 
spreads mediolaterally through the central nucleus into the external nucleus of the IC, but largely excludes the dorsomedial sector at posterior levels. A similar distribution of labeled cells, but with reduced numbers, is found when large HRP deposits are made in the contralateral BIC. These results, in conjunction with those from studies of the terminations of commissural axons made by others, suggest that the interconnections of the inferior colliculi through their commissure are complementary, rather than reciprocal.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Cats; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6480913},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Akaike:1997,
  author      = {Akaike, N. and Rhee, J. S.},
  title       = {Age-related functional changes of the glutamate receptor channels in rat Meynert neurones.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {504 ( Pt 3)},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {665--681},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.665bd.x},
  abstract    = {1. The developmental changes of glutamate receptors (GluRs) in acutely dissociated rat Meynert neurones were investigated using the conventional whole cell and nystatin perforated patch recording modes under voltage-clamp conditions. 2. The neurones became less responsive to N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) with age, most dramatically between 1 day and 2 weeks, while the responses to kainic acid (KA) and L-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) gradually increased. The metabotropic GluR response appeared a few days after birth, but thereafter no further change was observed. 3. The decrease in the NMDA response during postnatal development was due to an abrupt reduction in the number of receptors without affecting the affinity, voltage-dependent Mg2+ blockade or high Ca2+ permeability (PCa/PCs approximately 7.0). 4. PCa/PCs in the presence of KA decreased from 2.8 in the 1-day-old (1D) rat neurones to 1.1 and 0.44 in the 2-week-old (2W) and 6-month-old (6M) rat 
neurones, respectively. The concentration-response relationship for KA shifted to the left with age. The KA response was not affected by NS-102, a KA-selective antagonist, thus indicating that the increased affinity of the receptor for the ligand resulted from the change in the AMPA receptor channel subunits. 5. The AMPA response in the presence of 10(-4) M cyclothiazide showed a change in the inward rectifying current-voltage relationship with age. The KA response was strongly cross-desensitized by the addition of AMPA and was also blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), whereas a rapid desensitization of the AMPA response was removed in a concentration-dependent manner by cyclothiazide. These results indicate that the non-NMDA receptor channels are assembled from the subunits of the AMPA receptor family without the GluR-2 subunit, thus resulting in a high Ca2+ permeability. 6. The L-glutamate (Glu)-induced responses were more sensitive to DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV) in the 1D 
rat neurones than in the adult rat neurones. 7. Both NMDA and KA raised the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in all neurones of 1D, 2W and 6M rats, though the charybdotoxin-sensitive Ca(2+)-activated K+ current (IK(Ca)) did not appear in the 1D rat neurones. An age-related prolongation of both IK(Ca) decay and [Ca2+]i clearance was also seen after the removal of KA. 8. It was thus concluded that the age-related changes of ionotropic receptors appear to play a key role in the activities of immature and mature rat Meynert cholinergic neurones. The KA-induced IK(Ca), which developed with ageing, may thus function as one of the negative feedback systems, and thereby prevent excess cell excitation and neural damage, especially in adult rats.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. akaike@physiol2.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp},
  journal     = {J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Aging, metabolism; Animals; Calcium, metabolism; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Histocytochemistry; Ion Channels, drug effects/metabolism; Kainic Acid, pharmacology; Membrane Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Glutamate, drug effects/metabolism; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, drug effects; Substantia Innominata, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9401973},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Akaike:2013,
  author      = {Akaike, Norio and Shin, Min-Chul and Wakita, Masahito and Torii, Yasushi and Harakawa, Tetsuhiro and Ginnaga, Akihiro and Kato, Keiko and Kaji, Ryuji and Kozaki, Shunji},
  title       = {Transsynaptic inhibition of spinal transmission by A2 botulinum toxin.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {591},
  number      = {Pt 4},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {1031--1043},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1113/jphysiol.2012.242131},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.242131},
  abstract    = {Type A botulinum toxin blocks not only ACh release from motor nerve terminals but also central synaptic transmission, including glutamate, noradrenaline, dopamine, ATP, GABA and glycine. Neurotoxins (NTXs) are transported by both antero- and retrogradely along either motor or sensory axons for bidirectional delivery between peripheral tissues or the CNS. A newly developed type A2 NTX (A2NTX) injected into one rat foreleg muscle was transported to the contralateral muscle. This finding was consistent with the NTX traveling retrogradely via spinal neurons and then transsynaptically through motor neurons to the contralateral motor neurons within the spinal cord and on to the soleus muscle. In the present study we found that toxin injection into the rat left soleus muscle clearly induced bilateral muscle relaxation in a dose-dependent fashion, although the contralateral muscle relaxation followed the complete inhibition of toxin-injected ipsilateral muscles. The toxin-injected ipsilateral muscle 
relaxation was faster and stronger in A2NTX-treated rats than A1LL (BOTOX). A1LL was transported almost equally to the contralateral muscle via neural pathways and the bloodstream. In contrast, A2NTX was mainly transported to contralateral muscles via the blood. A1LL was more successfully transported to contralateral spinal neurons than A2NTX. We also demonstrated that A1LL and A2NTX were carried from peripheral to CNS and vice versa by dual antero- and retrograde axonal transport through either motor or sensory neurons.},
  institution = {Research Division for Life Sciences, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan. akaike@kumamoto-hsu.ac.jp},
  journal     = {J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Botulinum Antitoxin, pharmacology; Botulinum Toxins, Type A, pharmacology; Colchicine, pharmacology; Electric Stimulation; Female; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects; Isometric Contraction, drug effects; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Muscle, Skeletal, drug effects/innervation/physiology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substantia Gelatinosa, cytology; Tibial Nerve, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {jphysiol.2012.242131},
  pmid        = {23109108},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Akaike:1992,
  author    = {Akaike, T},
  title     = {The tectorecipient zone in the inferior olivary nucleus in the rat},
  year      = {1992},
  volume    = {320(3)},
  pages     = {398-414},
  doi       = {10.1002/cne.903200311},
  journal   = {J Comp Neurol},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Akasaki:1993,
  author      = {Akasaki, K. and Fukuzawa, M. and Kinoshita, H. and Furuno, K. and Tsuji, H.},
  title       = {Cycling of two endogenous lysosomal membrane proteins, lamp-2 and acid phosphatase, between the cell surface and lysosomes in cultured rat hepatocytes.},
  journal     = {J Biochem},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {114},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {598--604},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/biochemistry1922/114/4/114_4_598/_article},
  abstract    = {Our previous studies provided evidence that a 107-kDa major lysosomal membrane glycoprotein termed lamp-1 shuttles between lysosomes and the plasma membrane along the endocytic pathway in rat hepatic cells [Furuno et al. (1989) J. Biochem. 106, 708-716; Furuno et al. (1989) J. Biochem. 106, 717-722]. In the present study, we investigated the movement of a 96-kDa major lysosomal membrane glycoprotein, referred to as lamp-2, and lysosomal acid phosphatase (LAP) in the endocytic membrane transport system of cultured rat hepatocytes. Fab' fragments of anti-lamp-2 and anti-LAP antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were used as probes to analyze quantitatively the transport of these two membrane proteins from the cell surface to lysosomes. After the addition of HRP-anti-lamp-2 and anti-LAP Fab' fragments to the culture medium, the delivery of the antibody conjugates to lysosomes was examined by cell fractionation on a Percoll density gradient. The amount of these HRP tracers in 
the lysosomal fraction became larger as the period of cell incubation was increased. Km values for uptake of HRP-anti-lamp-2, and LAP Fab' fragments were 0.74 and 0.62 microM, respectively, which were comparable to that of HRP-anti-lamp-1 Fab' (0.57 microM). The endocytic process of the two HRP-antibodies continued for an extended period in the cells exposed to the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. Furthermore, we measured the transit times of HRP-anti-lamp-1, anti-lamp-2, and anti-LAP Fab' fragments from the cell surface to lysosomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima.},
  keywords    = {Acid Phosphatase, immunology/metabolism; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antibody Specificity; Antigens, CD; Biological Transport; Cell Membrane, metabolism; Cells, Cultured; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Colchicine, pharmacology; Cycloheximide, pharmacology; Endocytosis; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments, immunology; Kinetics; Liver, ultrastructure; Lysosome-Associated Membrane Glycoproteins; Lysosomes, metabolism; Membrane Glycoproteins, immunology/metabolism; Molecular Sequence Data; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8276775},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Akasaki:1995,
  author      = {Akasaki, K. and Michihara, A. and Mibuka, K. and Fujiwara, Y. and Tsuji, H.},
  title       = {Biosynthetic transport of a major lysosomal membrane glycoprotein, lamp-1: convergence of biosynthetic and endocytic pathways occurs at three distinctive points.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {220},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {464--473},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1006/excr.1995.1338},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/excr.1995.1338},
  abstract    = {We studied the kinetics of the biosynthetic transport of lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein-1 (lamp-1) to the endocytic compartments in cultured rat hepatocytes. Newly synthesized lamp-1 (NS-lamp-1) was transported to the trans-Golgi from rough endoplasmic reticulum with a half time (t1/2) of 13 min. From the trans-Golgi, at least 25\% of NS-lamp-1 was delivered to the cell periphery: to the cell surface and early endosomes with t1/2 s of 32 and 33 min, respectively. A comparison of the kinetics of the biosynthetic transport of lamp-1 to both compartments demonstrated that NS-lamp-1 takes two peripheral routes from the Golgi apparatus; it is delivered to early endosomes directly and after reaching the cell surface. A major portion of NS-lamp-1 follows a direct intracellular pathway to late endosomes (t1/2 = 45 min) and subsequently to lysosomes (t1/2 = 85 min). The kinetic data of the biosynthetic transport to these endocytic vacuoles suggested that a significant fraction of NS-lamp-1 
returns to the late endosomes immediately after its arrival at lysosomes and that there is a unique retrograde delivery of NS-lamp-1 from late to early endosomes prior to its transport to lysosomes. Thus, in cultured rat hepatocytes, the lamp-1 biosynthetic and the endocytic pathways converge at the three distinctive points. Late endosomes are centrally situated in the complex biosynthetic route of lamp-1.},
  institution = {Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan.},
  journal     = {Exp Cell Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antibodies; Antigens, CD, analysis/biosynthesis/metabolism; Autoradiography; Cell Fractionation, methods; Cell Membrane, metabolism/ultrastructure; Cells, Cultured; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Endocytosis; Endoplasmic Reticulum, metabolism/ultrastructure; Golgi Apparatus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Kinetics; Liver, cytology/metabolism; Lysosome-Associated Membrane Glycoproteins; Lysosomes, metabolism/ultrastructure; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins, analysis/biosynthesis/metabolism; Methionine, metabolism; Models, Biological; Povidone; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Silicon Dioxide; Sulfur Radioisotopes; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0014-4827(85)71338-9},
  pmid        = {7556456},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Akdag:2006,
  author      = {Akdag, M Zulkuf and Dasdag, Suleyman and Aksen, Feyzan and Isik, Birgul and Yilmaz, Fahri},
  title       = {Effect of ELF magnetic fields on lipid peroxidation, sperm count, p53, and trace elements.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {12},
  number      = {11},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {BR366--BR371},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Some epidemiological and laboratory studies suggest a possible connection between extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields and certain illnesses, such as cancer, immune suppression, as well as reproductive toxic effects and abnormalities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ELF magnetic fields (1.35 mT) on sperm count, malondialdehyde concentration, the histology of such organs as the testes, brain, liver, and kidney tissues, p53 immunoreactivity of bone marrow, and the serum concentrations of Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Fe3+ in rats.Sixteen Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into two groups. The rats in the experimental group were exposed to an ELF magnetic field 2 hr/day for 2 months (7 days a week). The rats in the control group were not exposed to the ELF magnetic field. The exposure was performed in a Faraday cage (130 x 65 x 80 cm) with grounded shielding against the electric component. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for the statistical analysis of 
the data.Magnetic field measurements showed that, under the experimental conditions, the magnetic field-exposure system produced a stable flux density of 1.35+/-0.018 mT and a stable frequency of 50 Hz, with negligible harmonics and no transients. However, no statistically significant alteration was observed in the parameters measured in this study except in Mn2+ concentrations (p<0.001).The present study found no evidence of an adverse effect of ELF magnetic fields on the measured parameters except for significantly increased Mn2+ concentrations (p<0.001).},
  institution = {Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty of Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.},
  journal     = {Med Sci Monit},
  keywords    = {Animals; Copper, blood; Electromagnetic Fields; Gene Expression Regulation; Iron, blood; Lipid Peroxidation, radiation effects; Male; Malondialdehyde, metabolism; Manganese, blood; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sperm Count; Tissue Distribution; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, biosynthesis; Zinc, blood},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {8760},
  pmid        = {17072266},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aker:1987,
  Title                    = {Innervation of rat molar teeth: II. A quantitative analysis of primary sensory neurons innervating a mandibular molar tooth.},
  Author                   = {Aker, F. D.},
  Journal                  = {Anat Rec},
  Year                     = {1987},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {186--192},
  Volume                   = {219},

  Abstract                 = {This study was conducted to determine the source and number of primary sensory neurons (PSNs) innervating a mandibular molar tooth of a population of 15-18-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The pulpal tissue was exposed to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) pellets for 24 hours. Subsequently the animals were perfusion fixed and the following PSN structures were examined for the presence of HRP-labelled cells: trigeminal (TGs) and cervical dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and mesencephalic nucleus (MN). Only the TGs contained labelled cells and they thus were the sole source of PSN pulpal innervation. The number of TG cells was highly variable, 49-407, but most of this variability was attributable to insufficient HRP filling of the pulp chamber or leakage of HRP into periapical tissue. Selection of TGs whose respective experimental teeth demonstrated that HRP filled and was restricted to the pulp chamber revealed a narrower range of TG cells providing pulpal innervation to the first molars, 142-
288, with an average of 213. A detailed mapping of these cells indicated a somatotopic distribution within the mandibular territory of the TGs. It was concluded that these findings represent TG's contribution to the pulpal innervation of this specific population of rat first molar teeth. This suggests that from animal to animal the density of innervation may be quite variable and it is hypothesized that the sensitivity of the pulp would likewise vary. In addition, these findings may contribute to the explanation of why there is variability in the stimulus strength needed to elicit a pain response in the human dentition.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/ar.1092190212},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cell Count; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Ganglia, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Mandible; Molar, innervation; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Nerve, cytology; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {3688472},
  Timestamp                = {29.11.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092190212}
}

@Article{Aker:2006,
  Title                    = {GABA(A) receptor mediated transmission in the thalamic reticular nucleus of rats with genetic absence epilepsy shows regional differences: functional implications.},
  Author                   = {Aker, Rezzan Gülhan and Ozyurt, Hazan B. and Yananli, Hasan R. and Cakmak, Yusuf Ozgür and Ozkaynakçi, Aydan E. and Sehirli, Umit and Saka, Erdinç and Cavdar, Safiye and Onat, Filiz Yilmaz},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {213--221},
  Volume                   = {1111},

  Abstract                 = {The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of local injections of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline, into the rostral and caudal parts of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), on the generation of spike-and-wave discharges in Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS). Spike-and-wave discharges are important in the pathophysiology of absence epilepsy and generated by the cortico-thalamo-cortical pathway, where GABA has a significant role, particularly in the TRN. Artificial cerebrospinal fluid or bicuculline was administered to rostral or caudal parts of TRN of GAERS through a stereotaxically placed guide cannula. Administration of bicuculline produced opposite effects according to the injection site. Administration into the caudal TRN produced statistically significant increases in the duration of spike-and-wave discharges, whereas injections into the rostral TRN produced significant decreases. Correspondingly, distinct patterns of afferent 
connections have been demonstrated with the wheat-germ-agglutinin horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) retrograde tracing method in control non-epileptic rats and GAERS for the rostral and caudal parts of the TRN. Injection of WGA-HRP tracer showed no detectable difference regarding the rostral and caudal connections between GAERS and Wistar animals. Rostral parts of TRN have thalamic and cortical connections that are primarily motor and limbic whereas for the caudal parts these connections are primarily sensory. Further, the rostral parts receive inputs from the substantia nigra pars reticularis and the ventral pallidum that the caudal part lacks. The extent to which these connectional differences may be responsible for the functional differences demonstrated by the bicucculine injections remains to be explored.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.118},
  Institution              = {Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Istanbul 34668, Turkey.},
  Keywords                 = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Afferent Pathways, metabolism/physiopathology; Animals; Basal Ganglia, metabolism/physiopathology; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism/physiopathology; Disease Models, Animal; Epilepsy, Absence, genetics/metabolism/physiopathology; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; Genetic Predisposition to Disease, genetics; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, drug effects/metabolism/physiopathology; Neural Inhibition, drug effects/genetics; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, GABA-A, metabolism; Substantia Nigra, metabolism/physiopathology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/genetics; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0006-8993(06)01994-9},
  Pmid                     = {16919245},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.118}
}

@Article{Akerman:2003,
  author      = {Akerman, S. and Kaube, H. and Goadsby, P. J.},
  title       = {Vanilloid type 1 receptors (VR1) on trigeminal sensory nerve fibres play a minor role in neurogenic dural vasodilatation, and are involved in capsaicin-induced dural dilation.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {140},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {718--724},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/sj.bjp.0705486},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705486},
  abstract    = {Capsaicin, the active substance in chilli peppers, activates the vanilloid type 1 receptor (VR1) rather than the vanilloid-like receptor (VRL1) in the trigeminal ganglion and nucleus of small and medium C- and Adelta-fibres. Capsaicin induces calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release when VR1 receptors are activated, and this can be reversed by both the VR1 receptor antagonist capsazepine and the CGRP blocker alphaCGRP8-37 in vitro. In this study we used intravital microscopy to look at the possible role of the VR1 receptor in the trigeminovascular system in producing dilation of dural blood vessels. Capsazepine (3 mg kg-1) was given to study the effect of the VR1 receptor in dural vessel dilation produced by either electrical stimulation, CGRP (1 microg x kg-1) or capsaicin (7 microg x kg-1) bolus injection. We also looked at the effect of the CGRP blocker alphaCGRP8-37 (300 microg x kg-1) on capsaicin-induced dilation so that we could see if the results found in vitro could also be 
found in vivo. Electrical stimulation of the dura mater produced a robust vasodilator response between 130 and 137\% of baseline diameter that was no different across four repeat stimuli (F3,18=0.6, P=0.61). CGRP similarly produced a dilatation of 99-111\% that was no different across four baseline infusions (F3,15=2.4, P=0.113). Capsaicin also produced a consistent dilation of between 112 and 120\% of baseline across three injections (F2,10=0.6, P=0.567). Capsazepine did not inhibit the dilation brought about by either electrical stimulation or CGRP injection, while it was able to inhibit the dilation brought about by capsaicin (t5=3.4, P<0.05). AlphaCGRP8-37 also inhibited the capsaicin-induced dilation (t5=7.4, P<0.05) probably inhibiting the action of released CGRP at the CGRP receptor. The study demonstrates that capsaicin can repeatedly induce dural vessel dilation in vivo, presumably through inducing CGRP release from trigeminal sensory nerve fibres, while C-fibres may have been desensitised. The data 
imply that the VR1 receptor plays only a minor role in trigeminovascular-induced dural vessel dilation.},
  institution = {Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WCIN 3BG.},
  journal     = {Br J Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Blood Pressure, drug effects; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism/pharmacology; Capsaicin, analogs /&/ derivatives/antagonists /&/ inhibitors/pharmacology; Dura Mater, blood supply/drug effects/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Microscopy, Video; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/physiology; Peptide Fragments, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Drug, drug effects/physiology; Trigeminal Nerve, drug effects/physiology; Vasodilation, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {140/4/718},
  pmid        = {14534154},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Akers:2014,
  author      = {Akers, Katherine G. and Martinez-Canabal, Alonso and Restivo, Leonardo and Yiu, Adelaide P. and {De Cristofaro}, Antonietta and Hsiang, Hwa-Lin Liz and Wheeler, Anne L. and Guskjolen, Axel and Niibori, Yosuke and Shoji, Hirotaka and Ohira, Koji and Richards, Blake A. and Miyakawa, Tsuyoshi and Josselyn, Sheena A. and Frankland, Paul W.},
  title       = {Hippocampal neurogenesis regulates forgetting during adulthood and infancy.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {344},
  number      = {6184},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {598--602},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1126/science.1248903},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1248903},
  abstract    = {Throughout life, new neurons are continuously added to the dentate gyrus. As this continuous addition remodels hippocampal circuits, computational models predict that neurogenesis leads to degradation or forgetting of established memories. Consistent with this, increasing neurogenesis after the formation of a memory was sufficient to induce forgetting in adult mice. By contrast, during infancy, when hippocampal neurogenesis levels are high and freshly generated memories tend to be rapidly forgotten (infantile amnesia), decreasing neurogenesis after memory formation mitigated forgetting. In precocial species, including guinea pigs and degus, most granule cells are generated prenatally. Consistent with reduced levels of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis, infant guinea pigs and degus did not exhibit forgetting. However, increasing neurogenesis after memory formation induced infantile amnesia in these species.},
  institution = {Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada.},
  journal     = {Science},
  keywords    = {Amnesia, pathology/physiopathology; Animals; Dentate Gyrus, cytology; Female; Guinea Pigs; Hippocampus, cytology; Male; Memory; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurogenesis; Neurons, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {344/6184/598},
  pmid        = {24812394},
  timestamp   = {17.06.2014},
}

@Article{Akers:1978,
  author      = {R. M. Akers and H. P. Killackey},
  title       = {Organization of corticocortical connections in the parietal cortex of the rat.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {181},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {513--537},
  note        = {Anterograde Degeneration / lesion experiment with succinic acid in teh parietal cortex.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.901810305},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901810305},
  abstract    = {An analysis based on Nissl, anterograde degeneration, and succinic dehydrogenase histochemical techniques reveals that there are two distinct regions of parietal cortex which are characterized by different cytoarchitectonic features and anatomical connections. The "granular" cortical zone possesses a well-defined fourth layer composed of small, densely-packed cells, receives dense projections from the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, and is essentially free of callosal inputs. "Agranular" cortical areas which surround or lie embedded within the granular zone lack a well-defined fourth layer, receive sparse projection from the ventral posterior nucleus, but send and receive extensive callosal projections. These findings suggest that thalamic and callosal projections to the parietal cortex maintain a pattern of areal segregation. The granular cortical zone, which apparently corresponds to SmI, projects ipsilaterally to motor cortex, SmII, and adjacent agranular areas. The superficial 
layers of the granular cortex also project heavily upon the underlying layer V. This intracortical projection is not organized in discrete clusters within the "barrel field" cortex. This suggests that the specialized organization of thalamic afferents and granule cells within the "barrel field" is not maintained in the intracortical circuitry of this region.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Functional Laterality; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Parietal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {690276},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Akeson:1992,
  author      = {Akeson, J. and Nilsson, F. and Ryding, E. and Messeter, K.},
  title       = {A porcine model for sequential assessments of cerebral haemodynamics and metabolism.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {36},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {419--426},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1399-6576.1992.tb03491.x},
  abstract    = {We present a physiologically stable porcine model designed for sequential assessments of pharmacological effects on mean hemispheric cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) at sustained normocapnia. The dynamic influence of continuously administered fentanyl (0.040 mg.kg-1.h-1 i.v.), nitrous oxide (70\%) and pancuronium (0.30 mg.kg-1.h-1 i.v.) on these variables was studied in eight normoventilated pigs. CBF was reliably assessable at 10-min intervals by clearance of intra-arterially injected 133Xe, monitored by an extracranial scintillation detector. CMRO2 was calculated from CBF and the simultaneously measured cerebral arteriovenous difference in blood oxygen content. The intracerebral distribution of a contrast medium injected into the external and internal carotid arteries was studied by angiography, and the cerebral venous outflow was investigated by measurements of the distribution of an intra-arterially administered non-diffusible tracer, [99mTc]
pertechnetate, to the internal and external jugular veins. After a 3-h equilibration period, CBF and CMRO2 were determined on six occasions over a study period lasting 1 h 40 min. The mean ranges of these variables were 56-60 and 1.9-2.0 ml.100 g-1.min-1, respectively. We conclude that the model enables repeated assessments of CBF and CMRO2 under stable physiological background conditions and thus valid cerebral pharmacodynamic investigations of drugs given for anaesthesia.},
  institution = {Department of Anaesthesia, Malmö General Hospital, Lund University, Sweden.},
  journal     = {Acta Anaesthesiol Scand},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, drug effects/metabolism; Cerebrovascular Circulation, drug effects/physiology; Fentanyl, pharmacology; Hemodynamics, drug effects; Nitrous Oxide, pharmacology; Pancuronium, pharmacology; Swine; Xenon Radioisotopes, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1632164},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Akesson:1994,
  Title                    = {Divergent axon collaterals originate in the estrogen receptive ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus in the rat.},
  Author                   = {T. R. Akesson and C. Ulibarri and S. Truitt},
  Journal                  = {J Neurobiol},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {406--414},
  Volume                   = {25},

  Abstract                 = {The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) plays a crucial role in the mediation of lordosis by integrating predominantly inhibitory limbic signals with cyclic variation of ovarian steroids and sending a stimulatory output to the midbrain, especially the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Tract-tracing studies have established projections of the VMH and Golgi studies have shown these neurons to frequently give rise to axon collaterals, but the anatomical pattern of shared projections has not been explored. We have used a combination of retrograde tracers to map VMH projections to the medial division of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPNm), posterodorsal division of the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MeApd), and the PAG. Neurons with dual projections were mainly confined to the VMHvl and represented 31\%-37\% of each projection subset. Neurons simultaneously projecting to the MPNm, MeApd, and PAG represented 7\%-9\% of each projection subset. By combining tract-tracing with 
steroid autoradiography, we found that approximately one-quarter of each projection subset in the VMHvl concentrated 3H-estradiol. Thus, some of the VMHvl neurons that communicate a facilitatory signal to the PAG may also act to stimulate lordosis through a feedback suppression of the net inhibition formed by efferent signals from the forebrain. The even distribution of estrogen binding among projection subsets suggests a lack of compartmentalization of estrogen-regulated processes that are relevant to lordosis.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/neu.480250406},
  Institution              = {Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain Mapping; Female; Limbic System, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology; Rats; Receptors, Estrogen, metabolism/physiology; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8077966},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.480250406}
}

@Article{Akhter:2014,
  Title                    = {Projections from the dorsal peduncular cortex to the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn) and other lower brainstem areas in rats.},
  Author                   = {Akhter, F. and Haque, T. and Sato, F. and Kato, T. and Ohara, H. and Fujio, T. and Tsutsumi, K. and Uchino, K. and Sessle, B. J. and Yoshida, A.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Pages                    = {23--37},
  Volume                   = {266},

  Abstract                 = {This study has revealed direct projections from the dorsal peduncular cortex (DP) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPfC) to the trigeminal brainstem sensory nuclear complex and other lower brainstem areas in rats. We first examined the distribution of mPfC neurons projecting directly to the medullary dorsal horn (trigeminal subnucleus caudalis [Vc]) and trigeminal subnucleus oralis (Vo) which are known to receive direct projections from the lateral prefrontal cortex (insular cortex). After injections of the retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG) into the rostro-dorsomedial part of laminae I/II of Vc (rdm-I/II-Vc), many neurons were labeled bilaterally (with an ipsilateral predominance) in the rostrocaudal middle level of DP (mid-DP) and not in other mPfC areas. After FG injections into the lateral and caudal parts of laminae I/II of Vc, or the Vo, no neurons were labeled in the mPfC. We then examined projections from the mid-DP by using the anterograde tracer biotinylated 
dextranamine (BDA). After BDA injections into the mid-DP, many axons and terminals were labeled bilaterally (with an ipsilateral predominance) in the rdm-I/II-Vc, periaqueductal gray and solitary tract nucleus, and ipsilaterally in the parabrachial nucleus and trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. In addition, the connections of the mid-DP with the insular cortex were examined. Many BDA-labeled axons and terminals from the mid-DP were also found ipsilaterally in the caudalmost level of the granular and dysgranular insular cortex (GI/DI). After BDA injections into the caudalmost GI/DI, many axons and terminals were labeled ipsilaterally in the mid-DP. The projections from the mid-DP to the rdm-I/II-Vc and other brainstem nuclei suggest that mid-DP neurons may regulate intraoral and perioral sensory processing (including nociceptive processing) of rdm-I/II-Vc neurons directly or indirectly through the brainstem nuclei. The reciprocal connections between the mid-DP and caudalmost GI/DI suggest that this regulation 
may involve mid-DP interactions with the caudalmost GI/DI neurons.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.046},
  Institution              = {Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: yoshida@dent.osaka-u.ac.jp.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(14)00067-0},
  Pmid                     = {24502921},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.046}
}

@Article{Akintunde:1992,
  author      = {A. Akintunde and D. F. Buxton},
  title       = {Origins and collateralization of corticospinal, corticopontine, corticorubral and corticostriatal tracts: a multiple retrograde fluorescent tracing study.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {586},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {208--218},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(92)91629-s},
  abstract    = {Cerebral cells of origin for the corticospinal (CST), corticopontine (CP), corticorubral (CR) and corticostriatal (CS) fibers in the rat were identified following the simultaneous retrograde transport of propidium iodide (PI), fast blue (FB), fluorogold (FG) and diamidino yellow (DY). PI was injected into the contralateral C4 spinal cord segment while FB, FG and DY were injected into the ipsilateral medial pontine nuclei, red nucleus and striatum, respectively. Labeled pyramidal neurons projecting corticospinal axons were contralateral to injection in lamina V and ranged in size from small to large. These CST neurons occupied two distinct cortical areas. The cortical neurons of origin for the corticopontine, corticorubral and corticostriatal fibers were ipsilateral to injections. Labeled neurons were localized in cortical lamina V for the corticopontine and corticorubral fibers while corticostriate neurons were located in laminae III, V and VI. The CP, CR and CS labeled cells occupied one 
large cortical area which topographically included parts of the medial (AGm) and lateral (AGl) agranular cortices and the primary (SI) somatosensory cortex. Considerable overlapping of the cortical neurons of origin for the four motor fiber systems was apparent. More than 98\% of the labeled cells were single labeled while less than 2\% were double labeled. No triple or quadruple labeled neurons were observed. Hence, morphological evidence is presented that cortical motor neurons project mainly individual, rather than collateral, axons to each of the four motor associated nuclei investigated in this study. However, only a few cortical neurons projected axons simultaneously to a maximum of two nuclei involved in the motor pathways.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849-5518.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Pons, chemistry; Pyramidal Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Spinal Cord, chemistry},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(92)91629-S},
  pmid        = {1381650},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Akintunde:1992a,
  author      = {Akintunde, A. and Buxton, D. F.},
  title       = {Quadruple labeling of brain-stem neurons: a multiple retrograde fluorescent tracer study of axonal collateralization.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {45},
  number      = {1-2},
  pages       = {15--22},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-0270(92)90039-g},
  abstract    = {Four different fluorochromes were injected into adjacent cervical spinal cord segments, 1 unique tracer per segment. Each tracer, Fluoro-Gold, Fast Blue, Diamidino Yellow dihydrochloride and Propidium Iodide, was taken up by axonal terminals and transported intra-axonally in a retrograde direction to the cell bodies. Some, though by no means all, of these axons were stem axons with terminals in 2, 3 or 4 of the injected spinal segments. Hence as many as 4 different fluorescent tracers could be discerned simultaneously within individual neuronal somata of origin using fluorescent microscopy. These results extend the possibilities for multiple interconnection determinations within the central nervous system. Specifically, the potential for individual neurons of a nucleus to project collateral branches of a stem axon to as many as 4 different central nervous system nuclei now can be studied simultaneously using these 4 fluorescent tracers.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849-5518.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, cytology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, ultrastructure; Propidium, diagnostic use; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology; Stilbamidines},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0165-0270(92)90039-G},
  pmid        = {1283430},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Akinyi:2014,
  author      = {Akinyi, Mary and Gao, Xiu Mei and Li, Yu Hong and Wang, Bing Yao and Liu, Er Wei and Chai, Li Juan and JawoBah, Abdulai and Fan, Guan Wei},
  title       = {Vascular relaxation induced by Eucommiae Ulmoides Oliv. and its compounds Oroxylin A and wogonin: implications on their cytoprotection action.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {10},
  pages       = {3164--3180},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {The vascular relaxation action of Eucommiae Ulmoides Oliv. also known as Duzhong has been seen on arteries of the heart such as the aorta and the coronary artery which are elastic in nature. Duzhong is historically an active ingredient commonly used in hypertensive herbal prescriptions in China. This work investigated the vasodilating effect of Duzhong and its compounds (wogonin 10 μM and oroxylin-A) in the isolated intact rat heart, perfused retrograde according the method of Langendorff and the cytoprotective effect in EA.hy926 cell lines Coronary perfusion pressure was monitored with a pressure transducer connected to a side-arm of the aortic perfusion cannula. Duzhong induced vasorelaxation in a dose dependent manner, on precontracting the vessels with endothelin-1, Duzhong 10 mg/ml, wogonin 10 μM and oroxylin-A 10 μM could significantly lower the perfusion pressure in reference to positive control SNP, Duzhong induced vasodilation was not inhibited by L-NAME (nitric oxide inhibitor), 
but was significantly inhibited by Tetraethyl ammonium (TEA, a K(+) channel blocker and almost abolished by potassium chloride. The underlying mechanism was carried out in EA.hy926 cell lines. When these cells were treated with H2O2, there was higher expression of NOX-4, TNF-α and COX-2 mRNA. However, wogonin treatment attenuated the mRNA of NOX-4, TNF-α and COX-2. Wogonin also upregulated the mRNA expression of CAT, SOD-1 and GSR in oxidative stress induced by H2O2 EA.hy926 cells. Duzhong and compounds can exert an in vitro relaxation effect of the coronary artery and improve the heart function in Langendorff apparatus. This action appears to be endothelium dependent but not NO mediated. Cell culture findings indicated that wogonin can exert vascular and cellular protection by scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species.},
  institution = {Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin 300193, China ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology Tianjin 300193, China ; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Tianjin 300193, China.},
  journal     = {Int J Clin Exp Med},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {25419347},
  timestamp   = {10.03.2015},
}

@Article{Akiya:1992,
  author      = {Akiya, O. and Serizawa, N. and Sugihara, M. and Katagiri, S. and Kawashima, Y.},
  title       = {A histological study of changes in the lingual papillae of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {33},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {13--24},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {This study examined the effect of experimental diabetes mellitus on the dorsal tongue of rats which were made diabetic by tail-vein injections of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) and then raised for either 5 or 10 months. Lingual papillae were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy. Morphological changes in lingual mucosal capillaries in 10-month diabetic rats were observed by electron microscopy (TEM). In the study of cellular movement in the lingual dorsal epithelium, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was applied as a tracer for studying DNA replication. In diabetic rats, lingual papillae showed morphological atrophic changes. The lingual mucosal capillaries' alterations included endothelial cells with numerous cell projections into the lumen, degenerated cell organs, increased basement membrane width, and narrowed capillary lumen. BrdU labeling index among the basal cells was reduced in diabetic rats which indicates a possible retardation of their epithelial-tissue activity. 
In diabetes mellitus, direct metabolic disturbances to the epithelia because of insulin deficiency first occurred, successively diabetic microangiopathy appeared on the lingual mucosal capillaries. The appearance of diabetic microangiopathy caused tissue hypoxia, which induced atrophic changes to the epithelia.},
  institution = {Tokyo Dental College, Japan.},
  journal     = {Bull Tokyo Dent Coll},
  keywords    = {Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, chemically induced/pathology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Streptozocin; Tongue, pathology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1423810},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Akoryan:1988,
  Title                    = {[Differences in the sensory support of the anterior and posterior sections of the limbic cortex of the rat].},
  Author                   = {E. V. Akoryian and T. M. Zagorul'ko},
  Journal                  = {Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol},
  Year                     = {1988},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {396--403},
  Volume                   = {24},

  Abstract                 = {Using retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase, studies have been made on the thalamic projections in the anterior and posterior parts of the limbic cortex with special reference to exterosensory system projections (visual, auditory and somatic). Projections of the retinorecipient nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus and classic thalamic visual relays (n. geniculatus lateralis dorsalis, n. lateralis posterior, pretectum) were found in the anterior and posterior limbic cortex. There are also inputs from the thalamic relays of the auditory (n. geniculatus medialis) and somatic (n. ventralis posterior) systems in the posterior limbic cortex The data obtained indicate: 1) that sensory supply of the limbic cortex in rats may be realized via direct pathways from sensory thalamic relays; 2) that thalamic sensory supply of the anterior limbic cortex differs from that of the posterior one. In the former, projections of the thalamic relays of the visual, auditory and somatic 
systems were found, whereas in the posterior cortex only visual system is presented. Topographic organization of the thalamic nuclear areas sending afferents to the anterior limbic cortex differs from that of the posterior limbic cortex.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Limbic System, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Rats; Sensation, physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology},
  Language                 = {rus},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pmid                     = {2459867},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{AlGhamdi:2009a,
  author      = {{Al Ghamdi}, K. S. and Polg{\'{a}}r, E. and Todd, A. J.},
  title       = {Soma size distinguishes projection neurons from neurokinin 1 receptor-expressing interneurons in lamina I of the rat lumbar spinal dorsal horn.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {164},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {1794--1804},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.071},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.071},
  abstract    = {Lamina I of the spinal dorsal horn contains neurons that project to various brain regions, and approximately 80\% of these projection cells express the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r), the main receptor for substance P. Two populations of NK1r-immunoreactive neurons have been identified in lamina I: small weakly immunoreactive cells and large cells with strong immunolabelling [Cheunsuang O and Morris R (2000) Neuroscience 97:335-345]. The main aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the large cells are projection neurons and that the small cells are interneurons. Projection neurons were identified by injection of tracers into the caudal ventrolateral medulla and lateral parabrachial area, and this was combined with immunostaining for NK1r. We found a bimodal size distribution for NK1r-immunoreactive neurons. The small cells (with somatic cross-sectional areas <200 microm(2)) showed weak immunoreactivity, while immunostaining intensity was variable among the large cells. Virtually all (
99\%) of the immunoreactive cells with soma areas >200 microm(2) were retrogradely labelled, while only 10\% of retrogradely labelled cells were smaller than this. Soma sizes of retrogradely labelled neurons that lacked NK1r did not differ from those of NK1r-expressing projection neurons. It has been suggested that a population of small pyramidal projection neurons that lack NK1r may correspond to cells activated by innocuous cooling, and we therefore assessed the morphology of retrogradely labelled cells that were not NK1r-immunoreactive. Fifteen percent of these were pyramidal, but these did not differ in size from pyramidal NK1r-immunoreactive projection neurons. These results confirm that large NK1r-immunoreactive lamina I neurons are projection cells, and suggest that the small cells are interneurons. Since almost all of the NK1r-immunoreactive cells with soma size >200 microm(2) were retrogradely labelled, cells of this type can be identified as projection cells in anatomical studies.},
  institution = {Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University Avenue, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, physiology; Lumbosacral Region; Male; Neurons, physiology; Posterior Horn Cells, cytology/physiology; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, biosynthesis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(09)01629-7},
  pmc         = {PMC2784948},
  pmid        = {19800942},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Al-Abdulla:1998,
  Title                    = {Apoptosis of retrogradely degenerating neurons occurs in association with the accumulation of perikaryal mitochondria and oxidative damage to the nucleus.},
  Author                   = {N. A. Al-Abdulla and L. J. Martin},
  Journal                  = {Am J Pathol},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {447--456},
  Volume                   = {153},

  Abstract                 = {The mechanisms for neuronal apoptosis after axotomy and target deprivation in the adult central nervous system are poorly understood. We used a unilateral occipital cortex ablation model in the adult rat to test the hypothesis that apoptotic retrograde neurodegeneration in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus occurs in association with oxidative stress and mitochondrial abnormalities. Immunodetection of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, a marker for oxidative injury to DNA, demonstrated that these apoptotic neurons undergo oxidative stress. Dual immunolabeling for the retrograde tracer Fluorogold to identify projection neurons and for 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine demonstrated that apoptotic, oxidatively damaged neurons are geniculocortical projection neurons. By electron microscopy, degeneration of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus neurons evolved in association with a transient increase in mitochondria within the perikaryon of dying neurons during the transition between 
chromatolysis and early apoptosis. The morphological integrity of mitochondria was preserved until late in the progression of apoptosis. The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus ipsilateral to the cortical lesion had a transient increase in cytochrome c oxidase activity, and geniculocortical neurons at the transitional, early apoptotic stage accumulated cytochrome c oxidase activity. We conclude that axotomy-induced, retrograde neuronal apoptosis in the adult central nervous system occurs in association with the accumulation of functionally active mitochondria within the perikaryon and oxidative damage to nuclear DNA.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65588-5},
  Institution              = {Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2196, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Apoptosis; Axotomy; Cell Nucleus, pathology/ultrastructure; Electron Transport Complex IV, metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, pathology/physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, enzymology/pathology/ultrastructure; Occipital Lobe, physiology; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retrograde Degeneration, pathology/physiopathology; Time Factors},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0002-9440(10)65588-5},
  Pmid                     = {9708805},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65588-5}
}

@Article{Al-Abdulla:2002,
  author      = {N. A. Al-Abdulla and L. J. Martin},
  title       = {Projection neurons and interneurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus undergo distinct forms of degeneration ranging from retrograde and transsynaptic apoptosis to transient atrophy after cortical ablation in rat.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {115},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {7--14},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00363-9},
  abstract    = {The cytological responses of thalamic interneurons to selective degeneration of thalamocortical projection neurons after cortical damage in the adult brain are poorly understood. We used a unilateral neocortical lesion model (occipital cortex ablation) in the adult rat to test the hypothesis that interneurons and projection neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus undergo distinct forms of degeneration. In situ nuclear DNA fragmentation in neurons in the lateral geniculate occurs maximally at 7 days postlesion. Geniculocortical projection neurons that are identified by the retrograde tracer Fluorogold die primarily with a morphology of endstage apoptosis prominent at 7 days postlesion. In contrast, interneurons, identified by their particular nuclear ultrastructure and by glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity, undergo an atrophic vacuolar pathology starting early during the period of projection neuron death and peaking after the projection neuron death is complete. This degeneration 
of interneurons is transient, because these neurons exhibit structural recovery and their numbers are not changed significantly postlesion. A rare subset of interneurons (less than one in 100 interneurons and less than one in 100 apoptotic cells) undergoes apoptosis concurrently with the projection neurons. We conclude that different types of neurons within the same thalamic nucleus respond differently to focal cortical target deprivation. Unlike the apoptosis-prone projection neurons, most interneurons undergo transient transsynaptic atrophy and recovery rather than cell death. Nevertheless, a small subset of lateral geniculate interneurons undergoes transsynaptic apoptosis in response to projection neuron apoptosis. The pathological responses of thalamic neurons to cortical trauma vary depending on cell type.},
  institution = {Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Apoptosis, physiology; Atrophy; Geniculate Bodies, pathology/physiology; Interneurons, pathology/physiology; Male; Nerve Degeneration, pathology; Neural Pathways, pathology/physiology; Neurons, pathology/physiology; Occipital Lobe, pathology/physiology; Rats; Synapses, pathology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {S0306452202003639},
  pmid        = {12401317},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Al-Abdulla:1998a,
  author      = {N. A. Al-Abdulla and C. Portera-Cailliau and L. J. Martin},
  title       = {Occipital cortex ablation in adult rat causes retrograde neuronal death in the lateral geniculate nucleus that resembles apoptosis.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {86},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {191--209},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00014-1},
  abstract    = {The mechanisms of retrograde neurodegeneration following axotomy and target deprivation in the adult central nervous system remain poorly understood. We used a unilateral occipital cortex ablation model in adult rats to test the hypothesis that retrograde neurodegeneration in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus resembles apoptosis. Using the retrograde tracer Fluorogold, combined with nuclear dyes or the terminal transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling method for detecting nuclear DNA fragmentation, apoptotic geniculocortical projection neurons were identified at approximately. six to seven days postlesion. Degeneration of dorsal lateral geniculate neurons was characterized by aberrant accumulation of perikaryal non-phosphorylated neurofilaments and, ultrastructurally, by early vacuolation and subsequent swelling of dendrites. Ultrastructural alterations in the perikaryon of dying dorsal lateral geniculate neurons included the classic chromatolytic response, 
with redistribution of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and dispersion of free ribosomes followed by fragmentation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as dilatation and vesiculation of the Golgi, and accumulation of intact mitochondria. Subcellular alterations evolved into classic apoptotic changes, including progressive cytoplasmic and nuclear condensation with chromatin compaction into uniformly large round clumps, while the morphological integrity of mitochondria was preserved until late in the progression of neuronal death. Cytoplasmic and then nuclear fragments budded into the surrounding neuropil and were engulfed by oligodendrocytes. We conclude that the retrograde neurodegeneration of geniculocortical neurons in adult brain results in neuronal death which has a phenotype that closely resembles apoptosis. The morphological changes that occur during this process progress from chromatolysis through consecutive stages associated with apoptosis.},
  institution = {Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Apoptosis; Axons, pathology/ultrastructure; DNA Fragmentation; Dendrites, pathology/ultrastructure; Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough, pathology/ultrastructure; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/pathology; Male; Nerve Degeneration, pathology; Neurons, cytology/pathology/ultrastructure; Occipital Lobe, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Ribosomes, pathology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(98)00014-1},
  pmid        = {9692754},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Alaimo:2011,
  author      = {Agustina Alaimo and Roxana M Gorojod and Mónica L Kotler},
  title       = {The extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways are involved in manganese toxicity in rat astrocytoma C6 cells.},
  year        = {2011},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {59},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {297--308},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuint.2011.06.001},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2011.06.001},
  abstract    = {Manganese (Mn) is a trace element known to be essential for maintaining the proper function and regulation of many biochemical and cellular reactions. However, chronic exposure to high levels of Mn in occupational or environmental settings can lead to its accumulation in the brain resulting in a degenerative brain disorder referred to as Manganism. Astrocytes are the main Mn store in the central nervous system and several lines of evidence implicate these cells as major players in the role of Manganism development. In the present study, we employed rat astrocytoma C6 cells as a sensitive experimental model for investigating molecular mechanisms involved in Mn neurotoxicity. Our results show that C6 cells undergo reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptotic cell death involving caspase-8 and mitochondrial-mediated pathways in response to Mn. Exposed cells exhibit typical apoptotic features, such as chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, caspase-3 activation and caspase-
specific cleavage of the endogenous substrate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Participation of the caspase-8 dependent pathway was assessed by increased levels of FasL, caspase-8 activation and Bid cleavage. The involvement of the mitochondrial pathway was demonstrated by the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, cytochrome c release, caspase-9 activation and the increased mitochondrial levels of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. In addition, our data also shows for the first time that mitochondrial fragmentation plays a relevant role in Mn-induced apoptosis. Taking together, these findings contribute to a deeper elucidation of the molecular signaling mechanisms underlying Mn-induced apoptosis.},
  institution = {Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina. agusalaimo@gmail.com},
  journal     = {Neurochem Int},
  keywords    = {Animals; Apoptosis; Astrocytoma, pathology; Blotting, Western; Cell Line, Tumor; Manganese, toxicity; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Subcellular Fractions},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0197-0186(11)00197-5},
  pmid        = {21704098},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Alamilla:2015,
  author      = {Alamilla, Javier and Granados-Fuentes, Daniel and Aguilar-Roblero, Raul},
  title       = {The anterior Paraventricular Thalamus Modulates Neuronal Excitability in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei of the Rat.},
  year        = {2015},
  language    = {eng},
  month       = {Sep},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/ejn.13088},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13088},
  abstract    = {The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the master clock, which regulates circadian rhythms, in mammals. Neural activity of SCN neurons is synchronized to external light through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). The paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) is a neural structure that receives synaptic inputs from, and projects back to, the SCN. Lesioning the anterior PVT (aPVT) modifies the behavioral phase response curve induced by short pulses of bright light. In order to study the influence of the aPVT on SCN neural activity, we addressed whether the stimulation of the aPVT can modulate the electrical response of the SCN to either retinal or RHT stimulation. Using in vitro and in vivo recordings, we found a large population of SCN neurons responsive to the stimulation of either aPVT or RHT pathways. Furthermore, we found that simultaneous stimulation of the aPVT and the RHT increased neuronal responsiveness and spontaneous firing rate (SFR) in neurons with a low basal SFR, which also have 
more negative membrane potentials, such as quiescent and arrhythmic neurons, but no change was observed in neurons with rhythmic firing patterns and more depolarized membrane potentials. These results suggest that inputs from the aPVT could shift the membrane potential of an SCN neurons to values closer to its firing threshold and thus contribute to integrating the response of the circadian clock to light. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
  institution = {División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70-253, 04510, DF, México.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {aheadofprint},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {26417679},
  timestamp   = {03.10.2015},
}

@Article{Alanen:1980,
  author      = {Alanen, K. and Nevalainen, T. J. and Lipasti, J.},
  title       = {Ischaemic contracture and myocardial perfusion in isolated rat heart.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {385},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {143--149},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00427400},
  abstract    = {The development of left ventricular contracture and myocardial perfusion defect was studied in isolated rat hearts during global ischaemia of 90 min duration. The left ventricular pressure was measured by a balloon catheter inserted into the ventricle and filled with water. The pressure reached the maximum at 16 min of ischaemia. The left ventricular volume and compliance (passive distensibility) were measured by the same balloon, the former by connecting the balloon to an open catheter and the latter by applying a constant additional volume (0.020 ml) into the balloon. the left ventricular volume and compliance both decreased progressively for 20 min of ischaemia after which they remained low for the rest of the observation period (90 min). The myocardial perfusability was tested by infusing 0.1 per cent sodium fluorescein in isotonic saline into the cannulated aortic root of the isolated heart preparation. The percentage perfused with the fluorescent tracer in horizontal frozen myocardial 
sections was estimated by point counting from colour photogragraphs taken under ultraviolet light. The proportion of the perfused area decreased gradually from 100\% at 0 min of ischaemia to 93, 67, 43 and 37\% at 15, 30, 60 and 90 min of ischaemia, respectively. It was concluded that ischaemic contracture of the left ventricle is followed by the development of a myocardial perfusion defect in isolated ischaemic rat heart.},
  journal     = {Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Coronary Circulation; Coronary Disease, physiopathology; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardial Infarction, physiopathology; Rats; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7355567},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Alant:2013,
  author      = {Alant, Jacob Daniel de Villiers and Senjaya, Ferry and Ivanovic, Aleksandra and Forden, Joanne and Shakhbazau, Antos and Midha, Rajiv},
  title       = {The impact of motor axon misdirection and attrition on behavioral deficit following experimental nerve injuries.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {11},
  pages       = {e82546},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1371/journal.pone.0082546},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082546},
  abstract    = {Peripheral nerve transection and neuroma-in-continuity injuries are associated with permanent functional deficits, often despite successful end-organ reinnervation. Axonal misdirection with non-specific reinnervation, frustrated regeneration and axonal attrition are believed to be among the anatomical substrates that underlie the poor functional recovery associated with these devastating injuries. Yet, functional deficits associated with axonal misdirection in experimental neuroma-in-continuity injuries have not yet been studied. We hypothesized that experimental neuroma-in-continuity injuries would result in motor axon misdirection and attrition with proportional persistent functional deficits. The femoral nerve misdirection model was exploited to assess major motor pathway misdirection and axonal attrition over a spectrum of experimental nerve injuries, with neuroma-in-continuity injuries simulated by the combination of compression and traction forces in 42 male rats. Sciatic nerve 
injuries were employed in an additional 42 rats, to evaluate the contribution of axonal misdirection to locomotor deficits by a ladder rung task up to 12 weeks. Retrograde motor neuron labeling techniques were utilized to determine the degree of axonal misdirection and attrition. Characteristic histological neuroma-in-continuity features were demonstrated in the neuroma-in-continuity groups and poor functional recovery was seen despite successful nerve regeneration and muscle reinnervation. Good positive and negative correlations were observed respectively between axonal misdirection (p<.0001, r(2)=.67), motor neuron counts (attrition) (p<.0001, r(2)=.69) and final functional deficits. We demonstrate prominent motor axon misdirection and attrition in neuroma-in-continuity and transection injuries of mixed motor nerves that contribute to the long-term functional deficits. Although widely accepted in theory, to our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence to convincingly demonstrate these 
correlations with data inclusive of the neuroma-in-continuity spectrum. This work emphasizes the need to focus on strategies that promote both robust and accurate nerve regeneration to optimize functional recovery. It also demonstrates that clinically relevant neuroma-in-continuity injuries can now also be subjected to experimental investigation.},
  institution = {Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.},
  journal     = {PLoS One},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {PONE-D-13-35428},
  pmid        = {24282624},
  timestamp   = {01.05.2014},
}

@Article{Albanese:1982,
  author      = {A. Albanese and M. Bentivoglio},
  title       = {The organization of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic mesencephalo-cortical neurons in the rat.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {238},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {421--425},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(82)90117-2},
  abstract    = {The dopamine containing mesencephalo-cortical pathway was studied in the rat by means of a combined retrograde fluorescent tracing and catecholamine histofluorescence technique. After large injections of the fluorescent retrograde tracer, Evans blue, into the frontal cortex, many neural somata of the ventral midbrain tegmentum were retrogradely labeled; most of the retrogradely labeled neurons also showed catecholamine fluorescence. However, some labeled cells (10-15\%) did not show any catecholamine fluorescence. The present findings confirm the existence of a non-dopaminergic (DA) mesencephalo-cortical pathway and describe the topographical interrelationships between its DA and the non-DA cell bodies of origin.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Dopamine, metabolism; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(82)90117-2},
  pmid        = {7093662},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Albanese:1982a,
  author      = {A. Albanese and M. Bentivoglio},
  title       = {Retrograde fluorescent neuronal tracing combined with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {121--127},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-0270(82)90022-x},
  abstract    = {The retrograde fluorescent tracing technique was combined with the di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) histochemical procedure for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Three fluorescent tracers (True blue, Fast blue and Evans blue) were injected into the rat striatum. After the appropriate survival time and after the administration of DFP, AChE reaction products could be observed in the fluorescent retrogradely labeled substantia nigra neurons. The fluorescent retrograde labeling and AChE brown reaction products were observed in the same cell bodies by simply turning on and off the bright-field illumination while observing with fluorescence. The sensitivity of the method appeared to be related to the length of the survival time after the tracer injection as well as after the DFP administration. This combined method allows to study the efferent connections of AChE-containing neurons in the central nervous system.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Fluorescent Dyes; Microscopy, Fluorescence, methods; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Neurons, enzymology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0165-0270(82)90022-X},
  pmid        = {7121056},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Albanese:1985,
  author      = {Albanese, A. and Castagna, M. and Altavista, M. C.},
  title       = {Cholinergic and non-cholinergic forebrain projections to the interpeduncular nucleus.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {329},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {334--339},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)90545-1},
  abstract    = {A combined fluorescent retrograde tracing and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemical technique was used for the study of some forebrain projections to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). After injections of a fluorescent tracer into the IPN, the distribution of AChE-containing and of fluorescent retrogradely labeled neurons was simultaneously studied in the habenular nuclei, medial septum and diagonal band of Broca. In all these regions, the majority of retrogradely labeled neurons also contained AChE: neurons located in the habenular nuclei stained lightly or moderately for the enzyme, while neurons located in the diagonal band and medial septum displayed intense AChE staining and were classified as putatively cholinergic perikarya. In all regions, a minority of labeled neurons did not stain for AChE, and were identified as non-cholinergic neurons projecting to the IPN. The present study shows the existence of a biochemical heterogeneity in the habenulo-interpeduncular and telencephalo-
interpeduncular pathways, and indicates that the latter contains putatively cholinergic as well as non-cholinergic fibers.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Cholinergic Fibers; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Histocytochemistry; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3978455},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Albanese:1983,
  Title                    = {Organization of the ascending projections from the ventral tegmental area: a multiple fluorescent retrograde tracer study in the rat.},
  Author                   = {A. Albanese and D. Minciacchi},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1983},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {406--420},
  Volume                   = {216},

  Abstract                 = {The projections from the ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) to the frontal cortex (FC), lateral septum (LS), were investigated in the rat by means of the double retrograde fluorescent tracer technique. True blue and fast blue were used in combination with nuclear yellow as retrograde tracers. After combined injections placed into two different terminal fields, many singly and some doubly labeled neurons were seen in the midbrain. In all cases the labeled cells were observed in the ipsilateral VTA, while after injections placed into the LS and Acc some fluorescent neurons were also seen in the contralateral VTA. The patterns of distribution of the labeled neurons showed a topographic organization of the VTA efferent pathways. However, some degree of overlapping was evident in the distribution of cells retrogradely labeled from different terminal fields. The number of the doubly labeled neurons varied according to the sites of combined injections, but in each experiment it never 
exceeded 10\% of the total number of labeled perikarya. Doubly labeled neurons were particularly numerous after combined injections placed into the FC, LS, or LH; on the contrary, very few doubly labeled cells were observed after combined injections placed into the CPu and LS or LH. The organization of the ascending VTA projections suggests that they are probably integrated into different anatomical sets.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902160406},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synaptic Transmission; Tegmentum Mesencephali, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {6308073},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902160406}
}

@Article{Albeck:1988,
  author      = {Albeck, D. and Smock, T.},
  title       = {A mechanism for vasopressin action in the hippocampus.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {463},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {394--397},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(88)90417-9},
  abstract    = {The action of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the rat hippocampal slice has been extensively studied. Extracellular recording indicates that the peptide excites spontaneously active neurons in the slice, though uncertainty exists regarding the identity of this cell type. Intracellular recording from pyramidal cells also reveals an excitatory action of the peptide, but these results are confounded by simultaneous constriction of small blood vessels that surround each pyramidal cell. Here we use field potential recordings to show that AVP inhibits pyramidal cell discharge and employs a pressor-type (V1) receptor to bring about its action. The results resolve issues regarding the identity of AVP targets in the slice. Each reported result is consistent with a model that posits direct AVP excitation of inhibitory interneurons and direct AVP constriction of slice microvessels. Inhibition of pyramidal cells recorded extracellularly and excitation of pyramidal cells recorded intracellularly are 
respective indirect consequences of the two direct effects.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Arginine Vasopressin, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Hippocampus, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Vasopressins, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(88)90417-9},
  pmid        = {3196928},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Albe-Fessard:1985,
  author      = {D. Albe-Fessard and K. J. Berkley and L. Kruger and H. J. Ralston and W. D. Willis},
  title       = {Diencephalic mechanisms of pain sensation.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {356},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {217--296},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-0173(85)90013-x},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiopathology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/physiopathology; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Microscopy, Electron; Neuronal Plasticity; Pain, physiopathology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Saimiri; Species Specificity; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinothalamic Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology/physiopathology; Thalamic Nuclei, physiopathology; Trigeminal Nuclei, physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3896408},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Albe-Fessard:1983,
  Title                    = {The focal tonic cortical control of intralaminar thalamic neurons may involve a cortico-thalamic loop.},
  Author                   = {Albe-Fessard, D. and Condes-Lara, M. and Sanderson, P.},
  Journal                  = {Acta Morphol Hung},
  Year                     = {1983},
  Number                   = {1-3},
  Pages                    = {9--26},
  Volume                   = {31},

  Abstract                 = {The effects exerted by the cortex on thalamic neuronal activity were studied using the technique of cortical spreading depression. Glass micropipette recordings were made simultaneously in the thalamus and cortex and we found that the activity of a portion of the thalamic neurons was suppressed when the cortical spreading depression arrived at a particular and localised cortical area, which was different for different thalamic nuclei. The suppression of spontaneous activity was longer and more frequently observed for cells of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei. To determine if the action of the cortex on the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, demonstrated by these experiments, involved a monosynaptic pathway we used both electrophysiological and anatomical methods. When recording in the cortical area which we had found to control intralaminar thalamic activity we observed that, antidromic activation and also a pause of cortical cells was produced by intralaminar stimulation. When HRP 
was injected into the intralaminar nuclei we found retrogradely labelled cells in the same cortical area. To determine if a reciprocal connection exists we injected HRP into the same cortical area; retrogradely labelled cells were subsequently found in the intralaminar nuclei. A reciprocal cortico-thalamic connection thus appears to exist between the controlling cortical area and the intralaminar thalamic region under this control. The possibility that this loop is involved in the facilitatory descending influence exerted on intralaminar nuclei is discussed.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Cortical Spreading Depression; Electric Stimulation; Male; Neural Inhibition; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {6312777},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013}
}

@Article{Albers:1988,
  author      = {Albers, F. J. and Meek, J. and Nieuwenhuys, R.},
  title       = {Morphometric parameters of the superior colliculus of albino and pigmented rats.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {274},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {357--370},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902740306},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902740306},
  abstract    = {The superior colliculus (SC) or optic tectum of mammals consists of seven layers, numbered I-VII from superficial to deep, each of which has distinct connectivity patterns and electrophysiological response properties. The present study is devoted to a morphometrical analysis of neuronal diameters, densities, and numbers in different layers and regions of the SC of albino as well as pigmented rats in order to present a quantitative characterization of the collicular neuronal population involved in the different connectivities and functions of these compartments. The morphometric parameters were calculated from tracings of nuclei and cell bodies by means of Kontron-Videoplan equipment and a Micro PDP 11/23 computer. The mean soma diameter per superior colliculus appears to be 12.0 microns, the average neuronal density 70 cells per 0.001 mm3, and the total number of neurons about 600,000. The mean soma diameter gradually increases from superficial to deep layers (i.e., from 10.0 to 14.0 microns)
. Cellular density is highest in layer III, the retinal afferent layer (90 cells per 0.001 mm3), and decreases both in more superficial layers (to about 80 in layer I) and deeper layers (to about 44 in layer VII). About 25\% of all collicular neurons are situated in layer II whereas layer I contains the lowest percentage of cells (4\%). Rostrally within each collicular layer, cellular volumes are about 25\% larger than caudally. On the other hand, neuronal densities are rostrally about 38\% lower than caudally in all layers except for layers VI and VII. We conclude that collicular neurons, in contrast to collicular axons, are not arranged in distinct layers or clusters but basically establish a random network with only gradual transitions. In this respect, no statistically significant differences were observed between albino and pigmented rats.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Albinism; Animals; Male; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred ACI, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3220969},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Albertini:1975,
  author      = {Albertini, D. F. and Anderson, E.},
  title       = {Structural modifications of lutein cell gap junctions during pregnancy in the rat and the mouse.},
  year        = {1975},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {181},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {171--194},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/ar.1091810203},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091810203},
  abstract    = {By use of lanthanum tracer and freeze-fracture procedures it was found that granulosa-lutein cells of the pregnant mouse and rat ovaries are connected by gap junctions and septate-like zones of contact. Lutein cell gap junctions enlarge and become partially internalized by the end of the first week of gestation. Expansion of the gap junction domain appears to be due initially to intercalation of particles along borders of small gap junctions devoid of smaller non-junctional particles. The number of gap junction lined processes appearing at the cell border increases concomitantly with hypertrophy of the lutein cell during the second week of pregnancy. Strands of particulate or grooved membrane emanate from the margin of larger gap junctions undergoing interiorization. Most large gap junctions are intimately associated with elements of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Spherical gap junctional profiles assume a deeper location in the lutein cell and may form concentric arrays by term while 
true surface gap junctions appear to fragment in the post-partum corpus luteum. The modifications observed are interpreted with respect to biogenesis of the gap junction and the hormonal control of lutein cell function.},
  journal     = {Anat Rec},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Membrane, ultrastructure; Corpus Luteum, physiology/ultrastructure; Cytological Techniques; Endoplasmic Reticulum, ultrastructure; Female; Intercellular Junctions, ultrastructure; Lanthanum, diagnostic use; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1090203},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Alberto:2010,
  author      = {Alberto, Christian O. and Hirasawa, Michiru},
  title       = {AMPA receptor-mediated miniature EPSCs have heterogeneous time courses in orexin neurons.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {400},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {707--712},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.08.132},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.08.132},
  abstract    = {Glutamate plays a predominant role in regulating the activity of orexin neurons that coordinate motivated behaviors, sleep-wake cycle and autonomic functions. To gain more insight into the properties of excitatory transmission to orexin neurons, whole cell patch clamp recordings were made in rat brain slices and quantal analysis of pharmacologically isolated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) was performed. In more than half the orexin neurons examined, mEPSCs showed heterogeneous time course: some mEPSCs had fast rise and decay (fast mEPSC), while some had longer kinetics, smaller amplitude but larger integrated area (slow mEPSC). Other orexin neurons showed low frequency mEPSCs with uniform, fast kinetics. In the former, distribution histogram of 10-90\% rise time displayed two peaks, indicating that fast and slow mEPSCs are distinct subgroups. Occasionally fast and slow EPSCs would summate, suggesting that they arise from different pairs of active zones and postsynaptic 
receptor clusters. A large majority of mEPSCs were mediated by AMPA receptors that are sensitive to GYKI 52466 and DNQX. To determine whether synapses that give rise to fast and slow mEPSCs are differentially modulated, the D1- and D2-like agonists were tested on various parameters of mEPSCs. The agonists altered the frequency as previously reported, but had no effect on the rise, decay or area of mEPSC, suggesting that dopamine affects fast and slow mEPSCs equally. Given the potential physiological impact of EPSC time course on synaptic integration, our study raises an interesting possibility that distinct subset of excitatory synaptic inputs are processed differently by orexin neurons.},
  institution = {Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.},
  journal     = {Biochem Biophys Res Commun},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, cytology/physiology; Glutamic Acid, physiology; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, physiology; Male; Neurons, physiology; Neuropeptides, physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA, physiology; Synaptic Transmission},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-291X(10)01653-0},
  pmid        = {20816937},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Albrechet-Souza:2011a,
  author      = {Albrechet-Souza, Lucas and Borelli, Karina G. and Almada, Rafael C. and Brand{\~{a}}o, Marcus L.},
  title       = {Midazolam reduces the selective activation of the rhinal cortex by contextual fear stimuli.},
  year        = {2011},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {216},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {631--638},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.bbr.2010.09.006},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.09.006},
  abstract    = {Independent brain circuits appear to underlie different forms of conditioned fear, depending on the type of conditioning used, such as a context or explicit cue paired with footshocks. Several clinical reports have associated damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) with retrograde amnesia. Although a number of studies have elucidated the neural circuits underlying conditioned fear, the involvement of MTL components in the aversive conditioning paradigm is still unclear. To address this issue, we assessed freezing responses and Fos protein expression in subregions of the rhinal cortex and ventral hippocampus of rats following exposure to a context, light or tone previously paired with footshock (Experiment 1). A comparable degree of freezing was observed in the three types of conditioned fear, but with distinct patterns of Fos distribution. The groups exposed to cued fear conditioning did not show changes in Fos expression, whereas the group subjected to contextual fear conditioning showed 
selective activation of the ectorhinal (Ect), perirhinal (Per), and entorhinal (Ent) cortices, with no changes in the ventral hippocampus. We then examined the effects of the benzodiazepine midazolam injected bilaterally into these three rhinal subregions in the expression of contextual fear conditioning (Experiment 2). Midazolam administration into the Ect, Per, and Ent reduced freezing responses. These findings suggest that contextual and explicit stimuli endowed with aversive properties through conditioning recruit distinct brain areas, and the rhinal cortex appears to be critical for storing context-, but not explicit cue-footshock, associations.},
  institution = {Comportamento, Campus USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. lucasas@pg.ffclrp.usp.br},
  journal     = {Behav Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Association Learning, drug effects; Avoidance Learning, drug effects; Brain Mapping; Conditioning, Classical, drug effects; Fear; Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic, drug effects; GABA Modulators, pharmacology; Hippocampus, drug effects/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Midazolam, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Temporal Lobe, drug effects/metabolism; Tissue Distribution},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0166-4328(10)00629-7},
  pmid        = {20851717},
  timestamp   = {20.04.2016},
}

@Article{Albrechet-Souza:2011,
  author      = {Albrechet-Souza, Lucas and Borelli, Karina G. and Almada, Rafael C. and Brandão, Marcus L.},
  title       = {Midazolam reduces the selective activation of the rhinal cortex by contextual fear stimuli.},
  year        = {2011},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {216},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {631--638},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.bbr.2010.09.006},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.09.006},
  abstract    = {Independent brain circuits appear to underlie different forms of conditioned fear, depending on the type of conditioning used, such as a context or explicit cue paired with footshocks. Several clinical reports have associated damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) with retrograde amnesia. Although a number of studies have elucidated the neural circuits underlying conditioned fear, the involvement of MTL components in the aversive conditioning paradigm is still unclear. To address this issue, we assessed freezing responses and Fos protein expression in subregions of the rhinal cortex and ventral hippocampus of rats following exposure to a context, light or tone previously paired with footshock (Experiment 1). A comparable degree of freezing was observed in the three types of conditioned fear, but with distinct patterns of Fos distribution. The groups exposed to cued fear conditioning did not show changes in Fos expression, whereas the group subjected to contextual fear conditioning showed 
selective activation of the ectorhinal (Ect), perirhinal (Per), and entorhinal (Ent) cortices, with no changes in the ventral hippocampus. We then examined the effects of the benzodiazepine midazolam injected bilaterally into these three rhinal subregions in the expression of contextual fear conditioning (Experiment 2). Midazolam administration into the Ect, Per, and Ent reduced freezing responses. These findings suggest that contextual and explicit stimuli endowed with aversive properties through conditioning recruit distinct brain areas, and the rhinal cortex appears to be critical for storing context-, but not explicit cue-footshock, associations.},
  institution = {Comportamento, Campus USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. lucasas@pg.ffclrp.usp.br},
  journal     = {Behav Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Association Learning, drug effects; Avoidance Learning, drug effects; Brain Mapping; Conditioning, Classical, drug effects; Fear; Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic, drug effects; GABA Modulators, pharmacology; Hippocampus, drug effects/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Midazolam, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Temporal Lobe, drug effects/metabolism; Tissue Distribution},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0166-4328(10)00629-7},
  pmid        = {20851717},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Albro:1982,
  author      = {Albro, P. W. and Hass, J. R. and Peck, C. C. and Jordan, S. T. and Corbett, J. T. and Schroeder, J.},
  title       = {Applications of isotope differentiation for metabolic studies with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {6},
  pages       = {701--714},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1080/03601238209372351},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601238209372351},
  abstract    = {The pervasiveness of the plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the environment and especially in the laboratory results in a background that may cause severe interference with analytical studies. Animal-to-animal variability in the distribution of DEHP metabolites in excreta normally makes it necessary to use large groups of animals when different treatments are compared. Finally, radioactive tracers are usually considered undesirable for metabolic studies involving human subjects. All of these problems can be overcome through the use of multiple isotopic labels, especially 12C/13C/14C. Examples are given involving rats and monkeys, and applicability to humans is discussed. The principles involved are not limited to any particular class of test compounds. In rats, the competing pathways for metabolism of phthalate esters produce a different distribution of metabolites from a small intravenous dose of DEHP than from a large oral dose.},
  journal     = {J Environ Sci Health B},
  keywords    = {Administration, Oral; Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Carbon Radioisotopes; Cercopithecus aethiops; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diethylhexyl Phthalate, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism/urine; Infusions, Parenteral; Male; Phthalic Acids, metabolism; Rats; Species Specificity},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7166629},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Alcaraz:2016,
  Title                    = {Parallel inputs from the mediodorsal thalamus to the prefrontal cortex in the Rat.},
  Author                   = {Alcaraz, Fabien and Marchand, Alain R. and Courtand, Gilles and Coutureau, Etienne and Wolff, Mathieu},
  Journal                  = {Eur J Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2016},

  Month                    = {Jun},

  Abstract                 = {There is a growing interest in determining the functional contribution of thalamic inputs to cortical functions. In the context of adaptive behaviors, identifying the precise role of the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) in particular remains difficult despite the large amount of experimental data available. A better understanding of the thalamocortical connectivity of this region may help to capture its functional role. To address this issue, the present study focused exclusively on the specific connections from the MD to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by mean of direct comparisons of labeling produced by single and dual injections of retrograde tracers in the different subdivisions of the PFC in the Rat. We show that at least three parallel and essentially separate thalamocortical pathways originate from the MD, as follows: projections to the dorsal (1) and the ventral (2) subdivisions of the mPFC follow a mediolateral topography at the thalamic level (i.e. medial thalamic neurons target 
the mPFC ventrally whereas lateral thalamic neurons project dorsally), whereas a considerable innervation to the OFC (3) includes thalamic cells projecting to both the lateral and the ventral OFC subdivisions. These observations provide new insight on the functions of the MD and suggest a specific focus on each of these pathways for future functional studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
  Doi                      = {10.1111/ejn.13316},
  Institution              = {Université de Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33076, Bordeaux, France.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {aheadofprint},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {27319754},
  Timestamp                = {27.06.2016},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13316}
}

@Article{Alcaraz:2015,
  Title                    = {Flexible Use of Predictive Cues beyond the Orbitofrontal Cortex: Role of the Submedius Thalamic Nucleus.},
  Author                   = {Alcaraz, Fabien and Marchand, Alain R. and Vidal, Elisa and Guillou, Alexandre and Faug{\`{e}}re, Ang{\'{e}}lique and Coutureau, Etienne and Wolff, Mathieu},
  Journal                  = {J Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {38},
  Pages                    = {13183--13193},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Abstract                 = {The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is known to play a crucial role in learning the consequences of specific events. However, the contribution of OFC thalamic inputs to these processes is largely unknown. Using a tract-tracing approach, we first demonstrated that the submedius nucleus (Sub) shares extensive reciprocal connections with the OFC. We then compared the effects of excitotoxic lesions of the Sub or the OFC on the ability of rats to use outcome identity to direct responding. We found that neither OFC nor Sub lesions interfered with the basic differential outcomes effect. However, more specific tests revealed that OFC rats, but not Sub rats, were disproportionally relying on the outcome, rather than on the discriminative stimulus, to guide behavior, which is consistent with the view that the OFC integrates information about predictive cues. In subsequent experiments using a Pavlovian contingency degradation procedure, we found that both OFC and Sub lesions produced a severe 
deficit in the ability to update Pavlovian associations. Altogether, the submedius therefore appears as a functionally relevant thalamic component in a circuit dedicated to the integration of predictive cues to guide behavior, previously conceived as essentially dependent on orbitofrontal functions. Significance statement: In the present study, we identify a largely unknown thalamic region, the submedius nucleus, as a new functionally relevant component in a circuit supporting the flexible use of predictive cues. Such abilities were previously conceived as largely dependent on the orbitofrontal cortex. Interestingly, this echoes recent findings in the field showing, in research involving an instrumental setup, an additional involvement of another thalamic nuclei, the parafascicular nucleus, when correct responding requires an element of flexibility (Bradfield et al., 2013a). Therefore, the present contribution supports the emerging view that limbic thalamic nuclei may contribute critically to adaptive 
responding when an element of flexibility is required after the establishment of initial learning.},
  Comment                  = {mathieu.wolff@u-bordeaux.fr},
  Doi                      = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1237-15.2015},
  Institution              = {Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, 33076 Bordeaux, France mathieu.wolff@u-bordeaux.fr.},
  Keywords                 = {Acoustic Stimulation; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Conditioning (Psychology), physiology; Conditioning, Operant; Cues; Dextrans, metabolism; Discrimination (Psychology); Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, toxicity; Extinction, Psychological, physiology; Male; Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus, physiology; N-Methylaspartate, toxicity; Neural Pathways, physiology; Predictive Value of Tests; Prefrontal Cortex, injuries/physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {35/38/13183},
  Pmid                     = {26400947},
  Timestamp                = {05.01.2016},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1237-15.2015}
}

@Article{Al-Chaer:1996,
  author      = {E. D. Al-Chaer and N. B. Lawand and K. N. Westlund and W. D. Willis},
  title       = {Pelvic visceral input into the nucleus gracilis is largely mediated by the postsynaptic dorsal column pathway.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {76},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {2675--2690},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {1. The purpose of this study was to investigate a proposed role for the postsynaptic dorsal column (PSDC) pathway in mediating visceral nociceptive input into the dorsal column (DC) nuclei. 2. In one group of animals, the hypogastric nerves were sectioned, thereby restricting colorectal input into the cord to pelvic afferent pathways known to coverage on lower lumbar and sacral segments. Extracellular recording were made from 41 nucleus gracilis (NG) cells that responded to colorectal distension (CRD). Results reported are from 15 NG cells that were tested before and after the administration of morphine into the sacral cord by microdialysis. 3. The responses of 11 NG cells to CRD were dramatically reduced by morphine infused into the sacral cord through a microdialysis fiber. This reduction was reversed by an intravenous injection of naloxone. Microdialysis administration of 6-cyano-7-nitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) or a lesion of the DC also abolished the responses of the NG cells to CRD.
 4. Four NG cells that responded to CRD showed an increase in their background activity approximately 25 min after an injection of mustard oil (MO). This increase in activity was counteracted by morphine or by a lesion of the DC. 5. In a second group of animals, recordings were made from 28 PSDC cells in the L0-S1 segments of the cord. These units were antidromically activated by stimulation of the upper cervical fasciculus gracilis. The projections of five PSDC neurons into the NG were traced with the use of antidromic mapping. Results are reported for the responses of 12 PSDC cells to CRD and to cutaneous stimuli before and after morphine administration into the sacral cord by microdialysis. 6. Morphine given spinally reduced the responses of 12 PSDC cells to CRD. This reduction was reversed by an intravenous injection of naloxone. CNQX administered spinally also abolished the responses to CRD of the PSDC cells tested. 7. Four other PSDC cells were studied before and after an injection of MO into the colon.
 Their background activity started to increase within 25 min after the injection. Morphine suppressed this increase in background activity and this effect of morphine was reversed by naloxone. 8. The responses of NG cells to cutaneous stimuli were not significantly affected by morphine in the dose used. On the other hand, morphine significantly reduced the responses of PSDC cells to noxious cutaneous stimuli although this effect was not as dramatic as that on responses to visceral stimuli. 9. From the results of the studies described in this and the companion paper, we conclude that there is an important pelvic visceral nociceptive pathway involving PSDC neurons that synapse in the NG. The NG in turn activates neurons in the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus. We presume that activation of VPL neurons by noxious visceral stimulation contributes to visceral pain sensation and thus that pelvic visceral pain depends largely on activity in the DC-medial lemniscus system.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1069, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurophysiol},
  keywords    = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, pharmacology; Analgesics, Opioid, pharmacology; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Morphine, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Pelvis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Skin, innervation; Spinal Cord, physiology; Stress, Mechanical; Viscera, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8899637},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Al-Chaer:1997,
  author      = {Al-Chaer, E. D. and Westlund, K. N. and Willis, W. D.},
  title       = {Sensitization of postsynaptic dorsal column neuronal responses by colon inflammation.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {15},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {3267--3273},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1097/00001756-199710200-00016},
  abstract    = {The role of a newly identified component of the postsynaptic dorsal column (PSDC) system in viscerosensory processing has been recently described. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of colon inflammation on the responses of single PSDC cells, located in the vicinity of the central canal at L6-S1 spinal segments, to graded colorectal distension (CRD) and to cutaneous stimulation. Experiments were conducted on seven male Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with pentobarbital. Recordings were made from seven PSDC cells located around the central canal at L6-S1 in response to CRD and cutaneous stimulation before and after colon inflammation. Inflammation of the colon with mustard oil (MO) induced an increase in the background activity of these cells. Colon inflammation also potentiated the responses of the PSDC cells to graded CRD but not to cutaneous stimulation. This is consistent with previously observed effects of colon inflammation on the responses of viscerosensitive cells in 
the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus and in the nucleus gracilis (NG). These observations support a role of the PSDC system in viscerosensory processing and primary visceral hyperalgesia.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1069, USA.},
  journal     = {Neuroreport},
  keywords    = {Animals; Colitis, chemically induced/physiopathology; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Male; Mustard Plant; Neurons, physiology; Physical Stimulation; Plant Extracts; Plant Oils; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurotransmitter, physiology; Spinal Cord, pathology/physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9351655},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Alden:1994,
  Title                    = {Organization of the efferent projections from the pontine parabrachial area to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and neighboring regions: a PHA-L study in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Alden, M. and Besson, J. M. and Bernard, J. F.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {289--314},
  Volume                   = {341},

  Abstract                 = {The organization of efferent projections from the pontine parabrachial (pPB) area to the forebrain rostral to the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) was studied in the rat by using microinjections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), into subregions of the pPB area. The present study is a follow-up of a former study (Bernard et al. [1993] J. Comp. Neurol. 329:201-229) which examines pPB projections onto the Ce. The results demonstrate that: (1) the pPB(m) region (the medial, the ventral lateral subnuclei and the waist area) diffusely projects to the lateral division (BSTL) of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), the Ce-BSTL continuum (including, the dorsal portion of substantia innominata, the ventral portion of globus pallidus, the fundus striatum, and the substriatal area) and to a lesser extent the agranular insular cortex; (2) the pPB(1) region [the central lateral (pPBcl) and the outer portion of external lateral subnuclei] densely projects to the 
dorsal lateral subnucleus of BST (BSTdl); only the pPBcl subnucleus projects to the median, the anteroventral and the periventricular nuclei of the preoptic hypothalamus; and (3) the remaining pPB area (the dorsal lateral, part of the external lateral and the external medial subnuclei) projects to the nucleus of horizontal limb of diagonal band but does not project onto the BST and the preoptic hypothalamus. It is suggested that the pPB(m)-BSTL "diffuse pathway" is mainly implicated in motivational and autonomic aspects of taste. The pPB(1)-BSTdl and hypothalamic "concentrated pathways" could be implicated in autonomic and nociceptive processes.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903410302},
  Institution              = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux and EPHE, INSERM U 161, Paris, France.},
  Keywords                 = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Substantia Innominata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7515078},
  Timestamp                = {29.11.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903410302}
}

@Article{Aldes:1988,
  author      = {L. D. Aldes},
  title       = {Thalamic connectivity of rat somatic motor cortex.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {20},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {333--348},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(88)90063-9},
  abstract    = {The purpose of this study was to investigate certain organizational features regarding the connectional relationships between the somatic motor cortex (SMI) and dorsal thalamus in the rat. This was accomplished by applying microiontophoretically horseradish peroxidase and tritiated amino acids into low threshold stimulation sites within hindlimb, forelimb and face representations of the SMI as defined by intracortical microstimulation. Injections into the SMI produced labeling in distinct sets of specific and non-specific thalamic nuclei. The former included the ventrolateral (VL), ventromedial (VM), posteromedial (Pom) and posterior (Po) nuclei, and the latter included the centrolateral (CL), paracentral (PC), centromedial (CeM) and parafascicular (PF) nuclei. The densest labeling, both retrograde and anterograde, was found in the VL, and to a slightly lesser extent, in the Pom nuclei. Labeling of specific nuclei was more extensive than in non-specific groups. Thalamic-SMI projections were 
reciprocal in nature with the exception of the reticular thalamic nucleus (R). The ventrobasal (VB) nucleus was labeled only after injections into the SMI representations of the hindlimb and forelimb. A topographic organization between the SMI and dorsal thalamic nuclei was indicated by the varied position of label following injections into different cortical representations. Injections into the hindlimb representation resulted in labeling in the rostrodorsolateral VL, ventrolateral VM, rostrodorsomedial Pom, dorsal Po, rostrodorsolateral R, dorsolateral PF, CL and PC. In contrast, injections into the face representation resulted in labeling in the caudoventromedial VL, dorsolateral VM, caudoventrolateral Pom, ventral Po, caudoventromedial R, ventrolateral PF, the PC, CeM and ventral CL. The position of thalamic labeling following injections into the forelimb representation was intermediate between that for hindlimb and face representations. In coronal section, distinct patterns of labeling were identified 
in all specific thalamic nuclei following injections into each topographic region of the SMI. In the VL, labeling appeared as an obliquely-oriented, longitudinal strip or band (more C-shaped following injections of the hindlimb representation); in the VM as a horizontal strip; in the Pom as an irregular V-shaped band; and in the Po as a circular-to-ovoid cluster. No distinct patterns of labeling were discerned in non-specific nuclei. Labeling in the anterior grouping of non-specific nuclei overlapped to a large extent, but this was not the case in either the specific thalamic nuclei or the PF nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile 36688.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Facial Muscles, innervation/physiology; Female; Forelimb, innervation/physiology; Hindlimb, innervation/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0361-9230(88)90063-9},
  pmid        = {2452673},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aldes:1990,
  Title                    = {Topographically organized projections from the nucleus subceruleus to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat: a light and electron microscopic study with complementary axonal transport techniques.},
  Author                   = {L. D. Aldes},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1990},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {643--656},
  Volume                   = {302},

  Abstract                 = {Projections from the nucleus subceruleus (nSC) to the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) were investigated with complementary retrograde and anterograde axonal transport techniques at the light and electron microscopic level in the rat. Injections of WGA-HRP into XII resulted in labeling of neurons in and around the nSC. Labeled nSC neurons were few in number (less than 4 per 40-60 microns sections) and variable in size and shape. Most labeled nSC neurons were medium-sized (mean = 16.89 microns), fusiform, triangular, or oval, with 3-4 dendrites typically oriented dorsomedially and ventrolaterally. These neurons were found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nSC but were most numerous medial, dorsomedial, and ventromedial to the motor trigeminal nucleus. Others were observed rostral to the motor trigeminal nucleus and ventral to the parabrachial nuclear complex. Confirmation of retrograde results was obtained following injections of tritiated amino acids or WGA-HRP into the nSC. 
This resulted in labeling throughout the rostrocaudal extent of XII mainly ipsilaterally. Labeled fibers descended the brainstem in the dorsolateral and, to a lesser extent, in the ventromedial component of Probst's tract. Fibers entered XII mainly rostrally along the lateral border of the nucleus. All regions of XII were recipients of nSC afferents, but the caudoventromedial quadrant contained the greatest density of terminal labeling. Electron microscopic evaluation confirmed that nSC afferents synapsed on motoneurons in XII. Axon terminals containing WGA-HRP reaction product were found contacting dendrites and somata, but primarily the former (81.3\% versus 10.6\%). Axodendritic terminals synapsed mainly on medium-to-small sized dendrites (less than 3 microns in diameter). The majority of labeled axodendritic terminals (90.1\%) contained small, round, and clear synaptic vesicles (S-type: 20-50 nm) and were associated with an asymmetric (60.6\%), symmetric (11.4\%), or no (18\%) postsynaptic specialization.
 By contrast, most axosomatic terminals contained flattened vesicles (F-type) and formed a symmetric or no postsynaptic specialization (75\%). Large dense core vesicles (55-90 nm) were observed within a small proportion of all labeled axon terminals (1.3\%). The results from this study demonstrate that the nSC projects to XII, preferentially targets a specific subgrouping of protrusor motoneurons, and synapses on both somata and dendrites, although mainly on the latter. The implications of these data are discussed relative to tongue control.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903020318},
  Institution              = {Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile 36688.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/ultrastructure; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypoglossal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/ultrastructure; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Electron; Motor Neurons, cytology/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/ultrastructure; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, ultrastructure; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1702122},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020318}
}

@Article{Aldes:1995,
  Title                    = {Subcompartmental organization of the ventral (protrusor) compartment in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat.},
  Author                   = {L. D. Aldes},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {89--108},
  Volume                   = {353},

  Abstract                 = {The extent and myotopic organization of the ventral (protrusor) compartment of the hypoglossal nucleus (nXII) in the rat is controversial. Of particular concern is the location of motoneurons that innervate the intrinsic (verticalis, transversus) as compared to extrinsic (genioglossus) tongue protrusor muscles. These issues were investigated with retrograde transport, lesion/degeneration/immunocytochemical, and classic Golgi staining techniques. Results from these experiments demonstrate the following: (1) the ventral compartment extends the entire rostrocaudal length of nXII and is organized into three longitudinally oriented subcompartments, one medial and one lateral within the boundaries of nXII, and one outside the confines of nXII, defined as the lateral accessory subcompartment; 2) the medial and lateral subcompartments contain motoneurons that innervate the intrinsic (verticalis, transversus) and extrinsic (genioglossus) tongue protrusor muscles, respectively, while the 
lateral accessory subcompartment innervates the geniohyoid muscle; (3) ventral subcompartments are unequal in size and vary along the rostrocaudal dimension of nXII. The medial subcompartment is largest caudally and smallest rostrally, while the converse is true for the lateral subcompartment. By contrast, the lateral accessory subcompartment is present only along the caudal one-half of nXII; (4) medial and lateral subcompartments are further organized into smaller subgroups. Medial and centromedial subgroups are discernible within the medial subcompartment, lateral and centrolateral subgroups within the lateral subcompartment. Both medial and lateral subgroups extend throughout the rostrocaudal length of nXII, whereas the centromedial and centrolateral subgroups are present only along the middle two-thirds of nXII where they form a central motoneuron band; (5) there is an inverse myotopic organization within the medial and lateral subcompartments such that proximal and distal portions of intrinsic and 
extrinsic protrusor muscles receive innervation from rostral and caudal motoneurons, respectively; and (6) there is a correlation between motoneuron morphology (size, shape and dendritic field domains), subcompartment localization, and myotopic specificity. Motoneurons in the medial subcompartment are small (mean = 23.08 microns), round to globular, with dendrites oriented medially, dorsomedially, dorsolaterally, and caudally, whereas lateral subcompartment motoneurons are large (mean = 29.49 microns), round to triangular, with dendrites directed mainly mediolaterally and dorsally. These data are relevant to understanding the functional organization of nXII and the motor control of the tongue. Results are further discussed relative to the convergence of multifunctional afferent systems in the ventromedial subcompartment of nXII.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903530109},
  Institution              = {Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile 36688, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Cholera Toxin; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypoglossal Nerve, cytology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Microtubule-Associated Proteins, metabolism; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7714251},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903530109}
}

@Article{Aldes:1984,
  Title                    = {Does the interstitial nucleus of cajal project to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat?},
  Author                   = {L. D. Aldes and T. B. Boone},
  Journal                  = {J Neurosci Res},
  Year                     = {1984},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {553--561},
  Volume                   = {12},

  Abstract                 = {The present study sought to determine whether or not the hypoglossal nucleus receives direct afferent projections from the interstitial nucleus of Cajal. Results from anterograde and retrograde labeling experiments in the rat indicated that while projections from the interstitial nucleus of Cajal do not terminate within the hypoglossal nucleus, they do so among a small group of neurons located ventrolateral to the hypoglossal nucleus, the nucleus of Roller. These findings are discussed in relation to orolingual motor behavior.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/jnr.490120404},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Female; Hypoglossal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Masticatory Muscles, innervation; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Tongue, innervation},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {6512886},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490120404}
}

@Article{Aldes:1985,
  author      = {L. D. Aldes and T. B. Boone},
  title       = {Organization of projections from the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat: an experimental light and electron microscopic study with axonal tracer techniques.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {59},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {16--29},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00237661},
  abstract    = {The organization of projections from the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (PSN) to the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) in the rat was investigated at the light and electron microscopic level with retrograde and anterograde axonal tracer techniques. Microiontophoretic injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into XII resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons confined to the dorsal one-third of the PSN. Labeled neurons were found bilaterally, although a clear preponderance for ipsilateral distribution was evident. Most labeled neurons were found in the medial one-third and caudal two-thirds of the PSN. Labeled neurons were large (30-50 micron), round-to-pear shaped multipolar cells with dendrites oriented primarily in the mediolateral direction. At the electron microscopic level, HRP reaction product was found throughout the cytoplasm of soma and processes of PSN projection neurons. The ultrastructural characteristics of these cells included a round, centrally placed nucleus and invaginated 
nuclear envelope, sparse Nissl bodies, numerous free ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes and Golgi complexes. Three to four main stem dendrites gradually tapered from the cell body and numerous synaptic terminals impinged upon soma and dendrites of labeled PSN neurons. Microiontophoretic injection of tritiated amino acids or HRP into the dorsal one-third of the PSN resulted in moderately dense terminal labeling in XII bilaterally, although mainly ipsilaterally. Terminal labeling was found diffusely throughout all regions of XII. Fibers descended the brainstem in the dorsolateral reticular formation and entered XII ventrolaterally. At the electron microscopic level, boutons containing HRP reaction product were found to synapse on dendritic processes in XII. Labeled boutons were characterized by clear, spherical vesicles and an asymmetrical postsynaptic density. The significance of these results are discussed in relation to oro-lingual motor behavior.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Female; Hypoglossal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {4018194},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aldes:1992,
  author      = {Aldes, L. D. and Chapman, M. E. and Chronister, R. B. and Haycock, J. W.},
  title       = {Sources of noradrenergic afferents to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {29},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {931--942},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(92)90168-w},
  abstract    = {The sources of noradrenergic (NA) innervation to the hypoglossal nucleus (nXII) in the rat were investigated with double-labeling histochemical/immunocytochemical and lesion/degeneration techniques. Following injection of wheat germ-agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into nXII, brain stem sections were reacted with tetramethylbenzidine, stabilized, and incubated in antiserum to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Double-labeled neurons were observed in three pontine sites bilaterally, although mainly ipsilaterally, that included the nucleus subceruleus (nSC; 68.75\%) and the A7 (21.09\%) and A5 (10.15\%) cell groups. Confirmation of the above results and identification of the course taken by descending NA-nXII projections was accomplished by lesioning the rostral pons, the nSC, or the medullary catecholamine bundle (MB), the suspected route by which NA afferents reach nXII. Quantitative estimates of the reduction of TH immunoreactivity on the lesioned compared to nonlesioned side of nXII 
were made densitometrically. In each case, TH immunostaining was significantly decreased (75\%) in the ipsilateral caudoventromedial district of nXII, the predominant target area of NA input. The results from this study establish that multiple NA sources in the pons project to nXII in the rat, the majority of NA-nXII afferents are derived from the nSC, and descending NA-nXII projections course in the MB. These data are discussed relative to tongue control.},
  institution = {Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile 36688.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Catecholamines, analysis; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypoglossal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1282080},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Aldskogius:1978,
  author      = {H. Aldskogius and J. Arvidsson},
  title       = {Nerve cell degeneration and death in the trigeminal ganglion of the adult rat following peripheral nerve transection.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {229--250},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf01217921},
  abstract    = {Trigeminal ganglia of normal rats and of adult rats subjected to unilateral transection of the infraorbital nerve were studied by light and electron microscopy. Counts of ganglion cells in ganglia on operated and unoperated sides were made following long postoperative survival times. The ultrastructural changes in ganglia of the operated side were studied from 3 to 70 days postoperatively. The quantitative observations show that a considerable loss of ganglion cells takes place on the operated side. The ultrastructural observations demonstrate the occurrence of ganglion cell degeneration, nerve fibre degeneration and phagocytosis by satellite and Schwann cells. The results are compatible with the view that degeneration of trigeminal afferents in the brain stem following lesions of peripheral trigeminal nerve branches is related to retrograde degeneration of trigeminal ganglion cells.},
  journal     = {J Neurocytol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Count; Cell Survival; Ganglia, ultrastructure; Nerve Degeneration; Rats; Time Factors; Trigeminal Nerve, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {650265},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aldskogius:1985,
  author      = {Aldskogius, H. and Arvidsson, J. and Grant, G.},
  title       = {The reaction of primary sensory neurons to peripheral nerve injury with particular emphasis on transganglionic changes.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {357},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {27--46},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-0173(85)90006-2},
  abstract    = {This paper reviews light- and electron microscopic, histochemical and physiological evidence which demonstrate that peripheral nerve injury in mammals is followed by profound structural and functional changes in the central terminals of the affected primary sensory neurons. Available evidence indicates that at least some of these so-called transganglionic changes are the result of ganglion cell degeneration and death, although other mechanisms are probably in effect as well. Existing data suggest that this ganglion cell death does not effect all types of ganglion cells equally, but do not permit a clearcut answer to the question of which kinds of ganglion cells are affected more than others. Results from studies with microtubule inhibitors and antibodies to nerve growth factor are compatible with the notion that depletion of retrogradely transported trophic factors is involved in the production of certain transganglionic changes. This issue needs further examination, however. Physiological 
studies indicate marked alterations in certain primary afferent synaptic connections after peripheral nerve lesions. So far, these changes have not been satisfactorily correlated with the structural changes induced by similar lesions. Further studies on the structural and functional response of primary sensory neurons to peripheral nerve injury are likely to contribute to the understanding of the frequent failure to regain normal sensory functions after peripheral nerve lesions in man, as well as of the basic aspects of lesion-induced changes in general in the peripheral and central nervous system.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Acid Phosphatase, metabolism; Afferent Pathways, pathology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Cats; Guinea Pigs; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Growth Factors; Nerve Tissue Proteins, physiology; Nervous System, pathology; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons, Afferent, enzymology/pathology; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Rats; Spinal Cord, pathology; Trigeminal Nerve Injuries; Trigeminal Nuclei, pathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2412661},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aldskogius:1983,
  author      = {Aldskogius, H. and Arvidsson, J. and Kinnman, E.},
  title       = {Movement of horseradish peroxidase after its entry into intact and damaged peripheral nerve axons.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {79},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {862--866},
  doi         = {10.1016/0014-4886(83)90049-3},
  abstract    = {After application of a solution of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) around intact sciatic nerve axons in the rat, numerous HRP-labeled neurons were found in the ipsilateral L5 dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord ventral horn. These findings indicate that HRP enters intact peripheral nerve axons, and is transported retrogradely from its site of entry to their cell bodies of origin.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Peroxidases, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sciatic Nerve, injuries/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6186517},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Aldskogius:1986,
  author      = {Aldskogius, H. and Kinnman, E. and Persson, J.},
  title       = {Labeling of cutaneous sensory nerve endings with axonally transported horseradish peroxidase and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate: a methodological study in the rat.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {15},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {281--294},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3959(87)90096-0},
  abstract    = {Practical aspects on the use of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) to trace peripheral cutaneous nerve endings have been studied. The parameters studied included application site of the tracer, post-application survival time, tracer concentration and tracer volume. These parameters were examined in the glabrous skin of the rat hindpaw. The best results were obtained with injections of 1 microliter WGA-HRP (20 micrograms/microliter) in dorsal root ganglia innervating the examined cutaneous region and a postinjection survival time of 18-36 h. With this approach extensive and heavy labeling was achieved of epidermal nerve endings, nerve endings in Merkel cell-neurite complexes and Meissner corpuscles. Useful, but less extensive labeling of these types of peripheral nerve endings, was obtained with injections of HRP in the lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cell Survival; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Lectins, diagnostic use; Neurons, Afferent, analysis/physiology; Peroxidases, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Skin, innervation; Spinal Cord, analysis; Staining and Labeling, methods; Time Factors; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2421110},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Aleksandrov:1996,
  author      = {V. G. Aleksandrov and V. A. Bagaev and A. D. Nozdrachev and S. S. Panteleev},
  title       = {Identification of gastric related neurones in the rat insular cortex.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {216},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {5--8},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(96)12980-3},
  abstract    = {Location peculiarities of insular neurones implicated in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility have been studied in acute experiments on rats. After microinjection of a horseradish peroxidase solution in a part of the dorsal vagal complex that receive gastric afferent inputs, retrogradely labelled cell bodies are observed in a certain area of the agranular and disgranular insular cortex. Electrical stimulation of the insular cortex area had no significant effect on heart and respiration rate but had evoked gastric tone changes. These results suggest that the insular cortex contains a specific cell group that provides direct output to the bulbar 'gastric' centre and takes part in regulation of gastrointestinal functions.},
  institution = {Laboratory of cortico-visceral Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Sankt-Petersburg, Russia. chi@physiology.spb.su},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiratory Mechanics, physiology; Stomach, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0304394096129803},
  pmid        = {8892378},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Alhadeff:2014,
  author      = {Alhadeff, Amber L. and Baird, John-Paul and Swick, Jennifer C. and Hayes, Matthew R. and Grill, Harvey J.},
  title       = {Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor signaling in the lateral parabrachial nucleus contributes to the control of food intake and motivation to feed.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {39},
  number      = {9},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {2233--2243},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/npp.2014.74},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.74},
  abstract    = {Central glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation reduces food intake and the motivation to work for food, but the neurons and circuits mediating these effects are not fully understood. Although lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN) neurons are implicated in the control of food intake and reward, the specific role of GLP-1R-expressing lPBN neurons is unexplored. Here, neuroanatomical tracing, immunohistochemical, and behavioral/pharmacological techniques are used to test the hypothesis that lPBN neurons contribute to the anorexic effect of central GLP-1R activation. Results indicate that GLP-1-producing neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius project monosynaptically to the lPBN, providing a potential endogenous mechanism by which lPBN GLP-1R signaling may exert effects on food intake control. Pharmacological activation of GLP-1R in the lPBN reduced food intake, and conversely, antagonism of GLP-1R in the lPBN increased food intake. In addition, lPBN GLP-1R activation reduced the 
motivation to work for food under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Taken together, these data establish the lPBN as a novel site of action for GLP-1R-mediated control of food intake and reward.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.},
  journal     = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
  keywords    = {Animals; Appetite Regulation, drug effects; Conditioning, Operant, drug effects/physiology; Diet, High-Fat; Eating, drug effects; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, metabolism; Male; Motivation, drug effects/physiology; Motor Activity, drug effects; Neural Pathways, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Parabrachial Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Pica; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Glucagon, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Reinforcement Schedule; Signal Transduction; Synapses, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {npp201474},
  pmid        = {24681814},
  timestamp   = {10.03.2015},
}

@InBook{Alheid:1994,
  author    = {Alheid, Beltramino, Braun, Miselis, Francois, de Olmos},
  title     = {The Basal Ganglia},
  year      = {1994},
  editor    = {Pereron},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Plenum Press},
  chapter   = {Transition areas of the striopallidal system with the extende amygdala in the rat and primate: Observations from histochemistry and experiments with mono- and transsynaptic tracers},
  pages     = {95-107},
  owner     = {HiWi},
  timestamp = {29.05.2012},
}

@Article{Alheid:2003,
  author    = {Alheid, GF},
  title     = {Extended amygdala and basal forebrain},
  year      = {2003},
  volume    = {985},
  pages     = {185-205},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07082.x},
  journal   = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
  owner     = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Alheid:1998,
  author      = {Alheid, G. F. and Beltramino, C. A. and {De Olmos}, J. S. and Forbes, M. S. and Swanson, D. J. and Heimer, L.},
  title       = {The neuronal organization of the supracapsular part of the stria terminalis in the rat: the dorsal component of the extended amygdala.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {84},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {967--996},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00560-5},
  abstract    = {In the present normal anatomical light and electron microscopic study in the rat, histochemical (Nissl, Timm, Golgi) or immunocytochemical (microtubule-associated protein type 2, glutamate decarboxylase, glutamate receptor subunit 1, synaptophysin) stains were used to analyse neurons embedded within the stria terminalis and their associated neuropil. These cells are closely related to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the centromedial amygdala, and have been termed the "supracapsular part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis". The largest part of this neuronal complex is located in the ventrolateral part of the stria, where it appears as a round or oval "lateral pocket" in virtually any type of light microscopic preparation because of its collection of neuronal cell bodies and dense neuropil, in addition to a lacework of unmyelinated axons. A much smaller but still distinct "medial pocket" is located in the medial corner of the stria. The large lateral subdivision of the 
supracapsular stria terminalis is directly continuous with the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and extends to the central amygdaloid nucleus, containing a column of neurons that is only broken up into cell clusters at the most caudal levels of the stria as it drops vertically toward the amygdala. The considerably smaller medial subdivision appears, in turn, to be directly continuous with the medial part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The medial column tapers off more rapidly than the lateral part, so that as the middle levels are approached, only small interrupted clusters of cells are seen. Solitary neurons can also be found in practically every part of the stria terminalis except among the ventrally located axons of the commissural component. Most of the neurons are small to medium in size, as viewed in transverse sections of the stria, but larger neurons are also encountered. In sections parallel to the stria, many neurons are fusiform in appearance. The dendrites are often 
aligned in a longitudinal fashion; many of the dendrites related to the cells in the lateral pocket are moderately to densely spined, whereas those in the medial pocket are more sparsely spined. The neuropil in both the lateral and medial pockets is characterized by boutons, bundles of unmyelinated axons, and dendrites. Based on their vesicle content, the boutons are divided into three major types: (A) round or slightly oval, agranular vesicles of uniform size; (B) pleomorphic, agranular vesicles, many of which are flattened; and (C) pleomorphic agranular vesicles, some of which are considerably larger than the ones in type B boutons. Type A boutons establish contacts with both dendritic spines and shafts, whereas types B and C usually contact dendritic shafts and sometimes somata. These synaptic components are similar to those described earlier for the central and medial amygdaloid nuclei. Overall, our results support the contention advanced in 1923 by Johnston [J. comp. Neurol. 35, 337481] that the cells 
accompanying the stria terminalis are interconnecting columns of a macrostructure encompassing the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and centromedial amygdala. More recently, it has been appreciated that columns of neurons below the globus pallidus also belong to this macrostructure [Alheid G. F. et al. (1995) In The Rat Nervous System, 2nd edn, pp. 495 578, Academic, San Diego; de Olmos J. S. et al. (1985) In The Rat Nervous System, pp. 223-334, Academic, Sydney], which has been named the "extended amygdala".},
  institution = {Department of Psychiatric Medicine, University of Virginia, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Animals; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Isoquinolines; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Microtubule-Associated Proteins, metabolism; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(97)00560-5},
  pmid        = {9578390},
  timestamp   = {25.04.2013},
}

@Article{Alheid:1982,
  author      = {Alheid, G. F. and Carlsen, J.},
  title       = {Small injections of fluorescent tracers by iontophoresis or chronic implantation of micropipettes.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {235},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {174--178},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(82)90209-8},
  abstract    = {Iontophoresis and chronic micropipette implants were compared for delivery of retrograde fluorescent tracers. Injection sizes and retrograde transport were similar, but implants were more frequently successful than iontophoresis.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes, administration /&/ dosage; Iontophoresis, methods; Male; Microinjections, methods; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neuroanatomy, methods; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(82)90209-8},
  pmid        = {7188323},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Alheid:1984a,
  author      = {Alheid, G. F. and Carlsen, J. and {De Olmos}, J. and Heimer, L.},
  title       = {Quantitative determination of collateral anterior olfactory nucleus projections using a fluorescent tracer with an algebraic solution to the problem of double retrograde labeling.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {292},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {17--22},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90885-0},
  abstract    = {The bilateral projections of the rat anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) were evaluated using retrograde fluorescent tracers. Competitive effects of these tracers led to severe underestimation of bilaterally projecting neurons, when double-labeled cells were counted. The underestimate was corrected using a numerical approach, which is of general utility for problems in double labeling and requires only a single tracer. With this method we estimated that approximately 63\% of AON neurons project bilaterally to the olfactory bulbs, except for the external part which projects exclusively to the contralateral olfactory bulb. No other AON neurons project only to the contralateral bulb.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Olfactory Bulb, anatomy /&/ histology; Olfactory Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6697205},
  timestamp   = {20.04.2016},
}

@Article{Alheid:1984,
  author      = {G. F. Alheid and J. Carlsen and J. De Olmos and L. Heimer},
  title       = {Quantitative determination of collateral anterior olfactory nucleus projections using a fluorescent tracer with an algebraic solution to the problem of double retrograde labeling.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {292},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {17--22},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90885-0},
  abstract    = {The bilateral projections of the rat anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) were evaluated using retrograde fluorescent tracers. Competitive effects of these tracers led to severe underestimation of bilaterally projecting neurons, when double-labeled cells were counted. The underestimate was corrected using a numerical approach, which is of general utility for problems in double labeling and requires only a single tracer. With this method we estimated that approximately 63\% of AON neurons project bilaterally to the olfactory bulbs, except for the external part which projects exclusively to the contralateral olfactory bulb. No other AON neurons project only to the contralateral bulb.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Olfactory Bulb, anatomy /&/ histology; Olfactory Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6697205},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Alheid:2002,
  Title                    = {Parvalbumin in respiratory neurons of the ventrolateral medulla of the adult rat.},
  Author                   = {G. F. Alheid and P. A. Gray and M. C. Jiang and J. L. Feldman and D. R. McCrimmon},
  Journal                  = {J Neurocytol},
  Year                     = {2002},
  Number                   = {8-9},
  Pages                    = {693--717},
  Volume                   = {31},

  Abstract                 = {A column of parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons is closely associated with the location of respiratory neurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the rat. The majority (66\%) of bulbospinal neurons in the medullary ventral respiratory column (VRC) that were retrogradely labeled by tracer injections in the phrenic nucleus were also positive for parvalbumin. In contrast, only 18.8\% of VRC neurons retrogradely labeled after a tracer injection in the VRC, also expressed parvalbumin. The average cross-sectional area of VRC neurons retrogradely labeled after VRC injections was 193.8 microm2 +/- 6.6 SE. These were significantly smaller than VRC parvalbumin neurons (271.9 microm2 +/- 12.3 SE). Parvalbumin neurons were found in the Bötzinger Complex, the rostral ventral respiratory group (VRG), and the caudal VRG, areas which all contribute to the bulbospinal projection. In contrast, parvalbumin neurons were sparse or absent in the preBötzinger Complex and in the vicinity of the 
retrotrapezoid nucleus, areas that have few bulbospinal projections. Parvalbumin was rarely colocalized within Neurokinin-1 receptor positive (NK1R) VRC neurons, which are found in the preBötzinger complex and in the anteroventral part of the rostral VRG. Parvalbumin neurons in the Bötzinger Complex and rostral VRG help define the rostrocaudal extent of these regions. The absence of parvalbumin neurons from the intervening preBötzinger complex also helps establish the boundaries of this region. Regional boundaries described in this manner are in good agreement with earlier physiological and anatomical studies. Taken together, the distributions of parvalbumin, NK1R and bulbospinal neurons suggest that the rostral VRG may be subdivided into distinct, anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posterior subdivisions.},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology and Institute for Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. gfa@northwestern.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Biological Markers; Efferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Functional Laterality, physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Motor Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Phrenic Nerve, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, metabolism; Respiratory Center, cytology/metabolism; Substance P, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {5142544},
  Pmid                     = {14501208},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012}
}

@Article{Alheid:1988,
  author      = {Alheid, G. F. and Heimer, L.},
  title       = {New perspectives in basal forebrain organization of special relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders: the striatopallidal, amygdaloid, and corticopetal components of substantia innominata.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {27},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {1--39},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(88)90217-5},
  abstract    = {The basal forebrain is critically involved in functions representing the highest levels of integration. Only recently has a relatively clear anatomical picture of this important area begun to emerge. The territory that has generally been referred to as the "substantia innominata" appears to be composed of portions of three recognizable forebrain structures: the ventral striatopallidal system, the extended amygdala and the magnocellular corticopetal system. (1) Rostrally, the striatopallidal system reaches ventrally to the base of the brain. (2) Caudal to the ventral extension of the striatopallidal system elements of the centromedial amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are merged so that these two areas together with this subpallidal corridor form a large forebrain unit that might be described as an "extended amygdala". (3) Large cholinergic and non-cholinergic corticopetal neurons form a more or less continuous aggregate that is interwoven with the striatopallidal and extended 
amygdala systems in basal forebrain. Consideration of morphological and connectional characteristics of basal forebrain suggests that the corticopetal cell groups, together with magnocellular elements of the striatum, serve similar functional roles for the striatopallidal system, the extended amygdala, and the septal-diagonal band complex. Specifically, the output of medium spiny neurons in striatum, extended amygdala, and lateral septum are directed toward somewhat larger sparsely or moderately spiny neurons with radiating dendrites which in turn project to diencephalon and brainstem or provide either local feedback (e.g. in striatum) or distal feedback to cortex. The functional implications of this parallel processing of descending forebrain afferents are discussed.},
  institution = {Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiopathology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiopathology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiopathology; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiopathology; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiopathology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Psychotic Disorders, physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3059226},
  timestamp   = {25.04.2013},
}

@Article{Alheid:2011,
  Title                    = {Caudal nuclei of the rat nucleus of the solitary tract differentially innervate respiratory compartments within the ventrolateral medulla.},
  Author                   = {Alheid, G. F. and Jiao, W. and McCrimmon, D. R.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Pages                    = {207--227},
  Volume                   = {190},

  Abstract                 = {A substantial array of respiratory, cardiovascular, visceral and somatic afferents are relayed via the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) to the brainstem (and forebrain). Despite some degree of overlap within the NTS, specificity is maintained in central respiratory reflexes driven by second order afferent relay neurons in the NTS. While the topographic arrangement of respiratory-related afferents targeting the NTS has been extensively investigated, their higher order brainstem targets beyond the NTS has only rarely been defined with any precision. Nonetheless, the various brainstem circuits serving blood gas homeostasis and airway protective reflexes must clearly receive a differential innervation from the NTS in order to evoke stimulus appropriate behavioral responses. Accordingly, we have examined the question of which specific NTS nuclei project to particular compartments within the ventral respiratory column (VRC) of the ventrolateral medulla. Our analyses of NTS labeling 
after retrograde tracer injections in the VRC and the nearby neuronal groups controlling autonomic function indicate a significant distinction between projections to the Bötzinger complex and preBötzinger complex compared to the remainder of the VRC. Specifically, the caudomedial NTS, including caudal portions of the medial solitary nucleus and the commissural division of NTS project relatively densely to the region of the retrotrapezoid nucleus and rostral ventrolateral medullary nucleus as well as to the rostral ventral respiratory group while avoiding the intervening Bötzinger and preBötzinger complexes. Area postrema appears to demonstrate a pattern of projections similar to that of caudal medial and commissural NTS nuclei. Other, less pronounced differential projections of lateral NTS nuclei to the various VRC compartments are additionally noted.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.005},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiratory System; Solitary Nucleus, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(11)00664-6},
  Pmid                     = {21704133},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.005}
}

@Article{Alheid:1999,
  author      = {Alheid, G. F. and Shammah-Lagnado, S. J. and Beltramino, C. A.},
  title       = {The interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure: a novel layer of the central division of extended amygdala.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {877},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {645--654},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09294.x},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. gfa@nwu.edu},
  journal     = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Corpus Striatum, physiology; Globus Pallidus, physiology; Humans; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10415676},
  timestamp   = {25.04.2013},
}

@InBook{Alheid:1990,
  author    = {Alheid, Heimer, Switzer},
  title     = {The Human Nervous System},
  year      = {1990},
  editor    = {Paxinos},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Academic Press},
  chapter   = {Basal Ganglia},
  pages     = {483-582},
  owner     = {HiWi},
  timestamp = {29.05.2012},
}

@Article{Alibardi:1998,
  author      = {L. Alibardi},
  title       = {Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus projecting to the inferior colliculus.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {180},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {415--426},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0940-9602(98)80102-7},
  abstract    = {Neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus which project to the inferior colliculus were identified after retrograde labelling of the neural tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horse radish peroxidase. After tracer injection into the Inferior Colliculus, electron microscopy and immunocytochemical localization of glycine, GABA and glutamate in retrograde labelled neurons were employed. In the acoustic root area and posterior ventral cochlear nucleus, most of the body surface of the neurons projecting to the inferior colliculus was 10-30\% covered by axo-somatic boutons and appeared as multipolar cells of type I. These large to medium size cells with sparse stacks of ergastoplasmic cisternae organized in Nissl bodies, were heavily labelled and were the main projecting neurons to the inferior colliculus. Most of these cells were glycine and GABA negative but variably glutamate positive, suggesting that they are excitatory neurons. This result suggests the absence of an inhibitory 
innervation of the inferior colliculus from these cells. A few retrograde labelled, large to giant neurons showed an irregular surface, sparse short stacks of ergastoplasmic reticulum, numerous microtubules, cell bodies 60-80\% covered by synaptic boutons, and they appeared as multipolar cells of type II. These cells were less strongly retrograde labelled than multipolar type I, and were occasionally glycine positive, presumably inhibitory. This suggests that at least a small caliber collateral axon stemming from these neurons can reach the inferior colliculus. Occasional glycine positive octopus cells not labelled with the tracer were also observed. The contribution of glycinergic axons to the innervation of the inferior colliculus appears therefore to by very limited. Occasional labelled cells were represented by apparently globular bushy neurons, but the weak labelling suggests that the tracer was taken up by collateral axons reaching the inferior colliculus and not by the main axon. Globular bushy cells 
were consistently negative for both glycine and GABA, and variably positive for glutamate. In the anteroventral cochlear nucleus, labelled multipolar type I and II showed similar immunocytological and ultrastructural characteristics to those in the posteroventral cochlear nucleus but their dimension was smaller. Cells identified as spherical bushy neurons were never retrograde labelled.},
  institution = {Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy.},
  journal     = {Ann Anat},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Female; Glutamic Acid, analysis; Glycine, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9795692},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Alibardi:1998a,
  Title                    = {Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of commissural neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus of the rat.},
  Author                   = {Alibardi, L.},
  Journal                  = {Ann Anat},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {427--438},
  Volume                   = {180},

  Abstract                 = {Medium to large-giant multipolar neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus were retrograde labelled after injection of the tracer Wheat Germ Agglutinin conjugated to Horse Radish Peroxidase into the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Light microscopy immunocytochemistry showed that 42.45\% of these retrograde labelled neurons, generally strongly labelled with the tracer, were markedly glycine immunopositive, and that 57.55\%, usually weakly retrograde labelled neurons, were immunonegative or weakly positive for glycine. These commissural neurons were generally GABA negative and variably immunopositive for glutamate. About 1/3rd of the commissural neurons had variably developed a rough endoplasmic reticulum whilst axo-somatic boutons covered 20-40\% of the cell body. These cells were recognized as multipolar neurons of type I. Most of them were weakly glycine positive or even negative and a few appeared glycinergic. A little less than the remaining 2/3rds of the whole commissural 
population in the postero-ventral cochlear nucleus presented a surface which was 65-85\% covered with synaptic boutons, among which some also appeared labelled. These cells were recognized as multipolar neurons of type II. Many microtubules and neurofilaments were present, free ribosomes being more numerous around Nissl bodies with short cisternae. A few low retrograde labelled type II were weakly or non glycinergic. A small number of large to giant neurons type II, strongly retrograde labelled, appeared to be glycine positive, consistently GABA negative and variably glutamate positive. A very small proportion of retrograde labelled neurons appeared having the characteristics of globular bushy neurons. Their weak labelling, however, suggests that they project by collaterals or thin axons to the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Spherical bushy cells in the rat anteroventral cochlear nucleus lack the nuclear capping of rough endoplasmic reticulum observed in the cat, and none was labelled after injection into 
the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Globular and spherical neurons were variably glutamate positive but glycine and GABA negative. In conclusion, the present study suggests that commissural neurons include a small number of strongly labelled large to giant glycinergic and presumably inhibitory type II and, less frequently type I. A large group of less heavily labelled commissural neurons of type I and II contain low levels or no glycine, which is probably used for metabolic purposes rather than as a neurotransmitter. This suggests that these neurons are presumably excitatory.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/S0940-9602(98)80103-9},
  Institution              = {Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica e sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy.},
  Keywords                 = {Actin Cytoskeleton, ultrastructure; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Cats; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough, ultrastructure; Female; Functional Laterality; Glutamic Acid, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Microtubules, ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Organelles, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Ribosomes, ultrastructure; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0940-9602(98)80103-9},
  Pmid                     = {9795693},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0940-9602(98)80103-9}
}

@Article{Alibardi:1999,
  Title                    = {Fine structure, synaptology and immunocytochemistry of large neurons in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus connected to the inferior colliculus.},
  Author                   = {L. Alibardi},
  Journal                  = {J Hirnforsch},
  Year                     = {1999},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {429--439},
  Volume                   = {39},

  Abstract                 = {Neurons in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus that project to the inferior colliculus (pyramidal and giant) were retrograde labelled with wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxydase. Both cell types showed a similar ultrastructural feature, particularly the rough endoplasmic reticulum was well developed and sometimes surrounded the nucleus. The synaptological profile was similar in pyramidal and giant cells. Axo-somatic terminals covered 40-70\% of the perimeter of pyramidal cells and 35-60\% of the perimeter of giant neurons. Giant neurons featured bipolar or multipolar shape and different orientation but they possessed a similar synaptic profile. Most axo-somatic terminals contained flat and pleomorphic synaptic vesicles, some pleomorphic vesicles. Few terminals contained round vesicles. These cells were consistently immuno-negative for both glycine and GABA and variably positive for glutamate. The immunoelectron microcopic study of thin sections showed that 
glycine immunoreactivity was constantly present in terminals enriched with flat vesicles, which often did not show GABA immunoreactivity. Few anterograde labelled boutons containing flat vesicles were in contact with the proximal dendrites and the cell bodies of pyramidal and giant neurons. The origin of these terminals is discussed. No other cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, in particular cartwheel and tuberculo-ventral neurons, were in contact with labelled boutons. The present results suggest that descending inhibitory collicular projections are essentially directed to the large excitatory neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus.},
  Institution              = {Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica e sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology; Female; Glycine, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi, cytology; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neural Pathways, cytology/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Cells, cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, pharmacokinetics; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {10841440},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012}
}

@Article{Alibardi:2000,
  author      = {L. Alibardi},
  title       = {Cytology, synaptology and immunocytochemistry of commissural neurons and their putative axonal terminals in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the rat.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {182},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {207--220},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0940-9602(00)80023-0},
  abstract    = {The first binaural integration within the auditory system responsible for sound localization depends upon commissural neurons that connect the two symmetrical cochlear nuclei. These cells in the deep polymorphic layer of the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus were identified with the electron microscope after injection of the retrograde tracer, Wheat Germ Agglutinin conjugated to Horseradish Peroxydase, into the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Commissural neurons are multipolar or bipolar with an oval to fusiform shape. Few commissural neurons, most inhibitory but also excitatory, connect most of the divisions of the rat cochlear nuclei. The most common type is a glycinergic, sometimes GABAergic, moderately large cell. Its ergastoplasm is organized into peripheral stacks of cisternae, and few axo-somatic synaptic boutons are present. Another type of commissural neuron is a medium-sized, spindle-shaped cell, glycine and GABA-negative, with sparse ergastoplasm and synaptic coverage. A giant, rare 
type of commissural neuron is glycine-positive and GABA-negative, with short peripheral stacks of ergastoplasmic cisternae. It is covered with synaptic boutons, many of which contain round synaptic vesicles. Another rare type of commissural neuron is a moderately large cell, oval to fusiform in shape, immunonegative for both glycine and GABA, and contacted by many axo-somatic boutons. It contains large dense mitochondria and numerous dense core vesicles of peptidergic type. Some labelled boutons, mostly inhibitory and probably derived from commissural neurons, contact pyramidal, cartwheel, giant and tuberculo-ventral neurons. The prevalent inhibition of electrical activity in a cochlear nucleus observed after stimulation of the contralateral cochlear nucleus may be due to commissural inhibitory terminals which contact excitatory neurons such as pyramidal and giant cells. Other inhibitory commissural terminals which contact inhibitory neurons such as cartwheel and tuberculo-ventral neurons, may explain the 
stimulation of electrical activity in the DCN after contralateral stimulation.},
  institution = {Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy.},
  journal     = {Ann Anat},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cell Size; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Female; Glycine, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar, anatomy /&/ histology; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10836094},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Alibardi:2001,
  author      = {L. Alibardi},
  title       = {Fine structure and neurotransmitter cytochemistry of neurons in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus projecting to the ipsilateral dorsal cochlear nucleus.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {183},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {459--469},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0940-9602(01)80204-1},
  abstract    = {The neural tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horse radish peroxidase was injected into the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus and acoustic stria. Some labelled neurons in the ipsilateral ventral cochlear nucleus were found as a result. These neurons were studied at the ultrastructural level, and their axo-somatic synaptic profile and glycine immunoreactivity were determined. Most neurons were glycine negative and classified as type I multipolar neurons. The latter showed a different synaptic profile from that of neurons projecting to the contralateral inferior colliculus or cochlear nucleus. This suggests the presence of differing populations of multipolar cells based on their synaptic profile. Few labelled multipolar neurons of type II were found, which appeared glycine negative and, rarely, glycine positive. The latter show an ultrastructure and axo-somatic profile similar to that of glycinergic commissural neurons in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus. In particular, about one-
third of boutons contained round synaptic vesicles, which are believed to contain an excitatory neurotransmitter. The ultrastructural analysis of the synaptic boutons in the cochlear nucleus confirms the presence of numerous cases of colocalization of glycine and GABA where flat and pleomorphic synaptic vesicles are mixed. The present study is in accordance with previous tract-tracing light microscopic studies which have indicated that large glycinergic neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus act as broad-band inhibitory neurons in microcircuits of the dorsal cochlear nucleus and contralateral cochlear nucleus.},
  institution = {Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica sperimentale, University of Bologna, via Selmi 3, I-40126, Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it},
  journal     = {Ann Anat},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology; Functional Laterality; Neurons, cytology; Neurotransmitter Agents, analysis; Rats; Synapses, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11677812},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Alibardi:2002,
  Title                    = {Putative inhibitory collicular boutons contact large neurons and their dendrites in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the rat.},
  Author                   = {L. Alibardi},
  Journal                  = {J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {433--446},
  Volume                   = {34},

  Abstract                 = {Within the circuits of the acoustic nuclei, the inferior colliculus sends descending (collicular) terminals to control with a feedback mechanism, part of the activity of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). It is not known whether this descending projection is prevalently excitatory or inhibitory. Using the neuronal tracer Wheat Germ Agglutinin conjugated to Horse Radish Peroxidase (WGA-HRP) the connections between the inferior colliculus and the DCN of the rat have been investigated. By far most retrograde labelled large neurons were glycine and GABA negative (pyramidal and giant neurons) and rare medium-size cells were glycine positive. The ultrastructural immunocytochemical analysis for glycine and GABA shows that mainly large, excitatory, neurons innervate the inferior colliculus. Rare medium-size glycine-positive cells with intermediate characteristics between pyramidal and cartwheel cells, seem also to project to the colliculus. Few WGA-HRP labelled boutons contact the large 
cells or their dendrites, have symmetric pre- and post-synaptic thickenings, contain pleomorphic and/or flat vesicles, and are labelled for GABA or glycine. Since no GABA labelled cells in both the dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus were retrograde labelled from the colliculus, the source of these intrinsic anterograde labelled boutons must be external to the cochlear nucleus. GABA positive neurons are both present in the inferior colliculus (injected with the tracer) and superior olivary complex (not injected with the tracer). This suggests that the double labelled boutons (WGA-HRP and GABA) are inhibitory GABA-ergic collicular terminals contacting the excitatory neurons of the DCN. Other few boutons or mossy fibers containing round vesicles and immunonegative for both glycine and GABA, were also seen contacting the large neurons and their dendrites in the DCN. As the round vesicles boutons may be derived from other retrograde cells of the cochlear nucleus (pyramidal and stellate cells) and those glycine 
positive from the glycinergic neurons in paraolivary nuclei, it is more likely that only the WGA-HRP and GABA labelled boutons are true collicular terminals.},
  Institution              = {Department of Experimental Evolutionary Biology, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cochlear Nucleus, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Dendrites, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Glycine, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neurons, Efferent, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {12575842},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012}
}

@Article{Alibardi:2003,
  Title                    = {Ultrastructure and immunocytochemical characteristics of cells in the octopus cell area of the rat cochlear nucleus: comparison with multipolar cells.},
  Author                   = {Alibardi, Lorenzo},
  Journal                  = {Ann Anat},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {21--33},
  Volume                   = {185},

  Abstract                 = {Cells in the octopus cell area of the rat ventral cochlear nucleus have been connected to the monaural interpretation of spectral patterns of sound such as those derived from speech. This is possible by their fast onset of firing after each octopus cell and its dendrites have been contacted by many auditory fibres carrying different frequencies. The cytological characteristics that make these large cells able to perform such a function have been studied with ultrastructural immunocytochemistry for glycine, GABA and glutamate, and compared to that of other multipolar neurons of other regions of the ventral cochlear nucleus. Cells in the octopus cell area have an ultrastructure similar to large-giant D-multipolar neurons present in other areas of the cochlear nucleus, from which they differ by the presence of a larger excitatory axo-somatic synaptic input and larger mitochondria. Octopus cells are glycine and GABA negative, and glutamate positive with different degree. Large 
octopus cells receive more axo-somatic boutons than smaller octopus cells. Fusiform octopus cells are found sparsely within the intermediate acoustic striae. These cells are large to giant excitatory neurons (23-35 microm) with 62-85\% of their irregular perimeter covered with large axo-somatic synaptic boutons. Most boutons contain round vesicles and are glycine and GABA negative but glutamate positive. The latter excitatory boutons represent about 70\% of the input to octopus cells. Glycine positive boutons with flat and pleomorphic vesicles account for 9-10\% of the input while GABA-ergic boutons with pleomorphic vesicles represent about 20\% of the synaptic input. Other few, multipolar cells within the rat octopus cell area are surrounded by more inhibitory than excitatory terminals which contain flat and pleomorphic vesicles, a feature distinctive from that of true octopus cells. The latter resemble multipolar cells seen outside the octopus cell area that project to the contralateral inferior colliculus 
and cochlear nucleus. Based on this study, two types of large multipolar cells are present in the octopus cell area: 1) those that receive about 70\% of axo-somatic R boutons and stain more intensely for glutamate may correspond to pure onset neurons (Oi); 2) those with less than 33\% of R axosomatic boutons, with less immunoreactivity to glutamate and sometimes glycine positive may represent the onset chopper neurons (Oc). In the octopus cell area the first type appears more prevalent. The present study suggests that octopus cells are a special type of excitatory D-multipolar neuron confined to the octopus cell area and mainly innervated by glutamatergic cochlear nerve terminals.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/S0940-9602(03)80003-1},
  Institution              = {Dipartimento di Biologia evoluzionistica sperimentale, University of Bologna, via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology/ultrastructure; Glutamic Acid, analysis; Glycine, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Mitochondria, ultrastructure; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Rats; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0940-9602(03)80003-1},
  Pmid                     = {12597124},
  Timestamp                = {14.07.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0940-9602(03)80003-1}
}

@Article{Alibardi:2003a,
  author      = {Alibardi, Lorenzo},
  title       = {Ultrastructural distribution of glycinergic and GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus, with emphasis on granule cell areas.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {203},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {31--56},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00208.x},
  abstract    = {A knowledge of neurotransmitters in the neurons of the rat cochlear nuclear complex is of importance in understanding the function of auditory circuits. Using post-embedding ultrastructural immunogold labelling, the distribution of glycinergic and GABAergic neurons and axonal terminals has been studied in the molecular, fusiform and polymorphic layers of the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). This technique is not limited by the penetration of antibodies into the nervous tissue as in pre-embedding methods, and allows a fine neurochemical mapping of the nervous tissue. Numerous glycinergic and GABAergic axon terminals contain pleomorphic and flat synaptic vesicles, and are present in all layers (1, 2, 3) of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Glycine and GABA-negative large terminals (mossy fibres) are mainly seen in granule cell areas of layer 2 (fusiform layer). Mossy fibres contact the dendrites of GABA- and glycine-negative granule cells and of the few unipolar brush cells (excitatory neurons). 
The least common cells in the granule cell areas are GABAergic and glycinergic Golgi-stellate neurons. In unipolar brush cells, aggregations of vesicles seem to be the origin of their characteristic ringlet-bodies. Golgi-stellate cells send their inhibitory terminals to the dendrites of granule and unipolar brush cells, occasionally directly to mossy fibres. Small or (less frequently) large GABAergic terminals contact the soma or the main dendrite of unipolar brush cells. The circuit of a hypothetical functional unit of neurons in the DCN is proposed. The inputs from auditory tonotopic or non-auditory non-tonotopic mossy fibres eventually reach pyramidal cells through axons from the granule cells or unipolar brush cells. Pyramidal cells convey an excitatory signal from the DCN to higher mesencephalic nuclei for further elaboration of the acoustic signal.},
  institution = {Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it},
  journal     = {J Anat},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Cochlear Nucleus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Female; Glycine, analysis/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Nerve Fibers, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12892405},
  timestamp   = {14.07.2015},
}

@Article{Alibardi:2003b,
  author      = {Alibardi, L.},
  title       = {Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry for glycine in neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {35},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {373--387},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Neurons in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig were classified according to their positivity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine, ultrastructure and projections to the inferior colliculus as indicated by tract-tracing and ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. Only some pyramidal and few giant cells, surrounded by glycinergic boutons containing flat and pleomorphic vesicles, projected to the inferior colliculus as glycine-negative excitatory cells. Smaller neurons in superficial layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus did not project to the inferior colliculus, and were recognized as glycine-negative granule and unipolar brush cells. Few glycinergic, inhibitory neurons among granule cells were indicated as Golgi-stellate neurons. All small neurons associated to the granule cell areas received few, mainly glycinergic synapses, and their dendrites contacted large boutons (mossy fibers). Other medium-large glycine positive neurons in the superficial (cartwheel) and deep layers (
tuberculo-ventral and large-giant) of the dorsal cochlear nucleus did not project to the inferior colliculus. Giant-large glycinergic neurons surrounded by sparse axo-somatic, mostly glycinergic synapses, probably represent commissural neurons projecting to the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Rare boutons, possibly descending from the inferior colliculus, were seen onto pyramidal cells or their dendrites, and these boutons mainly stored glycine positive pleomorphic vesicles or glycine negative round vesicles. No descending mossy fibers storing round vesicles were labelled from the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. These observations suggest that very few terminals in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig are derived from the inferior colliculus.},
  institution = {Department of Experimental Evolutionary Biology, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it},
  journal     = {J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cochlear Nucleus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Female; Glycine, metabolism; Guinea Pigs; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi, metabolism/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {15137679},
  timestamp   = {14.07.2015},
}

@Article{Alibardi:2004,
  Title                    = {Mossy fibers in granule cell areas of the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus from intrinsic and extrinsic origin innervate unipolar brush cell glomeruli.},
  Author                   = {L. Alibardi},
  Journal                  = {J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {193--210},
  Volume                   = {36},

  Abstract                 = {Non tonotopic transmission between cochlear nuclei and other auditory and non-auditory nuclei in the brain is probably due to large axonal terminals (mossy fibers) innervating granule cell areas of cochlear nuclei. The origin of mossy fibers in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) is multiple, from other auditory or non-auditory nuclei but possibly also from intrinsic neurons. The present ultrastructural immunocytochemical study reports for the first time the presence of anterograde-labeled mossy fibers in the DCN of the rat after injection of the neural tracer WGA-HRP into 3 different nuclei. Labeled mossy fibers were seen in 9.0\% of mossy fibers detected after tracer injection into the ipsilateral anteroventral cochlear nucleus, in 7.3\% of mossy fibers after contralateral collicular injection, and 13.2\% after contralateral cochlear nucleus injection. Most (over 95\%) mossy fibers contained round vesicles, both large and small, and were likely excitatory terminals, but few 
showed flat-pleomorphic vesicles that contained the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine. Most of the anterograde-labeled ipsilateral mossy fibers containing small round synaptic vesicles, are probably derived from multipolar neurons within the ipsilateral anteroventral cochlear nucleus. After injections into the contralateral inferior colliculus, it was not possible to distinguish putative descending collicular mossy fibers from intrinsic mossy fibers. The latter would suggest the presence of an amplification pathway within the DCN, from collateral axons of pyramidal or stellate cells of the ipsilateral ventral cochlear nucleus to form glomeruli with granule-unipolar brush cells. After injection into the contralateral cochlear nucleus, it was not possible to distinguish between commissural mossy fibers and those derived from ipsilateral recurrent axon-terminals of commissural neurons within the DCN or the ventral cochlear nucleus. Despite this limitation, the present observations show that 
extrinsic or intrinsic mossy fibers reach granule cell areas in layers 2 and 3 of the DCN and form glomeruli of large or small dimension (1.5-4 microm) with unipolar brush and granule cells. These mossy fibers probably carry a fast excitatory non-tonotopic input which may influence the electrical response of granule cell areas.},
  Institution              = {Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Italy. Alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Cochlear Nucleus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Cytoplasmic Granules, ultrastructure; Glycine, metabolism; Inferior Colliculi, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Microvilli, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {15554505},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012}
}

@Article{Alibardi:2006,
  Title                    = {Review: cytological characteristics of commissural and tuberculo-ventral neurons in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus.},
  Author                   = {Alibardi, Lorenzo},
  Journal                  = {Hear Res},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Pages                    = {73--80},
  Volume                   = {216-217},

  Abstract                 = {The goal of the present review is to summarize the main ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characteristics for glycine and GABA in commissural (COM) and tuberculo-ventral neurons (TV) of the DCN. These neurons are localized in similar areas of the DCN multipolar but are connected to different targets. About 2/3rd of COM-neurons are large to bipolar neurons, mainly glycinergic, often GABA-ergic, with scarce ergastoplasm and axo-somatic boutons. About 1/3rd of COM-neurons are glycine and GABA-negative, and show little ergastoplasm and synaptic coverage. Occasional giant COM-neurons are glycine-positive and GABA-negative, and are covered with synaptic boutons. Other infrequent large neurons, rich in dense core vesicles, glycine- and GABA-negative, are most covered with boutons. TV-neurons are most glycinergic but 9\% are glycine-negative. They have little ergastoplasm and a developed Golgi apparatus. Axo-somatic terminals are scarce and mainly contain flat and pleomorphic 
vesicles, glycine and sometimes GABA (inhibitory). TV-neurons receive a lower number of boutons than COM, which contain mainly flat-pleomorphic terminals. Putative COM-inhibitory boutons contact excitatory pyramidal and giant neurons (monosynaptic inhibition). Some putative inhibitory COM-terminals contact inhibitory cartwheel and tuberculo-ventral neurons. This indicates direct disinhibition and therefore excitation in the DCN (di-three-synaptic). Putative COM-mossy fibers reach the granule areas of the DCN, including unipolar brush cell dendrites, another possible excitatory commissural pathway.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.heares.2006.01.005},
  Institution              = {Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Via Selmi 3, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy. alibardi@biblio.cib.unibo.it},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology; Glycine, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, chemistry/classification/physiology/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, classification/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0378-5955(06)00010-4},
  Pmid                     = {16510258},
  Timestamp                = {29.11.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2006.01.005}
}

@Article{Alimoradian:2013,
  author      = {Alimoradian, Abbas and Sajedianfard, Javad and {Baha-Aldini Beigy}, Faegheh and Panjehshahin, Mohammad Reza and Owji, Ali Akbar},
  title       = {Relationship of Dopamine of the Nucleus Accumbens with Intra-infralimbic Apomorphine Microinjection.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {743--750},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {The dopamine level of the nucleus accumbens changes during some stereotyped behaviors. To study dopamine level of the nucleus accumbens in intra infralimbic apomorphine-induced climbing, microdialysis probes were implanted into the nucleus accumbens shell of male Sprague Dawley rats weighting 275-400 g.The rats were divided into two groups (apomorphine and control) of least eleven rats in each group. Apomorphine at dose of 5 ?g/0.5 ?l or its vehicle was microinjected into the infralimbic in apomorphine and control groups respectively. Then, changes in dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens shell were monitored. The concentration of dopamine was measured by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electochemical (HPLC-ECD). Finally, the stereotyped behaviors were recorded.The mean of dopamine levels for all of after microinjection period in control and drug groups were 450\% and 150\% respectively compared to those of before microinjection period. However, there was no significant difference 
between groups of apomorphine and control. In addition, the return of dopamine level to the baseline was faster in apomorphine group than the control group.The intra infralimbic apomorphine -induced climbing at dose of 5 ?g/0.5 ?l was not modulated via the increase of dopamine level in the nucleus accumbens area.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.},
  journal     = {Iran J Basic Med Sci},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {23997899},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Alioto:2008,
  Title                    = {Sensory sciatic nerve afferent inputs to the dorsal lateral medulla in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Olavo Egídio Alioto and Charles Julian Lindsey and Janice Koepp and Cristofer André Caous},
  Journal                  = {Auton Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Number                   = {1-2},
  Pages                    = {80--87},
  Volume                   = {140},

  Abstract                 = {Investigations show the paratrigeminal nucleus (Pa5) as an input site for sensory information from the sciatic nerve field. Functional or physical disruption of the Pa5 alters behavioral and somatosensory responses to nociceptive hindpaw stimulation or sciatic nerve electrostimulation (SNS), both contralateral to the affected structure. The nucleus, an input site for cranial and spinal nerves, known for orofacial nociceptive sensory processing, has efferent connections to structures associated with nociception and cardiorespiratory functions. This study aimed at determining the afferent sciatic pathway to dorsal lateral medulla by means of a neuronal tract-tracer (biocytin) injected in the iliac segment of the sciatic nerve. Spinal cord samples revealed bilateral labeling in the gracile and pyramidal or cuneate tracts from survival day 2 (lumbar L1/L2) to day 8 (cervical C2/C3 segments) following biocytin application. From day 10 to day 20 medulla samples showed labeling of the 
contralateral Pa5 to the injection site. The ipsilateral paratrigeminal nucleus showed labeling on day 10 only. The lateral reticular nucleus (LRt) showed fluorescent labeled terminal fibers on day 12 and 14, after tracer injection to contralateral sciatic nerve. Neurotracer injection into the LRt of sciatic nerve-biocytin-treated rats produced retrograde labeled neurons soma in the Pa5 in the vicinity of biocytin labeled nerve terminals. Therefore, Pa5 may be considered one of the first sites in the brain for sensory/nociceptive inputs from the sciatic nerve. Also, the findings include Pa5 and LRt in the neural pathway of the somatosympathetic pressor response to SNS and nocifensive responses to hindpaw stimulation.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.autneu.2008.04.006},
  Institution              = {Department of Biophysics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Brain Mapping; Functional Laterality, physiology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Nociceptors, cytology/physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sciatic Nerve, cytology/physiology; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, cytology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S1566-0702(08)00064-7},
  Pmid                     = {18514588},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2008.04.006}
}

@Article{Alisky:1994,
  author      = {Alisky, J. M. and Tolbert, D. L.},
  title       = {Differential labeling of converging afferent pathways using biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin subunit B.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {52},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {143--148},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-0270(94)90122-8},
  abstract    = {We report a new technique for 2-tracer anterograde labeling that permits unequivocal identification of the differentially labeled projections in the same section. One pathway is labeled with biotinylated dextran amine and is visualized as a black to dark gray diaminobenzidine (DAB)-cobalt precipitate by an avidin-biotinylated peroxidase reaction. The other pathway is labeled with cholera toxin subunit B and is visualized as a reddish-brown reaction product using DAB without cobalt as the substrate for peroxidase immunohistochemistry. To maintain serial order, sections can be processed mounted on slides without any loss of sensitivity for either tracer.},
  institution = {Francis and Doris Murphy Neuroanatomy Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, St. Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cholera Toxin; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Nerve Tissue, physiology; Peptide Fragments; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7526082},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Alisky:1997,
  author      = {Alisky, J. M. and Tolbert, D. L.},
  title       = {Quantitative analysis of converging spinal and cuneate mossy fibre afferent projections to the rat cerebellar anterior lobe.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {80},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {373--388},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00082-1},
  abstract    = {The convergence/divergence of mossy fibre afferent projections to the cerebellar anterior lobe from a single lumbar segment, from adjacent or widely separated lower thoracic and lumbar segments, and finally from the lower thoracic-upper lumbar spinal cord and the brainstem cuneate nuclei was quantitatively analysed in adult rats. Spinal and cuneate mossy fibre terminals were differentially labelled with biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin subunit B, immunohistochemically identified in the same histological sections, and their spatial distributions quantitatively plotted in computer reconstructions of the unfolded anterior lobe cortex. Afferent convergence was quantified by calculating the number of biotinylated dextran amine-labelled terminals that radially overlapped with cholera toxin-labelled terminals at points on the unfolded cortical map that represented theoretical Purkinje cells. Spino- and cuneocerebellar mossy fibre terminals are organized in patches that are oriented in 
parasagittally-oriented stripes or transversely oriented bands. Afferent convergence was greatest following biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin injections in the same or adjacent spinal lumbar segments (60 and 52\%, respectively). When biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin were injected in a single segment differentially labelled terminals appeared randomly intermingled in common patches. There was a trend for terminals labelled from adjacent lumbar segments to be more segregated in the patches. Segmentally separated biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin spinal cord injections (four lumbar segments) resulted in clearly segregated (80\%) biotinylated dextran amine from cholera toxin-labelled terminal patches or patches with distinct divergence of the differentially labelled terminals in the patch. Cuneocerebellar terminals labelled with biotinylated dextran amine were located in patches, stripes, and bands spatially segregated from terminal patches, stripes, and bands of cholera toxin-
labelled spinal afferents except at their immediate borders where some radial overlap occurred (9-22\%). These anatomical findings for a fractured somatotopy of spinal and cuneate inputs to the cerebellar anterior lobe complement neurophysiological findings for a very similar pattern of organization of cutaneous inputs to the posterior lobe, and are discussed in light of potential mechanisms for anterior lobe processing of somatosensory information.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, St Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104, USA.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cerebellum, cytology; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Nerve Endings, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Purkinje Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452297000821},
  pmid        = {9284341},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Al-Khater:2008,
  Title                    = {A quantitative study of spinothalamic neurons in laminae I, III, and IV in lumbar and cervical segments of the rat spinal cord.},
  Author                   = {Khulood M Al-Khater and Robert Kerr and Andrew J Todd},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {1--18},
  Volume                   = {511},

  Abstract                 = {The major ascending outputs from superficial spinal dorsal horn consist of projection neurons in lamina I, together with neurons in laminae III-IV that express the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r) and have dendrites that enter the superficial laminae. Some neurons in each of these populations belong to the spinothalamic tract, which conveys nociceptive information via the thalamus to cortical areas involved in pain. A projection from the cervical superficial dorsal horn to the posterior triangular nucleus (PoT) has recently been identified. PoT is at the caudal end of the thalamus and was not included in injection sites in many previous retrograde tracing studies. We have injected various tracers (cholera toxin B subunit, Fluoro-Gold, and fluorescent latex microspheres) into the thalamus to estimate the number of spinothalamic neurons in each of these two populations, and to investigate their projection targets. Most lamina I and lamina III/IV NK1r-immunoreactive spinothalamic 
neurons in cervical and lumbar segments could be labeled from injections centered on PoT. Our results suggest that there are 90 lamina I spinothalamic neurons per side in C7 and 15 in L4 and that some of those in C7 only project to PoT. We found that 85\% of the lamina III/IV NK1r-immunoreactive neurons in C6 and 17\% of those in L5 belong to the spinothalamic tract, and these apparently project exclusively to the caudal thalamus, including PoT. Because PoT projects to second somatosensory and insular cortices, our results suggest that these are major targets for information conveyed by both these populations of spinothalamic neurons.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.21811},
  Institution              = { Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom. a.todd@bio.gla.ac.uk},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microspheres; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology; Spinothalamic Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {18720412},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21811}
}

@Article{Al-Khater:2009,
  Title                    = {Collateral projections of neurons in laminae I, III, and IV of rat spinal cord to thalamus, periaqueductal gray matter, and lateral parabrachial area.},
  Author                   = {Al-Khater, Khulood M. and Todd, Andrew J.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {629--646},
  Volume                   = {515},

  Abstract                 = {Projection neurons in lamina I, together with those in laminae III-IV that express the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r), form a major route through which nociceptive information reaches the brain. Axons of these cells innervate various targets, including thalamus, periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), and lateral parabrachial area (LPb), and many cells project to more than one target. The aims of this study were to quantify projections from cervical enlargement to PAG and LPb, to determine the proportion of spinothalamic neurons at lumbar and cervical levels that were labelled from PAG and LPb, and to investigate morphological differences between projection populations. The C7 segment contained fewer lamina I spinoparabrachial cells than L4, but a similar number of spino-PAG cells. Virtually all spinothalamic lamina I neurons at both levels were labelled from LPb and between one-third and one-half from PAG. This suggests that significant numbers project to all three targets. 
Spinothalamic lamina I neurons differed from those labelled only from LPb in that they were generally larger, were more often multipolar, and (in cervical enlargement) had stronger NK1r immunoreactivity. Most lamina III/IV NK1r cells at both levels projected to LPb, but few were labelled from PAG. The great majority of these cells in C7 and over one-fourth of those in L4 were spinothalamic, and at each level some projected to both thalamus and LPb. These results confirm that neurons in these laminae have extensive collateral projections and suggest that different neuronal subpopulations in lamina I have characteristic patterns of supraspinal projection.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.22081},
  Institution              = {Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Biological Markers, metabolism; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Membrane Proteins, metabolism; Neurons, cytology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, metabolism; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {19496168},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22081}
}

@Article{Allan:1997,
  author      = {Allan, D. W. and Greer, J. J.},
  title       = {Development of phrenic motoneuron morphology in the fetal rat.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {382},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {469--479},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970616)382:4<469::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-0},
  abstract    = {This study examined the morphological changes that a homogeneous mammalian spinal motoneuron population undergoes during foetal development. Retrograde labelling of the phrenic nerve with the carbocyanine dye, DiI, was used to visualise developmental changes in phrenic motoneuron morphology within the cervical spinal cord of perinatal rats from embryonic day (E) 13.5 to birth (ca. E21). Groups of intimately associated phrenic somata had migrated into the ventromedial region of cervical segments C3-C6 by E14. This migration was followed by their progressive compaction into a tightly aligned column by E18. During this period, close contact was maintained between phrenic somata throughout the motor pool, suggestive of the presence of gap junctions. From E15 to E18, extensive dendritic arborisations fanned out dorsolaterally and ventromedially into the white matter and the floor plate. By E19, however, dendritic fasciculation and retraction and the extension of newly formed rostrocaudally 
projecting dendrites had resulted in the approximation of the dendritic morphology observed at birth. These data demonstrate that morphological maturation of phrenic motoneurons occurs subsequently to the onset of functional recruitment and the arrival of central processes of dorsal root ganglion neurons within the ventral horn (ca. E17). By birth, a number of immature features remain, including a larger proportion of neurites that project into the white matter and into the floor plate, the presence of growth cones on a number of dendrites, and close contact between populations of contralaterally derived dendrites.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. dallan@physio.med.ualberta.ca},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Embryonic and Fetal Development, physiology; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/embryology; Motor Neurons, ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, ultrastructure; Phrenic Nerve, cytology/embryology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-0},
  pmid        = {9184994},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Allan:2000,
  author      = {Allan, S. M.},
  title       = {The role of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in neurodegeneration.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {917},
  pages       = {84--93},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05373.x},
  abstract    = {Experimental and clinical damage to the brain leads to rapid upregulation of an array of cytokines predominantly by glia. These cytokines may exert neurotoxic or neuroprotective actions. This paper will focus on the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1), which participates in diverse forms of brain damage including ischemia, brain trauma, and excitotoxic injury. Administration of low doses of IL-1 markedly exacerbates these forms of brain damage, whereas blocking IL-1 release or actions reduces neuronal death. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) is also upregulated by brain damage (mainly by neurons) and acts as an endogenous inhibitor of neurodegeneration, presumably by blocking IL-1 actions on its receptor. We have studied the actions of both IL-1 and IL-1ra in experimental models of ischemic and neurotoxic injury in rats, and have found site-specific effects within the striatum. On the basis of this and further work, we propose that IL-1 can exacerbate cell death in these 
conditions by modifying polysynaptic anterograde pathways leading from the striatum to the cortex. The precise nature of these pathways remains undetermined, as do the underlying mechanisms by which IL-1 can exert its effects, but appear to involve induction of IL-1 in specific brain regions and activation of cortical glutamatergic pathways.},
  institution = {School of Biological Sciences, 1.124 Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom. stuart.allan@man.ac.uk},
  journal     = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
  keywords    = {Cytokines, immunology; Humans; Inflammation; Neurodegenerative Diseases, etiology/immunology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11268414},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Allegrini:2003,
  Title                    = {Three-dimensional MRI of cerebral projections in rat brain in vivo after intracortical injection of MnCl2.},
  Author                   = {Peter R Allegrini and Christoph Wiessner},
  Journal                  = {NMR Biomed},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {252--256},
  Volume                   = {16},

  Abstract                 = {In this study we investigated the potential of in vivo MRI detection of axonal Mn2+ transport for tracing neuronal projections originating in the sensorimotor cortex in healthy and lesioned rat brains. Special attention was given to the potential of visualizing neuronal sprouting of central nervous system across the midline. After injecting unchelated MnCl2 into the forelimb area of sensorimotor cortex of 18 healthy and 10 lesioned rats corticofugal projections could be traced through the internal capsule to the cerebral peduncle and the pyramidal decussation. Although the neuronal tract was visible as early as 6 h after MnCl2 injection, best contrast was achieved after 24-48 h. Beside the cortico-spinal tract, the cortico-thalamic fibres were also visualized by anterograde Mn2+ transport. Cortico-striatal fibres were partially masked by the very high signal near the MnCl2 injection site but could be discerned as well. Slight, diffuse signal enhancement of cortical tissue 
contralateral to the MnCl2 injection site in healthy rat brains suggests interhemispheric connections or passive diffusion of Mn2+. However, enhanced fibre tract contrast connecting both hemispheres was visible 16 weeks after onset of focal photothrombotic cortical injury. In conclusion our study has shown that we were able to visualize reproducibly the main descending corticofugal projections and interhemispheric connections by non-invasive MRI after localized injection of MnCl2. The appearance of interhemispheric Mn2+-enhanced fibres after photothrombotic focal injury indicates that the method may bear potential to follow non-invasively gross plastic changes of connectivity in the brain after injury.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/nbm.834},
  Institution              = {Novartis Pharma AG, Preclinical Research, PO Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. peter.allegrini@pharma.novartis.com},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Feasibility Studies; Intracranial Thrombosis, metabolism/pathology; Magnesium Chloride, administration /&/ dosage/diagnostic use/pharmacokinetics; Magnetic Resonance Imaging, methods; Male; Microinjections, methods; Motor Cortex, metabolism/pathology; Neural Pathways, metabolism/pathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Somatosensory Cortex, metabolism/pathology; Tissue Distribution},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {14648884},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nbm.834}
}

@Article{Allen:1990b,
  author      = {Allen, D. T. and Kiernan, J. A.},
  title       = {A circulating exogenous protein can enter enteric nervous tissue in the rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {33--36},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1097/00001756-199009000-00010},
  abstract    = {Previous studies of the permeation of circulating protein tracers yielded conflicting results in the enteric nervous system. We show that within 5 min of intravenous injection, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enters all the extracellular spaces of the ganglia and connecting strands of the submucous and myenteric plexuses of the rat's small intestine, including the clefts between neuroglial cells and neurons. The tracer is still there after 10 min, but is nearly all gone 30 min after injection. Enteric neurons, like others with somata in peripheral ganglia, are therefore probably accessible to plasma proteins and to substances with smaller molecules that are protein-bound when circulating in the blood.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.},
  journal     = {Neuroreport},
  keywords    = {Animals; Blood Proteins, metabolism; Erythrocytes, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Intestine, Small, innervation/metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Myenteric Plexus, metabolism; Nerve Tissue, metabolism; Neuroglia, metabolism; Proteins, metabolism; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2129851},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Allen:2005,
  Title                    = {Overlap in the distribution of TrkB immunoreactivity and retinohypothalamic tract innervation of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.},
  Author                   = {Gregg C Allen and David J Earnest},
  Journal                  = {Neurosci Lett},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {200--204},
  Volume                   = {376},

  Abstract                 = {Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may regulate the circadian sensitivity of the clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to light, possibly by modulating retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) input. In the present study, the anatomical distribution of the cognate receptor for BDNF, the TrkB tyrosine kinase, in RHT fibers and the SCN of rats was analyzed using combined immunohistochemical and anterograde tracing methods. Fluorescent immunostaining for the TrkB receptor was evident in fibers and cell bodies throughout the SCN. Dual labeling analysis revealed that there was substantial overlap in the distribution of TrkB immunostaining and cholera toxin subunit B (CTB)-labeling within RHT terminals and fibers projecting from the optic chiasm to the ventrolateral SCN. The present results suggest that RHT fibers may express TrkB receptors and thus provide a paracrine target for BDNF-mediated regulation of photic input to the SCN.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.076},
  Institution              = {M University Health Science Center, 238 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, metabolism; Cholera Toxin; Circadian Rhythm, physiology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Optic Chiasm, cytology/metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, trkB, metabolism; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/metabolism; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Visual Pathways, cytology/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0304-3940(04)01471-5},
  Pmid                     = {15721221},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.076}
}

@Article{Allen:1996,
  Title                    = {Trigeminal-parabrachial connections: possible pathway for nociception-induced cardiovascular reflex responses.},
  Author                   = {Allen, G. V. and Barbrick, B. and Esser, M. J.},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {1-2},
  Pages                    = {125--135},
  Volume                   = {715},

  Abstract                 = {Noxious stimulation of dental nerves elicits marked changes in cardiovascular function. In order to investigate central pathways mediating reflex changes in cardiovascular activity, immunohistochemical localization of cells expressing the immediate-early gene, c-fos, was used to identify central nervous responding to noxious electrical stimulation of mandibular, incisor tooth dentin or chemical (capsaicin) stimulation of tooth pulp in the anesthetized rat. Injections of Fluoro-Gold were made in the lateral parabrachial region to identify efferent projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Electrical and chemical stimulation produced similar patterns of Fos-positive neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus: subnuclei caudalis, interpolaris and oralis. Fos-positive neurons were most dense in laminae I and II of the dorsomedial subnucleus caudalis with fewer Fos-positive neurons located in the interpolaris and oralis subnuclei. Sham stimulation of tooth dentin and control 
vehicle injections into the tooth pulp resulted in either a few weakly stained or no Fos-positive neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Cell bodies double labeled with Fluro-Gold following injections into the parabrachial region and Fos-protein subsequent to electrical stimulation of incisor tooth were present in all three subnuclei of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The largest number of Fos-positive neurons with efferent projections to the lateral parabrachial region were located in subnucleus caudalis (32.2 +/- 5.3 S.E.M.) and fewer were located in the interpolaris (0.4 +/- 0.4 S.E.M.) and oralis (19.8 +/- 3.5 S.E.M.) subnuclei. The results demonstrate that nociceptive dental input received by the three subnuclei of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, particularly the subnucleus caudalis, is relayed to the lateral parabrachial nucleus.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)01580-9},
  Institution              = {Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. gva@ac.dal.ca},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Blood Pressure, physiology; Dentin, drug effects/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Fluorescent Dyes; Heart Rate, physiology; Hemodynamics, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiopathology; Nociceptors, physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiopathology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reflex, physiology; Stilbamidines; Stimulation, Chemical; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiopathology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {0006-8993(95)01580-9},
  Pmid                     = {8739631},
  Timestamp                = {29.11.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)01580-9}
}

@Article{Allen:1992,
  Title                    = {Functional and anatomical organization of cardiovascular pressor and depressor sites in the lateral hypothalamic area: I. Descending projections.},
  Author                   = {G. V. Allen and D. F. Cechetto},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {313--332},
  Volume                   = {315},

  Abstract                 = {The present study describes the anatomical organization of projections from functionally defined cell groups of the lateral hypothalamic area. Cardiovascular pressor and depressor sites were identified following microinjection (5-50 nl) of 0.01-1.0 M L-glutamate or D,L-homocysteate into the anesthetized rat. Subsequent injections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) or wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were made into pressor or depressor sites and their connections with the brainstem and spinal cord were traced. Decreases in blood pressure (10-45 mmHg) and heart rate (20-70 bpm) were elicited from tuberal (LHAt) and posterior (LHAp) regions of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Depressor neurons in the LHAt have descending projections to the central gray, dorsal and median raphe nuclei, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, pontine reticular formation, medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, laterodorsal tegmental region, and medullary reticular 
formation including the region of the lateral tegmental field, nucleus ambigous, and rostrocaudal ventral lateral medulla. In contrast, descending projections from depressor neurons in the LHAp have dense terminal fields in the rostral, middle, and commissural portions of the nucleus of the solitary tract and the lateral tegmental field as well as the ventrolateral central gray, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, and medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei. Both the LHAt and LHAp have light projections to the intermediate region of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. Increases in blood pressure (10-40 mmHg) and heart rate (20-70 bpm) were elicited almost exclusively from neurons located medial to the LHAt and LHAp in a region surrounding the fornix, termed the perifornical area (PFA). Pressor cells in the PFA have descending projections to the central gray, dorsal and median raphe nuclei, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and Barrington's nucleus as well as a light projection to the commissural portion of 
the nucleus of the solitary tract and the intermediate region of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. The retrograde labeling observed in the WGA-HRP studies indicates that cells in most terminal fields have reciprocal projections to the pressor and depressor regions of the LHA. The results demonstrate that groups of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus with specific cardiovascular function have differential projections to the brain stem.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903150307},
  Institution              = {e and Aging, London, Ontario, Canada.},
  Keywords                 = {Amino Acids, pharmacology; Animals; Blood Pressure, physiology; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Heart Rate, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1740546},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903150307}
}

@Article{Allen:1993,
  Title                    = {Functional and anatomical organization of cardiovascular pressor and depressor sites in the lateral hypothalamic area. II. Ascending projections.},
  Author                   = {G. V. Allen and D. F. Cechetto},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {421--438},
  Volume                   = {330},

  Abstract                 = {Microinjections of L-glutamate or D,L-homocysteic acid were used to stimulate cell bodies in the region of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) selectively. Subsequent iontophoretic injections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or pressure injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were made into regions containing identified pressor and depressor sites and their connections with the forebrain and cerebral cortex were traced. The results indicate that decreases in blood pressure (10-45 mm Hg) and heart rate (20-70 bpm) could be elicited from tuberal (LHAt) and posterior (LHAp) sites in the LHA and that these regions have ascending projections to the insular cortex, the ventral forebrain including the septal-diagonal band of Broca complex, the ventral palladium, substantia innominata, amygdala, and the lateral preoptic area. In contrast, increases in blood pressure (10-40 mm Hg) and heart rate (20-70 bpm) were elicited primarily from neurons located adjacent to 
the fornix in the perifornical area (PFA). Injections of tract tracers into this region produced terminal labeling that differed markedly from the pattern seen following injections of tracer into depressor sites in the LHA. In addition, the pattern of anterograde labeling seen following injections of tracer into the anterior PFA differed from that seen following injections of tracer into the posterior PFA. Injections of tracer into the anterior PFA resulted in dense terminal labeling in the medial preoptic area and the parvicellular paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus whereas injections into the posterior PFA resulted in dense terminal labeling in the lateral septal nucleus, nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, as well as the medial preoptic area and the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The results demonstrate that the posterolateral hypothalamus of the rat contains two regions with specific cardiovascular function and highly organized connections with 
diencephalic, forebrain, and cortical structures.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903300310},
  Institution              = {Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Amino Acids, pharmacology; Animals; Blood Pressure, physiology; Brain Mapping; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7682225},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903300310}
}

@Article{Allen:1994,
  Title                    = {Serotoninergic and nonserotoninergic neurons in the medullary raphe system have axon collateral projections to autonomic and somatic cell groups in the medulla and spinal cord.},
  Author                   = {Allen, G. V. and Cechetto, D. F.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {357--366},
  Volume                   = {350},

  Abstract                 = {Fluorescent double retrograde-tracing studies combined with fluorescent immunostaining for serotonin were carried out to determine the potential patterns of divergence in axonal projections to autonomic and somatic motor sites from medullary raphe and parapyramidal neurons. Injections (20-60 nl) of combinations of fluorescent retrograde tracers (Fast Blue, fluoro-gold, green latex microspheres, Diamidino Yellow) were made into the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the spinal cord and the brainstem lateral tegmental field or ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord of male Wistar rats. The animals were perfused after a 7-10-day survival period, and the brains were removed, sectioned (50 microns), and immunostained for serotonin. Following injections of different retrograde-tracer substances into the IML of the thoracic cord and the ventral horn of the lumbar cord, 36\% of the neurons with axon collateral projections to the IML and the lumbar ventral horn were serotoninergic. 
Following injections of different retrograde-tracer substances into the IML and the lateral tegmental field, 26\% of the neurons with axon collateral projections to the IML and the lateral tegmental field were serotoninergic. Many of the medullary neurons with projections to the lateral tegmental field and the lumbar cord were located dorsal and lateral to those neurons with projections to the IML. The results indicate that serotoninergic and nonserotoninergic neurons of the midline raphe system and parapyramidal region have axon collateral branches to the IML and the lateral tegmental field or the IML and the lumbar ventral horn. These projection neurons may form the anatomical substrate for the integration of autonomic and somatic motor activity.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903500303},
  Institution              = {Dalhousie University, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.},
  Keywords                 = {Amidines; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Stem, cytology; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Fluorescent Dyes; Latex; Male; Microspheres; Neurons, cytology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin, analysis; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Stilbamidines},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7533797},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903500303}
}

@Article{Allen:1995,
  author      = {G. V. Allen and D. F. Cechetto},
  title       = {Neurotensin in the lateral hypothalamic area: origin and function.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {69},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {533--544},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00261-g},
  abstract    = {The origin of neurotensin in the lateral hypothalamus was investigated by means of fluorescent retrograde tract tracing and neurotensin-like immunoreactivity. Following fluorescent retrograde tract tracing with FluoroGold combined with neurotensin immunohistochemistry in the rat brain, numerous neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons with projections to the posterior lateral hypothalamic area were identified in the central nucleus of the amygdala, perifornical area and the parabrachial nucleus. Fewer numbers of neurotensin-positive neurons with projections to the lateral hypothalamic area were observed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral septal nucleus, medial preoptic area, peri- and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, anterior lateral hypothalamic area and dorsal raphe nucleus. In addition, the role of neurotensin in the modulation of autonomic regulatory input from the insula was investigated. The lateral hypothalamic area was surveyed for single units responding to 
electrical stimulation (500-900 microA, 0.5 Hz) of sites in the insular cortex from which cardiovascular pressor or depressor responses could be elicited. These units were tested for the influence of neurotensin on responses to stimulation of the insular cortex. Of 60 spontaneously firing neurons, 27 units responded to electrical stimulation of cardiovascular sites in the insula. Of the units responding to stimulation of cardiovascular sites in the insula, 14 units showed excitation only, 10 units showed excitation followed by inhibition and three units showed inhibition. Iontophoresis of 0.1-1.0 mM neurotensin (25-100 nA, pH 5.0-6.0) potentiated six of the excitatory responses and showed no effect on the inhibitory responses. In addition, nine neurons showed an increase in spontaneous activity with iontophoresis of neurotensin. Of these neurons, three were excited by insular stimulation and six did not respond. These findings indicate the likely origin of neurotensin in the lateral hypothalamic area and 
demonstrate that neurotensin has a role in the modulation of some of the cardiovascular regulatory input from the insular cortex.},
  institution = {Neurobiology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, chemistry/physiology; Animals; Hypothalamus, chemistry/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurotensin, analysis/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pii         = {0306-4522(95)00261-G},
  pmid        = {8552247},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Allen:1988,
  author      = {Allen, G. V. and Hopkins, D. A.},
  title       = {Mamillary body in the rat: a cytoarchitectonic, Golgi, and ultrastructural study.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {275},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {39--64},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902750105},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902750105},
  abstract    = {The present study provides a comprehensive light and electron microscopic analysis of the anatomical organization of the rat mamillary body. The cytoarchitecture and morphology of mamillary neurons were investigated with the aid of Nissl-stained and Golgi-impregnated sections cut in transverse, horizontal, and sagittal planes. The ultrastructural features of the mamillary nuclei were correlated with observations made on Golgi material. The mamillary body is comprised of a lateral and a medial nucleus, the latter being subdivided into five major subnuclei: pars lateralis, pars basalis, pars medialis, pars medianus, and pars posterior. The perikarya are medium-sized or small with the proportions of each differing among subnuclei. The largest perikarya are found in the lateral mamillary nucleus (cell area 257.0 microns2) and have 2-5 radially oriented aspiny dendrites that are often beaded. Small cells predominate in the pars lateralis (cell area 116.3 microns2) and pars basalis (cell area 118.
3 microns2), whereas the pars medialis (cell area 196.7 microns2), pars medianus (cell area 136.5 microns2), and pars posterior (cell area 154.6 microns2) contain mainly medium-sized cells. The dendrites of most cells in the medial nucleus are radially oriented and exhibit a variety of spines including numerous short stubby spines, spines with thin necks that end in spherical swellings, and long thin spines. Neuronal somata are often closely apposed with no intervening glial processes and contain eccentrically located nuclei with one or more invaginations of the nuclear envelope. Two main classes of axon terminals were identified in the mamillary body. One type contains round vesicles and forms asymmetric synaptic junctions (RA) with dendrites and dendritic spines. RA terminals rarely contact neuronal somata and proximal dendrites in the MB. The second type contains pleomorphic vesicles and forms mainly symmetric synaptic junctions (PS) with neuronal somata as well as dendrites and spinous processes. Dense-
cored vesicles were frequently seen in both types of terminals. Both types of terminals often synapse with two adjacent dendrites and are also found near or adjacent to each other on the same dendrite. A quantitative analysis indicated that the numbers of RA terminals in the medial nucleus almost equals the numbers of PS terminals, whereas the lateral mamillary nucleus contains considerably more PS (64\%) than RA terminals (36\%).},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Male; Mamillary Bodies, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3139720},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Allen:1989,
  Title                    = {Mamillary body in the rat: topography and synaptology of projections from the subicular complex, prefrontal cortex, and midbrain tegmentum.},
  Author                   = {G. V. Allen and D. A. Hopkins},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {311--336},
  Volume                   = {286},

  Abstract                 = {The retrograde and anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) has been used to trace afferent connections of the rat mamillary body (MB) at the light and electron microscopic levels. Injections of WGA-HRP into different parts of the MB resulted in heavy retrograde labeling in the subicular complex, medial prefrontal cortex, and dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei. Injections of WGA-HRP into each of these brain regions, respectively, resulted in anterograde labeling with specific distributions and characteristic synaptic organizations in the MB. Projections from the rostrodorsal and caudoventral subiculum terminated in a topographically organized laminar fashion in the medial mamillary nucleus bilaterally, whereas afferent projections from the presubiculum and parasubiculum terminated only in the lateral mamillary nucleus. Labeled axon terminals which originated from the subicular complex were characterized by round vesicles and 
formed asymmetric synaptic junctions with small-diameter dendrites and dendritic spines in the medial and lateral mamillary nuclei. Projections from the prefrontal cortex originated mainly in the infralimbic area and to a lesser degree in the prelimbic and anterior cingulate areas. Injections of tracer into these brain regions gave rise to dense labeling of axon terminals in the medial mamillary nucleus, pars medianus, and in the anterior dorsomedial portion of the pars medialis. The labeled terminals were characterized by round vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic junctions with small-diameter dendrites and dendritic spines. Projections from the dorsal tegmental nucleus terminated in the ipsilateral lateral mamillary nucleus, whereas afferent projections from the anterior and posterior subnuclei of the ventral tegmental nucleus terminated topographically in the medial mamillary nucleus. The ventral tegmental nucleus, pars anterior projected to the midline region of the medial nucleus and the dorsolateral 
and ventromedial subdivisions of the pars posterior projected to medial and lateral parts of the medial nucleus, respectively. In contrast to the synaptic morphology of subicular complex and medial prefrontal cortex axon terminals in the MB, labeled axon terminals in the MB which originated from the midbrain tegmentum were characterized by pleomorphic vesicles and formed symmetric synaptic junctions with neuronal somata and proximal dendrites as well as distal dendrites and dendritic spines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902860303},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Male; Mamillary Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, Afferent, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, ultrastructure; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2504784},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902860303}
}

@Article{Allen:1990,
  Title                    = {Topography and synaptology of mamillary body projections to the mesencephalon and pons in the rat.},
  Author                   = {G. V. Allen and D. A. Hopkins},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1990},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {214--231},
  Volume                   = {301},

  Abstract                 = {The anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) was used to study the anatomical organization of descending projections from the mamillary body (MB) to the mesencephalon and pons at light and electron microscopic levels. Injections of WGA-HRP into the medial mamillary nucleus resulted in dense anterograde and retrograde labeling in the ventral tegmental nucleus, while injections in the lateral mamillary nucleus resulted in dense anterograde labeling in the dorsal tegmental nucleus pars dorsalis and dense anterograde and retrograde labeling in the pars ventralis of the dorsal tegmental nucleus. Anterogradely labeled fibers in the mamillotegmental tract diverged from the principal mamillary tract in an extensive dorsocaudally oriented swath of axons which extended to the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei, and numerous axons turned sharply ventrally and rostrally to terminate topographically in the dorsomedial 
nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and rostromedial pontine nuclei. The anterograde labeling in these two precerebellar relay nuclei was distributed near the midline such that projections from the lateral mamillary nucleus terminated mainly dorsomedial to the terminal fields of projections from the medial mamillary nucleus. In the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei, labeled axon terminals contained round synaptic vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic junctions primarily with small diameter dendrites and to a lesser extent with neuronal somata. A few labeled terminals contained pleomorphic vesicles and formed symmetric synaptic junctions with dendrites and neuronal somata. Labeled axon terminals were also frequently found in synaptic contact with retrogradely labeled dendrites and neuronal somata in the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei. These findings indicate that neurons in the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei are reciprocally connected with MB projection neurons. In the nucleus reticularis 
tegmenti pontis and medial pontine nuclei, labeled axon terminals contained round synaptic vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic junctions primarily with small diameter dendrites. The present study demonstrates that projections from the medial and lateral nuclei of the MB are topographically organized in the mesencephalon and pons. The synaptic morphology of mamillotegmental projections suggests that they may have excitatory influences primarily on the distal dendrites of neurons in these brain regions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903010206},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Mamillary Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Microscopy, Electron; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1702105},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903010206}
}

@Article{Allen:1998,
  author      = {G. V. Allen and D. A. Hopkins},
  title       = {Convergent prefrontal cortex and mamillary body projections to the medial pontine nuclei: a light and electron microscopic study in the rat.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {398},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {347--358},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980831)398:3<347::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-#},
  abstract    = {To study the convergence of medial prefrontal cortex and mamillary body projections to the medial pontine nuclei, light and electron microscopic, neuroanatomical, tract-tracing experiments were performed. Injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP), biotin conjugated to dextran (BD), or rhodamine conjugated to dextran (RD) were made individually or in combinations into the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, or pons. In addition, injections of WGA-HRP into the medial prefrontal cortex and electrolytic lesions of the mamillary body were made to study the synaptology of afferent projections to the pontine nuclei. In the light microscopic studies, injections of WGA-HRP into the rostromedial pontine nuclei produced dense, retrograde labeling both in the dorsal peduncular area of the medial prefrontal cortex and in the medial mamillary nucleus, pars medialis. Injections of the anterograde tracers BD and RD into the medial prefrontal cortex and the medial 
mamillary nuclei, respectively, resulted in partially overlapping terminal fields in the rostromedial pontine nuclei. In the electron microscopic studies, injections of WGA-HRP into the dorsal peduncular area and electrolytic lesions of the mamillary body produced anterogradely labeled axon terminals and degenerating axon terminals that synapsed on the same dendrites or neuronal somata in the rostromedial pontine nuclei. The results demonstrate that the medial prefrontal cortex and the medial mamillary nuclei have partially overlapping projections to the rostromedial pontine nuclei and implicate precerebellar relay nuclei in the integration of limbic and/or autonomic functions mediated by convergent projections from the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. gva@is.dal.ca},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Male; Mamillary Bodies, cytology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, cytology/ultrastructure; Pons, cytology/ultrastructure; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-},
  pmid        = {9714148},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Allen:1991,
  Title                    = {Organization of visceral and limbic connections in the insular cortex of the rat.},
  Author                   = {G. V. Allen and C. B. Saper and K. M. Hurley and D. F. Cechetto},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1991},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {1--16},
  Volume                   = {311},

  Abstract                 = {The anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to study the anatomical organization of visceral and limbic terminal fields in the insular cortex. Following injections into the ventroposterolateral parvicellular (VPLpc) and ventroposteromedial parvicellular (VPMpc) visceral relay nuclei of the thalamus, dense anterograde and retrograde labeling was present in the posterior granular and dysgranular insular cortices, respectively. The parabrachial nucleus had extensive connections with the posterior dysgranular cortex and to a lesser degree with the anterior dysgranular and granular cortices. In contrast, injections into the medial prefrontal cortex and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus resulted in dense anterograde and retrograde labeling primarily in the anterior agranular cortex, whereas injections in the amygdala resulted in axonal labeling in the agranular and dysgranular insular cortices. Injections into the lateral hypothalamic area resulted in 
dense anterograde and retrograde labeling mainly in the agranular and dysgranular cortices and moderate to light labeling in the granular cortex. Our results indicate that ascending visceral afferents, VPLpc, VPMpc, and parabrachial nuclei, are topographically organized in the granular and dysgranular fields of the insular cortex, whereas the agranular cortex appears to receive highly integrated limbic afferents from the infralimbic cortex and the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. Although these visceral and limbic inputs to the insular cortex are segregated for the most part into different longitudinally oriented strips of cortex, limbic input from the lateral hypothalamic area and the amygdala, which have extensive autonomic as well as limbic connections, are more diffusely distributed over the different regions of the insular cortex. This organization may subserve a role for the insular cortex in integration of autonomic response with ongoing behaviour and emotion.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903110102},
  Institution              = {Department of Stroke and Aging, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, anatomy /&/ histology; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pmid                     = {1719041},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903110102}
}

@Article{Allieri:2013,
  author      = {Allieri, F. and Spigolon, G. and Melcangi, R. C. and Collado, P. and Guillamón, A. and Gotti, S. and Panzica, G. C.},
  title       = {Androgen receptor deficiency alters the arginine-vasopressin sexually dimorphic system in Tfm rats.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {253},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {67--77},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.036},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.036},
  abstract    = {In rodents as well as in many other mammalian and non-mammalian species, the arginine-vasopressin (AVP) system includes a parvocellular sexually dimorphic portion located within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), the medial amygdaloid nucleus (MeA) and the lateral septum. In this system, males have more cells and denser projections than females, neurons show androgen and estrogen receptors, and gonadal hormones are required for the activation. However, the role of these hormones for the differentiation of the system is not clear. Previous studies performed on aromatase knockout mice suggested that estradiol is not necessary for the differentiation of the system, but it is important for its activation in adulthood. To elucidate the role of androgens on differentiation and functioning of AVP parvocellular system, we compared male and female rats with a non-functional mutation of androgen receptor (Tfm, testicular feminization mutation) to their control littermates. Our data show 
that the lack of a functional androgen receptor significantly decreases the expression of AVP immunoreactivity within the BST and MeA of male Tfm. Thus supporting the hypothesis that androgens, through the action of their receptor, should have a relevant role in the organization and modulation of the AVP parvocellular sexually dimorphic system.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Analysis of Variance; Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome, metabolism/pathology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Arginine Vasopressin, metabolism; Brain, metabolism/pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Male; Mutation, genetics; Neurons, pathology; Rats; Receptors, Androgen, deficiency; Sex Characteristics},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(13)00724-0},
  pmid        = {23999123},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Alloway:2008a,
  author      = {Alloway, Kevin D.},
  title       = {Information processing streams in rodent barrel cortex: the differential functions of barrel and septal circuits.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {18},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {979--989},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1093/cercor/bhm138},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm138},
  abstract    = {Rodent somatosensory cortex contains an isomorphic map of the mystacial whiskers in which each whisker is represented by neuronal populations, or barrels, that are separated from each other by intervening septa. Separate afferent pathways convey somatosensory information to the barrels and septa that represent the input stages for 2 partially segregated circuits that extend throughout the other layers of barrel cortex. Whereas the barrel-related circuits process spatiotemporal information generated by whisker contact with external objects, the septa-related circuits encode the frequency and other kinetic features of active whisker movements. The projection patterns from barrel cortex indicate that information processed by the septa-related circuits is used both separately and in combination with information from the barrel-related circuits to mediate specific functions. According to this theory, outputs from the septal processing stream modulate the brain regions that regulate whisking 
behavior, whereas both processing streams cooperate with each other to identify external stimuli encountered by passive or active whisker movements. This theoretical view prompts several testable hypotheses about the coordination of neuronal activity during whisking behavior. Foremost among these, motor brain regions that control whisker movements are more strongly coordinated with the septa-related circuits than with the barrel-related circuits.},
  institution = {Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu},
  journal     = {Cereb Cortex},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Rodentia, physiology; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/physiology; Vibrissae, innervation/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {bhm138},
  pmid        = {17702950},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Alloway:1999,
  author      = {K. D. Alloway and J. Crist and J. J. Mutic and S. A. Roy},
  title       = {Corticostriatal projections from rat barrel cortex have an anisotropic organization that correlates with vibrissal whisking behavior.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {19},
  number      = {24},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {10908--10922},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/24/10908.long},
  abstract    = {To elucidate the detailed organization of corticostriatal projections from rodent somatosensory cortex, the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and fluoro-ruby (FR) were injected into separate parts of the whisker "barrel" representation. In one group of rats, the two tracers were injected into different barrel columns residing in the same row; in the other group of rats, the tracers were deposited into barrel columns residing in different rows. Reconstructions of labeled axonal varicosities in the neostriatum and ventrobasal thalamus were analyzed quantitatively to compare the extent of overlapping projections to these subcortical structures. For both groups of animals, corticostriatal projections terminated in densely packed clusters that occupied curved lamellar-shaped regions along the dorsolateral edge of the neostriatum. When the tracers were injected into different whisker barrel rows, the distribution of BDA- and FR-labeled terminals in the neostriatum followed a 
crude somatotopic organization in which the amount of overlap was approximately the same as in the ventrobasal thalamus. When both tracers were injected into the same whisker barrel row, however, the amount of corticostriatal overlap was significantly higher than the amount of overlap observed in the ventrobasal thalamus. These results indicate that corticostriatal projections from whisker barrel cortex have an anisotropic organization that correlates with the pattern of vibrissal movements during whisking behavior.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Brain Mapping; Male; Neostriatum, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Vibrissae, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10594072},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Alloway:2003,
  author      = {Alloway, Kevin D. and Hoffer, Zachary S. and Hoover, John E.},
  title       = {Quantitative comparisons of corticothalamic topography within the ventrobasal complex and the posterior nucleus of the rodent thalamus.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {968},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {54--68},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(02)04265-8},
  abstract    = {To compare the topographic precision of corticothalamic projections to the ventrobasal (VB) complex and the medial part of the posterior (POm) complex, different anterograde tracers were placed in neighboring parts of the primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortical areas. The location of labeled corticothalamic terminals and their beaded varicosities were plotted, and the digital reconstructions were analyzed quantitatively to determine the extent of overlapping projections from the cortical injection sites. Among animals that received all tracer injections in SI cortex, tracer overlap in the thalamus varied according to the proximity of the cortical injection sites. Regardless of which combination of somatic representations were injected in SI, within each animal the amount of tracer overlap in POm was similar to that observed in VB, and a matched-sample statistical analysis failed to reveal significant differences in the proportion of the labeled regions that contained 
overlapping projections from the injected cortical sites. Among those animals in which the tracers were injected into the whisker representations of SI and SII, the amount of tracer overlap in the thalamus was not affected by the proximity of the cortical injection sites. Instead, tracer overlap appeared to be related to the degree of somatotopic correspondence. Furthermore, within each of these animals, the amount of tracer overlap in POm was similar to that found in the VB complex. These results indicate that POm has a well-defined topographic organization that is comparable to the degree of topography observed in the VB complex.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, H109, Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, 17033-2255, Hershey, PA, USA. kda1@psu.edu},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Brain Mapping; Dextrans, metabolism; Forelimb, innervation/metabolism; Hindlimb, innervation/metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hydrazines, metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines, metabolism; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Vibrissae, innervation/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006899302042658},
  pmid        = {12644264},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Alloway:2006,
  Title                    = {Topography of cortical projections to the dorsolateral neostriatum in rats: multiple overlapping sensorimotor pathways.},
  Author                   = {Alloway, Kevin D. and Lou, Li and Nwabueze-Ogbo, Fidel and Chakrabarti, Shubhodeep},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {33--48},
  Volume                   = {499},

  Abstract                 = {In rodents, the whisker representation in primary somatosensory (SI) cortex projects to the dorsolateral neostriatum, but the location of these projections has never been characterized with respect to layer IV barrels and their intervening septa. To address this issue, we injected a retrograde tracer into the dorsolateral neostriatum and then reconstructed the location of the labeled corticostriatal neurons with respect to the cytochrome oxidase (CO)-labeled barrels in SI. When the tracer was restricted to a small focal site in the neostriatum, the retrogradely labeled neurons formed elongated strips that were parallel to the curvilinear orientation of layer IV barrel rows. After larger tracer injections, labeled neurons were distributed uniformly across layer V and were aligned with both the barrel and septal compartments. Labeled projections from the contralateral SI barrel cortex, however, were much fewer in number and were disproportionately associated with the septal 
compartments. A comparison of the labeling patterns in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres revealed symmetric, mirror-image distributions that extended across primary motor cortex (MI) and multiple somatosensory cortical regions, including the secondary somatosensory (SII) cortex, the parietal ventral (PV) and parietal rhinal (PR) areas, and the posteromedial (PM) region. Examination of the thalamus revealed labeled neurons in the intralaminar nuclei, in the medial part of the posterior nucleus (POm), and in the ventrobasal complex. These results indicate that the dorsolateral neostriatum integrates sensorimotor information from multiple sensorimotor representations in the thalamus and cortex.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.21039},
  Institution              = {Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Brain Mapping; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Dextrans, metabolism; Electron Transport Complex IV, metabolism; Functional Laterality; Male; Motor Cortex, cytology; Neostriatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology; Stilbamidines, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {16958106},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21039}
}

@Article{Alloway:2000,
  author      = {Alloway, K. D. and Mutic, J. J. and Hoffer, Z. S. and Hoover, J. E.},
  title       = {Overlapping corticostriatal projections from the rodent vibrissal representations in primary and secondary somatosensory cortex.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {428},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {51--67},
  doi         = {10.1002/1096-9861(20001009)426:1<51::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-n},
  abstract    = {To determine whether the neostriatum receives overlapping projections from two somatosensory cortical areas, the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and fluoro-ruby (FR) were injected into the whisker representations of primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex. Reconstructions of labeled terminals and their beaded varicosities in the neostriatum and thalamus were analyzed quantitatively to compare the extent of overlapping projections to both subcortical structures. Corticostriatal projections from focal sites in both somatosensory areas exhibited substantial amounts of divergence within the dorsolateral neostriatum. Most of the labeled terminals were concentrated in densely packed arborizations that occupied lamellar-shaped regions along the dorsolateral edge of the neostriatum. Tracer injections in both cortical areas also produced dense anterograde and retrograde labeling in the thalamus, especially in the ventrobasal complex (VB) and in the medial part of 
the posterior (POm) nucleus. Because these thalamic regions are topographically organized and have reciprocal connections with corresponding representations in both SI and SII, the amount of labeled overlap in the thalamus was used to indicate the degree of somatotopic correspondence at the SI and SII injection sites. We found that the proportion of overlapping projections to the neostriatum was moderately correlated with the amount of overlap observed in the thalamus. This result strongly indicates that specific sites in the dorsolateral neostriatum receive convergent projections from corresponding somatotopic representations in SI and SII, but also suggests that some of the corticostriatal divergence may reflect neostriatal integration of somatosensory information from noncorresponding representations in SI and SII.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA. kda1@psu.edu},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Dextrans, diagnostic use; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Male; Mechanoreceptors, cytology/physiology; Neostriatum, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rhodamines, diagnostic use; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/physiology; Thalamus, cytology/physiology; Vibrissae, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11185904},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Alloway:1998,
  author      = {Alloway, K. D. and Mutic, J. J. and Hoover, J. E.},
  title       = {Divergent corticostriatal projections from a single cortical column in the somatosensory cortex of rats.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {785},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {341--346},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01363-2},
  abstract    = {We injected biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into single vibrissal 'barrels' of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex and reconstructed the topography of labelled varicosities in the dorsolateral caudate-putamen. Plots of labelled varicosities revealed densely-packed clusters of corticostriatal arborizations along the dorsolateral edge of the caudate-putamen and sparsely-packed arborizations more medially. The medial and lateral clusters of labelled terminals were separated by regions of unlabelled neuropil and lead us to conclude that a single cortical column sends divergent projections to multiple regions of the caudate-putamen.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. kalloway@psuhmc.hmc.psu.edu},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Brain Mapping; Caudate Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Putamen, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vibrissae, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(97)01363-2},
  pmid        = {9518681},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Alloway:2008,
  Title                    = {Contralateral corticothalamic projections from MI whisker cortex: potential route for modulating hemispheric interactions.},
  Author                   = {Kevin D Alloway and Michelle L Olson and Jared B Smith},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {100--116},
  Volume                   = {510},

  Abstract                 = {Rat whisking behavior is characterized by high amounts of bilateral coordination in which whisker movements on both sides of the face are linked. To elucidate the neural substrate that might mediate this bilateral coordination, neuronal tracers were used to characterize the bilateral distribution of corticothalamic projections from primary motor (MI) cortex. Some rats received tracers in the MI whisker region, whereas others received tracers in the MI forepaw region. The MI whisker region projects bilaterally to the anteromedial (AM), ventromedial (VM), and ventrolateral (VL) nuclei, and to parts of the intralaminar nuclei. By contrast, the MI forepaw region sends virtually no projections to the contralateral thalamus. Consistent with these findings, bilateral injections of different tracers into the MI whisker region of each hemisphere produced tracer overlap on both sides of the thalamus. Furthermore, MI whisker projections to the contralateral thalamus terminate in close 
proximity to the thalamocortical neurons that project to the MI whisker region of that contralateral hemisphere. The terminal endings of the contralateral corticothalamic projections contain small synaptic varicosities and other features that resemble the modulator pathways described for other corticothalamic projection systems. In addition, tracer injections into AM, VM, and VL revealed dense clusters of labeled neurons in layer VI of the medial agranular (Agm) zone, which corresponds to the MI whisker region. These results suggest that projections from the MI whisker region to the contralateral thalamus may modulate the callosal interactions that are presumed to play a role in coordinating bilateral whisking behavior.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.21782},
  Institution              = { Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Cerebrum, physiology; Forelimb, physiology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Male; Motor Cortex, physiology; Movement, physiology; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Thalamus, physiology; Vibrissae, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pmid                     = {18615539},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21782}
}

@InCollection{Alloway:2011,
  author    = {Alloway, Kevin D and Smith, Jared B},
  title     = {Forebrain circuits controlling whisker movements},
  booktitle = {Animal Models of Movement Disorders},
  year      = {2011},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {139--159},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-61779-301-1_8},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Alloway:2010,
  Title                    = {Quantitative analysis of the bilateral brainstem projections from the whisker and forepaw regions in rat primary motor cortex.},
  Author                   = {Kevin D Alloway and Jared B Smith and Kyle J Beauchemin},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {22},
  Pages                    = {4546--4566},
  Volume                   = {518},

  Abstract                 = {The whisker region in rat primary motor (MI) cortex projects to several brainstem regions, but the relative strength of these projections has not been characterized. We recently quantified the MI projections to bilateral targets in the forebrain (Alloway et al. [2009] J Comp Neurol 515:548-564), and the present study extends those findings by quantifying the MI projections to bilateral targets in the brainstem. We found that both the whisker and forepaw regions in MI project most strongly to the basal pons and superior colliculus. While the MI forepaw region projects mainly to the ipsilateral basilar pons, the MI whisker region has significantly more connections with the contralateral side. This bilateral difference suggests that corticopontine projections from the MI whisker region may have a role in coordinating bilateral whisker movements. Anterograde tracer injections in MI did not reveal any direct projections to the facial nucleus, but retrograde tracer injections in the 
facial nucleus revealed some labeled neurons in MI cortex. The number of retrogradely labeled neurons in MI, however, was dwarfed by a much larger number of labeled neurons in the superior colliculus and other brainstem regions. Together, our anterograde and retrograde tracing results indicate that the superior colliculus provides the most effective route for transmitting information from MI to the facial nucleus.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.22477},
  Institution              = { Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Dextrans, metabolism; Electric Stimulation, methods; Forelimb, physiology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Male; Microinjections, methods; Microscopy, Confocal, methods; Motor Cortex, physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines, metabolism; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Vibrissae, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {20886621},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22477}
}

@Article{Alloway:2009,
  author      = {Kevin D Alloway and Jared B Smith and Kyle J Beauchemin and Michelle L Olson},
  title       = {Bilateral projections from rat MI whisker cortex to the neostriatum, thalamus, and claustrum: forebrain circuits for modulating whisking behavior.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  year        = {2009},
  subtitle    = {@article{Schaefer:2017, title = "Convergence of Primary Sensory Cortex and Cerebellar Nuclei Pathways in the Whisker System ", journal = "Neuroscience ", volume = "", number = "", pages = " - ", year = "2017", note = "", issn = "0306-4522", doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.036", url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452217305134", author = "Carmen B. Schäfer and Freek E. Hoebeek", keywords = "Sensorimotor integration", keywords = "Cerebellar nuclei", keywords = "Barrel cortex", keywords = "Thalamus", keywords = "Extra-thalamic inhibition", keywords = "Circuit systems ", abstract = "Abstract To safely maneuver through the environment the brain needs to compare active sensory information with ongoing motor programs. This process occurs at various levels in the brain: at the lower level, i.e. in the spinal cord, reflexes are generated for the most primitive motor responses; at the intermediate level, i.e., in the brainstem, various nuclei co-process sensory- and motor-related inputs; and, at the higher level cerebellum and thalamo-cortical networks individually compute suitable commands for fine-tuned motor output. For sensorimotor processes the integrative capacities of the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum have been the topic of detailed analysis. Here, we use higher order sensorimotor integration in the whisker system as a model to evaluate the convergence pattern of primary sensory cortex projections and the cerebellar output nuclei throughout several brain nuclei. This prospective review focuses not only on the thalamus, but also incorporates extra-thalamic structures that could function as comparators of cerebellar output and sensory cortex output. Based on the literature on anatomical and physiological studies in the rodent brain and our qualitative data on the convergence of cerebellar sensory cortical projections we identify the superior colliculus as well as the zona incerta and the anterior pretectal nucleus as suitable candidates for cerebello-cortical convergence. Including these putative comparators we discuss the potential routes for sensorimotor information flow between the cerebellum and cerebral sensory cortex with a focus on the modulation of thalamic activity by extra-thalamic structures. " }},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {515},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {548--564},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.22073},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22073},
  abstract    = {In rats, whisking behavior is characterized by high-frequency synchronous movements and other stereotyped patterns of bilateral coordination that are rarely seen in the bilateral movements of the limbs. This suggests that the motor systems controlling whisker and limb movements must have qualitative or quantitative differences in their interhemispheric connections. To test this hypothesis, anterograde tracing methods were used to characterize the bilateral distribution of projections from the whisker and forepaw regions in the primary motor (MI) cortex. Unilateral tracer injections in the MI whisker or forepaw regions revealed robust projections to the corresponding MI cortical area in the contralateral hemisphere. Both MI regions project bilaterally to the neostriatum, but the corticostriatal projections from the whisker region are denser and more evenly distributed across both hemispheres than those from the MI forepaw region. The MI whisker region projects bilaterally to 
several nuclei in the thalamus, whereas the MI forepaw region projects almost exclusively to the ipsilateral thalamus. The MI whisker region sends dense projections to the contralateral claustrum, but those to the ipsilateral claustrum are less numerous. By contrast, the MI forepaw region sends few projections to the claustrum of either hemisphere. Bilateral deposits of different tracers in MI revealed overlapping projections to the neostriatum, thalamus, and claustrum when the whisker regions were injected, but not when the forepaw regions were injected. These results suggest that the bilateral coordination of the whiskers depends, in part, on MI projections to the contralateral neostriatum, thalamus, and claustrum.},
  institution = {Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu},
  keywords    = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Brain Mapping, methods; Exploratory Behavior, physiology; Male; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Neostriatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Vibrissae, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {19479997},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Alloway:2014,
  Title                    = {Thalamostriatal projections from the medial posterior and parafascicular nuclei have distinct topographic and physiologic properties.},
  Author                   = {Alloway, Kevin D. and Smith, Jared B. and Watson, Glenn D R.},
  Journal                  = {J Neurophysiol},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {36--50},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Abstract                 = {The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is critical for executing sensorimotor behaviors that depend on stimulus-response (S-R) associations. In rats, the DLS receives it densest inputs from primary somatosensory (SI) cortex, but it also receives substantial input from the thalamus. Much of rat DLS is devoted to processing whisker-related information, and thalamic projections to these whisker-responsive DLS regions originate from the parafascicular (Pf) and medial posterior (POm) nuclei. To determine which thalamic nucleus is better suited for mediating S-R associations in the DLS, we compared their input-output connections and neuronal responses to repetitive whisker stimulation. Tracing experiments demonstrate that POm projects specifically to the DLS, but the Pf innervates both dorsolateral and dorsomedial parts of the striatum. The Pf nucleus is innervated by whisker-sensitive sites in the superior colliculus, and these sites also send dense projections to the zona incerta, a 
thalamic region that sends inhibitory projections to the POm. These data suggest that projections from POm to the DLS are suppressed by incertal inputs when the superior colliculus is activated by unexpected sensory stimuli. Simultaneous recordings with two electrodes indicate that POm neurons are more responsive and habituate significantly less than Pf neurons during repetitive whisker stimulation. Response latencies are also shorter in POm than in Pf, which is consistent with the fact that Pf receives its whisker information via synaptic relays in the superior colliculus. These findings indicate that, compared with the Pf nucleus, POm transmits somatosensory information to the DLS with a higher degree of sensory fidelity.},
  Doi                      = {10.1152/jn.00399.2013},
  Institution              = {Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {jn.00399.2013},
  Pmid                     = {24108793},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00399.2013}
}

@Article{Alloway:2004,
  Title                    = {Septal columns in rodent barrel cortex: functional circuits for modulating whisking behavior.},
  Author                   = {Alloway, Kevin D. and Zhang, Mengliang and Chakrabarti, Shubhodeep},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {299--309},
  Volume                   = {480},

  Abstract                 = {In rodents, each mystacial whisker is represented in the granular layer of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex by a compact cluster of cells known as a barrel, and barrels are separated from each other by domains that are called septa. Vertical columns of neurons aligned with each barrel act as a functional assembly to process information from a "principal" whisker, but a functional role has not been identified for vertical columns of neurons that are aligned with the septa. To determine whether these septal columns provide the main source of projections to primary motor (MI) cortex, we placed retrograde tracers in MI cortex and analyzed the location of the retrogradely labeled neurons with respect to the septal and barrel compartments of SI barrel cortex. In cases in which SI barrel cortex was sectioned tangentially, retrogradely labeled neurons in the extragranular layers of SI were plotted and superimposed onto reconstructions of the layer IV barrel field. In each of these 
cases, most labeled neurons were located above or below the septal regions of layer IV. When SI barrel cortex was sectioned coronally, we observed multiple columns of labeled SI neurons that were vertically aligned with the septal zones of layer IV. These results indicate that columns of neurons that are vertically aligned with the septa, or septal columns, are functionally linked by virtue of their projections to MI cortex. We hypothesize that these septal columns represent an interconnected and functionally distinct circuit that transmits information to MI and other brain regions involved in motor control.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.20339},
  Institution              = { Behavioral Sciences, H109, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2255, USA. kda1@psu.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Exploratory Behavior, physiology; Male; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Nerve Net, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Space Perception, physiology; Vibrissae, innervation},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {15515173},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20339}
}

@Article{Almada:2015,
  Title                    = {Medial prefrontal cortex serotonergic and GABAergic mechanisms modulate the expression of contextual fear: intratelencephalic pathways and differential involvement of cortical subregions.},
  Author                   = {Almada, R. C. and Coimbra, N. C. and Brand{\~{a}}o, M. L.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Pages                    = {988--997},
  Volume                   = {284},

  Abstract                 = {Several lines of evidence indicate that the dorsal hippocampus (dH) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regulate contextual fear conditioning. The prelimbic (PrL), infralimbic (IL) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) subregions of the mPFC likely play distinct roles in the expression of fear. Moreover, studies have highlighted the role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)- and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated mechanisms in the modulation of innate fear in the mPFC. The present study characterized dH-mPFC pathways and investigated the role of serotonergic and GABAergic mechanisms of the PrL, IL and ACC-area 1 (Cg1) in the elaboration of contextual fear conditioning using fear-potentiated startle (FPS) and freezing behavior in Rattus norvegicus. The results of neurotracing with microinjections of biotinylated dextran amine into the dH revealed a neural link of the dH with the PrL and ACC. Intra-PrL injections of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) 
tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) and the GABAA receptor-selective agonist muscimol reduced contextual FPS and freezing responses. Intra-Cg1 injections of muscimol but not 8-OH-DPAT decreased FPS and freezing responses. However, neither intra-IL injections of a 5-HT1A agonist nor of a GABAA agonist affected these defensive responses. Labeled neuronal fibers from the dH reached the superficial layers of the PrL cortex and spread to the inner layers of PrL and Cg1 cortices, supporting the pharmacological findings. The present results confirmed the involvement of PrL and Cg1 in the expression of FPS and freezing responses to aversive conditions. In addition, PrL serotoninergic mechanisms play a key role in contextual fear conditioning. This study suggests that PrL, IL and Cg1 distinctively contribute to the modulation of contextual fear conditioning.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.001},
  Institution              = {Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of the University of São Paulo, Department of Psychology, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neuroscience and Behaviour (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; NAP-USP-Neurobiology of Emotions Research Centre (NuPNE), Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: mbrandao@usp.br.},
  Keywords                 = {8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, pharmacology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Conditioning (Psychology), drug effects/physiology; Dextrans; Fear, drug effects/physiology; Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic, drug effects/physiology; GABA-A Receptor Agonists, pharmacology; Limbic Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Male; Muscimol, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A, metabolism; Receptors, GABA-A, metabolism; Reflex, Startle, drug effects/physiology; Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists, pharmacology; Serotonin, metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(14)00939-7},
  Pmid                     = {25451298},
  Timestamp                = {05.01.2016},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.001}
}

@Article{Almado:2014,
  author    = {Almado, Carlos Eduardo L and Le{\~a}o, Ricardo M and Machado, Benedito H},
  title     = {Intrinsic properties of rostral ventrolateral medulla presympathetic and bulbospinal respiratory neurons of juvenile rats are not affected by chronic intermittent hypoxia},
  year      = {2014},
  doi       = {10.1113/expphysiol.2013.077800},
  abstract  = {The presympathetic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) are considered to be the source of the sympathetic activity, and there is experimental evidence that these cells present intrinsic autodepolarization. There is also evidence that an important respiratory neuronal population located in the RVLM/Bötzinger complex (BötC) corresponds to augmenting expiratory neurons (aug-E), which send projections to the phrenic nucleus in the spinal cord. However, the pacemaker activity of presympathetic neurons and the intrinsic properties of aug-E neurons had not been evaluated in brainstem slices of juvenile rats (postnatal day 35). Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is a sympathetic-mediated hypertension model, which seems to produce an associated increase in the activity of aug-E neurons. In this study, we evaluated the effects of CIH on the intrinsic properties of RVLM/BötC presympathetic and phrenic nucleus-projecting neurons (aug-E) in brainstem slices of juvenile rats (postnatal day 
35). We observed that all presympathetic neurons presented spontaneous action potential firing (n = 18), which was not abolished by ionotropic receptor antagonism. In addition, exposure to 10 days of CIH produced no changes in their intrinsic passive properties, firing pattern or excitability. Most aug-E neurons presented spontaneous firing in control conditions (13 of 15 neurons), and this characteristic was preserved after blocking fast synaptic transmission (12 of 15 neurons), clearly demonstrating their intrinsic pacemaker activity. Chronic intermittent hypoxia also produced no changes in intrinsic passive properties, frequency and pattern of discharge or excitability of the aug-E neurons. The present study shows that: (i) it is possible to record the electrophysiological properties of RVLM/BötC presympathetic and aug-E neurons in brainstem slices from juvenile rats; (ii) these neurons present characteristics of intrinsic pacemakers; and (iii) their intrinsic properties were not altered by chronic 
intermittent hypoxia.},
  journal   = {Experimental physiology},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Physiological Soc},
  timestamp = {12-06-2014},
}

@Article{Al-Majed:2000,
  author      = {Al-Majed, A. A. and Neumann, C. M. and Brushart, T. M. and Gordon, T.},
  title       = {Brief electrical stimulation promotes the speed and accuracy of motor axonal regeneration.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {20},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {2602--2608},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/7/2602.long},
  abstract    = {Functional recovery is often poor despite the capacity for axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system and advances in microsurgical technique. Regeneration of axons in mixed nerve into inappropriate pathways is a major contributing factor to this failure. In this study, we use the rat femoral nerve model of transection and surgical repair to evaluate (1) the effect of nerve transection on the speed of regeneration and the generation of motor-sensory specificity, (2) the efficacy of electrical stimulation in accelerating axonal regeneration and promoting the reinnervation of appropriate muscle pathways by femoral motor nerves, and (3) the mechanism of action of electrical stimulation. Using the retrograde neurotracers fluorogold and fluororuby to backlabel motoneurons that regenerate axons into muscle and cutaneous pathways, we found the following. (1) There is a very protracted period (10 weeks) of axonal outgrowth that adds substantially to the delay in axonal regeneration (
staggered regeneration). This process of staggered regeneration is associated with preferential motor reinnervation (PMR). (2) One hour to 2 weeks of 20 Hz continuous electrical stimulation of the parent axons proximal to the repair site dramatically reduces this period (to 3 weeks) and accelerates PMR. (3) The positive effect of short-term electrical stimulation is mediated via the cell body, implicating an enhanced growth program. The effectiveness of such a short-period low-frequency electrical stimulation suggests a new therapeutic approach to accelerate nerve regeneration after injury and, in turn, improve functional recovery.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Division of Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Female; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10729340},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Almarestani:2007,
  Title                    = {Morphological characterization of spinal cord dorsal horn lamina I neurons projecting to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Almarestani, L. and Waters, S. M. and Krause, J. E. and Bennett, G. J. and Ribeiro-da-Silva, A.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {287--297},
  Volume                   = {504},

  Abstract                 = {Many Rexed's lamina I neurons are nociceptive and project to the brain. Lamina I projection neurons can be classified as multipolar, fusiform, or pyramidal, based on cell body shape and characteristics of their proximal dendrites in the horizontal plane. There is also evidence that both multipolar and fusiform cells are nociceptive and pyramidal neurons nonnociceptive. In this investigation we identified which types of lamina I neurons belong to the spinoparabrachial tract in the rat and characterized them regarding the presence or absence of neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1r) immunoreactivity. For this, cholera toxin subunit B (CTb), conjugated to a fluorescent marker was injected unilaterally into the parabrachial nucleus. Sections were additionally stained for the detection of NK-1r immunoreactivity and were examined using fluorescence and confocal microscopy. Serial confocal optical sections and 3D reconstructions were obtained for a considerable number of neurons per animal. 
Using immunofluorescence, we assessed the proportion of lamina I neurons belonging to the spinoparabrachial (SPB) tract and/or expressing NK-1r. The relative distribution of neurons belonging to the SPB tract was: 38.7\% multipolar, 36.8\% fusiform, 22.7\% pyramidal, and 1.9\% unclassified. Most of the SPB neurons expressing NK-1r were either multipolar or fusiform. Pyramidal SPB neurons were seldom immunoreactive for NK-1r, an observation that provides further support to the concept that most lamina I projection neurons of the pyramidal type are nonnociceptive. In addition, our study provides further evidence that these distinct morphological types of neurons differ in their phenotypic properties, but not in their projection patterns.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.21410},
  Institution              = { Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Dendrites, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism; Pain, metabolism; Pons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, metabolism; ls, cytology/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {17640051},
  Timestamp                = {29.11.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21410}
}

@Article{Almeida:2002,
  author      = {Armando Almeida and Angeles Cobos and Isaura Tavares and Deolinda Lima},
  title       = {Brain afferents to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus: a retrograde and anterograde tracing study in the rat.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {81--95},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02058.x},
  abstract    = {The medullary dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt) was recently shown to belong to the supraspinal pain control system; neurons within this nucleus give origin to a descending projection that increases spinal nociceptive transmission and facilitates pain perception [Almeida et al. (1999), Eur. J. Neurosci., 11, 110-122]. In the present study, the areas of the brain that may modulate the activity of DRt neurons were investigated by using of tract-tracing techniques. Injection of a retrograde tracer into the DRt resulted in labelling in multiple areas of the brain. In the contralateral orbital, prelimbic, infralimbic, insular, motor and somatosensory cortices labelling was prominent, but a smaller ipsilateral projection from these same areas was also detected. Strong labelling was also noted in the central amygdaloid nucleus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis and substantia innominata. Labelled diencephalic areas were mainly confined to the hypothalamus, namely its lateral and posterior areas as well 
as the paraventricular nucleus. In the mesencephalon, the periaqueductal grey, red nucleus and deep mesencephalic nucleus were strongly labelled, whereas, in the brainstem, the parabrachial nuclei, rostroventromedial medulla, nucleus tractus solitarius, spinal trigeminal nucleus, and the parvocellular, dorsal, lateral and ventral reticular nuclei were the most densely labelled regions. All deep cerebellar nuclei were labelled bilaterally. These data suggest that the DRt integrates information from the somatosensory, antinociceptive, autonomic, limbic, pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems while triggering its descending facilitating action upon the spinal nociceptive transmission.},
  institution = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal. aalmeida@ecsaude.uminho.pt},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Histological Techniques; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Pain, pathology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pii         = {2058},
  pmid        = {12153533},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Almeida:1997,
  author      = {A. Almeida and D. Lima},
  title       = {Activation by cutaneous or visceral noxious stimulation of spinal neurons projecting to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus in the rat: a c-fos study.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {9},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {686--695},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01417.x},
  abstract    = {The involvement of spinal neurons in the transmission of cutaneous and visceral nociceptive input to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus was studied. Rats were injected with cholera toxin subunit B in the left dorsal reticular nucleus and subjected 4 days later to noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimulation of the proximal internal aspect of the left thigh, or to chemical stimulation of the urinary bladder. Sections of spinal segments T13-L3 were processed immunocytochemically for cholera toxin subunit B and Fos protein. The percentage of double-labelled cells in the population of Fos-positive cells was higher in lamina I (1-4\%) than in deeper laminae (0-0.7\%) following all stimuli. The percentage of double-labelled cells in the population of retrogradely labelled cells was 30-53\% in lamina I and 0-5\% in laminae III-X. Visceral stimulation activated more retrogradely labelled lamina I cells than any kind of cutaneous stimulation. Pyramidal cells were activated in higher 
numbers than multipolar and flattened cells after thermal cutaneous or visceral stimulation, and in lower numbers than multipolar cells after mechanical stimulation. These results suggest that, in the experimental conditions used, spinal cord cells conveying noxious input to the dorsal reticular nucleus are concentrated in lamina I. They further indicate that the spinal-dorsal reticular nucleus pathway plays a major role in the transmission of nociceptive visceral input, and point to the preferential involvement of pyramidal cells in cutaneous thermal and visceral processing.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Porto, Portugal.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cholera Toxin, analysis/pharmacokinetics/toxicity; Hot Temperature; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Pain; Physical Stimulation; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis/biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Skin, innervation; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Urinary Bladder, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9153575},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Almeida:1995,
  author      = {Almeida, A. and Tavares, I. and Lima, D.},
  title       = {Projection sites of superficial or deep dorsal horn in the dorsal reticular nucleus.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {9},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {1245--1248},
  doi         = {10.1097/00001756-199506090-00004},
  abstract    = {The termination sites in the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt) of axons arising from superficial or deep dorsal horn cells were analysed by anterograde tracing with biotinylated dextran (BD). Following BD injections in spinal laminae I-III or in these laminae plus the dorsal funiculus, labelled fibres and boutons were located in the dorsal most ipsilateral portion of the DRt. Injections covering laminae III-V or laminae I-V resulted in bilateral labelling of the ventral DRt and ipsilateral labelling of the dorsal DRt. These findings, together with previous data concerning the origin of DRt projections to the superficial or deep dorsal horn, suggest the occurrence of reciprocal anatomical loops connecting the dorsal or the ventral areas of both regions.},
  institution = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Alameda Hernâni Monteiro, Portugal.},
  journal     = {Neuroreport},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Dextrans, pharmacology; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Nociceptors, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7545452},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Almeida:2000,
  Title                    = {Reciprocal connections between the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus and the spinal dorsal horn in the rat.},
  Author                   = {A. Almeida and I. Tavares and D. Lima},
  Journal                  = {Eur J Pain},
  Year                     = {2000},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {373--387},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Abstract                 = {The synaptic architecture of spinal afferents of the dorsal portion (DRtd) of the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt) is studied. After iontophoretic injections of cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) into the superficial (laminae I-II), deep (laminae IV-V) or entire (laminae I-V) dorso-ventral extent of the spinal dorsal horn at the cervico-thoracic or lumbo-sacral levels, axonal boutons of two distinct types were labelled in the DRtd. Type A boutons (82\% after cervico-thoracic injections and 92\% after lumbo-sacral injections) were roundish, small and presented few mitochondria and small, round synaptic vesicles. Type B boutons (18\% after cervico-thoracic injections and 8\% after lumbo-sacral injections) were elongated, two to three times larger, and exhibited numerous mitochondria and larger round vesicles. Both types of bouton established asymmetrical synaptic contacts with small dendritic profiles and, less frequently, with dendritic trunks and perikarya. Retrograde 
labelling occurred in the postsynaptic profile of 15-18\% type A boutons labelled from any injection site. Taken together with previous data on DRt-spinal synaptic contacts at the superficial dorsal horn, the present results point to the occurrence of a reciprocal excitatory loop connecting the dorsal DRt and lamina I, which may be at the basis of the DRt-mediated pain-facilitating effects described recently.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1053/eujp.2000.0193},
  Institution              = {versity of Oporto, Porto, 4200, Portugal.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Cholera Toxin; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Posterior Horn Cells, cytology; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S1090-3801(00)90193-9},
  Pmid                     = {11124010},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/eujp.2000.0193}
}

@Article{Almeida:1993,
  author      = {A. Almeida and I. Tavares and D. Lima and A. Coimbra},
  title       = {Descending projections from the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus make synaptic contacts with spinal cord lamina I cells projecting to that nucleus: an electron microscopic tracer study in the rat.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {55},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {1093--1106},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(93)90323-8},
  abstract    = {An ultrastructural study is made of the synaptic contacts occurring between structures labelled anterogradely and retrogradely in the superficial dorsal horn following injections of cholera toxin subunit B or horseradish peroxidase in the dorsal reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata of the rat. Both tracers revealed labelled axonal boutons in lamina I with round synaptic vesicles and a few large granular vesicles making asymmetrical synaptic contacts upon labelled somata and dendrites. After injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in the dorsal reticular nucleus, labelled boutons identical to those revealed by the two other tracers were presynaptic to unlabelled somata and dendrites. In addition, dorsoreticular neurons were labelled retrogradely following injections of cholera toxin subunit B into the superficial dorsal horn of the cervical enlargement. These observations show the occurrence of a reciprocal connection between dorsal reticular and lamina I neurons. Considering 
the putative excitatory nature of the axodendritic contacts in lamina I, a positive feedback circuit is suggested, whereby the nociceptive signals transmitted to the dorsal medullary reticular formation by marginal neurons are intensified.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Porto, Portugal.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Cholera Toxin; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Microscopy, Electron; Neurotransmitter Agents, analysis; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Synapses, chemistry/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(93)90323-8},
  pmid        = {7694179},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Almeida:1996,
  author      = {Almeida, A. and Tjølsen, A. and Lima, D. and Coimbra, A. and Hole, K.},
  title       = {The medullary dorsal reticular nucleus facilitates acute nociception in the rat.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {39},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {7--15},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(95)02027-6},
  abstract    = {The influence on pain processing caused by destruction or stimulation of the dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt) was studied using the tail-flick and the increasing temperature hot-plate tests. Lesions of the DRt were obtained by injecting quinolinic acid (180 nmol/microliters) unilaterally or bilaterally, and nociceptive responses were evaluated by both tests. Following unilateral lesions, the tail-flick latencies and the hot-plate response temperatures were increased, values differing statistically from controls in the latter test. Bilateral lesions resulted in statistically significant increases of both tail-flick latency and hot-plate response temperature. Stimulation of the DRt was performed by injecting glutamate (100 nmol/microliters) unilaterally, which was followed 1 min later by a significant decrease in the tail-flick latency compared to saline injected controls. These results suggest that the DRt is involved in the facilitation of nociception after acute thermal noxious stimulation. 
This effect may be mediated through a spino-DRt-spinal loop causing a rebound of excitation in lamina I cells receiving noxious input from their own receptive field.},
  institution = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, University of Oporto, Portugal.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Glutamates, pharmacology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Nociceptors, drug effects/physiology; Pain Measurement, drug effects; Psychomotor Performance, drug effects/physiology; Quinolinic Acids, toxicity; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0361923095020276},
  pmid        = {8846110},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Alonso:1998,
  author    = {Alonso, Angel},
  title     = {Intrinsic electroresponsiviness of basal forebrain cholinergic and non cholinergic neurons},
  year      = {1998},
  pages     = {297--309},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi       = {10.1201/9780849331510.ch18},
  journal   = {Handbook of behavioural state control Cellular and molecular mechanisms CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Alonso:1982a,
  author      = {Alonso, A. and K{\"{o}}hler, C.},
  title       = {Evidence for separate projections of hippocampal pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons to different parts of the septum in the rat brain.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {31},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {209--214},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(82)90021-0},
  abstract    = {Large (200 nl) intraseptal injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) resulted in retrograde axonal labeling of both pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons throughout all septo-temporal levels of the hippocampal formation in the rat brain. Small (50 nl) injections of HRP into the medial septum labeled cells of non-pyramidal shape in the stratum oriens and the stratum radiatum of regio inferior, stratum oriens of regio superior and the hilus of the area dentata. Small (50 nl) injections of HRP restricted to the lateral septum resulted in retrograde labeling of pyramidal cells in regio inferior and regio superior without labeling of non-pyramidal cells. These results suggest a new efferent projection system from the hippocampus consisting of non-pyramidal neurons which innervate the medial septum/diagonal band complex in the rat brain.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, classification/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7133556},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Alonso:1984a,
  author      = {Alonso, A. and K{\"{o}}hler, C.},
  title       = {A study of the reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport methods in the rat brain.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {225},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {327--343},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902250303},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902250303},
  abstract    = {The reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area (EA) was studied in the rat brain using antero- and retrograde axonal transport methods. After injections of large volumes (2 X 100 nl) of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated to wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) into the medial septum (MS) and the diagonal band of Broca (dbB), anterogradely transported HRP-WGA was found primarily in layers II and IV of the medial and lateral EA. Injections of HRP-WGA (50-100 nl) or fluorescent dyes (50-100 nl) into different parts of the retrohippocampal region resulted in labeling, by retrograde axonal transport, of cells in the MS and dbB, both ipsi- and contralateral to the injected hemisphere. The labeled cells were either small (long axis of soma: 10-15 micron), round, and oval, or medium (15-25 micron) to large (25-35 micron) of fusiform or multipolar shape. By using the method of retrograde fluorescent double labeling, the septal afferents to the EA were found to give off collaterals 
to other parts of the hippocampal region. A much smaller number of septal cells appeared to send bilateral projections to the EA of both hemispheres. Studies employing retrograde transport of HRP in combination with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry on the same tissue section showed that, while a large number of cells projecting to the EA contain AChE, many projecting cells are devoid of AChE reaction products. These findings suggest that the septo-entorhinal projection consists of a cholinergic as well as a noncholinergic component. The entorhinal efferents to the septum were studied after injections of HRP-WGA into different parts of the retrohippocampal region. Labeled fibers could be traced through the fimbria to their terminal fields in the intermediate parts of the lateral septal nucleus and to the most lateral aspect of the vertical limb of the dbB. The cells giving rise to this projection were situated in layer IV of the medial and layers II through V of the lateral EA. Taken together, the 
present findings demonstrate a close anatomical relationship between the septum and the entorhinal area, in addition to the better known connections between the septum and the Ammon's horn.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cholinergic Fibers, enzymology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6725648},
  timestamp   = {20.04.2016},
}

@Article{Alonso:1982,
  author      = {A. Alonso and C. Köhler},
  title       = {Evidence for separate projections of hippocampal pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons to different parts of the septum in the rat brain.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {31},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {209--214},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(82)90021-0},
  abstract    = {Large (200 nl) intraseptal injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) resulted in retrograde axonal labeling of both pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons throughout all septo-temporal levels of the hippocampal formation in the rat brain. Small (50 nl) injections of HRP into the medial septum labeled cells of non-pyramidal shape in the stratum oriens and the stratum radiatum of regio inferior, stratum oriens of regio superior and the hilus of the area dentata. Small (50 nl) injections of HRP restricted to the lateral septum resulted in retrograde labeling of pyramidal cells in regio inferior and regio superior without labeling of non-pyramidal cells. These results suggest a new efferent projection system from the hippocampus consisting of non-pyramidal neurons which innervate the medial septum/diagonal band complex in the rat brain.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, classification/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7133556},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Alonso:1984,
  Title                    = {A study of the reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport methods in the rat brain.},
  Author                   = {A. Alonso and C. Köhler},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1984},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {327--343},
  Volume                   = {225},

  Abstract                 = {The reciprocal connections between the septum and the entorhinal area (EA) was studied in the rat brain using antero- and retrograde axonal transport methods. After injections of large volumes (2 X 100 nl) of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated to wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) into the medial septum (MS) and the diagonal band of Broca (dbB), anterogradely transported HRP-WGA was found primarily in layers II and IV of the medial and lateral EA. Injections of HRP-WGA (50-100 nl) or fluorescent dyes (50-100 nl) into different parts of the retrohippocampal region resulted in labeling, by retrograde axonal transport, of cells in the MS and dbB, both ipsi- and contralateral to the injected hemisphere. The labeled cells were either small (long axis of soma: 10-15 micron), round, and oval, or medium (15-25 micron) to large (25-35 micron) of fusiform or multipolar shape. By using the method of retrograde fluorescent double labeling, the septal afferents to the EA were found to give off 
collaterals to other parts of the hippocampal region. A much smaller number of septal cells appeared to send bilateral projections to the EA of both hemispheres. Studies employing retrograde transport of HRP in combination with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry on the same tissue section showed that, while a large number of cells projecting to the EA contain AChE, many projecting cells are devoid of AChE reaction products. These findings suggest that the septo-entorhinal projection consists of a cholinergic as well as a noncholinergic component. The entorhinal efferents to the septum were studied after injections of HRP-WGA into different parts of the retrohippocampal region. Labeled fibers could be traced through the fimbria to their terminal fields in the intermediate parts of the lateral septal nucleus and to the most lateral aspect of the vertical limb of the dbB. The cells giving rise to this projection were situated in layer IV of the medial and layers II through V of the lateral EA. Taken 
together, the present findings demonstrate a close anatomical relationship between the septum and the entorhinal area, in addition to the better known connections between the septum and the Ammon's horn.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902250303},
  Keywords                 = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cholinergic Fibers, enzymology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {6725648},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902250303}
}

@Article{Alonso:1993,
  author      = {Alonso, G.},
  title       = {Differential organization of synapses immunoreactive to phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase or neuropeptide Y in the parvicellular compartments of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {55--67},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0891-0618(93)90028-3},
  abstract    = {The parvicellular compartments of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (pPVN) contains particularly high concentrations of neuropeptide (NPY)-containing fibres of two main cellular origins including (i) neurons of the medulla oblongata, most of which co-store phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the enzyme characterizing adrenergic neurons, and (ii) non-catecholaminergic neurons of the mediobasal hypothalamus. The aim of the present study is to compare the fine organization of the two types of axons terminating in the pPVN. Immunocytochemistry at light and electron microscope levels was used to study both the density and the ultrastructural organization of NPY- and PNMT-immunoreactive fibres in the pPVN of animals bearing surgical lesions disrupting axonal pathways from the hindbrain or from the sublying mediobasal hypothalamus. The brainstem knife-cut induced a strong decrease (65\%) in the numerical density of PNMT fibres innervating the pPVN, but was without 
significant effects on the density of NPY fibres. On the other hand, the hypothalamic knife-cut induced an 80\% decrease in the density of NPY fibres within the PVN without affecting the number of PNMT fibres. The electron microscope study showed that in the control pPVN contralateral to the lesions, the majority (64\%) of PNMT synapses were asymmetric axo-dendritic synapses, whereas the majority (67\%) of NPY synapses form symmetric contacts with both dendrites and perikarya of the hypothalamic nucleus. By contrast, after a hypothalamic knife-cut, the majority (66\%) of NPY synapses identified in the pPVN exhibited features of asymmetric synapses. These data indicate that the large majority of NPY-immunoreactive fibres detected within the pPVN arise from non-catecholaminergic neurons located in the mediobasal hypothalamus and mainly form symmetric synapses on neurons of the pPVN, whereas only a minority of them arise from hindbrain regions, and like PNMT fibres innervating this nucleus preferentially form 
asymmetric axo-dendritic synapses.},
  institution = {INSERM U 336, Université de Montpellier II, France.},
  journal     = {J Chem Neuroanat},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Stem, ultrastructure; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neuropeptide Y, immunology/metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, immunology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase, immunology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, immunology/metabolism/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0891-0618(93)90028-3},
  pmid        = {8476541},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Alonso:1981,
  author      = {Alonso, G. and Assenmacher, I.},
  title       = {Radioautographic studies on the neurohypophysial projections of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the rat.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {219},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {525--534},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00209991},
  abstract    = {The distribution of labelled axonal pathways was studied after unilateral stereotaxic injection of 3H-leucine into either supraoptic (SON) or paraventricular nuclei (PVN). In addition to extrahypothalamic projections of both nuclei, the main efferents appeared to run towards the neurohypophysis, yet with a strikingly different pattern. At the neurohypophysial levels, the SO-neurohypophysial tract crossed the inner layers of the median eminence (ME) before scattering in the neural lobe. The PV-neurohypophysial pathway, by contrast, provided an exclusive innervation to the external layer of the whole neurohypophysial organ, including the median eminence, infundibular stalk and neural lobe. The functional correlates of the clear-cut anatomical distinctness between the two magnocellular neurosecretory systems are discussed.},
  journal     = {Cell Tissue Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways; Hypothalamus, ultrastructure; Male; Median Eminence, ultrastructure; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, ultrastructure; Pituitary Gland, Posterior, innervation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Supraoptic Nucleus, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7273112},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Alonso:1996,
  author      = {Alonso, G. and Bribes, E. and Chauvet, N.},
  title       = {Survival and regeneration of neurons of the supraoptic nucleus following surgical transection of neurohypophysial axons depend on the existence of collateral projections of these neurons to the dorsolateral hypothalamus.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {711},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {34--43},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)01350-4},
  abstract    = {The aim of the present study was to compare the postlesional responses of vasopressin-producing (VP) and oxytocin-producing (OT) neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) to transection of neurohypophysial axons. At different times after sectioning the median eminence of adult rats, immunocytochemical staining of both types of neuronal cell bodies and axons indicated that: (1) the number of OT neurons detected within the SON was only slightly decreased as compared with controls (-20\%), whereas the number of VP neurons was severely decreased (-60\%); and (2) the large majority of axonal sprouts that regenerated into the external layer of the median eminence were OT neurohypophysial axons. The injection of a retrograde tracer into various areas surrounding the SON further showed that numerous SON neurons could be retrogradely labeled when the injection was centered in the lateral hypothalamus dorsal to the SON. The immunocytochemical identification of these retrogradely labeled neurons 
demonstrated that most of them were OT neurons. When animals were subjected to median eminence transection and to a unilateral surgical cut placed in the lateral hypothalamus above the SON, the survival of both OT and VP neurons was dramatically reduced in the SON ipsilateral to the hypothalamic lesion, as compared to the contralateral SON. Taken together, these data indicate that OT (and to a lesser extent VP) neurons of the SON display collateral projections towards the lateral hypothalamus that protect them from retrograde degeneration following the lesion of their neurohypophysial projections.},
  institution = {INSERM U336 Développement, Université Montpellier II, France.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Count; Hypothalamus, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/immunology; Oxytocin, immunology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Regeneration, physiology; Supraoptic Nucleus, physiology; Vasopressins, immunology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(95)01350-4},
  pmid        = {8680872},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Alonso:1986,
  author      = {Alonso, G. and Szafarczyk, A. and Assenmacher, I.},
  title       = {Radioautographic evidence that axons from the area of supraoptic nuclei in the rat project to extrahypothalamic brain regions.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {66},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {251--256},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(86)90027-3},
  abstract    = {The axonal efferents of neurons of the supraoptic nucleus area were studied by radioautography in the rat after discrete stereotaxic injections of [3H]leucine into this nucleus. Beside a densely labeled pathway running from the nucleus to the posterior pituitary through the internal median eminence, several of the visualized labeled axonal bundles were found to project into various extrahypothalamic regions, including the olfactory bulb, the cortex, the lateral habenula, the subcommissural organ, the amygdala, the mammillary bodies and the locus coeruleus. These results suggest that part of the vasopressin- or oxytocin-containing perikarya located in the supraoptic nucleus constitute the cells of origin of axons which also contain these peptides and which have already been shown to be present in the above extrahypothalamic areas. This also implies that, like the paraventricular nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus is also involved in central extrahypothalamic regulations.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, analysis; Brain Mapping; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Leucine, diagnostic use/metabolism; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Supraoptic Nucleus, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3725190},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Alonso:1989,
  author      = {J. R. Alonso and M. Frotscher},
  title       = {Hippocampo-septal fibers terminate on identified spiny neurons in the lateral septum: a combined Golgi/electron-microscopic and degeneration study in the rat.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {258},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {243--246},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00239444},
  abstract    = {Hippocampo-septal fibers, labeled by anterograde degeneration following transection of the fimbriafornix, were found to establish asymmetric synaptic contacts on spines of identified (Golgi-impregnated and gold-toned) multipolar neurons in the dorsolateral nucleus of the septal region. Evidence from the literature suggests that these cells project onto medial septal neurons, which in turn project back to the hippocampal formation. The present study thus establishes a missing link in this circuitry, viz., one group of target cells of the hippocampal fibers.},
  institution = {Institute of Anatomy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany.},
  journal     = {Cell Tissue Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Hippocampus, cytology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Degeneration; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septal Nuclei, cytology; Silver; Staining and Labeling},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2479479},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Alonso:2002,
  author      = {Alonso, Jose-Manuel},
  title       = {Neural connections and receptive field properties in the primary visual cortex.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {443--456},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {A cubic millimeter of primary visual cortex contains about 100,000 neurons that are heavily interconnected by intrinsic and extrinsic afferents. The effort of many neuroanatomists over the past has revealed the general outline of these connections; however, their function remains a mystery. Recently, combined physiological and anatomical approaches are beginning to reveal the role of these connections in the generation of cortical receptive fields. A common theme emerges from all these studies: cortical connections are remarkably specific and this specificity is determined in great extent by the type of connection and the neuronal response properties. Feedforward connections follow relatively rigid rules of wiring selectively targeting neurons with receptive fields matched in position and contrast polarity (thalamus --> cortical layer 4) or position and orientation selectivity (layer 4 --> layers 2 + 3). In contrast, horizontal connections follow more flexible rules connecting distant cells 
that are not retinotopically aligned and neighboring cells with different orientation preferences. These differences in connectivity may give a hint on how visual stimuli are processed in the primary visual cortex. An attractive hypothesis is that local stimuli use the highly selective feedforward inputs to reliably drive cortical neurons while background stimuli modulate their activity through more flexible horizontal (and feedback) connections.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA. alonso@uconnvm.uconn.edu},
  journal     = {Neuroscientist},
  keywords    = {Animals; Geniculate Bodies, physiology; Humans; Interneurons, physiology; Models, Neurological; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Synapses, physiology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Visual Fields, physiology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Visual Perception, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12374429},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Alpeeva:2007,
  author      = {E. V. Alpeeva and I. G. Makarenko},
  title       = {[Perinatal development of mammillotegmental connections in rats].},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {rus},
  volume      = {38},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {86--93},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1134/s1062360407020026},
  abstract    = {Development of direct axonal connections of the hypothalamic mammillary bodies with ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei of Gudden was studied on fixed rat brains from day 14 of embryonic development until day 10 of postnatal development using the method of diffusion of the lipophilic fluorescent carbocyanine tracer 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate along the neuronal membranes. The tracer was inserted into the mammillary bodies or into the tegmentum and after incubation in a fixative fluorescent nerve cells and nerve fibers were visualized in the brain tissue. The mammillotegmental tract was found to start developing earlier than other conducting systems of the mammillary bodies. On days 14-15 of embryonic development, it was visualized as a bundle of axons running from the mammillary bodies caudally to the midbrain. A group of neurons in the midbrain tegmentum and their axons going to the mammillary bodies via the mammillary peduncle were first visualized on 
day 19 of embryonic development. The mammillotegmental tract and mammillary peduncle developed progressively from the moment of birth. Ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei were formed in the midbrain by day 10 of the postnatal development. Thus, the formation of reciprocal connections of the mammillary bodies with midbrain tegmental nuclei was first described during perinatal development in rats.},
  journal     = {Ontogenez},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, physiology; Carbocyanines; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Mamillary Bodies, embryology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Neural Pathways, embryology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tegmentum Mesencephali, embryology/growth /&/ development/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {17479531},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Alpeeva:2009,
  Title                    = {Perinatal development of the mammillothalamic tract and innervation of the anterior thalamic nuclei.},
  Author                   = {E. V. Alpeeva and I. G. Makarenko},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Pages                    = {1--13},
  Volume                   = {1248},

  Abstract                 = {Axonal projections originating from the mammillary bodies represent important pathways that are essential for spatial information processing. Mammillothalamic tract is one of the main efferent projection systems of the mammillary body belonging to the limbic "Papez circuit". This study was aimed to describe the schedule of the mammillothalamic tract development in the rat using carbocyanine dye tracing. It was shown for the first time that fibers of the mammillothalamic tract being the collaterals of the mammillotegmental tract axons start bifurcating from the mammillotegmental tract on E17. The axons of the mammillothalamic tract grow simultaneously and reach the ventral region of the anterior thalamus where they form first terminal arborizations on E20-E21. Ipsilateral projections from the medial mammillary nucleus to the anteromedial and anteroventral thalamic nuclei develop from E20 to P6. Bilateral projections from the lateral mammillary nucleus to the anterodorsal thalamic 
nuclei develop later, on P3-P6, after the formation of the thalamic decussation of the mammillary body axons. Unique spatial and temporal pattern of the perinatal development of ascending mammillary body projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei may reflect the importance of these connections within the limbic circuitry.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.060},
  Institution              = {Optical Research Group, Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov str., 119334 Moscow, Russian Federation.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Anterior Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry/embryology/growth /&/ development; Axons, ultrastructure; Carbocyanines; Efferent Pathways, embryology/growth /&/ development; Fetal Development; Immunohistochemistry; Limbic System, embryology/growth /&/ development; Mamillary Bodies, embryology/growth /&/ development; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synapsins, analysis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pii                      = {S0006-8993(08)02628-0},
  Pmid                     = {19026995},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.060}
}

@Article{Alpini:1986,
  author      = {Alpini, G. and Garrick, R. A. and Jones, M. J. and Nunes, R. and Tavoloni, N.},
  title       = {Water and nonelectrolyte permeability of isolated rat hepatocytes.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {251},
  number      = {6 Pt 1},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {C872--C882},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://ajpcell.physiology.org/content/ajpcell/251/6/C872.full.pdf},
  abstract    = {We have measured the diffusive permeability coefficients of isolated rat hepatocytes to 3H2O, [14C]urea, [14C]erythritol, [14C]mannitol, [3H]sucrose, and [3H]inulin, employing a technique previously developed for erythrocytes (Redwood et al., J. Gen. Physiol 64:706-729, 1974). Diffusion coefficients for the tracer molecules were measured in packed hepatocytes, supernatant fluid, and intracellular medium (lysed hepatocytes) and were calculated assuming one-dimensional semi-infinite diffusion through a homogeneous medium. By applying the series-parallel pathway model, the following permeability coefficients (10(-5) cm/sec) for the hepatocyte plasma membrane were obtained. 3H2O, 98.6 +/- 18.4; [14C]urea, 18.2 +/- 5.3; [14C]erythritol, 4.8 +/- 1.6; [14C]mannitol, 3.1 +/- 1.4; [3H]sucrose, 0; [3H]inulin, 0. These results indicate that isolated rat hepatocytes are highly permeable to water and polar nonelectrolytes, when compared with other transporting epithelia. This relatively high cellular 
permeability is consistent with a model in which nonelectrolyte permeation is via an aqueous pathway of equivalent pore diameter of 8-12 A. The finding that [14C]erythritol and [14C]mannitol cross the hepatocyte plasma membrane indicates that these molecules enter the bile canaliculus through the transcellular route. Conversely, the failure of [3H]sucrose and [3H]inulin to permeate the hepatocyte in the isolated condition supports the concept that biliary entry of these large carbohydrates, at least that fraction which cannot be accounted for by a vesicular mechanism, must occur via the transjunctional shunt pathway.},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Body Water, metabolism; Carbon Radioisotopes; Cell Membrane Permeability; Dextrans, metabolism; Erythritol, metabolism; Inulin, metabolism; Kinetics; Liver, metabolism/ultrastructure; Male; Mannitol, metabolism; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sucrose, metabolism; Tritium; Urea, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2431623},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Alquicer:2004,
  author      = {Alquicer, Glenda and Silva-Gómez, Adriana B. and Peralta, Fernando and Flores, Gonzalo},
  title       = {Neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion alters the dopamine content in the limbic regions in postpubertal rats.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {22},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {103--111},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2003.12.003},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2003.12.003},
  abstract    = {The neonatal ventral Hippocampus (nVH) lesion in rats has been used as a model to test the hypothesis that early neurodevelopmental abnormalities lead to behavioral changes putatively linked to schizophrenia. The schizophrenic patients tend to social isolation. In addition, considerable evidence from behavioral and neurochemistry studies strongly implicate the dopamine (DA) system and the medial part of the prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the pathophysiology of the social isolation syndrome. In order to assess effects of the postweaning social isolation (pwSI) on the DA system of the nVH lesions, we investigated the DA content and its metabolite, DOPAC in different limbic subregions in rats postpubertally at postnatal day (P) 78 following nVH lesions at P7 with and without pwSI for 8 weeks. The DA and DOPAC were measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection. The nVH lesion induces increase in the DA content in the hippocampus with no effect in the mPFC, nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen, 
while the pwSI induces major increase in the DA content in limbic subregions such as the mPFC, nucleus accumbens and hipocampus with opposite effect in the caudate-putamen. These results suggest that while pwSI has an effect in the postpubertal content of DA in both sham and nVH lesions in rats, the nVH-lesioned rats appear to be affected to a greater extent than the sham animals underscoring the influence of pwSI differences in the development of behaviors in the nVH-lesioned animals.},
  institution = {Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, CP 72570 Puebla, Mexico.},
  journal     = {Int J Dev Neurosci},
  keywords    = {3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid, metabolism; Aging, physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Denervation; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine, metabolism; Female; Hippocampus, injuries/physiopathology/surgery; Limbic System, growth /&/ development/metabolism/physiopathology; Male; Motor Activity, physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, growth /&/ development/metabolism/physiopathology; Prefrontal Cortex, growth /&/ development/metabolism/physiopathology; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Schizophrenia, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Sexual Maturation; Social Isolation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0736574803001448},
  pmid        = {15036385},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@InProceedings{Al-Shamma:1991,
  Title                    = {A comparison of the efferents of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdaloid nucleus},
  Author                   = {H.A. Al-Shamma and S. Numan and N.A. Bullock and G.J. De Vries},
  Booktitle                = {Society For Neuroscience Abstracts},
  Year                     = {1991},
  Organization             = {Society For Neuroscience},
  Pages                    = {472},
  Volume                   = {17},

  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Timestamp                = {28.05.2013}
}

@Article{Altan:2007,
  author      = {Altan, Mehmet Fatih},
  title       = {Effects of Nigella sativa and human parathyroid hormone on bone mass and strength in diabetic rats.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {116},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {321--328},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/BF02698016},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02698016},
  abstract    = {Osteoporosis is a major complication in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), particularly in those with insulin dependency. Recently, many therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa L. (NS) extracts have been exhibited such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antidiabetic with clinical and experimental studies. Mechanical strength in the femur and vertebrae increases with human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) treatment. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that combined treatment with NS and hPTH is more effective than treatment with NS or hPTH alone in improving bone mass, connectivity, and biomechanical behavior using the finite element method (FEM) in insulin-dependent diabetic rats. In the mechanical analysis, five rat bones (control, diabetic diabetic NS treated, diabetic hPTH treated, and diabetic NS + hPTH treated) have been studied for bending analysis using the finite element analysis program ANSYS. Combined treatment of NS and hPTH was more effective on bone 
histomorphometry and mechanical strength than treatment with NS or hPTH alone for streptozotocin-induced diabetic osteopenia, which notably decreased bone volume.},
  institution = {Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Zonguldak, Turkey.},
  journal     = {Biol Trace Elem Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone Diseases, Metabolic, metabolism; Bone and Bones, metabolism; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, drug therapy/metabolism; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, metabolism; Finite Element Analysis; Humans; Nigella sativa, metabolism; Parathyroid Hormone, metabolism; Plant Extracts, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {BTER:116:3:321},
  pmid        = {17709912},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Altar:1983,
  author      = {Altar, A. and Neve, K. A. and Loughlin, S. E. and Marshall, J. F. and Fallon, J. H.},
  title       = {The crossed mesostriatal projection: neurochemistry and developmental response to lesion.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {279},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1--8},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)90157-9},
  abstract    = {The projections of substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (SN-VTA) neurons to either the ipsilateral or contralateral caudate-putamen (CP) were studied in intact and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats, using both retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and measurements of dopamine concentration. After unilateral CP injections of nuclear yellow or granular blue in intact 6- or 30-day-old rats, approximately 1\% of the retrogradely labeled cells were located in the contralateral SN-VTA. In 6- or 30-day-old rats which had been injected with 6-hydroxydopamine in the left lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) at 1 day of age, the extent of cell labeling of both the uncrossed projection in the right hemisphere and the crossed projection originating in the left SN-VTA was normal. However, the number of labeled cells of the uncrossed pathway of the left side and the crossed pathway originating in the right SN-VTA were markedly decreased by the lesion, indicating that the crossed nigrostriatal cells 
decussate before they reach the LHA. The 6-hydroxydopamine-induced decreases in SN-VTA labeling of both the crossed and uncrossed pathway closely matched the degree of dopamine depletion in the lesioned CP at 6 days of age and at 30 days of age. A partial recovery of both measures occurred between days 6 and 30. Thus, retrograde labeling of SN-VTA cells and at 30 days of age. A partial recovery of both measures occurred between days 6 and 30. Thus, retrograde labeling of SN-VTA cells with fluorescent dyes provided a quantitative measure of the dopaminergic innervation of the neostriatum in both the uncrossed and crossed pathways.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Caudate Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Dopamine, metabolism; Hydroxydopamines, pharmacology; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects; Nerve Regeneration; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects; Neurons, ultrastructure; Oxidopamine; Putamen, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(83)90157-9},
  pmid        = {6416611},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Altar:1991,
  author      = {C. A. Altar and C. Bakhit},
  title       = {Receptor-mediated transport of human recombinant nerve growth factor from olfactory bulb to forebrain cholinergic nuclei.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {541},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {82-88},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)91077-e},
  abstract    = {Receptors for nerve growth factor are present in the olfactory bulb and in cholinergic nuclei that send projections to the olfactory bulb. The retrograde transport of 125I-labeled recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF) was demonstrated in the rat 18 h following an injection of [125I]rhNGF into the left olfactory bulb. In each of six animals, [125I]rhNGF label was observed in the ipsilateral horizontal limb of the diagonal band and, in four of the 6 animals, in the vertical limb of the diagonal band. Label was not observed in any other brain region except within the injected olfactory bulb. The transport of label to the diagonal band was blocked by the injection of 170-fold greater concentration of unlabeled rhNGF. Emulsion autoradiography of hematoxylin/eosin counterstained sections revealed silver grains clustered over numerous cell profiles that resembled neurons. In contrast, cerebellar injections of [125I]rhNGF, with or without unlabeled rhNGF, did not label diagonal band neurons, 
nor the lateral vestibular or red nuclei, from which originate the primary cholinergic afferents to cerebellum. The receptor-dependent transport of NGF from olfactory bulb to forebrain cholinergic nuclei suggests that this projection, unlike pontomesencephalic cholinergic pathways, may be responsive to endogenous NGF or exogenously administered rhNGF.},
  institution = {Developmental Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography, methods; Biological Transport; Brain, metabolism; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; Humans; Injections; Nerve Growth Factors, metabolism; Olfactory Bulb, metabolism; Parasympathetic Nervous System, metabolism; Receptors, Cell Surface, physiology; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor; Recombinant Proteins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {0006-8993(91)91077-E},
  pmid        = {1851448},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Altar:1997,
  author      = {Altar, C. A. and Cai, N. and Bliven, T. and Juhasz, M. and Conner, J. M. and Acheson, A. L. and Lindsay, R. M. and Wiegand, S. J.},
  title       = {Anterograde transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its role in the brain.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {389},
  number      = {6653},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {856--860},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/39885},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/39885},
  abstract    = {The role of neurotrophins as target-derived proteins that promote neuron survival following their retrograde transport from the terminals to the cell bodies of neurons has been firmly established in the developing peripheral nervous system. However, neurotrophins appear to have more diverse functions, particularly in the adult central nervous system. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), for example, produces a variety of neuromodulatory effects in the brain that are more consistent with local actions than with long-distance retrograde signalling. Here we show that BDNF is widely distributed in nerve terminals, even in brain areas such as the striatum that lack BDNF messenger RNA, and that inhibition of axonal transport or deafferentation depletes BDNF. The number of striatal neurons that contain the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin was decreased in BDNF+/- and BDNF-/- mice in direct proportion to the loss of BDNF protein, which is consistent with anterogradely supplied BDNF having a 
functional role in development or maintenance. Thus the anterograde transport of BDNF from neuron cell bodies to their terminals may be important for the trafficking of BDNF in the brain.},
  institution = {Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA.},
  journal     = {Nature},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, physiology; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, genetics/metabolism/physiology; Denervation; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mice; Mutation; Neostriatum, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Parvalbumins, immunology; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9349818},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Altman:1978,
  author      = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.},
  title       = {Prenatal development of the cerebellar system in the rat. II. Cytogenesis and histogenesis of the inferior olive, pontine gray, and the precerebellar reticular nuclei.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {179},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {49--75},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.901790105},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901790105},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Differentiation, physiology; Cerebellum, cytology/embryology; Embryonic and Fetal Development, physiology; Female; Olivary Nucleus, cytology/embryology; Pons, cytology/embryology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reticular Formation, cytology/embryology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8980717},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Altman:1980,
  author      = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.},
  title       = {Development of the brain stem in the rat. III. Thymidine-radiographic study of the time of origin of neurons of the vestibular and auditory nuclei of the upper medulla.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {194},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {877--904},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.901940410},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901940410},
  abstract    = {Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational days 12 and 13 (E12 + 13) until the day before parturition (E21 + 22). In adult progeny of the injected rats the proportion of neurons generated on specific embryonic days was determined quantitatively in the vestibular and auditory nuclei of the upper medulla. In the vestibular nuclei, neurons are generated between days E11 and E15 in an overlapping sequential order, yielding a lateral-to-medial and a rostral-to-caudal internuclear gradient. In the lateral vestibular nucleus peak production time is day E12; in the superior nucleus, E13; in the inferior nucleus, E13 and E14; and in the medial nucleus, E14. The early generation of neurons of the lateral vestibular nucleus may reflect the early differentiation of the circuit from the gravity receptors (utricle) to neurons of the spinal cord controlling postural balance. The later production of neurons of the superior vestibular nucleus may 
reflect the subsequent differentiation of the circuit from the rotational receptors (semicircular canals) to the neurons of the brain stem controlling eye movements. The generation time of neurons of the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi overlaps with that of the medial vestibular nucleus. The neurons of the anteroventral and posteroventral cochlear nuclei are produced from days E13 to E17, with no temporal differences between the two nuclei. The neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus are generated over a very long time span, beginning on day E12 and extending into the postnatal period. There is a sequence in the production of neurons forming the different layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in the following order: pyramidal cells, cells of the inner layer, cells of the outer layer and, finally, cells of the granular layer. There is also a sequential production of neurons in four nuclei of the superior olivary complex. In the lateral trapezoid nucleus peak production time is day E12; in the medial superior 
olivary nucleus, day E13; in the medial trapezoid nucleus, day E15; and in the lateral superior olivary nucleus, day E16. This order yields a medial-to-lateral gradient in the dorsal aspect of the superior olivary complex, and a lateral-to-medial gradient ventrally. These mirror-image gradients were also seen intranuclearly in the lateral superior olivary nucleus and the medial trapezoid nucleus. The cytogenetic gradients could not be related to tonotopic representation; however, they could be related to the lateral location of ipsilateral cochlear nucleus input to the lateral superior olivary nucleus and the medial location of the contralateral cochlear nucleus input to the medial trapezoid nucleus.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Cell Differentiation; Cochlear Nerve, embryology/metabolism; Medulla Oblongata, embryology/metabolism; Rats; Thymidine, metabolism; Vestibular Nuclei, embryology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7204645},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Altman:1980a,
  author      = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.},
  title       = {Development of the brain stem in the rat. II. Thymidine-radiographic study of the time of origin of neurons of the upper medulla, excluding the vestibular and auditory nuclei.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {194},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {37--56},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.901940103},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901940103},
  abstract    = {Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational days 12 and 13 (E12 + 13) until the day before birth (E21 + 22). In radiographs from adult progeny of these rats the proportion of neurons generated on specific days was determined in the major nuclei of the upper medulla, with the exception of the vestibular and auditory nuclei. The neurons of the motor nuclei are generated over a brief period. Neurons of the retrofacial nucleus are produced first, with more than 60\% of the cells arising on day E11 or earlier. Peak generation time of abducens neurons is day E12 and of the neurons of the facial nucleus is day E13. In contrast, the neurons of the superior salivatory nucleus are produced late, predominantly on day E15 and some on day E16. The generation of the (sensory relay) neurons of the nucleus oralis of the trigeminal complex takes place over an extended period between days E12 and E15; the last generated cells include the largest 
neurons of this nucleus. Neurons of the raphe magnus are produced between days E11 and E14, the neurons of the rostral medullary reticular formation between days E12 and E15. The latest generated neurons of the upper medulla (excluding the cochlear nuclei) belong to a structure identified as the granular layer of the raphe. Combining these results with those of the preceding paper (Altman and Bayer, '80a) and with additional data, it is postulated that the laterally and ventrally situated motor nucleus of the trigeminal, the facial nucleus, and the nucleus ambiguous form a single longitudinal zone of branchial motor neurons with a rostral-to-caudal cytogenetic gradient. In contrast, the medially and dorsally situated (juxtaventricular) hypoglossal nucleus and abducens nucleus (together with the other nuclei of the ocular muscles) form a longitudinal somatic motor zone with a caudal-to-rostral gradient. The dorsal nucleus of the vagus and the superior salivatory nucleus may constitute a preganglionic motor 
zone, also with a caudal-to-rostral cytogenetic gradient.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Abducens Nerve, embryology; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Facial Nerve, embryology; Gestational Age; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/embryology; Motor Neurons; Raphe Nuclei, embryology; Rats; Reticular Formation, embryology; Trigeminal Nuclei, embryology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7440799},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Altman:1981,
  author      = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.},
  title       = {Time of origin of neurons of the rat superior colliculus in relation to other components of the visual and visuomotor pathways.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {42},
  number      = {3-4},
  pages       = {424--434},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00237507},
  abstract    = {Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational day 12 and 13 (E12 + E13) until the day before parturition (E21 + 22) in order to label all the multiplying precursors of neurons. At 60 days of age the proportion of neurons generated (or no longer labelled) on specific days was determined in the separate layers of the superiorr colliculus. Neurogenesis begins with layers V and IV on day E12; the bulk (87\%) of these cells are generated on day E13. This early-produced band of large neurons, the intermediate magnocellular zone, divides the superior colliculus into two cytogenetically distinct regions. In both the deep and the superficial superior colliculus neuron production is relatively protracted. In the deep superior colliculus neuron production peaks on day E15 in lay VII, on day E15 and E16 in lay VI, and on day E16 (the large neurons excluded) in layer V, indicating an inside-out sequence. In the superficial superio coliculus peak 
production time of both layer I and II is on day E16 but in the latter region neuron production is more prolonged and ends on day E18. One interpretation of these results is that the two pairs of superficial layers are produced in an outside-in sequence. These three cytogenetic subdivisions of the superior colliculus may be correlated with its structural-functional parcellation into an efferent spinotectal, a deep somatomotor and a superficial visual component. A comparison of neurogenesis in different components of the visuomotor and visual pathways of the rat indicates that the motor neurons of the extraocular muscles, the abducens, trochlear and oculomotor nuclei, and neurons of the nucleus of Darkschewitsch are produced first. Next in line are source neurons of efferents to the bulb and the spinal cord: those of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and the intermediate magnocellular zone of the superior colliculus. These are followed by the relay neurons of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body. The 
neurons of the superficial superior colliculus and of the visual cortex implicated in visual sensori-motor integrations are produced last.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, embryology/physiology; Animals; Female; Neurons, physiology; Pregnancy; Rats; Superior Colliculi, cytology/embryology/physiology; Visual Pathways, cytology/embryology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7238681},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Altman:1981a,
  author      = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.},
  title       = {Time of origin of neurons of the rat inferior colliculus and the relations between cytogenesis and tonotopic order in the auditory pathway.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {42},
  number      = {3-4},
  pages       = {411--423},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00237506},
  abstract    = {Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational day 12 and 13 (E12+13) until the day before parturition (E21+22) in order to label in their embryos the proliferating precursors of neurons. At 60 days of age the proportion of neurons generated (or no longer labelled) on specific embryonic days was determined quantitatively in six vertical strips of the inferior colliculus. It was established that the neurons of the inferior colliculus are produced between days E14 and the perinatal period in an orderly sequence: the earliest generated cells are situated rostrally, laterally and ventrally in the principal nucleus, the latest generated cells are situated caudally, medially and dorsally in the pericentral nucleus. This cytogenetic gradient suggested that the cells are produced dorsally in the caudal recess of the embryonic aqueduct and are deployed in an "outside-in" pattern. This study has brought to a conclusion our datings of neuron 
production in the central auditory pathway of the rat. The results revealed that in those structures in which a cytogenetic gradient could be recognized, the orientation of this gradient and the regional tonotopic order (demonstrated mostly in species other than the rat) tended to be aligned. Moreover, with the exception of the medial trapezoid nucleus and the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (which receive contralateral input from the cochlear nuclei), sites with early-produced neurons correlated with units responding preferentially to high frequency tones and vice versa. This suggested that the orderly production of neurons within different components of the auditory system is a factor in their subsequent topographic organization. A comparison of the temporal order of neuron production in different components of the auditory pathway suggested that the establishment of orderly topographic relations between some of the structures (e.g., the medial geniculate body and the primary auditory cortex) takes 
place before this spatial relationship could be specified as a cochleotopic order.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, embryology/physiology; Female; Hearing; Inferior Colliculi, embryology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Pregnancy; Rats; Thymidine, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7238680},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Altman:1985,
  Title                    = {Embryonic development of the rat cerebellum. II. Translocation and regional distribution of the deep neurons.},
  Author                   = {J. Altman and S. A. Bayer},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1985},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {27-41},
  Volume                   = {231},

  Abstract                 = {In thymidine radiograms and plastic-embedded sections, the migration of cerebellar deep neurons was traced from their germinal source to their final settling sites. The route proved to be roundabout and three developmental events could be distinguished during the process. First, between days E14 and E16, transversely oriented cells of the nuclear transitory zone move in an arc from the ventrolateral neuroepithelium of the lateral cerebellar primordium in a medial direction. Second, between days E16 and E18, the cells of the rostral component of the nuclear transitory zone assume a longitudinal orientation. We postulated that this is the period of axonogenesis, the longitudinally oriented cells issuing efferents that join the superior cerebellar peduncle ipsilaterally and the transversely oriented cells (representing the neurons of the caudal fastigial nucleus) sending decussating fibers to the uncinate fasciculus (the hook bundle of Russell). Third, between days E18 and E21, the 
earlier-produced superficial cells of the nuclear transitory zone and the later-produced deep cells of the cortical transitory zone (the young Purkinje cells) exchange positions. The descent of the deep neurons is in the direction of the fibers of the inferior cerebellar peduncle, which becomes distributed throughout the cerebellum on day E17. The ascent of the Purkinje cells is in the direction of the external germinal layer, which begins to spread from caudal to rostral on day E17. The three deep nuclei, the lateral (dentate), interpositus, and medial (fastigial), can be distinguished before their descent into the depth of the cerebellum, and by day E22 a small-celled and a large-celled subdivision is identifiable in each nucleus.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902310104},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autoradiography; Cell Movement; Cerebellar Nuclei, embryology; Cerebellum, cytology/embryology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thymidine, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Morawska, Pauline},
  Pmid                     = {3968227},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902310104}
}

@Article{Altman:1987,
  author      = {J. Altman and S. A. Bayer},
  title       = {Development of the precerebellar nuclei in the rat: III. The posterior precerebellar extramural migratory stream and the lateral reticular and external cuneate nuclei.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {257},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {513-528},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902570404},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902570404},
  abstract    = {Sequential thymidine radiograms from rats injected on day E15 and killed thereafter at daily intervals up to day E22 were analyzed to trace the migratory routes and settling patterns of neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus and the external cuneate nucleus. The neurons of the lateral reticular and external cuneate nuclei originate in the primary precerebellar neuroepithelium at the same site as the inferior olivary neurons but follow a different migratory route. The labeled young neurons that are produced on day E15 (the last one-third of the total) join the posterior precerebellar extramural migratory stream. The cells move circumferentially over the wall of the medulla in a ventral direction and by day E17 reach the midline and cross it beneath the inferior olive. The crossing cells apparently continue to migrate circumferentially on the opposite side. One complement of these cells begins to form a ventrolateral extramural condensation on day E19. By day E20 some cells begin to 
penetrate the parenchyma and settle as neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus. The settling of the lateral reticular neurons continues on the following day, and by day E22 all the cells destined for the lateral reticular nucleus have penetrated the parenchyma. A dorsomedial-to-ventrolateral neurogenetic gradient is indicated for the settling lateral reticular neurons. Another complement of migrating cells continues dorsally and forms a condensation on day E19 that we interpret as the external cuneate component of the crossed stream. These cells begin to penetrate the parenchyma on day E20, and by days E21 and E22 two components of the external cuneate nucleus are identifiable-the dorsal and ventral external cuneate nuclei. The neurons of the lateral reticular and external cuneate nuclei differ from neurons of all the other precerebellar nuclei in that their cerebellar projection is predominantly ipsilateral. We speculate that the axons of all precerebellar neurons are genetically specified to cross the 
midline ventrally to provide a contralateral efferent projection, but this is modified in the case of the ipsilaterally projecting lateral reticular and external cuneate neurons by the cell bodies following their neurites to the opposite side.},
  institution = {Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Cell Movement; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology/embryology/radiography; Medulla Oblongata, embryology/radiography; Neural Pathways, embryology; Neurons, physiology; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, embryology; Reticular Formation, embryology/radiography; Thymidine, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {3693596},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Altman:1987a,
  author      = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.},
  title       = {Development of the precerebellar nuclei in the rat: IV. The anterior precerebellar extramural migratory stream and the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and the basal pontine gray.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {257},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {529--552},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902570405},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902570405},
  abstract    = {Sequential thymidine radiograms from rats injected on days E16, E17, E18, and E19 and killed 2 hours after injection and at daily intervals up to day E22 were used to establish the site of origin, migratory route, and settling patterns of neurons of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and basal pontine gray. The nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis neurons, which are produced predominantly on days E15 and E16, derive from the primary precerebellar neuroepithelium. These cells, unlike those of the lateral reticular and external cuneate nuclei, take an anteroventral subpial route, forming the anterior precerebellar extramural migratory stream. This migratory stream reaches the anterior pole of the pons by day E18. In rats injected on day E16 and killed on day E18 some of the cells that reach the pons are unlabeled, indicating that they represent the early component of neurons generated on day E15. The cells labeled on day E16 begin to settle in the pons on day E19, 3 days after their 
production. These cells, migrating in an orderly temporal sequence, form a posterodorsal-to-anteroventral gradient in the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. Unlike the neurons of all the other precerebellar nuclei, the basal pontine gray neurons derive from the secondary precerebellar neuroepithelium. The secondary precerebellar neuroepithelium forms on day E16 as an outgrowth of the primary precerebellar neuroepithelium, and it remains mitotically active through day E19, spanning the entire period of basal pontine gray neurogenesis. The secondary precerebellar neuroepithelium is surrounded by a horizontal layer of postmitotic cells, representing the head-waters of the anterior precerebellar extramural migratory stream. In rats injected on day E18 and killed on day E19 the cells are labeled in the proximal half of the stream around the medulla but those closer to the pons are unlabeled, indicating an orderly sequence of migration. In rats injected on day E18 and killed on day E20 the labeled cells reach 
the pole of the pons. In the basal pontine gray the sequentially generated neurons settle in a precise order. The neurons generated on day E16 form a small core posteriorly and the neurons generated on days E17, E18, and E19 form regular concentric rings around the core in an inside-out sequence.},
  institution = {Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Cell Movement; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology/embryology/radiography; Neural Pathways, embryology; Neurons, physiology; Pons, cytology/embryology/radiography; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, embryology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3693597},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Altman:1987b,
  author      = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.},
  title       = {Development of the precerebellar nuclei in the rat: II. The intramural olivary migratory stream and the neurogenetic organization of the inferior olive.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {257},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {490--512},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902570403},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902570403},
  abstract    = {Sequential thymidine radiograms from rats labeled on days E13 and E14, and killed at daily intervals thereafter, were analyzed to trace the migratory route and settling pattern of neurons of the inferior olive. Long-survival thymidine radiograms from perinatal rats injected on day E14 were used to subdivide the inferior olivary complex on the basis of neurogentic criteria. The inferior olivary neurons originate on days E13 and E14 in the primary precerebellar neuroepithelium. The olivary neurons labeled on day E14 (the late generated components) translocate into the inferior olivary premigratory zone on day E15. On day E16 these cells join the olivary migratory stream, which follows an intramural circumferential path between the gray and white matters of the medulla. By day E17 the olivary migratory stream is reduced to a small band near the corpus of the inferior olive, which has been settled by this time by neurons generated on day E13. As a result, the unlabeled cells are situated on day 
E17 dorsomedially and the labeled cells ventrolaterally. The regional segregation of neurons forming subdivisions of the inferior olive begins on day E18, and by day E19 the major subdivisions are all recognizable. In thymidine radiograms from perinatal rats injected on day E14, four neurogenetic components can be distinguished in the inferior olive, those composed: (1) of unlabeled cells (generated on day E13), (2) of predominantly unlabeled cells, (3) of predominantly labeled cells (generated on day E14), and (4) of labeled cells. By combining these neurogenetic differences with the morphological features of the inferior olivary complex, we propose a modification of the currently accepted classification. The four major divisions of the inferior olive are the successively produced posterodorsal olive, anterolateral (principal) olive, posteroventral olive, and anteroventral olive. The location and configuration of these divisions are illustrated in relation to the traditional classification both in the 
coronal and the sagittal plane.},
  institution = {Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Cell Movement; Cerebellar Nuclei, embryology/radiography; Cytogenetics; Neural Pathways, embryology; Neurons, physiology; Olivary Nucleus, cytology/embryology/radiography; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, embryology; Thymidine, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3693595},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Altman:1988,
  author      = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.},
  title       = {Development of the rat thalamus: III. Time and site of origin and settling pattern of neurons of the reticular nucleus.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {275},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {406--428},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902750306},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902750306},
  abstract    = {Short-survival, sequential, and long-survival thymidine radiograms of rat embryos, fetuses, and young pups were analyzed in order to examine the time of origin, settling pattern, migratory route, and site of origin of neurons of the reticular nuclear complex of the thalamus. On the basis of its chrono-architectonics, the reticular nucleus was divided into a central, medial, and lateral subnucleus. The central subnucleus is the earliest produced component of the entire thalamus with over 50\% of its neurons being generated on day E13 and another 40\% on day E14. Peak production of neurons of the lateral and medial subnuclei is on day E14. There is a lateral (earlier) to medial (later) neurogenetic gradient between these two components of the reticular complex: only about 12\% of the lateral subnucleus neurons, but close to 30\% of the medial subnucleus neurons, are generated on day E15. Because the lateral and medial subnuclei display the typical outside-in gradient found in the thalamus, 
they are considered to constitute a single cytogenetic sector; the early generated central subnucleus, which violates this order, is considered to constitute a separate cytogenetic sector. Observations are presented that neurons of the central reticular subnucleus originate in a unique neuroepithelial region, the reticular protuberance. The migration of heavily labeled cells was traced from this region in rats labeled with 3H-thymidine on day E13 and killed on the subsequent days. The neurons of the lateral and medial reticular subnuclei originate in the reticular lobule of the thalamic neuroepithelium. The migration of heavily labeled, spindle-shaped cells was traced from this region in rats labeled with 3H-thymidine on days E14 and E15 and killed at daily intervals thereafter. The neurogenetic gradient of the reticular thalamic complex seen in postnatal rats is established before birth.},
  institution = {Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Cell Differentiation; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamus, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Thymidine, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3225345},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Altman:1989,
  author      = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.},
  title       = {Development of the rat thalamus: VI. The posterior lobule of the thalamic neuroepithelium and the time and site of origin and settling pattern of neurons of the lateral geniculate and lateral posterior nuclei.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {284},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {581--601},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902840407},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902840407},
  abstract    = {Short-survival, sequential, and long-survival thymidine radiograms of rat embryos, fetuses, and young pups were analyzed in order to determine the time of origin, site of origin, migratory route, and settling pattern of neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate (LGD), ventral lateral geniculate (LGV), and lateral posterior (LP) nuclei of the thalamus. Quantitative examination of long-survival radiograms established that the neurons of the LGD are produced on days E14 and E15. Within the LGD there is an external-to-internal neurogenetic gradient; the majority (77\%) of neurons of the external half are generated on day E14, while in the internal half the majority (64\%) of neurons originate on day E15. The late-generated LGD neurons are located in the termination field of the uncrossed fibers of the optic tract. Examination of short-survival radiograms indicated that the neurons of the LGD originate in a discrete neuroepithelial eversion situated ventral to the pineal rudiment and dorsal to the 
putative neuroepithelium of the ventral nuclear complex. In sequential radiograms from rats injected with 3H-thymidine on day E15 and killed on days E16 and E17, the migration of young LGD neurons was followed in a posterolateral direction to the formative lateral geniculate body. By day E17, the day when the optic tract fibers begin to disperse over the lateral surface of the posterior diencephalon, the distribution of early and late-generated neurons of the LGD resembles that seen in young pups. As a whole, the neurons of the LGV are produced earlier than the neurons of the LGD. The bulk of LGV neurons are generated on days E14 and E15 in a caudal-to-rostral intranuclear neurogenetic gradient. Caudal LGV neurons are generated mainly on day E14 (82\%), while a substantial proportion of rostral neurons (32\%) are generated on day E15. Examination of short-survival and sequential radiograms suggest that the LGV neurons originate in an inverted sublobule situated beneath the putative neuroepithelium of the LGD.
 At anterior levels the putative inverted sublobule of the LGV merges imperceptibly with the neuroepithelium that produces the neurons of the lateral habenular nucleus. Like the neurons of the LGD and LGV, so also those of the LP are generated on days E14 and E15, but the neurogenetic gradients are different. There is a lateral-to-medial gradient within the LP as a whole. Peak production of neurons is on day E14 laterally (58\%) and on day E15 medially (59\%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/embryology; Rats; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/embryology; Thymidine, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2768553},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Altman:1989a,
  author      = {Altman, J. and Bayer, S. A.},
  title       = {Development of the rat thalamus: V. The posterior lobule of the thalamic neuroepithelium and the time and site of origin and settling pattern of neurons of the medial geniculate body.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {284},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {567--580},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902840406},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902840406},
  abstract    = {Long-survival, sequential, and short-survival thymidine radiograms of rat embryos, fetuses, and young pups were analyzed in order to examine the time of origin, site of origin, migratory route, and settling pattern of neurons of the medial geniculate body (MG). Quantitative evaluation of long-survival radiograms established that the bulk of MG neurons are generated between embryonic (E) days E13 and E15, with a pronounced peak on day E14. There is an overall lateral-to-medial and caudal-to-rostral chronological gradient in MG neurogenesis. On the basis of significant regional differences in the birth dates of neurons, the MG was divided into several chronoarchitectonic areas. The earliest-generated neurons (with close to 20\% of the cells produced on day E13 and a negligible proportion on day E15) form the dorsal and ventral clusters far laterally. Next in sequential order are the neurons of the lateral shell, intermediate shell, and medial shell of the MG. The medial shell with it latest-
generated neurons (with over 30\% produced rostrally on day E15) corresponds to the medial (magnocellular) subnucleus of the MG. There were no neurogenetic differences between the traditional dorsal and ventral divisions of the MG. Examination of sequential radiograms in rats labeled with 3H-thymidine on day E14 or E15 and killed on successive days brought supportive evidence for our earlier identification, in short-survival radiograms, of a posteroventral thalamic neuroepithelial evagination as the putative source, or committed cell line, of MG neurons. Wave fronts of apparently migrating unlabeled and labeled cells could be traced from this sublobule in a posterolateral direction to the future site of the MG.},
  institution = {Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/embryology; Rats; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/embryology; Thymidine, diagnostic use; t},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2768552},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Altman:2003,
  author      = {Altman, Peter A. and Sievers, Richard and Lee, Randall},
  title       = {Exploring heart lymphatics in local drug delivery.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {47--53; discussion 54},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1089/15396850360495691},
  abstract    = {Local intramyocardial delivery (IMD) is under active clinical investigation for cell therapies to treat congestive heart failure, and gene therapies to induce revascularization of ischemic myocardium in coronary artery disease. Locally delivered agents can migrate away from the site of delivery through pathways that include lymphatics. Postdelivery redistribution can be observed using fluorescent tracers of different physical geometries. This approach provides a means to characterize these pathways and to delineate their importance in local cardiovascular drug delivery.The left ventricular wall of rats (N = 83) received injections of fluorescent microspheres with mean diameters ranging from 20 nm to 15,000 nm. Fluorescent microscopy was used to observe and image the patterns of migration from the epicardial surface. The animals were sacrificed after delivery. The microspheres with diameters smaller than 200 nm were widely distributed within the lymphatic network on the epicardial surface of 
the rat heart and through the ventricular wall at the injection site. Cardiac lymph nodes were identified with 20 nm and 100 nm deliveries, but could not be identified in any deliveries 200 nm or larger. The 15000 nm microspheres did not migrate.Tortuous lymphatic pathways are apparent in the images of fluorescent sphere migration from the intramyocardial site of delivery. These images suggest a lymphatic role in the formation of native collaterals that may implicate potential advantages to IMD in therapeutic angiogenesis. Distribution postdelivery also suggests that IMD may provide a means to administer hydrophilic agents to the periadventitial zone of the arterial wall to limit restenosis. The lack of redistribution of the 15,000 nm microspheres supports the potential for cell therapies to remain localized over an extended time frame.},
  institution = {BioCardia, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. paltman@biocardia.com},
  journal     = {Lymphat Res Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cardiovascular System, drug effects; Drug Delivery Systems; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacology; Heart Ventricles, pathology; Heart, physiology; Humans; Lymph Nodes, physiology; Lymphatic Vessels, physiology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Microspheres; Models, Anatomic; Models, Biological; Myocardium, pathology; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Pericardium, pathology; Rats; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {15624321},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Altschuler:1994,
  Title                    = {Dendritic architecture of hypoglossal motoneurons projecting to extrinsic tongue musculature in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Altschuler, S. M. and Bao, X. and Miselis, R. R.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {538--550},
  Volume                   = {342},

  Abstract                 = {The tracer, cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase, was used to determine the dendritic architecture and organization of hypoglossal motoneurons in the rat. In 22 animals, the tracer was injected unilaterally into either the geniohyoid, genioglossus, hyoglossus, or styloglossus muscle. Within the hypoglossal nucleus, motoneurons innervating the extrinsic tongue muscles were functionally organized. Geniohyoid and genioglossus motoneurons were located within the ventrolateral and ventromedial subnuclei, respectively, while hyoglossus and styloglossus motoneurons were located within the dorsal subnucleus. Motoneurons located in all subnuclear divisions were found to have extensive dendrites that extended laterally into the adjacent reticular formation and medially to the ependyma. Less extensive extranuclear dendritic projections were found in the dorsal vagal complex and median raphe. Prominent rostrocaudal and mediolateral dendritic bundling was evident within the ventral subnuclei 
and dorsal subnucleus, respectively. Dendritic projections were also found extending inter- and intrasubnuclearly with a distinct pattern for each muscle. These data suggest that the varied and extensive dendritic arborizations of hypoglossal motoneurons provide the potential for a wide range of afferent contacts for, and interactions among, motoneurons that could contribute to the modulation of their activity. Specifically, the prominent dendritic bundling may provide an anatomic substrate whereby motoneurons innervating a specific muscle receive and integrate similar afferent input and are thus modulated as a functional unit. In contrast, the extensive intermingling of both inter- and intrasubnuclear dendrites within the hypoglossal nucleus may provide a mechanism for the coordination of different muscles, acting synergistically or antagonistically to produce a tongue movement.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903420404},
  Institution              = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cholera Toxin; Dendrites, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypoglossal Nerve, cytology/physiology; Male; Motor Neurons, physiology; Muscles, innervation/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tongue, innervation/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8040364},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903420404}
}

@Article{Altschuler:1989,
  Title                    = {Viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the rat: sensory ganglia and nuclei of the solitary and spinal trigeminal tracts.},
  Author                   = {S. M. Altschuler and X. M. Bao and D. Bieger and D. A. Hopkins and R. R. Miselis},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {248--268},
  Volume                   = {283},

  Abstract                 = {The aim of this study was to map the viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the sensory ganglia of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves and in the subnuclei of the solitary and spinal trigeminal tracts. Therefore, in 172 rats 0.5-65 microliters of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), wheat germ agglutinin-HRP, or cholera toxin-HRP were injected into the trunks and major branches of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves as well as into the musculature and mucosa of different levels of the upper alimentary and respiratory tracts. The results demonstrate that the sensory ganglia of the IXth and Xth nerves form a fused ganglionic mass with continuous bridges of cells connecting the proximal and distal portions of the ganglionic complex. Ganglionic perikarya were labeled in crude, overlapping topographical patterns after injections of tracers into nerves and different parts of the upper alimentary tract. After injections into the soft palate, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach, 
anterograde labeling was differentially distributed in distinct subnuclei in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS). Palatal and pharyngeal injections resulted primarily in labeling of the interstitial and intermediate subnuclei of the NTS and in the paratrigeminal islands (PTI) and spinal trigeminal complex. Esophageal and stomach wall injections resulted in labeling primarily of the subnucleus centralis and subnucleus gelatinosus, respectively. The distribution of upper alimentary tract vagal-glossopharyngeal afferents in the medulla oblongata has two primary groups of components, i.e., a viscerotopic distribution in the NTS involved in ingestive and respiratory reflexes and a distribution coextensive with fluoride-resistant acid-phosphatase-positive regions of the PTI and spinal trigeminal nucleus presumably involved in visceral reflexes mediated by nociceptive or chemosensitive C fibers.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902830207},
  Institution              = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cranial Nerves, physiology; Esophagus, innervation/physiology; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Pharynx, innervation/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stomach, innervation/physiology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2738198},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902830207}
}

@Article{Altschuler:1991a,
  Title                    = {Dendritic architecture of nucleus ambiguus motoneurons projecting to the upper alimentary tract in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Altschuler, S. M. and Bao, X. M. and Miselis, R. R.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1991},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {402--414},
  Volume                   = {309},

  Abstract                 = {The motor innervation for palatal, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and esophageal muscles originates within the nucleus ambiguus. Although the viscerotopic organization of the upper alimentary tract in the nucleus ambiguus has been extensively studied, little information concerning the dendritic arborization of nucleus ambiguus motoneurons is available. The neural tracer cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase, which is particularly effective at revealing dendrites of retrogradely labeled neurons, was used to determine the dendritic architecture and organization of nucleus ambiguus motoneurons. In 72 rats, cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase in volumes of 1.0-18 microliters was directly applied under pressure to the musculature of various sites along the upper alimentary tract. Motoneurons innervating the soft palate, pharynx, cricothyroid muscle, and cervical esophagus were all found to have extensive dendrites that extended into the adjacent reticular formation with a distinct pattern 
for each muscle group. In contrast, the dendrites of motoneurons innervating the thoracic and subdiaphragmatic esophagus were confined to the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus. Dendritic bundling within the confines of the nucleus ambiguus was prominent following injection of tracer into the soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus. The bundles were primarily oriented in a rostrocaudal direction. These data suggest that the extensive extranuclear dendritic arborization of motoneurons innervating the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and cervical esophagus provide a wide ranging target for multiple central afferents that may be involved in the differential control of muscles that participate in multiple complex motor functions. The lack of extensive extranuclear dendrites of motoneurons innervating the distal esophagus suggest that they receive focused central afferents. The prominent bundling of dendrites within the nucleus ambiguus may provide for synchronization of motoneurons innervating a specific muscle 
and perhaps for synchronization of motoneurons innervating different muscles acting in sequence.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903090309},
  Institution              = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cholera Toxin; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Esophagus, innervation; Horseradish Peroxidase; Laryngeal Nerves, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology; Muscle, Smooth, innervation; Palate, innervation; Pharynx, innervation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1717520},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903090309}
}

@Article{Altschuler:1993,
  Title                    = {The central organization of the vagus nerve innervating the colon of the rat.},
  Author                   = {S. M. Altschuler and J. Escardo and R. B. Lynn and R. R. Miselis},
  Journal                  = {Gastroenterology},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {502--509},
  Volume                   = {104},

  Abstract                 = {The extent to which the vagus nerve innervates the colon remains controversial.In 29 rats the tracer cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase was injected into the cecum, the ascending, transverse, or descending colon or the rectum. For comparison, control injections were made into the stomach.For all areas of colon except the rectum, brainstem motoneuronal labeling was limited to the lateral third of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve bilaterally. In contrast, gastric injections resulted in motoneuronal labeling limited to the medial portions of the nucleus. The number of labeled motoneurons was greatest following injection of the cecum, and it significantly decreased for the more distal areas of the colon. Colonic motoneuron dendrites projected into the nucleus of the solitary tract and within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Sensory afferent terminal labeling was limited to the commissural and medial subnuclei of the nucleus of the solitary tract. For the 
rectum, sensory and motor labeling was limited to the spinal cord.The distribution of labeling within the vagal complex indicates that all regions of the colon, except the rectum, are innervated by the celiac and accessory celiac branches of the vagus nerve.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Institution              = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Brain Stem, cytology; Cholera Toxin; Colon, innervation; Efferent Pathways; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vagus Nerve, cytology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0016508593000563},
  Pmid                     = {8425692},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Altschuler:1991,
  Title                    = {Representation of the cecum in the lateral dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and commissural subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii in rat.},
  Author                   = {S. M. Altschuler and D. A. Ferenci and R. B. Lynn and R. R. Miselis},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1991},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {261--274},
  Volume                   = {304},

  Abstract                 = {Motor fibers of the accessory celiac and celiac vagal branches are derived from the lateral columns of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. These branches also contain sensory fibers that terminate within the nucleus of the tractus solitarii. This study traces the innervation of the intestines by using the tracer cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase. In 53 rats, the tracer was injected into either the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, terminal ileum, cecum, or ascending colon. With all cecal injections, prominent retrograde labeling of cell bodies occurred bilaterally in the lateral columns of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve above, at, and below the level of the area postrema. Dendrites of laterally positioned neurons projected medially and rostrocaudally within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and dorsomedially into both the medial subnucleus and parts of the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus of the tractus solitarii. Sensory terminal labeling 
occurred in the dorsolateral commissural subnucleus at the level of the rostral area postrema and the medial commissural subnucleus caudal to the area postrema. Additionally, there was sensory terminal labeling within a small confined area of the dorsomedial zone of the nucleus of the tractus solitarii immediately adjacent to the fourth ventricle at a level just anterior to the area postrema. Stomach injections labeled motoneurons of the medial column of the entire rostrocaudal extent of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and a sensory terminal field primarily in the subnucleus gelatinosus, with less intense labeling extending caudally into the medial and ventral commissural subnuclei. Dendrites of gastric motoneurons project rostrocaudally and mediolaterally within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and dorsolaterally within the nucleus of the tractus solitarii. They are most pronounced at the level of the rostral area postrema where many dendrites course dorsolaterally terminating 
primarily within the subnucleus gelatinosus. Injections of the duodenum labeled a small number of the cells within the medial aspects of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Jejunal, ileal, and ascending colon injections labeled cells sparsely within the lateral aspects of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve bilaterally. No afferent terminal labeling was evident after injection of these areas of the bowel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903040209},
  Institution              = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cecum, injuries; Cholera Toxin; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1707898},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903040209}
}

@Article{Altun:2001,
  author      = {Altun, M. and Bergman, E. and Ulfhake, B.},
  title       = {Retrograde labeling of primary sensory neurons with fluorescent latex microspheres: a useful tool for long term tagging of neurons.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {108},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {19--24},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0165-0270(01)00367-3},
  abstract    = {In this study we have used fluorescent microspheres to retrogradely label primary sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Following injection into peripheral nerves, the animals were allowed to survive up to 480 days. Simple profile count indicates that there is a substantial retention of the labeling still after at least 480 days, i.e. about two-thirds of a rat's life span. Moreover, the appearance of the labeling remains quite distinct. Using established markers for axon damage of DRG neurons, we could detect a slight and transient effect of the peripheral nerve injection on the gene expression pattern. It is concluded that fluorescent microspheres represents an attractive means of tagging neurons in experiments covering long time periods.},
  institution = {Experimental Neurogerontology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsv 12 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, genetics; Cell Count; Female; Fluorescein, diagnostic use; GAP-43 Protein, genetics; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, drug effects/physiology; Microspheres; Nerve Degeneration, chemically induced/metabolism/physiopathology; Neuroanatomy, methods; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Neuropeptide Y, genetics; Peripheral Nerves, drug effects/metabolism/surgery; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0165-0270(01)00367-3},
  pmid        = {11459614},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Alturfan:2007,
  author      = {Alturfan, A. A. and Zengin, E. and Dariyerli, N. and Alturfan, E. E. and Gumustas, M. K. and Aytac, E. and Aslan, M. and Balkis, N. and Aksu, A. and Yigit, G. and Uslu, E. and Kokoglu, E.},
  title       = {Investigation of zinc and copper levels in methimazole-induced hypothyroidism: relation with the oxidant-antioxidant status.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {53},
  number      = {5},
  pages       = {183--188},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Thyroid hormones are associated with the oxidative and antioxidative status of the organism. Depression of metabolism by hypothyroidism has been reported to decrease oxidant production and thus protect tissues against oxidant damage. The purpose of the present study was to investigate Zn and Cu levels in MMI-induced hypothyroidism and to show whether there is a connection between these trace elements and the oxidant-antioxidant status in experimental hypothyroidism. 3-Nitrotyrosine was measured as a marker of nitro-oxidative stress. In order to examine the antioxidant status of MMI-induced hypothyroidism in rats, GSH and SOD levels were determined as well. Significantly decreased 3-nitrotyrosine, Cu and Zn levels were observed in our experimental model when compared with the controls. On the other hand, GSH and SOD levels remained constant. It may be suggested that Cu and Zn serve as antioxidant molecules and exert their effects in an indirect manner to reduce oxidative stress in 
experimental hypothyroidism.},
  institution = {Vocational School Health Services, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. ataalturfan@gmail.com},
  journal     = {Folia Biol (Praha)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antioxidants, metabolism; Copper, metabolism; Female; Glutathione, metabolism; Hypothyroidism, chemically induced/metabolism; Methimazole; Oxidants, metabolism; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Superoxide Dismutase, metabolism; Tyrosine, analogs /&/ derivatives/blood; Zinc, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {FB2007A0027},
  pmid        = {17976309},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Alvarado-Mallart:1982,
  author      = {R. M. Alvarado-Mallart and C. Sotelo},
  title       = {Differentiation of cerebellar anlage heterotopically transplanted to adult rat brain: a light and electron microscopic study.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {212},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {247-267},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902120304},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902120304},
  abstract    = {Pieces of cerebellar primordia from (days 14 or 15 of gestation) E14 or E15 rat embryos were dissected out and transplanted into a cavity of the occipital cortex and underlying hippocampus, over the superior colliculus of 2-month-old rats. The host animals were allowed to survive for 2 to 3 months. The cytoarchitectonic and the synaptic organizations were analyzed in 16 of such transplants. Only 4 of the implants established connections with the host brain through several thin peduncles composed of myelinated fibers. The remaining 12 implants survived in an extraparenchymal situation. Independently of its partial linking to the host brain, the graft grew and developed a cerebellar structure composed of nuclear and cortical regions. The latter exhibited normal lamination and foliation, and contained the five categories of neurons which characterize normal cerebellar cortex. Electron microscopic examination disclosed that the synaptic connections normally present in the cerebellar cortex were 
also formed in the implants with the exception of climbing fibers, which were absent. The cerebellar interneurons kept their normal topographic distribution and gave origin to numerous synapses which maintained their own specificity. Some mossy fibers were present in the granule cell layer at the center of typical glomeruli. However, abnormal synaptic arrangements were also observed within the neuropil of this granule cell layer. They consisted of pseudoglomerular formations composed of clusters of tightly packed small axon terminals covered by granule cell dendrites. The origin of these boutons was not established. Since they did not correspond to the classes of presynaptic elements normally synapsing on these dendrites, they constitute a new example of cerebellar heterologous synapses. Their presence could be related to changes in the cellular environment due to the rarity of mossy afferents. HRP tracing experiments, carried out in extraparenchymal transplants, have allowed us to determine that the 
corticonucleocortical loop of normal cerebellum is also developed in the implants. Nuclear neurons are at the origin of the mossy fibers involved in glomerular formations, whereas Purkinje cells project to the nuclear region. The establishment of these reciprocal connections could determine the functional stabilization of both kinds of cerebellar neurons and thus the long survival of extraparenchymal grafts. These results allow the conclusion that the presence of extracerebellar afferents is not necessary for the organotypic and synaptotypic differentiation of cerebellar anlage.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cerebellum, cytology/embryology/transplantation; Female; Interneurons, cytology; Microscopy, Electron; Organ Specificity; Purkinje Cells, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {7153376},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Alvarenga:2005,
  author      = {Alvarenga, R. M. and Pires, J G P. and {Futuro Neto}, H. A.},
  title       = {Functional mapping of the cardiorespiratory effects of dorsal and median raphe nuclei in the rat.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {38},
  number      = {11},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1719--1727},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {/S0100-879X2005001100022},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org//S0100-879X2005001100022},
  abstract    = {The dorsal (DRN) and median (MRN) raphe nuclei are important sources of serotonergic innervation to the forebrain, projecting to sites involved in cardiovascular regulation. These nuclei have been mapped using electrical stimulation, which has the limitation of stimulating fibers of passage. The present study maps these areas with chemical stimulation, investigating their influence on cardiorespiratory parameters. Urethane-anesthetized (1.2 g/kg, iv) male Wistar rats (280-300 g) were instrumented for pulsatile and mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate, renal nerve activity, and respiratory frequency recordings. Microinjections of L-glutamate (0.18 M, 50-100 nl with 1\% Pontamine Sky Blue) were performed within the DRN or the MRN with glass micropipettes. At the end of the experiments the sites of microinjection were identified. The majority of sites within the MRN (86.1\%) and DRN (85.4\%) evoked pressor responses when stimulated (DRN: DeltaMBP = +14.7 +/- 1.2; MRN: DeltaMBP = +13.6 +/- 1.3 
mmHg). The changes in renal nerve activity and respiratory rate caused by L-glutamate were +45 +/- 11 and +42 +/- 9\% (DRN; P < 0.05\%), +40 +/- 10 and +29 +/- 7\% (MRN, P < 0.05), respectively. No significant changes were observed in saline-microinjected animals. This study shows that: a) the blood pressure increases previously observed by electrical stimulation within the raphe are due to activation of local neurons, b) this pressor effect is due to sympathoexcitation because the stimulation increased renal sympathetic activity but did not produce tachycardia, and c) the stimulation of cell bodies in these nuclei also increases the respiratory rate.},
  institution = {Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Braz J Med Biol Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Blood Pressure, physiology; Brain Mapping; Electric Stimulation; Glutamic Acid, pharmacology; Heart Rate, physiology; Male; Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Neurons, drug effects; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiratory Mechanics, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0100-879X2005001100022},
  pmid        = {16258644},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Alvarez:2001,
  author      = {Alvarez, E. O. and Banzan, A. M.},
  title       = {Functional regional distribution of histamine receptors in the rat hippocampus: modulation of learning of an active avoidance response.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {108},
  number      = {11},
  pages       = {1249--1261},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s007020100003},
  abstract    = {The possible functional regional distribution of the histamine sensitive sites controlling the behavioral performance of learning of an active avoidance response in the hippocampal structure was studied. Adult male rats were stereotaxically implanted with microinjection cannula into three different regions of the hippocampus: the ventral, the dorsal posterior and the dorsal anterior hippocampus. Different groups of rats were microinjected into these subregions with either saline, 9, 45 or 90 nmol of histamine. Five min later all groups were subjected to learning of a conditioned response to an ultrasonic tone warning an electric shock to the feet of the animals. Three sessions of 8 trials were necessary in order to control animals learn the task. Results show that histamine microinjections into the ventral hippocampus were able to significantly inhibit the natural decrease of the latency to escape during trials, impairing the efficiency of learning. Histamine administration into the dorsal 
posterior hippocampus was slightly effective in prolonging latency and impairing learning, while injections into the dorsal anterior region of the hippocampus had no effect. Results give a further support to the idea that histamine sensitive neurons in the ventral hippocampus are modulating the memory and learning mechanisms in the rat. In addition, evidence has been found suggesting a regional distribution of histamine sensitive neurons controlling learning of avoidance responses along the septo-temporal axis of the rat hippocampus.},
  institution = {Instituto de Neurociencias y Humanidades Médicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. ealvarez@fmed2.uncu.edu.ar},
  journal     = {J Neural Transm},
  keywords    = {Animals; Avoidance Learning, drug effects/physiology; Conditioning (Psychology), physiology; Escape Reaction, drug effects/physiology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiology; Histamine, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism/physiology; Male; Microinjections; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time, drug effects/physiology; Receptors, Histamine, metabolism/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11768625},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Alvarez:1999,
  author      = {Alvarez, F. J. and Dewey, D. E. and McMillin, P. and Fyffe, R. E.},
  title       = {Distribution of cholinergic contacts on Renshaw cells in the rat spinal cord: a light microscopic study.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {515 ( Pt 3)},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {787--797},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.787ab.x},
  abstract    = {1. Cholinergic terminals in the rat spinal cord were revealed by immunohistochemical detection of the vesicular acetycholine transporter (VAChT). In order to determine the relationships of these terminals to Renshaw cells, we used dual immunolabelling with antibodies against gephyrin or calbindin D28k to provide immunohistochemical identification of Renshaw cells in lamina VII of the ventral horn. 2. A total of 50 Renshaw cells were analysed quantitatively using a computer-aided reconstruction system to provide accurate localization of contact sites and determination of somatic and dendritic surface area. Dendrites could be traced for up to 413 microm from the soma in calbindin D28k-identified Renshaw cells and up to 184 microm in gephyrin-identified cells. 3. A total of 3330 cholinergic terminals were observed on 50 Renshaw cells, with a range of 21-138 terminal appositions per cell (mean 66.6 +/- 25.56 contacts per cell). The vast majority (83.5 \%) of the terminals were apposed to 
dendrites rather than the soma. The overall density of cholinergic contacts increased from a little above 1 per 100 microm2 on the soma and initial 25 microm of proximal dendrites to 4-5 per 100 microm2 on the surface of dendritic segments located 50-250 microm from the soma. Single presynaptic fibres frequently formed multiple contacts with the soma and/or dendrites of individual Renshaw cells. 4. VAChT-immunoreactive terminals apposed to Renshaw cells varied in size from 0.6 to 6.9 microm in diameter (mean 2.26 +/- 0.94; n = 986) and were on average smaller than the cholinergic C-terminals apposed to motoneurones, but larger than VAChT-immunoreactive terminals contacting other ventral horn interneurones. 5. The high density and relatively large size of many cholinergic terminals on Renshaw cells presumably correlates with the strong synaptic connection between motoneurones and Renshaw cells. The fact that the majority of contacts are distributed over the dendrites makes the motoneurone axon collateral 
input susceptible to inhibition by the prominent glycinergic inhibitory synapses located on the soma and proximal dendrites. The relative positions and structural features of the excitatory cholinergic and inhibitory glycinergic synapses may explain why Renshaw cells, although capable of firing at very high frequency following motor axon stimulation, appear to fire at relatively low rates during locomotor activity.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.},
  journal     = {J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biological Markers, analysis; Calbindin 1; Calbindins; Carrier Proteins, analysis; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Membrane Proteins, analysis; Membrane Transport Proteins; Neurons, classification/cytology; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, analysis; Spinal Cord, cytology; Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins; Vesicular Transport Proteins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10066905},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Alvarez:1989,
  author      = {Alvarez, F. J. and Rodrigo, J. and Jessell, T. M. and Dodd, J. and Priestley, J. V.},
  title       = {Ultrastructure of primary afferent fibres and terminals expressing alpha-galactose extended oligosaccharides in the spinal cord and brainstem of the rat.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {18},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {631--645},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {The ultrastructural characteristics of primary afferent fibres, which express alpha-galactose extended oligosaccharides recognized by LD2 and LA4 monoclonal antibodies, and the subcellular localization of these oligosaccharides were studied. LD2 and LA4 antibodies both label intensely the plasma membrane of primary afferent fibres, and with LD2 antibody all immunoreactive profiles also possessed strong intracellular staining. In contrast, intracellular staining with LA4 antibody was observed in only a subpopulation of stained profiles. LD2-immunoreactive fibres were detected in trigeminal and Lissauer tracts and in lamina I (LI) and lamina II (LII), and appeared as a mixture of unmyelinated and myelinated fibres. The highest density of LD2-immunoreactive synaptic boutons was found in lamina II outer (LIIo). Many of the terminals were simple dome-shaped terminals, making single asymmetric synapses over small and medium-sized dendritic shafts and dendritic spines. All LA4-immunoreactive fibres 
were unmyelinated. In addition, some small scalloped central-glomerular terminals contacting two or three dendrites were found. LA4-immunoreactive fibres were found more frequently than terminals and appeared most heavily immunostained in trigeminal and Lissauer tracts. In the neuropil of LI and LII, LA4 profiles were generally very weakly immunostained, although a small sample of immunostained synaptic boutons was detected. All LA4-immunoreactive terminals were found in lamina II inner (LIIi) and made simple asymmetric axodendritic synapses. In addition to axons and terminals, some dendrites exhibited LD2 immunoreactivity and this was most intense in the region of synaptic vesicles. In addition to neurons, some endothelial cells were immunostained with LD2 antibody and astrocytes were immunostained with LA4 antibody.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, UMDS St Thomas's Campus, London, UK.},
  journal     = {J Neurocytol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Axons, analysis/ultrastructure; Brain Stem, analysis/ultrastructure; Dendrites, analysis/ultrastructure; Galactose, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, analysis/ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, analysis/ultrastructure; Oligosaccharides, analysis; Rats; Spinal Cord, analysis/ultrastructure; Synapses, analysis/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2614482},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Alvarez-Dolado:2001,
  author      = {Alvarez-Dolado, M. and Figueroa, A. and Kozlov, S. and Sonderegger, P. and Furley, A. J. and Muñoz, A.},
  title       = {Thyroid hormone regulates TAG-1 expression in the developing rat brain.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {14},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {1209--1218},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01745.x},
  abstract    = {TAG-1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules thought to play important roles in neuronal differentiation and the establishment of connectivity during brain development. Because these are processes also affected by hypothyroidism, we studied the effects of thyroid hormone deprivation and administration on TAG-1 expression in the developing rat brain. By in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting we found that TAG-1 RNA and protein levels are upregulated in the hypothyroid brain. From embryonic day 20 to postnatal day (P) 15, elevated TAG-1 RNA was found in several areas including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and olfactory bulb. In agreement with this, TAG-1 protein was overexpressed in the major fibre tracts arising from these structures, including the corpus callosum, anterior and hippocampal commissures and lateral olfactory tract. A similar overexpression of TAG-1 by hypothyroidism was detected in the cerebellum, but starting only 
at P15. In all cases, elevation of TAG-1 RNA and protein expression could be reversed by thyroid hormone treatment. These results show that the deregulation of TAG-1 might contribute to the alterations caused by the lack of thyroid hormone during brain development.},
  institution = {Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Aging, genetics; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, metabolism; Brain, embryology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; Cell Differentiation, physiology; Cell Movement, physiology; Cerebellum, embryology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Contactin 2; Fetus; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, genetics; Hypothyroidism, chemically induced/complications/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Membrane Glycoproteins, genetics; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Triiodothyronine, deficiency; Up-Regulation, genetics},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {1745},
  pmid        = {11703450},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Alves:2014,
  Title                    = {AAV vector-mediated secretion of chondroitinase provides a sensitive tracer for axonal arborisations.},
  Author                   = {Alves, João Nuno and Muir, Elizabeth M. and Andrews, Melissa R. and Ward, Anneliese and Michelmore, Nicholas and Dasgupta, Debayan and Verhaagen, Joost and Moloney, Elizabeth B. and Keynes, Roger J. and Fawcett, James W. and Rogers, John H.},
  Journal                  = {J Neurosci Methods},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Pages                    = {107--120},
  Volume                   = {227},

  Abstract                 = {As part of a project to express chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) in neurons of the central nervous system, we have inserted a modified ChABC gene into an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector and injected it into the vibrissal motor cortex in adult rats to determine the extent and distribution of expression of the enzyme. A similar vector for expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) was injected into the same location. For each vector, two versions with minor differences were used, giving similar results. After 4 weeks, the brains were stained to show GFP and products of chondroitinase digestion. Chondroitinase was widely expressed, and the AAV-ChABC and AAV-GFP vectors gave similar expression patterns in many respects, consistent with the known projections from the directly transduced neurons in vibrissal motor cortex and adjacent cingulate cortex. In addition, diffusion of vector to deeper neuronal populations led to labelling of remote projection fields which was much more 
extensive with AAV-ChABC than with AAV-GFP. The most notable of these populations are inferred to be neurons of cortical layer 6, projecting widely in the thalamus, and neurons of the anterior pole of the hippocampus, projecting through most of the hippocampus. We conclude that, whereas GFP does not label the thinnest axonal branches of some neuronal types, chondroitinase is efficiently secreted from these arborisations and enables their extent to be sensitively visualised. After 12 weeks, chondroitinase expression was undiminished.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.02.010},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK. Electronic address: jhr11@cam.ac.uk.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0165-0270(14)00071-5},
  Pmid                     = {24583077},
  Timestamp                = {01.05.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.02.010}
}

@Article{Amadeo:2001,
  author      = {Amadeo, A. and Ortino, B. and Frassoni, C.},
  title       = {Parvalbumin and GABA in the developing somatosensory thalamus of the rat: an immunocytochemical ultrastructural correlation.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {203},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {109--119},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s004290000143},
  abstract    = {The calcium binding protein parvalbumin (PV) is widely distributed in the mammalian nervous system and its relationship with GABAergic neurons differs within thalamic nuclei and animal species. In the rat somatosensory thalamus PV immunoreactive (ir) neurons were found only in the GABAergic reticular thalamic nucleus (RT), while a dense PVir neuropil is present in the ventrobasal complex (VB). In this study the distribution and relationship of PV and GABA were investigated in RT and VB during postnatal development at electron microscopic level. The pre-embedding immunoperoxidase detection of PV was combined with the post-embedding immunogold localization of GABA. In RT, at all developmental ages, neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and rare axonal terminals were both PVir and GABAir. In VB during the first postnatal week several small vesicle-containing profiles were double-labelled and some of them were identifiable as synaptic terminals. From postnatal day 7 (P7) to P9 the medial part of VB 
was more intensely PVir than the lateral one and some differences in the sequence of maturation of PVir terminals were noted between these two VB subdivisions. Single-labelled PVir profiles were first observed at P8, whereas single-labelled PVir terminals appeared at P12 and at P15 they became more frequent and larger, showing the typical morphology of ascending afferents described in adult VB. These results demonstrate the late expression of PV and acquisition of adult morphology in ascending terminals of rat VB during postnatal development in comparison with the innervation arising from the GABAergic RT.},
  institution = {Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica Generali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy. Alida.Amadeo@unimi.it},
  journal     = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  keywords    = {Aging; Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Parvalbumins, analysis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thalamic Nuclei, chemistry; Thalamus, chemistry/growth /&/ development/ultrastructure; Tissue Distribution; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11218057},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Amalric:1993,
  author      = {Amalric, M. and Koob, G. F.},
  title       = {Functionally selective neurochemical afferents and efferents of the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine system.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {99},
  pages       = {209--226},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {In summary, evidence is presented that the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine systems form functionally selective afferents to different parts of the basal ganglia and these inputs are paralleled by functionally selective outputs. The ventral striatal region of the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle has a dopamine input that is critical for locomotor activation produced by psychomotor stimulant drugs and some non-drug states. These regions also appear critical for the reinforcing actions of psychomotor stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine, and these regions may also be involved in the activation associated with non-drug rewards. Both psychomotor stimulant-induced locomotor activation and reinforcement may selectively involve dopamine D1 receptors. The functional efferents of this system appear to involve the region of the ventral pallidum and more specifically GABAergic mechanisms of the posterior medial (sublenticular) ventral pallidum. The relationship of this 
circuitry with the revised concept of the "extended amygdala" is an area of current work. The nigrostriatal dopamine system forms a functionally selective afferent system to the dorsal striatum and appears to be critical for the focused stereotyped behavior associated with high doses of psychomotor stimulants. This dopamine input also appears to be involved in non-drug-induced conditioned reaction time performance and may selectively involve dopamine D2 receptors. The functional efferents of this system appear to involve both direct and indirect GABAergic connections to the substantia nigra reticulata and dorsal pallidum, respectively. Activation of the GABAergic connection to the dorsal pallidum (indirect connection) appears to mimic the action of dopamine in the dorsal striatum, whereas activation of the GABAergic connection to the substantia nigra reticulata (direct connection) appears to modulate striatal dopamine function. These results show an important functional role for the globus pallidus in the 
output of the dorsal striatum and emphasize the parallel functional processing of both dorsal and ventral striatum.},
  institution = {Department of Neuropharmacology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.},
  journal     = {Prog Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, drug effects/physiology; Corpus Striatum, drug effects/physiology; Dopamine, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Limbic System, drug effects/physiology; Motor Activity, drug effects; Neostriatum, drug effects/physiology; Receptors, Dopamine, drug effects/physiology; Substantia Nigra, drug effects/physiology; Sympathomimetics, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8108549},
  timestamp   = {04.08.2015},
}

@Article{Amalric:1995,
  author      = {M. Amalric and H. Moukhles and A. Nieoullon and A. Daszuta},
  title       = {Complex deficits on reaction time performance following bilateral intrastriatal 6-OHDA infusion in the rat.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {972--980},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01085.x},
  abstract    = {The present study examined the ability of rats subjected to bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the terminal area of the nigrostriatal dopamine system to perform a prelearned reaction time task. This lesion model, the induction of a partial dopamine denervation of the striatum (74\% depletion of dopamine striatal tissue content) with a retrograde degeneration of dopamine cell bodies in the substantia nigra, sparing the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, closely approximates the neuronal degeneration observed in human idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Rats were trained previously to release a lever, within a reaction time limit, after the presentation of a visual cue through reinforcement with food pellets. The onset of the light stimulus varied randomly after an unpredictable delay period of 0.25-1.0 s. Rats with dopaminergic lesions showed moderate to extensive performance deficits which were not compensated for the five postoperative weeks. More than half of the lesioned animals (64\%) 
showed severe deficits, characterized by a concomitant increase in the number of anticipated (premature release of the lever before the visual cue) and delayed responses (lever release after the reaction time limit) with shortened reaction times in some cases. A smaller proportion (36\%) of lesioned animals exhibited mild impairment of performance with a large increase in delayed responses and lengthening of reaction times but with no change in the number of anticipated responses. Asymmetric lesions had no effect on the reaction time performance. Examination of tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining revealed that in the most impaired animals dopamine depletion was extensive in the medial striatum, whereas it was restricted to the dorsolateral striatum in the least impaired animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Fonctionnelle (Laboratoire associé à l'Université Aix-Marseille II), CNRS, Marseille, France.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid, metabolism; Animals; Corpus Striatum, drug effects; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine, metabolism; Frontal Lobe, pathology; Homovanillic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Oxidopamine, pharmacology; Parkinson Disease, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reaction Time, drug effects; Task Performance and Analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7613632},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Amano:2012,
  author    = {Amano, Taiju and Amir, Alon and Goswami, Sonal and Paré, Denis},
  title     = {Morphology, PKC delta expression, and synaptic responsiveness of different types of rat central lateral amygdala neurons},
  year      = {2012},
  volume    = {108},
  number    = {12},
  pages     = {3196--3205},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {http://jn.physiology.org/content/108/12/3196.full-text.pdf+html},
  journal   = {J Neurophysiol},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Am Physiological Soc},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@InBook{Amaral:2006,
  author    = {Amaral, D and Lavenex, P},
  title     = {The hippocampus book},
  year      = {2006},
  editor    = {Andersen, P and Morris, R and Amaral, D and Bliss, T and O'Keefe, J},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  chapter   = {Hippocampal neuroanatomy},
  pages     = {37-114},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {22.01.2015},
}

@Article{Amaral:1991,
  Title                    = {Organization of CA1 projections to the subiculum: a PHA-L analysis in the rat.},
  Author                   = {D. G. Amaral and C. Dolorfo and P. Alvarez-Royo},
  Journal                  = {Hippocampus},
  Year                     = {1991},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {415--435},
  Volume                   = {1},

  Abstract                 = {The organization of CA1 projections to the rat subiculum was investigated with the anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Discrete iontophoretic injections of PHA-L were placed into various transverse positions of the CA1 field at different septotemporal levels of the hippocampus. The distribution of CA1 projections was observed in dissected and extended hippocampal preparations. CA1 cells located proximally in the field, i.e., close to the CA2 field, gave rise to projections that terminated in the distal third of the subiculum, i.e., close to the presubiculum. CA1 cells located distally in the field, i.e., close to the subiculum, gave rise to projections that terminated proximally in the subiculum, i.e., just across the CA1/subiculum border. CA1 cells in the middle of the field projected to a midtransverse portion of the subiculum. The same general pattern of projections was observed at all septotemporal levels of the hippocampus. Varicose fibers from 
the CA1 neurons terminated among the basal dendrites of the subicular pyramidal cells, within the pyramidal cell layer, and in the deep portion of the molecular layer. In addition to the CA1 to subiculum projections, the discrete PHA-L injections provided the opportunity of examining the extent of local and associational connections within CA1. In general, associational connections in CA1 are far less extensive than in CA3. CA1 is not entirely without local connections, however. CA1 cells located close to the subicular border, for example, originated axons that first innervated the proximal subiculum and then reentered the CA1 field at the interface between stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare. In most of the experimental cases, there were collaterals located in stratum oriens of CA1 that branched from the fibers directed toward the subiculum. Thus, the basal dendrites of CA1 cells may receive associational inputs. The organization of the CA1 projections to the subiculum is discussed in relation 
to the organization of CA3 projections to CA1 and the differential output of transverse regions of the subiculum. The possibility is raised that information may be "channeled" through the hippocampal formation via the transverse organization of these connections and ultimately distributed to different recipients of hippocampal efferent projections.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/hipo.450010410},
  Institution              = {Salk Institute for Biological Studies, U.C.S.D., La Jolla.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Female; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Iontophoresis; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus, physiology/ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1727001},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450010410}
}

@Article{Amaral:1985,
  Title                    = {An analysis of the origins of the cholinergic and noncholinergic septal projections to the hippocampal formation of the rat.},
  Author                   = {D. G. Amaral and J. Kurz},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1985},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {37--59},
  Volume                   = {240},

  Abstract                 = {These experiments were directed at determining the proportion and distribution of cholinergic septal cells which project to the rat hippocampal formation. Injections of WGA-HRP were placed into different regions of the hippocampal formation and sections through the septal complex were processed for the simultaneous demonstration of the retrogradely transported marker and for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity. Preliminary analysis of adjacent normal series prepared either for the demonstration of ChAT or stained by the Nissl method demonstrated several distinct cell groups in the classically defined medial septal nucleus and vertical limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band. The groups of cells ranged from almost entirely ChAT-positive to entirely noncholinergic. On the basis of shape and size of the constituent cells, the ChAT-positive cells of the septal complex were divided into dorsal, intermediate, and ventral subdivisions. The proportion of retrogradely 
labeled cells that were also ChAT positive ranged from 22.8\% to 77.4\% in different experiments. When only the hippocampus and dentate gyrus are considered, this variation can largely be accounted for by the topographic organization of the septohippocampal projection. The medial, noncholinergic half of the medial septal nucleus projects primarily to the rostral or septal portions of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus, whereas the lateral half, in which the dorsal ChAT group is located, projects heavily to more temporal levels. Rostral portions of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus receive most of their cholinergic input from the ventral ChAT cell group which forms a major component of the vertical limb of the nucleus of the diagnoal band. While some ChAT-positive cells in the intermediate group project to the hippocampal formation, they are generally less numerous than those from the dorsal and ventral groups. However, in a control experiment in which the WGA-HRP injection was placed into the cingulate cortex 
overlying the rostral hippocampal formation, the intermediate ChAT group accounted for 71.2\% of the double-labeled cells.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902400104},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Female; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Gyrus Cinguli, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {4056104},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902400104}
}

@Article{Amaral:1983,
  author      = {Amaral, D. G. and Price, J. L.},
  title       = {An air pressure system for the injection of tracer substances into the brain.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {9},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {35--43},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-0270(83)90107-3},
  abstract    = {A system for injecting traces and other substances into the brain through glass micropipettes using mechanically or electromechanically regulated air pressure as the driving force is described. The system has a number of advantages over currently used devices including: accurate ejection of a wide range of volumes (2 nl to several microliters); the capability to inject all currently utilized tracers; and, the direct visualization of the volume of solution injected. This system has proven reliable for a number of tract tracing experiments ranging from the injection of tracers into deep structures of the monkey brain to injecting small quantities of tracers into the brains of fetal rats.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Air Pressure; Animals; Brain Mapping, instrumentation; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Cats; Haplorhini; Injections, instrumentation; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0165-0270(83)90107-3},
  pmid        = {6415347},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Amaral:1989,
  author      = {Amaral, D. G. and Witter, M. P.},
  title       = {The three-dimensional organization of the hippocampal formation: a review of anatomical data.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {31},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {571--591},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(89)90424-7},
  abstract    = {In the early 1970s, Andersen and colleagues proposed that the principal excitatory pathways of the hippocampal formation were organized in a lamellar fashion. This proposition, based heavily on the physiological studies of the proponents, indicated that "a point source of entorhinal activity projects its impulses through the four membered pathway (of the hippocampal formation) along a slice or lamella, of hippocampal tissue oriented normally to the alvear surface" [Anderson P., Bliss V.P. and Skrede K. K. (1971) Expl Brain Res. 13, 222-238] and perpendicular to the long axis of the hippocampus. Andersen et al. further suggested that, "By means of this lamellar organization, small strips of the hippocampal cortex may operate as independent functional units, although excitatory and inhibitory transverse connections may modify the behavior of neighboring lamellae." The "lamellar hypothesis" of hippocampal anatomical organization has had tremendous influence on the conceptualization of 
hippocampal information processing and was largely responsible for prompting the establishment of the in vitro hippocampal slice technology. While the "lamellar hypothesis" was consistent with the known neuroanatomy, subsequent neuroanatomical investigations, using a variety of modern tracing techniques, have invariably demonstrated that all of the major hippocampal projections, except for those arising from the granule cells of the dentate gyrus, are much more divergent than would be consistent with a strict interpretation of the lamellar hypothesis. This has become particularly clear in ongoing studies of the intrinsic hippocampal projections using the recently introduced anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Citing the conclusions from several papers dealing with the anatomical organization of the hippocampal formation and using examples from recent Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin mapping studies, the following are demonstrated. (1) That the major hippocampal projections are as 
extensive and highly organized in the long or septotemporal axis of the hippocampus as in the transverse axis. (2) That at least some of the hippocampal projections, such as the associational projections arising from the dentate gyrus, appear to be specifically organized to integrate distant levels of the hippocampal formation. (3) That the physiological data of Anderson et al. can be re-interpreted in the light of these new anatomical data to show how the stimulation and recording protocols used at the time would, in fact, generate the appearance of a lamellar organization. It is concluded that it is heuristically most reasonable to consider the hippocampal formation as a three-dimensional cortical region with important information processing taking place in both the transverse and long axes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA 92138.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(89)90424-7},
  pmid        = {2687721},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Ambalavanar:2003,
  Title                    = {Chemical phenotypes of muscle and cutaneous afferent neurons in the rat trigeminal ganglion.},
  Author                   = {Ambalavanar, Ranjinidevi and Moritani, Masayuki and Haines, Ashley and Hilton, Tia and Dessem, Dean},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {167--179},
  Volume                   = {460},

  Abstract                 = {Retrograde labeling was combined with cytochemistry to investigate phenotypic differences in primary afferent neurons relaying sensory information from deep and superficial craniofacial tissues. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM) immunoreactivity and isolectin IB4, and cholera toxin B (ChTB) binding were examined for trigeminal masticatory muscle and cutaneous afferent neurons. Somata labeled from muscle were larger than cutaneous afferent neurons. Muscle afferent neurons exhibited positive staining as follows: 22\% CGRP, 5\% SP, 0\% SOM; 18\% ChTB, 5\% IB4. The somata of CGRP- and SP-positive muscle afferent neurons were smaller than that of the overall muscle afferent population. Size differences were not detected between IB4- or ChTB-binding muscle afferent neurons and the total muscle afferent population. The following distribution was found for cutaneous afferent neurons: 26\% CGRP, 7\% SP, 1\% SOM, 26\% ChTB, 44\% IB4. Cutaneous 
afferent neurons positive for SP were smaller, while ChTB-binding cutaneous afferents were larger than the overall cutaneous afferent population. No size differences were found between cutaneous CGRP-, SOM-, or IB4-positive neurons and the total cutaneous afferent population. Target-specific differences exist for SOM and IB4. The percentage of cutaneous afferent neurons positive for SOM and IB4 exceeds that for SOM- or IB4-positive muscle afferents. The number of retrogradely labeled neurons never differed between sexes. The percentage of retrogradely labeled muscle afferent neurons that were CGRP-positive was greater in males than females. These data indicate the presence of phenotypic, target, and sex differences in trigeminal ganglion primary afferent neurons.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.10655},
  Institution              = {Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. ramba001@umaryland.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cell Size, physiology; Female; Male; Muscle, Skeletal, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Phenotype; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sex Characteristics; Skin, chemistry/cytology; Trigeminal Ganglion, chemistry/cytology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {12687682},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10655}
}

@Article{Ambalavanar:2007,
  Title                    = {Injection of adjuvant but not acidic saline into craniofacial muscle evokes nociceptive behaviors and neuropeptide expression.},
  Author                   = {Ambalavanar, R. and Yallampalli, C. and Yallampalli, U. and Dessem, D.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {650--659},
  Volume                   = {149},

  Abstract                 = {Craniofacial muscle pain including muscular temporomandibular disorders accounts for a substantial portion of all pain perceived in the head and neck region. In spite of its high clinical prevalence, the mechanisms of chronic craniofacial muscle pain are not well understood. Injection of acidic saline into rodent hindlimb muscles produces pathologies which resemble muscular pathologies in chronic pain patients. Here we investigated whether analogous transformations occur following repeated injections of acidic saline into the rat masseter muscle. Injection of acidic saline (pH 4) into the masseter muscle transiently lowered i.m. pH to levels comparable to those reported for rodent hindlimb muscles. Nevertheless, repeated unilateral or bilateral injections of acidic saline (pH 4) into the masseter muscle failed to alter nociceptive behavioral responses as occurs in the hindlimb. Changing the pH of injected saline to pH 3.0 or 5.0 also did not evoke nocifensive behavior. Acid 
sensing ion channel 3 receptors, which are implicated in transformations following acidification of hindlimb muscles, were found on trigeminal ganglion muscle afferent neurons via combined neuronal tracing and immunocytochemistry. In contrast to the acidic saline, injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the masseter muscle induced mechanical allodynia for 3 weeks, thermal hyperalgesia for 1 week and an increase in the number of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive muscle afferent neurons in the trigeminal ganglion. Although pH may alter CGRP release in primary afferent neurons, the number of CGRP-muscle afferent neurons did not change following i.m. injection of acidic saline. Further, there was no change in ganglionic iCGRP levels at 1, 4 or 12 days after i.m. injection of acidic saline. While these findings extend our earlier reports that CFA-induced muscle inflammation results in behavioral and neuropeptide changes they further suggest that i.m. acidification in craniofacial 
muscle evokes different responses than in hindlimb muscle and imply that disparate proton sensing mechanisms underlie these discrepancies.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.058},
  Institution              = {Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. rambalavanar@umaryland.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; Animals; Behavior, Animal, drug effects; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Facial Muscles, physiology; Facial Pain, chemically induced/psychology; Hot Temperature; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Immunohistochemistry; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Masseter Muscle, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects; Neuropeptides, biosynthesis/genetics; Pain Measurement; Physical Stimulation; Radioimmunoassay; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium Chloride; Trigeminal Ganglion, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(07)00901-3},
  Pmid                     = {17928159},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.058}
}

@Article{AmbrogiLorenzini:1994,
  author      = {{Ambrogi Lorenzini}, C. and Baldi, E. and Bucherelli, C. and Tassoni, G.},
  title       = {Post-training nucleus basalis magnocellularis functional tetrodotoxin blockade effects on passive avoidance consolidation in the rat.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {61},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {191--196},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0166-4328(94)90159-7},
  abstract    = {The tetrodotoxin (TTX) functional ablation technique was employed in order to evaluate the temporal coordinates of the rat's nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) involvement in memory trace processing. Under ketamine general anesthesia, TTX (10 ng in 1 microliter saline) was stereotaxically administered to rats, either in one or both NBMs. TTX was injected to different groups of rats, respectively 15 min, 6, 24, 48, 96 h after passive avoidance acquisition testing. The rats underwent retrieval testing 48 h later, i.e. after full recovery from TTX effects. Results show that: (1) monolateral TTX blockade significantly impairs PAR conditioned responding if induced up to 6 h but not 24 h after acquisition testing; (2) bilateral TTX blockade dramatically impairs passive avoidance responding up to a 48-h delay but not 96 h after acquisition testing. The results indicate a very profound involvement of NBM in passive avoidance response consolidation. The experimental evidence is discussed together 
with previous functional ablation findings concerning amygdala, parabrachial nuclei and neocortex.},
  journal     = {Behav Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Avoidance Learning, drug effects/physiology; Brain Mapping; Dominance, Cerebral, drug effects/physiology; Frontal Lobe, drug effects/physiology; Globus Pallidus, drug effects/physiology; Male; Mental Recall, drug effects/physiology; Neural Inhibition, drug effects/physiology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Parietal Lobe, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reaction Time, drug effects/physiology; Substantia Innominata, drug effects/physiology; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8037866},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{AmbrogiLorenzini:1997,
  author      = {{Ambrogi Lorenzini}, C. G. and Baldi, E. and Bucherelli, C. and Sacchetti, B. and Tassoni, G.},
  title       = {Role of ventral hippocampus in acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of rat's passive avoidance response memory trace.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {768},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {242--248},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00651-3},
  abstract    = {By means of local administration of tetrodotoxin (TTX) a fully reversible functional inactivation of rat's ventral hippocampus (VH) was obtained in order to characterize the role of this structure in the memorization of a conditioned passive avoidance response (PAR). In Experiment 1, on permanently cannulated animals, TTX (10 ng in 1.0 microl saline) or saline (1.0 microl) was injected uni- or bilaterally in the VH, respectively, 1 h before PAR acquisition, immediately after PAR acquisition, and 1 h before PAR retrieval, always performed 48 h after the acquisition trial. It was shown that both pre-acquisition and pre-retrieval VH uni- or bilateral blockades were followed by significant PAR retention impairment, while in post-acquisition only the bilateral blockade determined PAR retention impairment. In Experiment 2, on three different groups of rats, TTX (10 ng in 1 microl saline) was bilaterally administered, under general ketamine anesthesia (100 mg/kg b.w.), into the VH at different post-
acquisition delays (0.25, 1.5, 6 h). Retrieval testing, 48 h after treatment, showed that post-acquisition bilateral VH blockade caused PAR impairment only when performed 0.25 h after acquisition. The results clearly indicate a role of VH during acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of PAR engram. The experimental evidence is discussed in comparison to previous results concerning TTX dorsal hippocampus blockade effects on rat's PAR and in relation to hippocampal connectivity with the medial septal area and the amygdala.},
  institution = {Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiologiche, Florence, Italy.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Avoidance Learning, drug effects/physiology; Hippocampus, drug effects/physiology; Male; Memory, drug effects/physiology; Mental Recall, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(97)00651-3},
  pmid        = {9369321},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Ames:2003,
  author      = {Ames, Bruce N.},
  title       = {The metabolic tune-up: metabolic harmony and disease prevention.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {133},
  number      = {5 Suppl 1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {1544S--1548S},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://jn.nutrition.org/content/133/5/1544S.long},
  abstract    = {An optimum intake of micronutrients and metabolites, which varies with age and genetic constitution, would tune up metabolism and give a marked increase in health, particularly for the poor and elderly, at little cost. 1) DNA damage. Inadequate intake of folic acid causes millions of uracils to be incorporated into the DNA of each cell with associated chromosome breaks, essentially producing a radiation mimic. Deficiencies of the metabolically connected vitamins B-6 and B-12, which are also widespread, also cause uracil incorporation and chromosome breaks. Inadequate iron intake (2 billion women in the world; 25\% of U.S. menstruating women) causes oxidants to leak from mitochondria and damages mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA. Inadequate zinc intake (approximately 10\% in the U.S.) causes oxidation and DNA damage in human cells. 2) The K(m) concept. Approximately 50 different human genetic diseases that are due to a poorer binding affinity (K(m)) of the mutant enzyme for its coenzyme can 
be remedied by feeding high-dose B vitamins, which raise levels of the corresponding coenzyme. Many polymorphisms also result in a lowered affinity of enzyme for coenzyme. 3) Mitochondrial oxidative decay with age. This decay, which is a major contributor to aging, can be ameliorated by feeding old rats the normal mitochondrial metabolites acetyl carnitine and lipoic acid at high levels. They restore the K(m) for acetyl carnitine transferase and the velocity of the reaction as well as mitochondrial function; reduce levels of oxidants, neuron RNA oxidation and mutagenic aldehydes; and increase old-rat ambulatory activity and cognition.},
  institution = {University of California, Berkeley and Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA 94609, USA. bames@chori.org},
  journal     = {J Nutr},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cognition Disorders, etiology; DNA Damage; Deficiency Diseases, prevention /&/ control; Diet; Female; Health Promotion; Homeostasis; Humans; Menstruation; Metabolism; Micronutrients; Trace Elements; Vitamins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12730462},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Amin:2010,
  Title                    = {Selective lamina dysregulation in granular retrosplenial cortex (area 29) after anterior thalamic lesions: an in situ hybridization and trans-neuronal tracing study in rats.},
  Author                   = {Amin, E. and Wright, N. and Poirier, G. L. and Thomas, K. L. and Erichsen, J. T. and Aggleton, J. P.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {1255--1267},
  Volume                   = {169},

  Abstract                 = {There is growing evidence that lesions of the anterior thalamic nuclei cause long-lasting intrinsic changes to retrosplenial cortex, with the potential to alter its functional properties. The present study had two goals. The first was to identify the pattern of changes in eight markers, as measured by in-situ hydridisation, in the granular retrosplenial cortex (area Rgb) following anterior thalamic lesions. The second was to use retrograde trans-neuronal tracing methods to identify the potential repercussions of intrinsic changes within granular retrosplenial cortex. In Experiment 1, adult rats received unilateral lesions of the anterior thalamic nuclei and were perfused 4 weeks later. Of the eight markers, four (c-fos, zif268, 5ht2rc, kcnab2) showed a very similar pattern of change, with decreased levels in superficial retrosplenial cortex (lamina II) in the ipsilateral hemisphere but little or no change in deeper layers (lamina V). A fifth marker (cox6b) showed a shift in 
activity levels in the opposite direction to the previous four markers. Three other markers (cox6a1, CD74, ncs-1) did not appear to change activity levels after surgery. The predominant pattern of change, a decrease in superficial cortical activity, points to potential alterations in plasticity and metabolism. In Experiment 2, wheat germ agglutin (WGA) was injected into the anterior thalamic nuclei in rats given different survival times, sometimes in combination with the retrograde, fluorescent tracer, Fast Blue. Dense aggregations of retrogradely labeled cells were always found in lamina VI of granular retrosplenial cortex, but additional labeled cells in lamina II were only found: (1) in WGA cases, that is never after Fast Blue injections, and (2) after longer WGA survival times (3 days). These layer II Rgb cells are likely to have been trans-neuronally labeled, revealing a pathway from lamina II of Rgb to those deeper retrosplenial cells that project directly to the anterior thalamic nuclei.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.055},
  Institution              = {School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales CF10 3AT, UK.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Anterior Thalamic Nuclei, drug effects/metabolism/pathology; Biological Markers, metabolism; Cell Count; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism; Gyrus Cinguli, metabolism; In Situ Hybridization; Male; N-Methylaspartate, toxicity; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism/pathology; Rats},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(10)00795-5},
  Pmid                     = {20570608},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.055}
}

@Article{Amir:1993,
  author      = {Amir, R. and Devor, M.},
  title       = {Ongoing activity in neuroma afferents bearing retrograde sprouts.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {630},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {283--288},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(93)90667-c},
  abstract    = {Electrophysiological recordings were made from axons teased from the sciatic nerve 17-34 mm (mean 26.8 mm) central to a chronic nerve-end neuroma in adult rats. 23 fibers (2\% of those sampled) appeared to have had a sprout(s) that grew in the retrograde (central) direction for at least this distance. Nine of the 23 (39\%) carried spontaneous ongoing discharge. The parent fiber was myelinated (an A-fiber) in most instances, but unmyelinated (a C-fiber) in some. Thus, following nerve injury, a subset of afferent axons undergo retrograde sprouting, and many of them fire spontaneously. These contribute, along with the afferents whose trapped ends terminate at the injury site, to the ectopic afferent barrage generated in neuromas.},
  institution = {Department of Cell and Animal Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Female; Male; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neuroma, physiopathology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sciatic Nerve, physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(93)90667-C},
  pmid        = {8118694},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Ammann:1983,
  author      = {B. Ammann and J. Gottschall and W. Zenker},
  title       = {Afferent projections from the rat longus capitis muscle studied by transganglionic transport of HRP.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {166},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {275-289},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00305088},
  abstract    = {Using the method of transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) according to Mesulam (1978), the course and central terminations of the afferents from the longus capitis muscle were studied in the rat. Application of HRP to the cut muscle nerves was followed by heavy labeling of a considerable number of cell bodies of different sizes in the spinal ganglia C2 and C3. The labeled central processes follow two distinct main routes: one to the external cuneate nucleus, which is known to project ipsilaterally to the cerebellum, the other to the central cervical nucleus (CCN) of the spinal cord. The latter nucleus contains dense arborizations and terminals of muscle afferents in close relationship to medium sized cells which project contralaterally to the cerebellum. This could be shown in double labeling experiments with HRP as a tracer for primary afferents and Nuclear yellow for the cerebellar pathway. The labeled area of CCN extends from the fourth cervical segment up to the 
medulla oblongata where it lies laterally adjacent to the hypoglossal nucleus, though clearly separated from the latter. In the cervical part of CCN, dendrites of neck muscle motoneurons arborize within the area of afferent terminals. Besides the external cuneate and the central cervical nuclei, afferent projections were seen in lamina X, partly in close contact with the central canal, and in more lateral areas of lamina VII. In contrast to results from studies on other neck muscles, no reaction product was observed in dorsal horn laminae I-VI.},
  journal     = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Cerebellum, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Muscles, innervation; Neck; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {6846861},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Ammori:2008,
  author      = {Ammori, John B. and Zhang, Wei-Zhen and Li, Ji-Yao and Chai, Biao-Xin and Mulholland, Michael W.},
  title       = {Effects of ghrelin on neuronal survival in cells derived from dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {144},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {159--167},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.surg.2008.03.008},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2008.03.008},
  abstract    = {The effects of intestinal inflammation on the central neurons projecting to the enteric nervous system are unknown. The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus signals to the gastrointestinal system. Ghrelin is elevated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and has been implicated as an inflammatory mediator. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of gastrointestinal inflammation on the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in rats, as well as the effects of proinflammatory cytokines and ghrelin on neurons from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in vitro.DiI was injected into the stomach wall of rats to retrogradely label neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Intestinal inflammation was induced with indomethacin injection. Serial serum ghrelin measurements were performed. Tissue was examined under fluorescent microscopy. In vitro studies using primary culture of neurons from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus were performed. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase 
chain reaction for cytokine transcripts and immunohistochemistry for cytokine receptors were performed. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.A significant decrease of DiI labeling was demonstrated in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus of animals injected with indomethacin. Serum levels of ghrelin were significantly elevated 2 days after induction of inflammation. In vitro, apoptosis and cell proliferation were measured after 24-hour exposure to experimental conditions. Ghrelin alone had no effect on apoptosis. Exposure to interleukin (IL)-1 beta or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha increased apoptosis. The addition of ghrelin to cytokine resulted in significant decreases in apoptosis compared to cytokine alone. Ghrelin significantly increased neuronal proliferation. Exposure to IL-1 beta, IL-6, or TNF-alpha significantly decreased proliferation. The addition of ghrelin to TNF-alpha or IL-6 significantly increased cellular proliferation compared to cytokine 
alone.Neurons from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus that project to the stomach are reduced in number after induction of colitis in rats. In vitro, proinflammatory cytokines increase apoptosis and decrease cell proliferation of neurons from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. These effects are attenuated by ghrelin.},
  institution = {Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346, USA.},
  journal     = {Surgery},
  keywords    = {Animals; Apoptosis, drug effects; Cell Proliferation, drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Colitis, chemically induced/pathology; Gastrointestinal Tract, innervation; Ghrelin, blood/pharmacology; Indomethacin; Male; Medulla Oblongata, drug effects/pathology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Efferent, chemistry/drug effects/pathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Interleukin-1, analysis; Receptors, Interleukin-6, analysis; Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, analysis; Vagus Nerve, drug effects/pathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0039-6060(08)00176-1},
  pmid        = {18656621},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Ammori:2008a,
  author      = {Ammori, John B. and Zhang, Wei-Zhen and Li, Ji-Yao and Chai, Biao-Xin and Mulholland, Michael W.},
  title       = {Effect of intestinal inflammation on neuronal survival and function in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {144},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {149--158},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.surg.2008.03.042},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2008.03.042},
  abstract    = {The effects of intestinal inflammation on the central nervous system are unknown. The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNV) integrates peripheral and central signals and sends efferent signals to the gastrointestinal system. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of intestinal inflammation on the DMNV in an animal model and in vitro.Carbocyanine dye (DiI) was injected into the stomach wall of rats to label retrogradely the neurons of the DMNV. Colitis was induced with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Tissue was examined under fluorescent microscopy. In vitro studies were performed using primary culture of DMNV neurons. Cell proliferation was measured by BrdU incorporation. Apoptosis was measured by an enzyme sandwich-linked immunosorbent assay. Single-cell cytoplasmic calcium transients were determined using the fluorescence dye fura-2-AM. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of glutamate receptor was performed.Animals treated with TNBS ate less and lost 
weight compared with controls. Microscopic analysis demonstrated a 77\% decrease in DiI labeling in the DMNV of TNBS animals compared with controls. Cell proliferation in DMNV neurons after 24-hour exposure to the cytokines interleukin- (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, or tumor necrosis factor- (TNF)-alpha was significantly decreased. Similarly, apoptosis of DMNV neurons after 24 hours of incubation with IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha was significantly increased, but no changes resulted with IL-6. Exposure to each cytokine resulted in decreased glutamate-induced intracellular calcium transients. Transcription of glutamate receptor was decreased after 24-hour exposure to TNF-alpha.DMNV neurons projecting to the stomach are reduced in number after induction of colitis in rats. In vitro, proinflammatory cytokines diminish DMNV cellular proliferation, increase apoptosis, and alter calcium responses to glutamate. These results indicate that intestinal inflammation affects adversely neuronal survival and function in the DMNV.},
  institution = {Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346, USA.},
  journal     = {Surgery},
  keywords    = {Animals; Apoptosis, drug effects; Calcium, analysis; Cell Proliferation, drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Colitis, chemically induced/pathology; Cytokines, pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, pathology; Neurons, pathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stomach, innervation; Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; Vagus Nerve, pathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0039-6060(08)00279-1},
  pmid        = {18656620},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Amo:2010,
  author      = {Ryunosuke Amo and Hidenori Aizawa and Mikako Takahoko and Megumi Kobayashi and Rieko Takahashi and Tazu Aoki and Hitoshi Okamoto},
  title       = {Identification of the zebrafish ventral habenula as a homolog of the mammalian lateral habenula.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {1566--1574},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3690-09.2010},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3690-09.2010},
  abstract    = {The mammalian habenula consists of the medial and lateral habenulae. Recent behavioral and electrophysiological studies suggested that the lateral habenula plays a pivotal role in controlling motor and cognitive behaviors by influencing the activity of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons. Despite the functional significance, manipulating neural activity in this pathway remains difficult because of the absence of a genetically accessible animal model such as zebrafish. To address the level of lateral habenula conservation in zebrafish, we applied the tract-tracing technique to GFP (green fluorescent protein)-expressing transgenic zebrafish to identify habenular neurons that project to the raphe nuclei, a major target of the mammalian lateral habenula. Axonal tracing in live and fixed fish showed projection of zebrafish ventral habenula axons to the ventral part of the median raphe, but not to the interpeduncular nucleus where the dorsal habenula projected. The ventral habenula expressed 
protocadherin 10a, a specific marker of the rat lateral habenula, whereas the dorsal habenula showed no such expression. Gene expression analyses revealed that the ventromedially positioned ventral habenula in the adult originated from the region of primordium lateral to the dorsal habenula during development. This suggested that zebrafish habenulae emerge during development with mediolateral orientation similar to that of the mammalian medial and lateral habenulae. These findings indicated that the lateral habenular pathways are evolutionarily conserved pathways and might control adaptive behaviors in vertebrates through the regulation of monoaminergic activities.},
  institution = {Laboratory for Developmental Gene Regulation, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Adaptation, Physiological, physiology; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Biogenic Monoamines, metabolism; Biological Evolution; Biological Markers; Body Patterning, genetics; Brain Stem, cytology/metabolism; Cadherins, metabolism; Carbocyanines; Dopamine, metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, genetics; Habenula, cytology/embryology/metabolism; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nerve Tissue Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques, methods; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Serotonin, metabolism; Species Specificity; Zebrafish Proteins, metabolism; Zebrafish, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {30/4/1566},
  pmid        = {20107084},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Amourette:2009,
  author      = {Christine Amourette and Ioannis Lamproglou and Laure Barbier and William Fauquette and Amélie Zoppe and Roselyne Viret and Michel Diserbo},
  title       = {Gulf War illness: Effects of repeated stress and pyridostigmine treatment on blood-brain barrier permeability and cholinesterase activity in rat brain.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {203},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {207--214},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.bbr.2009.05.002},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2009.05.002},
  abstract    = {After the first Persian Gulf War, many soldiers have complained of a variety of symptoms designated as "Gulf War Illness". Among several factors, implication of pyridostigmine (PB) in late cognitive dysfunction is highly likely. As a hypothesis to explain these behavioural disorders is a potentiation of the operational stress effects by pyridostigmine. We have previously described that repeated stress combined to pyridostigmine treatment induces learning dysfunction linked to genomic cerebral modifications [Barbier L, Diserbo M, Lamproglou I, Amourette C, Peinnequin A, Fauquette W. Repeated stress in combination with pyridostigmine: part II-changes in selected cerebral genes expression. Behav Brain Res 2009;197:292-300; Lamproglou I, Barbier L, Diserbo M, Fauvelle F, Fauquette W, Amourette C. Repeated stress in combination with pyridostigmine: part I-long-term behavioural consequences. Behav Brain Res 2009;197:301-10]. In the present study, using the same experimental model, we attempted to 
determine if such modifications are linked to a central passage of pyridostigmine under stress. Indeed it is known that exposure to stress can disrupt blood-brain barrier (BBB) and thereby increase the neurotoxicity induced by chemicals in many cerebral areas. Adult rats were subjected to repeated stress based on a modification of the pole climbing avoidance technique and treated daily by PB (1.5mg/kg/day, oral in water), for two 5-day periods separated by 2-day rest. Just after the last stress session, (3)H-pyridostigmine was administered as a tracer to evaluate BBB breakdown. In brain micro-punches and brain coronal cryosections, we failed to detect any radioactivity in animals chronically stressed and treated by pyridostigmine. Accordingly, no change of ChE activity was noted in any brain area studied. It thus appears that, in our experimental model, pyridostigmine induces effects on central nervous system, but these effects do not seem to be mediated by a central passage of pyridostigmine linked to a BBB 
opening under stress. These results suggest that pyridostigmine may have central effects, under stress, via indirect mechanisms emerging from a peripheral pathway.},
  institution = {Département de Radiobiologie et Radiopathologie, Centre de Recherches Emile Pardé 24, Avenue des maquis du Grésivaudan, BP87 - 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France. camourette@crssa.net},
  journal     = {Behav Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, blood/metabolism; Animals; Autoradiography; Avoidance Learning, drug effects; Blood-Brain Barrier, drug effects/metabolism; Brain, enzymology; Cholinesterase Inhibitors, pharmacology; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Disease Models, Animal; Erythrocytes, drug effects/enzymology; Male; Permeability; Persian Gulf Syndrome, blood/enzymology/physiopathology; Pyridostigmine Bromide, blood/pharmacology; Radioimmunoassay; Rats; Stress, Physiological, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0166-4328(09)00288-5},
  pmid        = {19433115},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Amri:1990,
  author      = {Amri, M. and Car, A. and Roman, C.},
  title       = {Axonal branching of medullary swallowing neurons projecting on the trigeminal and hypoglossal motor nuclei: demonstration by electrophysiological and fluorescent double labeling techniques.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {81},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {384--390},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00228130},
  abstract    = {The projections of ventral medullary reticular neurons on both trigeminal (Vth) and hypoglossal (XIIth) motor nucleus were studied in sheep anesthetized with halothane. In a first series of experiments, extracellular microelectrodes were used to record the activity of medullary swallowing interneurons (SINs) located in the ventral region (around the nucleus ambiguus) of the swallowing center. Antidromic activation after electrical stimulation of the Vth and XIIth nuclei was tested in 83 SINs. For 38 SINs a clear antidromic activation was observed and for 8 of them the response was triggered by stimulation of either nucleus. As confirmed by the reciprocal collision test, these 8 SINs had branched axons sending information to both nuclei tested. Average latencies for antidromic activation of branched SINs after stimulation of the XIIth and the Vth motor nucleus were 2.2 +/- 0.6 ms and 2.7 +/- 0.8 ms respectively. The axonal conduction velocity of these neurons was 4.4 +/- 1.3 m/s for the 
collateral to the Vth motor nucleus and 2.7 +/- 0.7 m/s for axons projecting to the XIith motor nucleus. In a second series of experiments the double retrograde labeling technique was used to confirm the existence of neurons with branched axons in the medullary regions corresponding to the swallowing center. Small and well localized injections of Fast Blue (FB) and Diamidino Yellow (DY) fluorescent tracers were made in the Vth and in the XIIth motor nucleus respectively. A relatively large number of double-labeled cells was found in the ventral region of swallowing center (reticular formation around the nucleus ambiguus, 2-4 mm in front of obex).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Département de Physiologie et Neurophysiologie, URA-CNRS 205, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Saint-Jérôme, Marseille, France.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Deglutition, physiology; Electric Stimulation, methods; Electromyography; Fluorescent Dyes; Hypoglossal Nerve, physiology; Interneurons, physiology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Sheep; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1697811},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Amtorp:1980,
  author      = {O. Amtorp},
  title       = {Estimation of capillary permeability of inulin, sucrose and mannitol in rat brain cortex.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {110},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {337--342},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1748-1716.1980.tb06678.x},
  abstract    = {The present study analyzed the brain uptake of the differently sized hydrophilic molecules 14C-inulin, 14C-sucrose and 14C-mannitol. constant tracer concentrations were maintained in blood plasma after renal ligation. Accumulation of the indicators was measured in brain cortex during the approach to steady-state. At the conclusion of infusion periods of 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 min, samples of cerebral cortex were analyzed for radioactivity. Fractions attributable to blood in the tissue were subtracted and time-dependent apparent distribution volumes of the indicators in the tissue were estimated. The brain level did not rise to more than 1--2\% of that in the plasma for inulin and sucrose and to 6--7\% for mannitol. The explanation for this could be a combination of restricted penetration from blood into brain and a sink effect of cerebrospinal fluid (csf). to determine the removal of the indicators into csf, ventriculo-cisternal perfusion was performed during the period of tracer uptake in the 
the tissue; the rate of passage of the indicators into perfusion fluid was found to be negligible in comparison to the rates of uptake in the tissue. As diffusion in the extracellular space could limit uptake rates from blood to brain, estimates of diffusion limited half-times were also made. Calculations showed that the major hindrance to indicator uptake in the tissue is located in the wall of the brain capillaries; thus the uptake data permit calculation of brain capillary permeability. The half-times for the distribution of the indicators in their equilibrated tissue distribution spaces were used to estimate brain capillary permeability. By comparison with the aqueous diffusion coefficients of the indicators it is concluded that the substances in the molecular weight range of 182 to 5 500 daltons are subjected to restricted diffusion during the passage of the blood-brain barrier and that in addition non-discriminative transendothelial pathways are available.},
  journal     = {Acta Physiol Scand},
  keywords    = {Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain, metabolism; Capillary Permeability; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism; Inulin, metabolism; Male; Mannitol, metabolism; Rats; Sucrose, metabolism; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6786001},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Anastasia:2009a,
  author      = {Anastas{\'{i}}a, Agust{\'{i}}n and Torre, Luciana and {de Erausquin}, Gabriel A. and Masc{\'{o}}, Daniel H.},
  title       = {Enriched environment protects the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and induces astroglial reaction in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {109},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {755--765},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06001.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06001.x},
  abstract    = {Enriched environment (EE) is neuroprotective in several animal models of neurodegeneration. It stimulates the expression of trophic factors and modifies the astrocyte cell population which has been said to exert neuroprotective effects. We have investigated the effects of EE on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neuronal death after unilateral administration to the medial forebrain bundle, which reaches 85-95\% of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra after 3 weeks. Continuous exposure to EE 3 weeks before and after 6-OHDA injection prevents neuronal death (assessed by tyrosine hydroxylase staining), protects the nigrostriatal pathway (assessed by Fluorogold retrograde labeling) and reduces motor impairment. Four days after 6-OHDA injection, EE was associated with a marked increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein staining and prevented neuronal death (assessed by Fluoro Jade-B) but not partial loss of tyrosine hydroxylase staining in the anterior substantia nigra. These results 
robustly demonstrate that EE preserves the entire nigrostriatal system against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity, and suggests that an early post-lesion astrocytic reaction may participate in the neuroprotective mechanism.},
  institution = {Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.},
  journal     = {J Neurochem},
  keywords    = {Amphetamine; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Astrocytes, drug effects/pathology; Corpus Striatum, metabolism/pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine, metabolism; Environment; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, metabolism; Male; Oxidopamine, adverse effects; Parkinson Disease, Secondary, chemically induced/pathology/prevention /&/ control; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rotarod Performance Test, methods; Stilbamidines; Substantia Nigra, metabolism/pathology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {JNC6001},
  pmc         = {PMC3575174},
  pmid        = {19245661},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Anastasia:2007,
  author      = {Anastasia, Agustín and {de Erausquin}, Gabriel A. and Wojnacki, José and Mascó, Daniel H.},
  title       = {Protection of dopaminergic neurons by electroconvulsive shock in an animal model of Parkinson's disease.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {103},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1542--1552},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04856.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04856.x},
  abstract    = {Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) improves motor function in Parkinson's disease. In rats, ECS stimulates the expression of various factors some of which have been proposed to exert neuroprotective actions. We have investigated the effects of ECS on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-injected rats. Three weeks after a unilateral administration of 6-OHDA, 85-95\% nigral dopaminergic neurons are lost. Chronic ECS prevented this cell loss, protect the nigrostriatal pathway (assessed by FloroGold retrograde labeling) and reduce motor impairment in 6-OHDA-treated animals. Injection of 6-OHDA caused loss of expression of glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the substantia nigra. Chronic ECS completely prevented this loss of GDNF expression in 6-OHDA-treated animals. We also found that protected dopaminergic neurons co-express GDNF receptor proteins. These results strongly suggest that endogenous changes in GDNF expression may participate in the neuroprotective mechanism of ECS against 6-OHDA 
induced toxicity.},
  institution = {Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular. F.C.E.F.y N. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.},
  journal     = {J Neurochem},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Survival, physiology; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine, physiology; Electroshock, methods; Male; Neurons, pathology/physiology; Parkinson Disease, pathology/prevention /&/ control; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {JNC4856},
  pmid        = {17854351},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Anastasia:2009,
  author      = {Agustín Anastasía and Luciana Torre and Gabriel A de Erausquin and Daniel H Mascó},
  title       = {Enriched environment protects the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and induces astroglial reaction in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {109},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {755--765},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06001.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06001.x},
  abstract    = {Enriched environment (EE) is neuroprotective in several animal models of neurodegeneration. It stimulates the expression of trophic factors and modifies the astrocyte cell population which has been said to exert neuroprotective effects. We have investigated the effects of EE on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neuronal death after unilateral administration to the medial forebrain bundle, which reaches 85-95\% of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra after 3 weeks. Continuous exposure to EE 3 weeks before and after 6-OHDA injection prevents neuronal death (assessed by tyrosine hydroxylase staining), protects the nigrostriatal pathway (assessed by Fluorogold retrograde labeling) and reduces motor impairment. Four days after 6-OHDA injection, EE was associated with a marked increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein staining and prevented neuronal death (assessed by Fluoro Jade-B) but not partial loss of tyrosine hydroxylase staining in the anterior substantia nigra. These results 
robustly demonstrate that EE preserves the entire nigrostriatal system against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity, and suggests that an early post-lesion astrocytic reaction may participate in the neuroprotective mechanism.},
  institution = {Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.},
  journal     = {J Neurochem},
  keywords    = {Amphetamine, diagnostic use; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Astrocytes, drug effects/pathology; Corpus Striatum, metabolism/pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine, metabolism; Environment; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, metabolism; Male; Oxidopamine, adverse effects; Parkinson Disease, Secondary, chemically induced/pathology/prevention /&/ control; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rotarod Performance Test, methods; Stilbamidines, diagnostic use; Substantia Nigra, metabolism/pathology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {JNC6001},
  pmid        = {19245661},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Anaya-Martinez:2006,
  Title                    = {Substantia nigra compacta neurons that innervate the reticular thalamic nucleus in the rat also project to striatum or globus pallidus: implications for abnormal motor behavior.},
  Author                   = {V. Anaya-Martinez and A. Martinez-Marcos and D. Martinez-Fong and J. Aceves and D. Erlij},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {477--486},
  Volume                   = {143},

  Abstract                 = {The projections of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) to the reticular thalamic nucleus (RTn) were assessed by measuring dopamine content and counting tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH (+)) cells in rats with unilateral lesions induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), and by using a fluorescent tract-tracing technique in rats without lesions. Injection of 6-OHDA in the RTn reduced dopamine content and the number of TH (+) cells in the SNc by about 50\%. Branching of SNc was suggested by the finding that 6-OHDA deposited in the RTn significantly reduced dopamine in the striatum and globus pallidus. Moreover, injections of 6-OHDA into either the striatum or the globus pallidus significantly reduced dopamine content in the RTn. Fluorescent tracers injected into the RTn labeled TH (+) cells in the SNc. A high proportion of these TH (+) cells was double labeled when tracers were also injected into either the globus pallidus or striatum. Other experiments showed that systemic 
injection of apomorphine or methamphetamine induced turning behavior in rats with local deposits of 6-OHDA in either the RTn or the studied basal ganglia nuclei. The extensive dopaminergic branching suggests that the abnormal motor behavior of rats with 6-OHDA deposits in the RTn may be caused by dopaminergic denervation of more than one structure. The fact that lesion of a single dopaminergic neuron can reduce dopamine transmission in more than one structure is probably important in generating the manifestations of Parkinson's disease.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.033},
  Institution              = {Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Cinvestav, Apartado postal 14-740, México D.F., 07000 Mexico.},
  Keywords                 = {Adrenergic Agents, pharmacology; Amphetamine, pharmacology; Animals; Behavior, Animal, drug effects/physiology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Dextrans, metabolism; Dopamine Agents, pharmacology; Dopamine, metabolism; Functional Laterality; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Motor Activity, drug effects/physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Oxidopamine, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substantia Nigra, cytology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Time Factors; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(06)01089-X},
  Pmid                     = {17008017},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.033}
}

@Article{Ancher:1981,
  author      = {Ancher, J. F. and Donath, A. and Malnoë, A. and Morizur, J. P. and {Strolin Benedetti}, M.},
  title       = {Urinary metabolites of oxapadol (MD720111), a new non-narcotic analgesic agent, in the rat, dog and man.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {519--530},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3109/00498258109045863},
  abstract    = {1. A number of metabolites of oxapadol were isolated from urine of rat, dog and man after administration of a single dose of 14C-labelled compound. They were identified by direct inlet mass spectrometry and chromatographic comparison with reference compounds. 2. Oxapadol was extensively metabolized and the unchanged drug was undetectable in rat or human urine; only traces were found in dog urine. Nine metabolites were identified in rat and dog urine, and six in man. 3. The routes of biotransformation were: (a) aromatic hydroxylation, mainly in the benzimidazole ring, (b) scission of the heterocyclic ring following two different pathways, and (c) a combination of the two. Regioselectivity was observed for aromatic hydroxylation, as only three of the four possible monohydroxy oxazepinobenzimidazoles could be detected.},
  journal     = {Xenobiotica},
  keywords    = {Adult; Analgesics, urine; Animals; Azepines, metabolism; Benzimidazoles, metabolism; Biotransformation; Dogs; Drug Stability; Female; Humans; Hydrolysis; Male; Oxazepines, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Species Specificity},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7303722},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{AnchietaCHorta-Junior:2008,
  Title                    = {Direct and indirect connections between cochlear root neurons and facial motor neurons: pathways underlying the acoustic pinna reflex in the albino rat.},
  Author                   = {José de Anchieta C Horta-Júnior and Dolores E López and Antonio Jesús Alvarez-Morujo and Jackson C Bittencourt},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1763--1779},
  Volume                   = {507},

  Abstract                 = {Cochlear root neurons (CRNs) are involved in the acoustic startle reflex, which is widely used in behavioral models of sensorimotor integration. A short-latency component of this reflex, the auricular reflex, promotes pinna movements in response to unexpected loud sounds. However, the pathway involved in the auricular component of the startle reflex is not well understood. We hypothesized that the auricular reflex is mediated by direct and indirect inputs from CRNs to the motoneurons responsible for pinna movement, which are located in the medial subnucleus of the facial motor nucleus (Mot7). To assess whether there is a direct connection between CRNs and auricular motoneurons in the rat, two neuronal tracers were used in conjunction: biotinylated dextran amine, which was injected into the cochlear nerve root, and Fluoro-Gold, which was injected into the levator auris longus muscle. Under light microscopy, close appositions were observed between axon terminals of CRNs and 
auricular motoneurons. The presence of direct synaptic contact was confirmed at the ultrastructural level. To confirm the indirect connection, biotinylated dextran amine was injected into the auditory-responsive portion of the caudal pontine reticular nucleus, which receives direct input from CRNs. The results confirm that the caudal pontine reticular nucleus also targets the Mot7 and that its terminals are concentrated in the medial subnucleus. Therefore, it is likely that CRNs innervate auricular motoneurons both directly and indirectly, suggesting that these connections participate in the rapid auricular reflex that accompanies the acoustic startle reflex.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.21625},
  Institution              = {Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-000, Brazil.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cochlear Nerve, ultrastructure; Ear Auricle, innervation; Efferent Pathways, ultrastructure; Female; Motor Cortex, ultrastructure; Motor Neurons, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reflex, Acoustic, physiology; Startle Reaction, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {18260150},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21625}
}

@Article{Anders:1990,
  author      = {J. J. Anders and J. A. Johnson},
  title       = {Transection of the rat olfactory nerve increases glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity from the olfactory bulb to the piriform cortex.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {3},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {17--25},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/glia.440030104},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/glia.440030104},
  abstract    = {Astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity in response to retrograde changes of motoneurons after axotomy has been the subject of a number of reports. In contrast, this study examined the astrocytic GFAP immunoreactivity in response to axotomy in a sensory system, the adult rat olfactory system. The purpose of this study was to determine, by immunolabeling GFAP, the extent and transience of astrocytic reactivity in the olfactory system. Unilateral transection of the olfactory nerve fascicles was performed intracranially at the level of the cribriform plate. Rats were allowed to survive from 24 hours to 1 month after axotomy. GFAP immunolabeling was examined throughout the rat olfactory system using the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method. After axotomy, a transient increase occurred in the astrocytic GFAP immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral olfactory system. The greatest enhancement of GFAP immunoreactivity in the olfactory system occurred at 48 hours post-axotomy. 
Increased GFAP immunoreactivity occurred not only along the axons and synaptic endings of the injured primary olfactory neurons, but also along the dendrites, cell bodies, axons, and synaptic endings of the secondary sensory neurons. The increased GFAP immunoreactivity was specifically associated with the anatomical distribution pathways of the primary and secondary olfactory neurons. Increased GFAP immunoreactivity was not altered until 14 days post-axotomy. At 1 month post-axotomy, GFAP immunoreactivity returned to control levels. The time course and transience of increased GFAP immunoreactivity closely correlates with the time course of rat primary olfactory neuronal degeneration and regeneration after axotomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799.},
  journal     = {Glia},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Olfactory Bulb, cytology/metabolism; Olfactory Nerve, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2138132},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Andersen:1973,
  author      = {Andersen, P. and Bland, B. H. and Dudar, J. D.},
  title       = {Organization of the hippocampal output.},
  year        = {1973},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {152--168},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00235025},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials; Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain Mapping; Cats; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Hippocampus, physiology; Microelectrodes; Micromanipulation; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rabbits; Synapses, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {4714522},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Andersen:1969,
  author      = {Andersen, P. and Bliss, T. V. and Lomo, T. and Olsen, L. I. and Skrede, K. K.},
  title       = {Lamellar organization of hippocampal excitatory pathways.},
  year        = {1969},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {76},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {4A--5A},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study by anterograde or retrograde transport in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00234087},
  journal     = {Acta Physiol Scand},
  keywords    = {Hippocampus, physiology; Neural Conduction},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {5823402},
  timestamp   = {08.01.2015},
}

@Article{Andersen:2000,
  author      = {Andersen, P. L. and Webber, C. A. and Kimura, K. A. and Schreyer, D. J.},
  title       = {Cyclic AMP prevents an increase in GAP-43 but promotes neurite growth in cultured adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {166},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {153--165},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1006/exnr.2000.7485},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.2000.7485},
  abstract    = {High expression of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 in neurons is correlated with developmental and regenerative axon growth. It has been postulated that during development and after injury, GAP-43 expression is elevated due to the unavailability of a target-derived repressive signal, but that GAP-43 expression then declines upon target contact. Here we examine the cyclic AMP second messenger signaling pathway to determine if it might mediate retrograde transmission of a signal which represses GAP-43 expression and inhibits growth. Cultures of adult rat dorsal root ganglia were chronically exposed to membrane-permeable analogs of cyclic AMP and activators of adenyl cyclase. These treatments caused GAP-43 protein levels to decrease in a dose-dependent manner, although neuronal survival was not affected. GAP-43 mRNA was also decreases by cyclic AMP. GAP-43 protein levels were not repressed by neurotrophins, cytokines, or other agents. Surprisingly, cyclic AMP caused an increase in the rate 
of neurite outgrowth, even though the neurons were partially depleted of GAP-43. Growth stimulation was quickly inducible and reversible, could occur in the presence of transcription inhibitors, and did not entail alterations in branching pattern. These findings suggest that axon growth involving high levels of GAP-43 is distinct from the growth stimulation which is rapidly induced by cyclic AMP.},
  institution = {Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cells, Cultured, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Cyclic AMP, metabolism/pharmacology; Female; GAP-43 Protein, genetics/metabolism; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/drug effects/growth /&/ development; Growth Substances, metabolism/pharmacology; Nerve Regeneration, drug effects/physiology; Neurites, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction, drug effects/physiology; Up-Regulation, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0014-4886(00)97485-5},
  pmid        = {11031091},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Anderson:1994,
  author      = {Anderson, B. J. and Steinmetz, J. E.},
  title       = {Cerebellar and brainstem circuits involved in classical eyeblink conditioning.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {5},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {251--273},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1515/revneuro.1994.5.3.251},
  abstract    = {Model systems are one useful strategy for the investigation of the mechanisms of learning. Whereas mammalian model systems generally do not offer the ease of identifying circuitry and exploring cellular mechanisms of learning that is realized with invertebrate preparations /37,97/, research involving the rabbit classical eyeblink conditioning paradigm has now reached the state at which much of the basic conditioning neural circuit appears to have been identified /9,65,66,85,89,91/. Despite a dispute as to precisely where in the circuitry convergence of the associated stimuli may occur, there is substantial evidence identifying the stimulus input pathways and motor output pathway. The present summary of this research details these paths. In addition, the proposed sites of convergence of the conditioning stimuli are discussed. Finally, a hypothesized neural circuit responsible for classical eyeblink conditioning is presented along with some suggestions for future research directions.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405.},
  journal     = {Rev Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Blinking, physiology; Brain Stem, cytology/physiology; Cerebellum, cytology/physiology; Conditioning, Classical, physiology; Humans},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7889216},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Anderson:1977,
  author      = {Anderson, C. D. and Pasquier, D. A. and Forbes, W. B. and Morgane, P. J.},
  title       = {Locus coeruleus-to-dorsal raphe input examined by electrophysiological and morphological methods.},
  year        = {1977},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {2},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {209--221},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(77)90040-5},
  abstract    = {In order to examine the hypothesis that the locus coeruleus (LC) projects directly to the nucleus raphe dorsalis (DR), electrical stimulation was applied to the LC of rats while recording from single neurons in the region of the DR. Slow firing units of the DR were not influenced by the stimulation, although faster firing units in the nearby substantia grisea centralis (SGC) were. These latter cells become oscillatory in their firing rates during LC stimulation. In parallel studies a retrograde transport technique was imployed to obtain morphological evidence regarding projections to DR. Placements of horseradish peroxidase precisely in the DR resulted in very sparse labeling in the LC, although positive transport occurred to other areas. The results indicate that the LC does not project directly to slow firing DR neurons, but does influence faster firing celles in the region of the SGC, probably by complex routes. Suggestions are made for the integration of these findings with earlier 
fluorescence studies.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Ventricles, cytology/physiology; Evoked Potentials; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {890505},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Anderson:1994a,
  author      = {Anderson, C. R. and Edwards, S. L.},
  title       = {Intraperitoneal injections of Fluorogold reliably labels all sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {53},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {137--141},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-0270(94)90170-8},
  abstract    = {The ability of intraperitoneal injections of a retrograde neuronal tracer, Fluorogold, to label the entire population of sympathetic preganglionic neurones was tested with a double-labelling strategy. Animals were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with Fluorogold, while Fast Blue or subunit B of cholera toxin were injected into a peripheral autonomic ganglion or into the adrenal gland. Sympathetic preganglionic neurones were then examined for retrogradely transported tracers. In all cases, preganglionic neurones labelled with Fast Blue or cholera toxin also contained Fluorogold, indicating that i.p. injections of Fluorogold do reliably label the entire population of sympathetic preganglionic neurones.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Adrenal Glands, innervation; Adrenergic Fibers, metabolism; Amidines; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, metabolism; Cholera Toxin; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry, methods; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology; Stilbamidines},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7823616},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Anderson:1995b,
  author      = {Anderson, C. R. and Furness, J. B. and Woodman, H. L. and Edwards, S. L. and Crack, P. J. and Smith, A. I.},
  title       = {Characterisation of neurons with nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity that project to prevertebral ganglia.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {52},
  number      = {2-3},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {107--116},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-1838(94)00150-i},
  abstract    = {Retrograde dye tracing was combined with immunohistochemistry to determine the distributions of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactive nerve cells that project to prevertebral ganglia from the gastrointestinal tract and spinal cord of the guinea pig. An antiserum was raised against the neuronal form of NOS by selecting an amino-acid sequence specific to this form as immunogen. The antiserum recognised a single band at 150 kDa on Western blots of rat brain extract. Enteric nerve cells that were labelled by Fast Blue injected into the coeliac ganglion were not NOS immunoreactive in the small intestine, whereas 40-70\% were reactive in the large intestine. Retrograde dye injected into the inferior mesenteric ganglion labels cells in the colon and rectum; 60-70\% were immunoreactive for NOS. The NOS-immunoreactive nerve fibres arising in the intestine appear to end selectively around somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve cells in the coeliac and inferior mesenteric ganglia. Preganglionic nerve 
cell bodies in the intermediolateral column and dorsal commissural nucleus from T12 to L2 were labelled from the inferior mesenteric ganglion. Nearly 70\% of neurons at each level were NOS immunoreactive. Thus, two sources of NOS terminals in prevertebral ganglia have been identified, intestinofugal neurons of the large, but not the small intestine, and sympathetic preganglionic neurons.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.},
  journal     = {J Auton Nerv Syst},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Amino Acid Oxidoreductases, metabolism; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Blotting, Western; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Autonomic, cytology/metabolism; Ganglia, Sympathetic, cytology/enzymology; Guinea Pigs; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Neurons, enzymology; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7542292},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Anderson:1976,
  author      = {Anderson, E. and Albertini, D. F.},
  title       = {Gap junctions between the oocyte and companion follicle cells in the mammalian ovary.},
  year        = {1976},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {71},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {680--686},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1083/jcb.71.2.680},
  abstract    = {Tracer and freeze-fracture electron microscopy of the ovaries of neonatal rat and adult mouse, rat, rabbit, and primate have revealed the presence of gap junctions between follicle cells and oocytes. The junctional connections are found at the ends of follicle cell projections which traverse the zona pellucida and terminate upon microvilli and evenly contoured nonmicrovillar regions of the oolemma. Gap junctions are often seen associated with a macula adherens type of junction. The gap junctions occasionally consist of minute ovoid plaques, but nore frequently appear as rectilinear single- or multiple-row aggregates of particles on the P-face or pits on the E-face. The functional significance of follicle cell-oocyte gap junctions is discussed with respect to the regulation of meiosis and luteinization.},
  journal     = {J Cell Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Desmosomes, ultrastructure; Female; Freeze Fracturing; Granulosa Cells, ultrastructure; Haplorhini; Intercellular Junctions, physiology/ultrastructure; Macaca mulatta; Mice; Oocytes, ultrastructure; Ovarian Follicle, ultrastructure; Ovum, ultrastructure; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {825522},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Anderson:2001,
  author      = {Anderson, J. W. and Smith, P. M. and Ferguson, A. V.},
  title       = {Subfornical organ neurons projecting to paraventricular nucleus: whole-cell properties.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {921},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {78--85},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03093-1},
  abstract    = {The subfornical organ (SFO) has been repeatedly identified as a CNS site that plays a critical role in sensing multiple physiological variables of the "milieu interieur" and, through efferent projections to other CNS sites, initiating physiological responses to change. Many recent in vitro patch-clamp studies have examined the cellular mechanisms underlying the sensory abilities of these specialized CNS neurons. The primary limitation of these studies, however, has been the inability to identify homogeneous groups of SFO neurons for such investigation. We report here the development of techniques to permit patch clamp recording from dissociated SFO neurons identified according to their in vivo projection site. SFO neurons were labeled by injection of fluorescently labeled, retrogradely transported microspheres into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) 3 days prior to cell dissociation. Patch-clamp recordings from these SFO-PVN neurons revealed both sodium currents, potassium 
currents, action potentials, input resistance and membrane potential which were all similar to SFO cells prepared from animals with no prior tracer injection. Labeled SFO-->PVN cells were also found to be osmosensitive and responsive to angiotensin II, suggesting specific functional roles for this anatomically defined group of SFO neurons. Intriguingly, our post hoc analysis also demonstrated that all labeled neurons demonstrated a unique electrophysiological profile dominated by a large transient potassium conductance such that the transient/sustained potassium current ratio, or degree of inactivation was, on average, greater than 4.0. Utilization of these tracing techniques to permit the in vitro recording from cells with known in vivo connections will permit study of intrinsic mechanisms that underlie physiological responses of anatomically defined populations of neurons.},
  institution = {Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Angiotensin II, metabolism/pharmacology; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Ion Channels, drug effects/metabolism; Male; Microspheres; Neural Pathways, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Osmolar Concentration; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Patch-Clamp Techniques, methods; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Subfornical Organ, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology; Water-Electrolyte Balance, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(01)03093-1},
  pmid        = {11720713},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Anderson:1995,
  author      = {Anderson, K. D. and Alderson, R. F. and Altar, C. A. and DiStefano, P. S. and Corcoran, T. L. and Lindsay, R. M. and Wiegand, S. J.},
  title       = {Differential distribution of exogenous BDNF, NGF, and NT-3 in the brain corresponds to the relative abundance and distribution of high-affinity and low-affinity neurotrophin receptors.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {357},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {296--317},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903570209},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903570209},
  abstract    = {To evaluate effective means for delivering exogenous neurotrophins to neuron populations in the brain, we compared the distribution and transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) following intracerebral delivery. Rats received an injection of radioiodinated or unlabeled neurotrophin into the lateral ventricle and were killed humanely after 1.5-24 hours. Other rats received continuous infusion of unlabeled neurotrophin into the lateral ventricle, the striatum, or the hippocampus for 3-14 days. The neurotrophins were detected by autoradiography or immunohistochemistry. There were striking differences between BDNF, NGF, and NT-3 in their penetration through brain tissue. These differences occurred regardless of the site or method of delivery, but were most pronounced following a bolus intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection. After ICV injection, NGF was widely distributed in tissues around the ventricles and at the surface of the 
brain, whereas the penetration of BDNF into brain tissue was distinctly less than that of NGF, and the penetration of NT-3 was intermediate. An ICV injection of NGF produced prominent but transient labeling of cells that contain the low-affinity NGF receptor, whereas an injection of BDNF prominently labeled the ventricular ependyma. During ICV infusion (12 micrograms/day), the distribution of BDNF was no greater than that observed after a 12-micrograms bolus injection. A sixfold increase in the amount of BDNF infused (72 micrograms/day) produced a more widespread distribution in the brain and doubled the depth of penetration into periventricular tissues near the cannula. Corresponding to their differences in penetration, NGF was retrogradely transported by basal forebrain cholinergic neurons after ICV or intrastriatal delivery, whereas NT-3 was transported by a few basal forebrain neurons after ICV delivery, and BDNF was rarely detected in neurons after ICV delivery. Delivery of BDNF directly to the striatum 
or the hippocampus labeled numerous neurons in nuclei afferent to these structures. In situ hybridization studies confirmed that the high-affinity BDNF receptor (TrkB) was much more widely expressed in neurons than was the high-affinity NGF receptor (TrkA). Moreover, mRNA for truncated forms of TrkB was expressed at high levels in the ependyma, the choroid epithelium, and the gray matter. It is likely that binding of BDNF to TrkB, which appears to be more abundant and ubiquitous than TrkA, restricts the diffusion of BDNF relative to that of NGF.},
  institution = {Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Basal Ganglia, metabolism; Brain Chemistry, physiology; Brain, cytology; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Cerebral Ventricles, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Diffusion; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Injections, Intraventricular; Iodine Radioisotopes, diagnostic use; Nerve Growth Factors, metabolism; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Neuroglia, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Neurotrophin 3; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, metabolism; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7665731},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Anderson:1994b,
  author    = {Anderson, Keith D and Karle, Ellen J and Reiner, Anton},
  title     = {A pre-embedding triple-label electron microscopic immunohistochemical method as applied to the study of multiple inputs to defined tegmental neurons.},
  year      = {1994},
  volume    = {42},
  number    = {1},
  pages     = {49--56},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {http://jhc.sagepub.com/content/42/1/49.long},
  journal   = {Journal of Histochemistry \& Cytochemistry},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Anderson:1990a,
  author      = {Anderson, K. D. and Reiner, A.},
  title       = {Extensive co-occurrence of substance P and dynorphin in striatal projection neurons: an evolutionarily conserved feature of basal ganglia organization.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {295},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {339--369},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902950302},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902950302},
  abstract    = {A number of different neuroactive substances have been found in striatal projection neurons and in fibers and terminals in their target areas, including substance P (SP), enkephalin (ENK), and dynorphin (DYN). In a preliminary report on birds and reptiles, we have suggested that SP and DYN are to a large extent found in the same striatal projection neurons and that ENK is found in a separate population of striatal projection neurons. In the present study, we have examined this issue in more detail in pigeons and turtles. Further, we have also explored this issue in rats to determine whether this is a phylogenetically conserved feature of basal ganglia organization. Simultaneous immunofluorescence double-labeling procedures were employed to explore the colocalization of SP and DYN, SP and ENK, and ENK and DYN in striatal neurons and in striatal, nigral, and pallidal fibers in pigeons, turtles, and rats. To guard against possible cross-reactivity of DYN and ENK antisera with each others' 
antigens, separate double-label studies were carried out with several different antisera that were specific for DYN peptides (e.g., dynorphin A 1-17, dynorphin B, leumorphin) or ENK peptides (leucine-enkephalin, metenkephalin-arg6-gly7-leu8, methionine-enkephalin-arg6-phe7). The results showed that SP and DYN co-occur extensively in specific populations of striatal projection neurons, whereas ENK typically is present in different populations of striatal projection neurons. In pigeons, 95-99\% of all striatal neurons containing DYN were found to contain SP and vice versa. In contrast, only 1-3\% of the SP+ striatal neurons and no DYN neurons contained ENK. Similarly, in turtles, greater than 75\% of the SP+ neurons were DYN+ and vice versa, whereas ENK was observed in fewer than 5\% of the SP+ neurons and 2\% of the DYN+ neurons. Finally, in rats, more than 70\% of the SP+ neurons contained DYN and vice versa, but ENK was found in only 5\% of the SP+ neurons and in none of the DYN+ perikarya. Fiber double-
labeling in the striatum and its target areas (the pallidum and substantia nigra) was also consonant with these observations in pigeons, turtles, and rats. These results, in conjunction with studies in cats by M.-J. Besson, A.M. Graybiel, and B. Quinn (1986; Soc Neurosci. Abs. 12:876) strongly indicate that the co-occurrence of SP and DYN in large numbers of striatonigral and striatopallidal projection neurons in a phylogenetically widespread, and therefore evolutionarily conserved, feature of basal ganglia organization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis 38163.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, cytology/metabolism; Biological Evolution; Columbidae, metabolism; Corpus Striatum, cytology/metabolism; Dynorphins, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, metabolism; Substance P, metabolism; Turtles, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1693632},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Anderson:1991,
  author      = {K. D. Anderson and A. Reiner},
  title       = {Immunohistochemical localization of DARPP-32 in striatal projection neurons and striatal interneurons: implications for the localization of D1-like dopamine receptors on different types of striatal neurons.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {568},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {235--243},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)91403-n},
  abstract    = {Immunohistochemical double-label techniques were used to study the localization of DARPP-32, a phosphoprotein that is enriched in neurons possessing members of the D1 subfamily of dopamine receptors, in several different types of striatal neurons in the rat basal ganglia. The vast majority (94.1\%) of striatonigral projection neurons (the vast majority of which contain substance P), identified by retrograde labeling with fluorogold, were observed to contain DARPP-32. Similarly, the vast majority of striatopallidal projection neurons (87.7\%), identified by immunofluorescence labeling for enkephalin (ENK), were found to label for DARPP-32. In contrast, cholinergic and neuropeptide Y-containing striatal interneurons were never observed to contain DARPP-32. These results suggest that essentially all major types of striatal medium spiny projection neurons may possess members of the D1 subfamily of dopamine receptors, but that striatal local circuit neurons do not possess members of the D1 
subfamily of receptors.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, cytology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Corpus Striatum, cytology; Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32; Enkephalin, Leucine, analysis; Enkephalin, Methionine, analogs /&/ derivatives/analysis; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Interneurons, cytology; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neurons, cytology; Neuropeptide Y, analysis; Phosphoproteins, analysis; Rats; Receptors, Dopamine D1; Receptors, Dopamine, analysis; Substantia Nigra, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(91)91403-N},
  pmid        = {1839966},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Anderson:2009a,
  author      = {Anderson, Kim D. and Sharp, Kelli G. and Steward, Oswald},
  title       = {Bilateral cervical contusion spinal cord injury in rats.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {220},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {9--22},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.06.012},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.06.012},
  abstract    = {There is increasing motivation to develop clinically relevant experimental models for cervical SCI in rodents and techniques to assess deficits in forelimb function. Here we describe a bilateral cervical contusion model in rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats received mild or moderate cervical contusion injuries (using the Infinite Horizons device) at C5, C6, or C7/8. Forelimb motor function was assessed using a grip strength meter (GSM); sensory function was assessed by the von Frey hair test; the integrity of the corticospinal tract (CST) was assessed by biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) tract tracing. Mild contusions caused primarily dorsal column (DC) and gray matter (GM) damage while moderate contusions produced additional damage to lateral and ventral tissue. Forelimb and hindlimb function was severely impaired immediately post-injury, but all rats regained the ability to use their hindlimbs for locomotion. Gripping ability was abolished immediately after injury but recovered partially, 
depending upon the spinal level and severity of the injury. Rats exhibited a loss of sensation in both fore- and hindlimbs that partially recovered, and did not exhibit allodynia. Tract tracing revealed that the main contingent of CST axons in the DC was completely interrupted in all but one animal whereas the dorsolateral CST (dlCST) was partially spared, and dlCST axons gave rise to axons that arborized in the GM caudal to the injury. Our data demonstrate that rats can survive significant bilateral cervical contusion injuries at or below C5 and that forepaw gripping function recovers after mild injuries even when the main component of CST axons in the dorsal column is completely interrupted.},
  institution = {Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California, Irvine College of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-1385, USA. kanderso@uci.edu},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axotomy, methods; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cervical Vertebrae; Dextrans; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Forelimb, innervation/physiopathology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Growth Cones, physiology/ultrastructure; Hand Strength, physiology; Lameness, Animal, etiology/pathology/physiopathology; Movement Disorders, etiology/pathology/physiopathology; Muscle Strength Dynamometer; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neurologic Examination; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Physical Stimulation; Pyramidal Tracts, injuries/pathology/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recovery of Function, physiology; Sensation Disorders, etiology/pathology/physiopathology; Spinal Cord Injuries, complications/pathology/physiopathology; Staining and Labeling},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0014-4886(09)00244-1},
  pmid        = {19559699},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Anderson:2009,
  Title                    = {A monosynaptic pathway from dorsal cochlear nucleus to auditory cortex in rat.},
  Author                   = {Lucy A Anderson and Marco A Izquierdo and Flora M Antunes and Manuel S Malmierca},
  Journal                  = {Neuroreport},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {462--466},
  Volume                   = {20},

  Abstract                 = {Of the three major subdivisions of the auditory thalamus, the medial subdivision is the only one that receives a direct projection from the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Those cells in the medial auditory thalamus that receive the projection from the dorsal cochlear nucleus continue to the auditory cortex. A combination of anterograde and retrograde anatomical tracer injections made in the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the auditory cortex respectively, revealed terminal boutons which were directly apposed onto the dendrites and cell bodies of neurons in the medial auditory thalamus. The presence of a monosynaptic pathway, which transfers information from the first relay in the auditory system to the last, suggests that this pathway may rapidly convey very basic information to the auditory cortex.},
  Doi                      = {10.1097/WNR.0b013e328326f5ab},
  Institution              = {Auditory Neurophysiology Unit, Institute for Neuroscience of 'Castilla y León', University of Salamanca, Spain.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Axons, ultrastructure; Cochlear Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Neurons, ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Synapses, ultrastructure; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pmid                     = {19240662},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e328326f5ab}
}

@Article{Anderson:2006,
  author      = {L. A. Anderson and M. S. Malmierca and M. N. Wallace and A. R. Palmer},
  title       = {Evidence for a direct, short latency projection from the dorsal cochlear nucleus to the auditory thalamus in the guinea pig.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {491--498},
  note        = {Not a rat tract-tracing study.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04930.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04930.x},
  abstract    = {The auditory thalamus (medial geniculate body, MGB) receives its main ascending input from the inferior colliculus (IC), which was considered to be an obligatory relay for all auditory inputs to the MGB. However, recent anatomical evidence in the rat [ (Malmierca et al. 2002) J. Neurosci., 22, 10891-10897] has confirmed the presence of a direct pathway from the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) to the medial MGB, bypassing the IC, as previously suggested in the chimpanzee [ (Strominger et al. 1977) J. Comp. Neurol., 172, 349-366]. We show that this direct pathway is also present in the guinea pig and apparently results in short latency responses in the thalamus. Injection of anterograde tracer into the DCN of five adult guinea pigs revealed terminal boutons and axonal swellings distributed throughout the medial MGB, but absent from all other MGB subdivisions. Electrophysiological recordings made from 39 adult guinea pigs (24 male & 15 female) showed neurons in the medial MGB responded with 
significantly shorter latencies to acoustic clicks (7.8 ms) than those from the ventral (11.0 ms), dorsal (14.4 ms), or shell (16.5 ms) MGB, consistent with the direct pathway from the DCN. The function of the direct pathway is not known but may be related to the fast responses and the role of the medial MGB in integrating combined somatosensory and auditory inputs. Short latency responses may be important in priming the auditory cortex to prepare it for rapid analysis and in recruiting the amygdala for rapid emotional responses such as fear.},
  institution = {MRC Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. lucy.anderson@ucl.ac.uk},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Acoustic Stimulation; Action Potentials, physiology; Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Auditory Cortex, physiology; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Auditory Perception, physiology; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cochlear Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Dextrans; Fear, physiology; Female; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Guinea Pigs; Male; Neural Conduction, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Reaction Time, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Touch, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pii         = {EJN4930},
  pmid        = {16836634},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@InCollection{Anderson:1995a,
  author    = {Anderson, Marjorie E and Buford, John A and Inase, Masahiko},
  title     = {Pallidal Output Circuits in the Thalamus},
  booktitle = {Functions of the Cortico-Basal Ganglia Loop},
  year      = {1995},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {136--151},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-4-431-68547-0_9},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Anderson:1990,
  author      = {Anderson, W. A. and Bruni, J. E. and Kaufmann, A.},
  title       = {Afferent connections of the rat's supraoptic nucleus.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {191--200},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(90)90205-e},
  abstract    = {Neurons projecting to the supraoptic nucleus (SON) have been identified following stereotaxic injections of either horseradish peroxidase or fast blue into the SON region of adult rats. The subfornical organ, median preoptic nucleus, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and medial septal nucleus were the source of the largest numbers of supraoptic-projecting neurons. Several smaller projections also originate from the ipsilateral locus coeruleus, preoptic area, lateral parolfactorial area, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, lateral parabrachial nucleus and ventrolateral medulla. Several other areas appeared to project only to the region immediately dorsal to the SON: lateral septal nucleus, diagonal band of Broca, ventral tegmental nucleus, and the supramamillary nucleus. These areas may influence SON neurosecretory function by way of interneurons found immediately dorsal to SON. Additional areas were identified with retrograde fluorescent label only, and these projected to the 
area immediately dorsal to SON and/or to SON itself.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Animals; Brain Mapping; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurosecretory Systems, cytology; Preoptic Area, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Subfornical Organ, cytology; Supraoptic Nucleus, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0361-9230(90)90205-E},
  pmid        = {2322853},
  timestamp   = {25.06.2013},
}

@Article{Ando:1993,
  author      = {Ando, M. and Kunii, S. and Tatematsu, T. and Nagata, Y.},
  title       = {Rapid and transient alterations in transglutaminase activity in rat superior cervical ganglia following denervation or axotomy.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {47--52},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0168-0102(93)90028-o},
  abstract    = {The activity of transglutaminase (TG), a Ca(2+)-dependent enzyme contributing to cross-linkage formation of intracellular polypeptide chains decreased rapidly to ca. 25\% of control level in superior cervical ganglia (SCG) within 0.5 h following denervation. The reduced level was maintained for at least 24 h. By contrast, following axotomy, ganglionic TG activity increased by ca. 50\% within 1 h, maintained the increase to 4 h, and returned to control level by 24 h. When SCG were transferred to aerobic in vitro incubation conditions 3 h following denervation, the addition of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, trifluoperazine (TFP, 10 micrograms/ml), to the medium partially reversed the denervation-induced reduction in ganglionic TG activity. Addition of a PKC activator, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA, 1 microM), had no effect on the TG activity. These findings suggest that the pathway resulting in the rapid, denervation-induced inhibition of TG activity may involve the 
transsynaptic activation of PKC. When SCG were placed in vitro 3 h following axotomy, addition of nerve growth factor (NGF, 0.25 micrograms/ml) to the medium reversed approximately one-half of the axotomy-induced increase in TG activity. Thus, following axotomy, the reduction in delivery to the SCG of NGF, which can be transported retrogradely within the axon and is indispensable for morphological and functional survival of sympathetic neurons, may trigger the transient, axotomy-induced TG activation in the SCG.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, drug effects/physiology; Cell Differentiation, physiology; Cell Division, physiology; Cyclic AMP, metabolism; Cyclic GMP, metabolism; Denervation; Female; Male; Nerve Growth Factors, metabolism; Protein Kinase C, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sialic Acids, metabolism; Superior Cervical Ganglion, drug effects/enzymology; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate, pharmacology; Transglutaminases, drug effects/metabolism; Trifluoperazine, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8105431},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Andrade:2008,
  author      = {Chittaranjan Andrade and Nagendra M Singh and S. Thyagarajan and Nandakumar Nagaraja and N. Sanjay Kumar Rao and J. Suresh Chandra},
  title       = {Possible glutamatergic and lipid signalling mechanisms in ECT-induced retrograde amnesia: experimental evidence for involvement of COX-2, and review of literature.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {42},
  number      = {10},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {837--850},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.08.009},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.08.009},
  abstract    = {We sought to explore nonselective vs. selective COX mechanisms in ECS-induced retrograde amnesia using indomethacin and celecoxib as in vivo probes. Adult Wistar rats (n=72) which showed adequate learning on a passive avoidance task received 5 once-daily 30 mC true or sham ECS. During the learning and ECS periods, indomethacin (4 mg/kg/day), celecoxib (15 mg/kg/day), or vehicle were orally administered. One day after the fifth ECS, recall of pre-ECS learning was tested. There were no baseline or pre-ECS differences in learning between groups. ECS seizure duration did not differ across groups. ECS-treated rats showed impaired recall in the vehicle but not indomethacin and celecoxib groups. Celecoxib but not indomethacin significantly protected against ECS-induced retrograde amnesia. We interpret these results as follows: ECS may impair cognition by pathologically upregulating glutmatergic signalling, thereby causing cation and water influx, oxidative stress, and saturation of hippocampal LTP. 
These may result from glutamatergic disinhibition through COX-2-mediated removal of endogenous cannabinoids, and by ECS-activated, NMDA-mediated upregulation of platelet activating factor and COX-2 signalling pathways. Thus, indomethacin and celecoxib, by inhibiting COX-2, may protect against ECS-induced amnesia. Furthermore, COX-2 mediated increase in hippocampal kynurenic acid may impair glutamate-dependent learning and memory processes at ionotropic glutamatergic receptor sites; the inhibition of kynurenic acid synthesis by celecoxib and its induction by indomethacin may explain the greater benefits with celecoxib. These findings suggest new avenues for the study of the neurobiology of ECT-induced amnesia and the attenuation thereof.},
  institution = {Department of Psychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India. andradec@gmail.com},
  journal     = {J Psychiatr Res},
  keywords    = {Amnesia, Retrograde, physiopathology; Animals; Avoidance Learning, drug effects/physiology; Conditioning, Classical, drug effects/physiology; Cyclooxygenase 2, physiology; Electroconvulsive Therapy, adverse effects; Glutamine, physiology; Hippocampus, drug effects/physiopathology; Indomethacin, pharmacology; Kynurenic Acid, metabolism; Lipid Peroxidation, drug effects/physiology; Long-Term Potentiation, drug effects/physiology; Male; Mental Recall, drug effects/physiology; Pyrazoles, pharmacology; Rats; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, drug effects/physiology; Signal Transduction, drug effects/physiology; Sulfonamides, pharmacology; Up-Regulation, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0022-3956(07)00145-8},
  pmid        = {17937934},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Andrade:2008a,
  author      = {Andrade, Chittaranjan and Singh, Nagendra M. and Thyagarajan, S. and Nagaraja, Nandakumar and {Sanjay Kumar Rao}, N. and {Suresh Chandra}, J.},
  title       = {Possible glutamatergic and lipid signalling mechanisms in ECT-induced retrograde amnesia: experimental evidence for involvement of COX-2, and review of literature.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {42},
  number      = {10},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {837--850},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.08.009},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.08.009},
  abstract    = {We sought to explore nonselective vs. selective COX mechanisms in ECS-induced retrograde amnesia using indomethacin and celecoxib as in vivo probes. Adult Wistar rats (n=72) which showed adequate learning on a passive avoidance task received 5 once-daily 30 mC true or sham ECS. During the learning and ECS periods, indomethacin (4 mg/kg/day), celecoxib (15 mg/kg/day), or vehicle were orally administered. One day after the fifth ECS, recall of pre-ECS learning was tested. There were no baseline or pre-ECS differences in learning between groups. ECS seizure duration did not differ across groups. ECS-treated rats showed impaired recall in the vehicle but not indomethacin and celecoxib groups. Celecoxib but not indomethacin significantly protected against ECS-induced retrograde amnesia. We interpret these results as follows: ECS may impair cognition by pathologically upregulating glutmatergic signalling, thereby causing cation and water influx, oxidative stress, and saturation of hippocampal LTP. 
These may result from glutamatergic disinhibition through COX-2-mediated removal of endogenous cannabinoids, and by ECS-activated, NMDA-mediated upregulation of platelet activating factor and COX-2 signalling pathways. Thus, indomethacin and celecoxib, by inhibiting COX-2, may protect against ECS-induced amnesia. Furthermore, COX-2 mediated increase in hippocampal kynurenic acid may impair glutamate-dependent learning and memory processes at ionotropic glutamatergic receptor sites; the inhibition of kynurenic acid synthesis by celecoxib and its induction by indomethacin may explain the greater benefits with celecoxib. These findings suggest new avenues for the study of the neurobiology of ECT-induced amnesia and the attenuation thereof.},
  institution = {Department of Psychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India. andradec@gmail.com},
  journal     = {J Psychiatr Res},
  keywords    = {Amnesia, Retrograde, physiopathology; Animals; Avoidance Learning, drug effects/physiology; Celecoxib; Conditioning, Classical, drug effects/physiology; Cyclooxygenase 2, physiology; Electroconvulsive Therapy, adverse effects; Glutamine, physiology; Hippocampus, drug effects/physiopathology; Indomethacin, pharmacology; Kynurenic Acid, metabolism; Lipid Peroxidation, drug effects/physiology; Long-Term Potentiation, drug effects/physiology; Male; Mental Recall, drug effects/physiology; Pyrazoles, pharmacology; Rats; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, drug effects/physiology; Signal Transduction, drug effects/physiology; Sulfonamides, pharmacology; Up-Regulation, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0022-3956(07)00145-8},
  pmid        = {17937934},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Andresen:2008,
  author      = {Andresen, Michael C. and Peters, James H.},
  title       = {Comparison of baroreceptive to other afferent synaptic transmission to the medial solitary tract nucleus.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {295},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {H2032--H2042},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1152/ajpheart.00568.2008},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00568.2008},
  abstract    = {Cranial nerve visceral afferents enter the brain stem to synapse on neurons within the solitary tract nucleus (NTS). The broad heterogeneity of both visceral afferents and NTS neurons makes understanding afferent synaptic transmission particularly challenging. To study a specific subgroup of second-order neurons in medial NTS, we anterogradely labeled arterial baroreceptor afferents of the aortic depressor nerve (ADN) with lipophilic fluorescent tracer (i.e., ADN+) and measured synaptic responses to solitary tract (ST) activation recorded from dye-identified neurons in medial NTS in horizontal brain stem slices. Every ADN+ NTS neuron received constant-latency ST-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) (jitter < 192 micros, SD of latency). Stimulus-recruitment profiles showed single thresholds and no suprathreshold recruitment, findings consistent with EPSCs arising from a single, branched afferent axon. Frequency-dependent depression of ADN+ EPSCs averaged approximately 70\% for five 
shocks at 50 Hz, but single-shock failure rates did not exceed 4\%. Whether adjacent ADN- or those from unlabeled animals, other second-order NTS neurons (jitters < 200 micros) had ST transmission properties indistinguishable from ADN+. Capsaicin (CAP; 100 nM) blocked ST transmission in some neurons. CAP-sensitive ST-EPSCs were smaller and failed over five times more frequently than CAP-resistant responses, whether ADN+ or from unlabeled animals. Variance-mean analysis of ST-EPSCs suggested uniformly high probabilities for quantal glutamate release across second-order neurons. While amplitude differences may reflect different numbers of contacts, higher frequency-dependent failure rates in CAP-sensitive ST-EPSCs may arise from subtype-specific differences in afferent axon properties. Thus afferent transmission within medial NTS differed by axon class (e.g., CAP sensitive) but was indistinguishable by source of axon (e.g., baroreceptor vs. nonbaroreceptor).},
  institution = {Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA. andresen.ohsu@gmail.com},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Aorta, innervation; Axons, physiology; Capsaicin, pharmacology; Cranial Nerves, drug effects/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Male; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, physiology; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated, physiology; Pressoreceptors, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time; Solitary Nucleus, drug effects/physiology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {00568.2008},
  pmid        = {18790834},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Andrews:1988,
  author      = {Andrews, B. T. and Levy, M. and McIntosh, T. K. and Pitts, L. H.},
  title       = {An epidural intracranial pressure monitor for experimental use in the rat.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {10},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {123--126},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1080/01616412.1988.11739828},
  abstract    = {We described the construction and use of a simple and reliable catheter system that can be used to monitor intracranial pressure (ICP) from the epidural space in rats in an experimental setting. The catheter system is easily fabricated in the laboratory from readily available materials. The monitor is fitted flush with the inner table through a burr hole in the temporal squama. A side port is used to fill the system with saline and to irrigate the system should be catheter become obstructed. The distal end of the catheter is fitted to a pressure transducer that is connected to a graphic display and recording system. This system was used to record ICP in 30 anaesthetized adult rats. Seven were subjected to baseline ICP recording only and 23 were subjected to baseline recordings followed by epidural balloon compression of the contralateral hemisphere. Baseline ICP varied between 0 and 8 mmHg and respiratory variation could be detected on the tracings for 24 rats (75\%). ICP responded directly 
and sensitively to epidural balloon inflation in all 23 rats tested. In 5 rats that died during balloon inflation, the decrease in ICP after death followed closely the loss of arterial blood pressure. There was a close correlation of numerical values obtained in two rats in which ICP was recorded simultaneously from the epidural catheter and from a catheter in the subarachnoid space at the cisterna magna. In one rat in which ICP increased to more than 70 mmHg, the epidural catheter continued to record ICP accurately while the cisternal catheter became obstructed with herniated brain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143.},
  journal     = {Neurol Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Catheters, Indwelling; Intracranial Pressure; Male; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2902527},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Andrews:2004,
  author      = {Andrews, Melissa R. and Stelzner, Dennis J.},
  title       = {Modification of the regenerative response of dorsal column axons by olfactory ensheathing cells or peripheral axotomy in adult rat.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {190},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {311--327},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.08.011},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.08.011},
  abstract    = {The regeneration of sciatic-dorsal column (DC) axons following DC crush injury and treatment with olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and/or sciatic axotomy ("conditioning lesion") was evaluated. Sciatic-DC axons were examined with a transganglionic tracer, cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, and evaluated at chronic time points, 2-26 weeks post-lesion. With DC injury alone (n = 7), sciatic-DC axons were localized to the caudal border of the lesion terminating in reactive end bulbs with no indication of growth into the lesion. In contrast, treatment with either a heterogeneous population of OECs (equal numbers of p75- and fibronectin-positive OECs) (n = 9) or an enriched population of OECs (75\% p75-positive OECs) (n = 6) injected either directly into the lesion or 1-mm rostral and caudal to the injury, stimulated DC axon growth into the lesion. A similar regenerative response was observed with a conditioning lesion either concurrent to (n = 4) or 1 week before (n = 4) the DC 
injury. In either of the latter two paradigms, some DC axons grew across the injury, but no axons grew into the rostral intact spinal cord. Upon combining OEC treatment with the conditioning lesion (n = 21), the result was additive, increasing DC axon growth beyond the rostral border of the lesion in best cases. Additional factors that may limit DC regeneration were tested including formation of the glial scar (immunoreactivity to glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocytes and to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans), which remained similar between treated and untreated groups.},
  institution = {Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Axotomy; Cell Transplantation; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Nerve Crush; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neuroglia, cytology/physiology/transplantation; Olfactory Bulb, cytology; Posterior Horn Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sciatic Nerve, injuries; Spinal Cord Injuries, metabolism/pathology/surgery},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0014-4886(04)00304-8},
  pmid        = {15530871},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Andrews:1996,
  Title                    = {Target-specific differences in the dendritic morphology and neuropeptide content of neurons in the rat SCG during development and aging.},
  Author                   = {Andrews, T. J. and Thrasivoulou, C. and Nesbit, W. and Cowen, T.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {33--44},
  Volume                   = {368},

  Abstract                 = {Our purpose in this work was to investigate the role of target tissues in the regulation of dendritic morphology from sympathetic neurons during development and aging. Neurons were retrogradely labeled from three targets, the iris, the submandibular gland (SMG), and the middle cerebral artery (MCA). They were then fixed and intracellularly injected to demonstrate their dendritic arborizations. Dendritic geometry varied quantitatively in sympathetic neurons innervating different target tissues at all stages of development. Neurons innervating the iris had the largest cell bodies and most extensive dendritic arborizations, whereas the vasomotor neurons were the smallest. The number of primary dendrites, however, did not vary significantly between the different neuronal populations. The growth of dendritic arborizations during postnatal development and their atrophy in old age were not concordant in the different neuron populations we studied. Neurons innervating the MCA and the 
iris ceased dendritic growth early in postnatal development, whereas the dendritic complexity of neurons supplying the SMG increased well into adulthood. By contrast, dendritic atrophy was seen in aged MCA- and SMG-projecting neurons but not in those innervating the iris, suggesting, with other evidence, correlated and distinct patterns of growth and atrophy in axons and dendrites of mature sympathetic neurons projecting to different targets. Swollen dendrites and protuberances on cell soma were a prominent feature of aged neurons. In addition to the target-specific variation in neuronal morphology, we observed diversity in neurotransmitter phenotype. For example, neuropeptide Y was expressed in iridial but not SMG-projecting neurons. These results show a range of age- and target-specific differences in the dendritic morphology and neuropeptide content of sympathetic neurons that may be a result of differing trophic interactions with their target tissues.},
  Doi                      = {gt;3.0.CO;2-L},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.},
  Keywords                 = {Aging, physiology; Animals; Autonomic Pathways, growth /&/ development/ultrastructure; Cell Size; Cerebral Arteries, growth /&/ development/innervation; Dendrites, metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Iris, growth /&/ development/innervation; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Neural Pathways, growth /&/ development/metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurons, metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Submandibular Gland, growth /&/ development/innervation; Superior Cervical Ganglion, growth /&/ development/metabolism/ultrastructure; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {3.0.CO;2-L},
  Pmid                     = {8725292},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-L}
}

@Article{Andrezik:1981,
  author      = {J. A. Andrezik and V. Chan-Palay and S. L. Palay},
  title       = {The nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis in the rat. Demonstration of afferents by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {161},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {373--390},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00316049},
  abstract    = {Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were placed in the middle or caudal portion of the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (PGCL) and 24 h later the entire spinal cord and brain were processed and examined for labeled neurons. Spinal afferents arise from all levels of the cord. Rexed's lamination scheme was adapted to the spinal cord of the rat and labelled neurons were localized to laminae IV, V, VII, VIII and X mainly on the side contralateral to the injection. At cervical levels, labeled neurons were consistently found bilaterally. The medial reticular nuclei of the medulla and pons contained HRP-labelled perikarya, which were concentrated most heavily in the nuclei reticularis medullae oblongatae ventralis, gigantocellularis, and pontis caudalis predominantly ipsilateral to the injection. The medial vestibular nucleus was consistently labeled. HRP-labeled perikarya were found bilaterally within the commissural portion and in the medial part of the nucleus of the solitary tract 
on the side of the injection. The rostral portion of the PGCL receives afferents from some secondary auditory nuclei: the ipsilateral inferior colliculus and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus bilaterally. Thus, the rostral PGCL may be involved in auditory feedback loops. The caudal raphe nuclei are a major source of afferents to the caudal PGCL. The lateral hypothalamic area, paraventricular nucleus, and zona incerta also contain labeled neurons when injections are centered in the caudal portion of the nucleus.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  journal     = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology; Brain, cytology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Reticular Formation, cytology; Spinal Cord, cytology; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7247035},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Angaut:1985a,
  author      = {P. Angaut and R. M. Alvarado-Mallart and C. Sotelo},
  title       = {Compensatory climbing fiber innervation after unilateral pedunculotomy in the newborn rat: origin and topographic organization.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {236},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {161-178},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902360203},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902360203},
  abstract    = {In neonatal rats the unilateral transection of the cerebellar peduncles causes a fast and complete degeneration of the contralateral inferior olive. Axons from the remaining olive recross the cerebellar midline and partially innervate the deprived hemicortex. Analysis of the topographic organization of this compensatory projection studied with the axonal tracing method provided the following results: Retrograde tracing experiments revealed that the bulk of compensatory afferents originates from neurons in the ipsilateral medial accessory olive, especially from its medial region, whereas afferents from the principal olive and the dorsal accessory olive contribute to a much lesser degree. In case of incomplete neonatal pedunculotomy, neurons with a similar location in the ipsilateral intact olive still contribute to the innervation of the partially deprived hemicortex, along with the atrophic contralateral olive. Moreover, these experiments revealed important information about the organization 
of the compensation. Although its specificity was not totally maintained, the mediolateral distribution of sprouted afferents in the cerebellum matched the caudorostral disposition of parent neurons in the olive, as in the case in normal olivocerebellar projection. Anterograde studies showed that compensatory fibers recrossing the cerebellar midline spread throughout the whole extent of the deprived cortex and terminate solely in the molecular layer as typical climbing fibers. The latter were not homogeneously distributed, their density being markedly reduced according to a mediolateral gradient. Compensatory projection followed a sagittal striped pattern, as does the normal climbing fiber projection. Moreover, if the cortex is divided broadly into vermal, intermediate, and hemispheral regions, an apparent reciprocity seems to exist concerning the relative involvement of the various cortical subdivision in both hemicerebella. Our present results indicate that the immature olivocerebellar system is capable of 
anatomical plasticity, although to a limited extent. More important, they suggest that a certain degree of specificity is maintained during the process of sprouting, resulting in a topographical arrangement of the transcommissural climbing fiber projection. This indicates, in turn, that cues which guide the growth of olivocerebellar fibers during normal development could also direct the compensatory innervation.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn, anatomy /&/ histology; Axonal Transport; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Neurons, cytology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {2414330},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Angaut:1986,
  author      = {P. Angaut and C. Batini and J. M. Billard and H. Daniel},
  title       = {The cerebellorubral projection in the rat: retrograde anatomical study.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {68},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {63-68},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(86)90230-2},
  abstract    = {The cerebellorubral projections have been studied in the rat using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin conjugate. The lateral cerebellar nucleus projects to the parvocellular red nucleus (RN), the anterior (NIA) and posterior (NIP) interposed nuclei project to the magnocellular RN. Whereas the projections from the NIP are limited to the medial aspect of the RN, those from the NIA extend throughout the magnocellular RN. NIA-RN projections are topographically arranged: the medial NIA projects ventrally, the lateral NIA projects dorsally. Functionally, this differential distribution seems to fit the hindlimb-forelimb areas of origin of the rubrospinal tract.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Lectins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Red Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {3014399},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Angaut:1994,
  author      = {P. Angaut and F. Cicirata},
  title       = {[Anatomo-functional organization of the neocerebellar control pathways on the cerebral motor cortex].},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {fre},
  volume      = {150},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {39--45},
  note        = {Article in french. Tract tracing results are described in french. No specific tract tracing results in the english abstract.},
  abstract    = {In a first phase of this study, the topographic arrangement of the dentato-thalamocortical projections was analyzed anatomically in albinos rats, by using anterograde and retrograde tracing methods. By applying intracortical microstimuli through the cerebral motor cortex prior to each microinjection of the tracer, the motor function of each injected cortical site was defined. As a consequence of the precise topographic arrangement of the dentato-thalamocortical pathways, we infer a somatotopic motor organization within the three cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the cerebellar nucleus lateralis (NL), which corresponds to the dentate nucleus of the primate cerebellum: the hindlimb would be poorly represented, rostrally, whereas the head and forelimb would be more widely represented, within the central and caudal parts of the NL. In the second phase, the motor responses to direct microstimulations through the NL were mapped. The results confirmed the anatomofunctional arrangement deduced from 
the observations made in the first part of the study. The principles of the functional organization of the NL were also defined: i) the synergistic character of the movements induced by dentate stimulation is reflected by the activation of agonist as well as antagonist muscles that combine to move a particular segment of the body; ii) some body segments (e.g. those of the hindlimb) are represented within only one subdivision of the NL (single representation); others, such as the axio-proximal segments of the body, can be activated in a similar way from sites located in two or three subdivisions (multiple representation); finally, distal segments (digits or vibrissae) are multiply represented but activated in different ways by their various representation sites (specific representation): they can be moved independently from the parvocellular subdivision and only synchronously from their other representation site. The parvocellular subdivision of the rat NL is proposed as an equivalent to the "neodentatum" of 
the primate cerebellum.},
  institution = {INSERM-U106, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Rev Neurol (Paris)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebellum, physiology; Motor Activity, physiology; Motor Cortex, physiology; Neural Pathways; Pyramidal Tracts, physiology; Rats; Thalamus, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {7801039},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Angaut:1985,
  author    = {Angaut, P and Cicirata, F and Serapide, F},
  title     = {Topographic organization of the cerebellothalamic projections in the rat. An autoradiographic study},
  year      = {1985},
  volume    = {15},
  pages     = {389-401},
  doi       = {10.1016/0306-4522(85)90221-0},
  journal   = {Neuroscience},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Angaut:1988,
  Title                    = {The dentatorubral projection. An autoradiographic study in rats.},
  Author                   = {Angaut, P. and Cicirata, F. and Serapide, M. F.},
  Journal                  = {Brain Behav Evol},
  Year                     = {1988},
  Number                   = {5-6},
  Pages                    = {272--281},
  Volume                   = {30},

  Abstract                 = {Although the dentatorubral projection is known to end specifically in the parvocellular part of the red nucleus, its topographical arrangement has never been elucidated. We therefore selectively injected the lateral cerebellar nucleus (homologous to the dentate nucleus of primates) of adult Wistar rats with tritiated leucine or proline in order to trace the dentatorubral boundaries. In all cases, the projection was found to extend rostrocaudally throughout the parvocellular red nucleus; dorsoventrally as well as mediolaterally, the fibers were distributed according to the location of the injection within the lateral cerebellar nucleus. Hence, caudal regions of the lateral nucleus send fibers dorsally at the rubral level, rostral regions project ventrally. This dorsoventral arrangement matches the segregation of the parvocellular red nucleus into a dorsal 'forelimb' region and a ventral 'hindlimb' region corresponding to its spinal efferents. In addition, only the ventral part of 
the lateral cerebellar nucleus, particularly the parvocellular region (subnucleus lateralis parvocellularis), projects to the lateral aspect of the parvocellular red nucleus. These results suggest a common pattern of organization of the dentatorubral and the dentatothalamic projections.},
  Institution              = {Histologie Normale et Pathologique du Système Nerveux, INSERM U 106, Paris, France.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autoradiography; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {3427407},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0166432888900794}
}

@Article{Angaut:1996,
  author      = {P. Angaut and C. Compoint and C. Buisseret-Delmas and C. Batini},
  title       = {Synaptic connections of Purkinje cell axons with nucleocortical neurones in the cerebellar medial nucleus of the rat.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {26},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {345-348},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0168-0102(96)01116-9},
  abstract    = {The cerebellar nucleocortical neurones may be part of a cortico-nucleocortical loop. It has not yet been demonstrated, however, whether they are directly afferented by Purkinje cell axons. This question has been addressed by using electron microscopic methods. WGA-HRP injections into the cerebellar vermis anterogradely labelled Purkinje cell terminals and retrogradely labelled nucleocortical neurones of the nucleus medialis. Postembedding GABA immunolabelling was used to double-labelled PC terminals and identified the GABA-immunoreactive nuclear neurones. Of the identified nucleocortical neurones, the majority were immunonegative, but a few were GABA-immunoreactive. Both types were in synaptic contact with identified Purkinje cell terminals.},
  institution = {INSERM U-106, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Cerebellum, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {S0168010296011169},
  pmid        = {9004272},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Angaut:1987,
  author      = {Angaut, P. and Sotelo, C.},
  title       = {The dentato-olivary projection in the rat as a presumptive GABAergic link in the olivo-cerebello-olivary loop. An ultrastructural study.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {83},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {227--231},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(87)90090-5},
  abstract    = {It is here shown that autoradiographically labelled axon terminals of the dentato-olivary projection form a heterogeneous population. However, a majority of them constitute an even class of synapses, characterized by their small axonal size, their content in pleimorphic vesicles, and the establishment of symmetric synapses on small dendrites, about 5\% of which are linked through a gap junction. The same material, used for immunocytochemistry of GABA with the postembedding technique, discloses that a majority of boutons with cytological features similar to the dentato-olivary terminals are GABA-immunoreactive, especially those synapsing on dendrites linked by gap junctions. The cerebello-olivary projection, despite its heterogeneity, thus appears as part of the GABAergic system which governs the synaptic modulation of the electrotonic coupling between olivary neurons.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie, INSERM U-106, Hôpital de la Salpêtriére, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, ultrastructure; Cerebellum, analysis/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, analysis/ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, analysis/ultrastructure; Rats; Synapses, ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3441304},
  timestamp   = {24.01.2013},
}

@Article{Angaut:1989,
  author      = {P. Angaut and C. Sotelo},
  title       = {Synaptology of the cerebello-olivary pathway. Double labelling with anterograde axonal tracing and GABA immunocytochemistry in the rat.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {479},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {361-365},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)91641-7},
  abstract    = {The dentato-olivary projection has been ultrastructurally studied in rats that received a wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injection in the nucleus lateralis. Ultrathin sections containing the inferior olive have been double-labelled with the GABA-immunogold method. About 97\% of the WGA-HRP labelled axon terminals are GABA-immunopositive. Most of them belong to a single type consisting of small boutons establishing symmetrical synapses on dendrites. Nevertheless, there is some morphological and neurochemical diversity among the labelled terminals, and particularly, a small contingent are GABA-immunonegative. Of the GABAergic dentato-olivary boutons, 4\% occupy a privileged position, with synaptic contacts straddling two dendritic profiles linked by gap junctions. The strategic location of these inhibitory dentato-olivary synapses suggests that they can modulate the electrotonic coupling rate between sets of inferior olivary neurons.},
  institution = {Histologie Normale et Pathologique du Système Nerveux, INSERM U-106, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebellum, metabolism/ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, metabolism/ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {0006-8993(89)91641-7},
  pmid        = {2466540},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Angaut:1982,
  author      = {Angaut, Puat, P. and Cicirata, F.},
  title       = {Cerebello-olivary projections in the rat. An autoradiographic study.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {21},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {24--33},
  url         = {http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/121612},
  abstract    = {Projections of deep cerebellar nuclei onto the inferior olive have been studied using autoradiographic methods in adult Wistar rats: the distribution of the labelling consequent to injections of tritiated amino acids, limited to one of the cerebellar nuclei, was mapped in the inferior olive. Each of the four cerebellar deep nuclei project to a specific region of the contralateral inferior olive. Only caudal parts of the medial cerebellar nucleus send fibres to the olive, where they reach the caudal half of the medial accessory olive. Anterior and posterior interposed nuclei project to the dorsal accessory and the rostral half to the medial accessory olives, respectively. The lateral, or dentate nucleus projects to the principal olive. This projection discloses a clear-cut topological arrangement. Besides, a few dentato-olivary fibres recross the midline in the interolivary region and end in areas of the ipsilateral principal olive symmetric to the contralateral projection. These results are 
discussed with special consideration to comparative anatomy.},
  journal     = {Brain Behav Evol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Leucine, diagnostic use; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Proline, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tritium, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7139259},
  timestamp   = {24.01.2013},
}

@Article{Angeles-Duran:2012,
  author      = {Ángeles-Durán, Sandybel and Ramos-Languren, Laura E. and Escobar, Martha L.},
  title       = {PKMζ inhibition prevents the metaplastic change induced by conditioned taste aversion on insular cortex long-term potentiation in vivo.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {23},
  number      = {5-6},
  pages       = {473--480},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1515/revneuro-2012-0048},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2012-0048},
  abstract    = {The activity history of a given neuron or pathway has been suggested to influence its future responses to synaptic inputs. In particular, training in several learning tasks produces a metaplastic change, that is, a change in the ability to induce subsequent synaptic plasticity. Experimental evidence shows that the maintenance of long term memory and long-term potentiation (LTP) requires the persistent action of the atypical protein kinase Cisoform, protein kinase M ζ (PKM ζ ). Recent work has demonstrated that the inactivation of PKM ζ in the insular cortex (IC) abolishes conditioned taste aversion (CTA) long term memory. Our previous studies in the IC have demonstrated that the induction of LTP in the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (Bla)-IC projection previous to CTA training enhances the retention of this task. Moreover, recently, we have observed that CTA training blocks the subsequent induction of LTP in the Bla-IC projection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the 
participation of PKM ζon the CTA-dependent modification of the ability to induce subsequent LTP in the Bla-IC projection in vivo . Thus, we have delivered high-frequency stimulation in the Bla-IC projection in order to induce in vivo IC-LTP in the rats that underwent or did not have an impairment of CTA retention due to the intracortical administration of the selective PKM ζ pseudosubstrate inhibitory peptide, ZIP. Our results show that the microinfusion of ZIP into the IC of the behaving rats impairs long-term memory of CTA and prevents its effects on IC-LTP. These results indicate that PKM ζ is a key component of the cellular mechanisms necessary for the persistence of lasting memory traces as well as for those underlying metaplastic changes in neocortex, contributing to the persistence of aversive memories.},
  institution = {Division de Investigacion y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional Autonomade Mexico, Mexico.},
  journal     = {Rev Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, drug effects/physiology; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Avoidance Learning, drug effects/physiology; Biophysics; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism; Conditioning (Psychology), drug effects/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects; Long-Term Potentiation, drug effects/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Oligopeptides, pharmacology; Protein Kinase C, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Taste, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {/j/revneuro.ahead-of-print/revneuro-2012-0048/revneuro-2012-0048.xml},
  pmid        = {23096103},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Angeloni:2013,
  author      = {Angeloni, Nicholas and Bond, Christopher W. and Harrington, Daniel and Stupp, Samuel and Podlasek, Carol A.},
  title       = {Sonic hedgehog is neuroprotective in the cavernous nerve with crush injury.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {10},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {1240--1250},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02930.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02930.x},
  abstract    = {The cavernous nerve (CN) is commonly injured during prostatectomy, resulting in erectile dysfunction (ED). Although peripheral nerves have a limited ability to regenerate, a return of function typically does not occur due to irreversible down stream morphological changes in the penis that result from CN injury. We have shown in previous studies that sonic hedgehog (SHH) is critical for CN regeneration and improves erectile function after crush injury.Examine a new direction, to determine if SHH is neuroprotective to the pelvic ganglia (PG)/CN after crush injury. A secondary focus is to examine if SHH signaling decreases with age in the PG/CN.Sprague-Dawley rats underwent bilateral CN crush and SHH and glial fibrillary acidic protein were quantified by western analysis of the PG/CN (N = 6 rats at each time point) at 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 days, and the apoptotic index was measured in the penis. SHH was quantified by western in the PG/CN with blockade of anterograde transport (N = 4 rats) in 
comparison to mouse IgG (N = 4 rats). If SHH is neuroprotective was examined at 4 (N = 14 rats) and 7 days (N = 16 rats) of treatment after CN crush. SHH protein was quantified in aging (P200-300, N = 5 rats) PG/CN in comparison to normal adult (P115-120, N = 3 rats) PG/CN. Main Outcome Measures. SHH pathway was examined in PG via immunohistochemistry, in situ, western, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL).SHH is neuroprotective in the PG/CN with injury. SHH localization in the PG/CN suggests SHH interaction in neuronal/glial signaling. SHH protein is significantly decreased in the PG/CN after crush injury and in the aged PG/CN. Signals from the PG are required to maintain SHH in the CN.There is a window of opportunity immediately after nerve insult in which manipulation of SHH signaling in the nerve microenvironment can affect long-term regeneration outcome.},
  institution = {Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.},
  journal     = {J Sex Med},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {22994531},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Angelov:1998,
  author      = {Angelov, D. N. and Krebs, C. and Walther, M. and Martinez-Portillo, F. J. and Gunkel, A. and Lay, C. H. and Streppel, M. and Guntinas-Lichius, O. and Stennert, E. and Neiss, W. F.},
  title       = {Altered expression of immune-related antigens by neuronophages does not improve neuronal survival after severe lesion of the facial nerve in rats.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {155--171},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199810)24:2<155::aid-glia1>3.3.co;2-i},
  abstract    = {Injection of Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the whiskerpad muscles of rats yields a permanent retrograde labeling of motoneurons in the facial nucleus. Following subsequent resection of 10 mm of the facial nerve, one-third of the facial motoneurons die and the microglia phagocytize the dead FG-labeled neurons, take up FG, and get labeled in vivo. The resulting identification of all FG-labeled cells allows long-term comparative investigations on the behavior of neuronophages. In this study, we used two groups of rats to test whether the quantified expression of five immune-related antigens by neuronophages was related to quantified decline in neuron number (counts after immunostaining for neuron-specific enolase) 3 to 224 days after resection of the facial nerve. Rats of the first group received standard food and those of the second group, pellets containing 1,000 ppm of the calcium channel blocker nimodipine. Image analysis of the number of FG-containing cells and the number and projection area of 
immunopositive neuronophages in serial sections for each antigen showed that nimodipine significantly attenuated the immunostaining for CR3, MHC class I, and class II antigens (monoclonal antibodies [MAbs] OX-42, OX-18, and OX-6); enhanced the expression of monocyte-macrophage-specific antigen (MAb ED1); and did not change the expression of rat macrophage differentiation antigen (MAb ED2). The altered expressions, however, had no effect on the loss of motoneurons in the lesioned facial nucleus. We conclude that the degree of expression of immune-related antigens by neuronophages has no influence on the delayed neuronal cell death induced by permanent target deprivation.},
  institution = {Institut I für Anatomie, Universität zu Köln, Germany. angelov.anatomie@uni-koeln.de},
  journal     = {Glia},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antibody Specificity; Calcium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Cell Survival; Facial Nerve Injuries; Facial Nerve, pathology/ultrastructure; Female; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II, biosynthesis; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Microglia, immunology/physiology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Motor Neurons, physiology; Neurons, pathology/physiology/ultrastructure; Nimodipine, pharmacology; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase, biosynthesis/immunology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tissue Fixation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-3},
  pmid        = {9728762},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Angelov:1997,
  author      = {Angelov, D. N. and Neiss, W. F. and Gunkel, A. and Streppel, M. and Guntinas-Lichius, O. and Stennert, E.},
  title       = {Nimodipine-accelerated hypoglossal sprouting prevents the postoperative hyperinnervation of target muscles after hypo glossal-facial anastomosis in the rat.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {109--121},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3233/RNN-1997-111212},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/RNN-1997-111212},
  abstract    = {Hypoglossal-facial anastomosis (HFA), used for the treatment of facial palsy, was performed in adult Wistar rats. For 7-224 days post operation (DPO), half of the animals were kept on standard laboratory food and half received food pellets containing 1000 ppm of the Ca2+ channel blocker nimodipine. The postoperative neurotization of facial muscles in these two groups was traced by comparing numbers of all retrogradely labeled neurons after injection of HRP into the whiskerpad muscles. In unoperated animals, injection of HRP labeled 1254 ± 54 neurons. Immediately after HFA, this number dropped to zero. The treatment with nimodipine yielded two beneficial effects. (1) In the early phase of regeneration (until 28 DPO), it accelerated the sprouting of hypoglossal axons into the facial periphery; (2) In the final phase, it suppressed the axonal sprouting from both, hypoglossal and facial stumps. In this way nimodipine fully prevented the postoperative hyperinnervation, i.e. the projection of more 
hypoglossal plus facial motoneurons to the whiskerpad muscles than under normal conditions.},
  institution = {Institut I für Anatomie der Universität zu Köln, Joseph-Slelzmann-Slraße 9, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.},
  journal     = {Restor Neurol Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {H62306442M5W7035},
  pmid        = {21551534},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Angelov:1996,
  author      = {Angelov, D. N. and Neiss, W. F. and Streppel, M. and Andermahr, J. and Mader, K. and Stennert, E.},
  title       = {Nimodipine accelerates axonal sprouting after surgical repair of rat facial nerve.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {1041--1048},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/16/3/1041.long},
  abstract    = {Facial-facial anastomosis (FFA), i.e., suture of transected facial nerve, was performed in adult Wistar rats. For 10-112 d post-operation (DPO), half of the animals received standard food (placebo) and half received food pellets containing 1000 ppm nimodipine, a Ca2+ channel blocker. The time course of mimetic reinnervation between these two groups was compared by counting all retrogradely labeled motoneurons after injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the whiskerpad. In unoperated animals, injection of HRP labeled 1280 +/- 113 motoneurons. After FFA, this number dropped to zero, and the first HRP-labeled facial motoneurons reappeared in both placebo- and nimodipine-treated animals at 14 DPO. The treatment with nimodipine yielded two beneficial effects. (1) It accelerated axonal sprouting until 28 DPO. Whereas the number of HRP-labeled cells in the placebo group was 171 +/- 9 (mean +/- SD) at 16 DPO, 372 +/- 43 at 21 DPO, and 636 +/- 187 at 28 DPO, the number of sprouted motoneurons 
in nimodipine-treated rats was twice as high: 386 +/- 34 at 16 DPO, 620 +/- 28 at 21 DPO, and 756 +/- 257 at 28 DPO. (2) Nimodipine reduced the polyneuronal innervation of the target muscles. Whereas the number of HRP-labeled cells in the placebo group increased to 1430 +/- 36 at 56 DPO and 1600 +/- 31 at 112 DPO, the number of labeled motoneurons in nimodipine-treated rats remained almost within the normal range: 1315 +/- 31 at 56 DPO and 1354 +/- 33 at 112 DPO.},
  institution = {Institut I für Anatomie, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Germany.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Anastomosis, Surgical; Animals; Axons, drug effects/physiology; Calcium Channel Blockers, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Calcium, physiology; Facial Muscles, innervation; Facial Nerve Injuries; Facial Nerve, surgery; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microsurgery; Motor Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Nimodipine, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retrograde Degeneration, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8558232},
  timestamp   = {17.02.2016},
}

@Article{Angelov:1999,
  author      = {Angelov, D. N. and Skouras, E. and Guntinas-Lichius, O. and Streppel, M. and Popratiloff, A. and Walther, M. and Klein, J. and Stennert, E. and Neiss, W. F.},
  title       = {Contralateral trigeminal nerve lesion reduces polyneuronal muscle innervation after facial nerve repair in rats.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {1369--1378},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00545.x},
  abstract    = {Functional recovery after facial nerve surgery is poor. Axotomized motoneurons (hyperexcitable upon intracellular current injections, but unable to discharge upon afferent stimulation) outgrow supernumerary branches which are misrouted towards improper muscles. We hypothesized that alterations in the trigeminal input to axotomized electrophysiologically silent facial motoneurons might improve specificity of reinnervation. To test this we compared, in the rat, behavioural, electrophysiological, and morphological parameters after transection and suture of the buccal facial nerve (buccal-buccal anastomosis, BBA) with those after BBA plus excision of the ipsi- or contralateral infraorbital nerve (ION). After BBA, the mystacial vibrissae dropped and remained motionless until 18-21 days post operation (days PO). After BBA plus ipsilateral ION excision, there was no recovery of vibrissae whisking at all. Following BBA plus contralateral ION excision, full restoration of whisking occurred at 7-10 
days PO. Electromyography of whiskerpad muscles showed normal waveform and amplitude was also most rapidly restored after BBA plus contralateral ION excision. Neuron counts after retrograde tracing showed that the intact buccal nerve contained axons of the superior (91\%) and inferior (9\%) buccolabial nerves. After BBA, the superior nerve comprised 56\%, the inferior 21\%, and 23\% of the motoneurons projected within both nerves. After BBA plus ipsilateral ION excision, misdirection worsened and values changed to 48, 39 and 13\%, respectively. After BBA plus contralateral ION excision, portions improved to 69, 23 and 8\%. We conclude that, by reducing the redundant axon branching, lesion of contralateral ION provides the best conditions for recovery of vibrissae rhythmical whisking after reconstructive surgery on the facial nerve.},
  institution = {Institut I für Anatomie, Nasen-und Ohrenheilkunde, Universität zu Köln, Germany. angelov.anatomie@uni-koeln.de},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Anastomosis, Surgical; Animals; Axotomy; Cheek, surgery; Facial Nerve, physiology; Female; Motor Neurons, physiology; Nerve Regeneration; Neuromuscular Junction, physiology; Orbit, innervation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Trigeminal Nerve, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10103132},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Angulo:2003,
  author      = {Angulo, María Cecilia and Staiger, Jochen F. and Rossier, Jean and Audinat, Etienne},
  title       = {Distinct local circuits between neocortical pyramidal cells and fast-spiking interneurons in young adult rats.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {89},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {943--953},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1152/jn.00750.2002},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00750.2002},
  abstract    = {Connections between layer V pyramidal cells and GABAergic fast-spiking interneurons (pyramidal-FS) were studied by paired recordings combined with morphological analyses in acute neocortical slices from 28- to 52-day-old rats. Pairs of spikes elicited in pyramidal cells at a stimulation rate of 0.2 Hz induced unitary excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in FS interneurons that displayed facilitation (48\%), depression (38.5\%), or neither depression nor facilitation (13.5\%). Analyses of the EPSC amplitude distributions indicate that depressing connections always showed multiple functional release sites. On the contrary, facilitating connections consisted either of one or several release sites. At a holding potential of -72 mV, the quantal size (q) and the release probability (p) of facilitating connections with a single release site were -21.9 +/- 7.5 pA and 0.49 +/- 0.19 (SD), respectively. The mean q and the estimated number of release sites (n) at connections showing multiple sites 
were obtained by decreasing the release probability and did not differ between depressing and facilitating synapses (depressing connections: q = -15.3 +/- 2.5 pA, n = 5.1 +/- 3, facilitating connections: q = -23.9 +/- 9.8 pA, n = 7.8 +/- 5.4). However, the quantal content at facilitating synapses with multiple sites (1.9 +/- 1.5) was significantly different from that at depressing connections (4.1 +/- 3.9). Finally, quantitative morphological analyses revealed that most of the pyramidal cells displaying facilitation can be differentiated from those displaying depression by a more densely branched apical dendritic tree. Therefore two types of morphologically distinct pyramidal cells form excitatory connections with FS interneurons that differ in their short-term plasticity characteristics. Facilitating and depressing connections may provide a differential control of the temporal information processing of FS cells and thus finely regulate the inhibitory effect of these interneurons in neocortical networks of 
young adult rats.},
  institution = {Neurobiologie et Diversité Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7637, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la ville de Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.},
  journal     = {J Neurophysiol},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Age Factors; Animals; Cell Size, physiology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Interneurons, cytology/physiology; Motor Cortex, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Organ Culture Techniques; Pyramidal Cells, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synapses, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12574470},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Ankaoua:1993,
  Title                    = {Evidence for plasticity of intrinsic horizontal connections in area 17 of the rat.},
  Author                   = {D. Ankaoua and R. Malach},
  Journal                  = {Isr J Med Sci},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {555--569},
  Volume                   = {29},

  Abstract                 = {The potential for peripheral modification of intrinsic horizontal connections was studied in the primary visual cortex (area 17) of adult, hooded rats that underwent monocular enucleation (ME) or binocular enucleation (BE) at the day of birth. The intrinsic connections were labelled by localized tracer injections at various sites in area 17. The pattern of interhemispheric callosal connections was revealed in the same animals by extensive injections of a distinguishable tracer in the contralateral hemisphere. The results show marked and consistent changes in area 17 intrinsic connections as a result of the neonatal enucleations. Specifically, in contrast to normally reared rats in which intrinsic connections are short ranged and are organized fairly uniformly around the injection site, in ME cases intrinsic connections extend over half the width of area 17, usually targeting a second field within area 17. In BE cases, the injection sites result in the appearance of elongated 
tongues and patches of label that protrude in different directions from the injection site. The observed modifications of intrinsic connections are clearly related to the abnormalities induced by enucleations in the pattern of callosal connections, such that intrinsic connections tend to form either between callosally connected sites or between a-callosal sites but avoid intermixing the two. The results reveal a high level of plasticity in the developing intrinsic connections. A Hebbian rule of connectivity is proposed as the underlying process guiding the formation of horizontal intrinsic connections in area 17.},
  Institution              = {Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Corpus Callosum, physiology; Eye Enucleation; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Rats; Visual Cortex, growth /&/ development/physiology; Visual Pathways, growth /&/ development/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8225945},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Anlauf:2009,
  author      = {Anlauf, E. and Derouiche, A.},
  title       = {A practical calibration procedure for fluorescence colocalization at the single organelle level.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {233},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {225--233},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03112.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03112.x},
  abstract    = {We have determined practical requirements for antigen colocalization on subcellular structures. The calibration standards used were 175-nm fluorescent microspheres and microtubules (approximately 255 nm) in cultured astrocytes. The colocalization problem became apparent with detection of anti-alpha-tubulin labelling in three colour channels, when images were not identical. Complete superimposition could only be achieved by shifting the single colour image stacks relative to one another in three dimension, and images in the xy plane. The errors could be traced in chromatic aberration (100 nm each between blue and green, and green and red), and to a lateral pixel shift (approximately 150 nm). For such colocalization, it was essential to apply image projection on the camera chip at high magnification (200 x), focus steps (100 nm) smaller than required by the Nyquist criterion and very narrow band filter sets, in addition to high-aperture achromat lenses. Several steps in the deconvolution 
settings and in 3D reconstruction had to be standardized. As a result, the 175-nm microspheres, which displayed roughly symmetric diffraction patterns above and below the object plane, were reconstructed as spherical objects. Several neighbouring microtubules could be resolved with a limit < 200 nm. Also, three-colour colocalization on a single tubule was validated. Applying this setup, it was possible to colocalize several antigens in astrocytes, at the level of organelles, presumptive exocytosis vesicles. We colocalized glutamate and 14-3-3 protein as well as synaptophysin and 14-3-3 protein, which may be involved in early steps of exocytosis. The practical parameters validate colocalization on subcellular structures at a resolution limit below conventional light microscopy.},
  institution = {Institute of Anatomy, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany.},
  journal     = {J Microsc},
  keywords    = {14-3-3 Proteins, metabolism; Animals; Astrocytes, metabolism/ultrastructure; Calibration, standards; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Glutamates, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Fluorescence, standards; Microspheres; Microtubules, metabolism/ultrastructure; Organelles, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Synaptophysin, metabolism; Tubulin, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {JMI3112},
  pmid        = {19220688},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Annaert:1997,
  author      = {Annaert, W. G. and Becker, B. and Kistner, U. and Reth, M. and Jahn, R.},
  title       = {Export of cellubrevin from the endoplasmic reticulum is controlled by BAP31.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {139},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {1397--1410},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1083/jcb.139.6.1397},
  abstract    = {Cellubrevin is a ubiquitously expressed membrane protein that is localized to endosomes throughout the endocytotic pathway and functions in constitutive exocytosis. We report that cellubrevin binds with high specificity to BAP31, a representative of a highly conserved family of integral membrane proteins that has recently been discovered to be binding proteins of membrane immunoglobulins. The interaction between BAP31 and cellubrevin is sensitive to high ionic strength and appears to require the transmembrane regions of both proteins. No other proteins of liver membrane extracts copurified with BAP31 on immobilized recombinant cellubrevin, demonstrating that the interaction is specific. Synaptobrevin I bound to BAP31 with comparable affinity, whereas only weak binding was detectable with synaptobrevin II. Furthermore, a fraction of BAP31 and cellubrevin was complexed when each of them was quantitatively immunoprecipitated from detergent extracts of fibroblasts (BHK 21 cells). During 
purification of clathrin-coated vesicles or early endosomes, BAP31 did not cofractionate with cellubrevin. Rather, the protein was enriched in ER-containing fractions. When BHK cells were analyzed by immunocytochemistry, BAP31 did not overlap with cellubrevin, but rather colocalized with resident proteins of the ER. In addition, immunoreactive vesicles were clustered in a paranuclear region close to the microtubule organizing center, but different from the Golgi apparatus. When microtubules were depolymerized with nocodazole, this accumulation disappeared and BAP31 was confined to the ER. Truncation of the cytoplasmic tail of BAP31 prevented export of cellubrevin, but not of the transferrin receptor from the ER. We conclude that BAP31 represents a novel class of sorting proteins that controls anterograde transport of certain membrane proteins from the ER to the Golgi complex.},
  institution = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.},
  journal     = {J Cell Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Cell Line; Cricetinae; Endoplasmic Reticulum, metabolism; Endosomes, metabolism; Membrane Proteins, biosynthesis/isolation /&/ purification/metabolism; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Proteins, isolation /&/ purification/metabolism; R-SNARE Proteins; Rats; Recombinant Fusion Proteins, biosynthesis/isolation /&/ purification/metabolism; Transfection; Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 3},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9396746},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Anschel:1982,
  author      = {Anschel, S. and Alexander, M. and Perachio, A. A.},
  title       = {Multiple connections of medial hypothalamic neurons in the rat.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {46},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {383--392},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00238633},
  abstract    = {The responses of 700 single neurons in the hypothalamus to electrical stimulation of the preoptic area, limbic structures, and midbrain were studied to determine the location of neurons with multiple inputs and to identify by antidromic activation the projection areas of those neurons. Converging excitatory inputs, observed in 134 responsive hypothalamic neurons, were principally derived from the preoptic, limbic, and midbrain areas. Inputs from separate nuclei of the amygdala were noted in the response of individual hypothalamic neurons. Two classes of short latency transsynaptic responses to amygdala stimulation were defined, indicating either separate pathways from the amygdala to the medial hypothalamus or two types of fibers conducting at different velocities. Stimulation of single or multiple sites in the preoptic and limbic areas, as well as in the arcuate nucleus and medial forebrain bundle produced inhibition of hypothalamic neuronal activity. Most antidromically identified medial 
hypothalamic neurons projected to the preoptic area, median eminence (tuberoinfundibular neurons), or midbrain. Evidence is presented for collateral projections of tuberoinfundibular neurons to the preoptic area and reticular formation. Medial hypothalamic neurons received inputs from the preoptic area, lateral septal nucleus, amygdala, ventral hippocampus (subiculum), and fornix. These findings illustrate a pattern of reciprocal connections between the medial hypothalamus and limbic and midbrain structures. It was concluded that the hypothalamus contains a type of neuron that is equipped to perform complex integrations and to coordinate directly the behavior of neurons in a diversity of anatomical regions.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Hippocampus, physiology; Hypothalamus, Middle, physiology; Hypothalamus, physiology; Limbic System, physiology; Male; Mesencephalon, physiology; Neural Inhibition; Preoptic Area, physiology; Rats; Reticular Formation, physiology; Septal Nuclei, physiology; Thalamus, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7095045},
  timestamp   = {20.05.2016},
}

@Article{Ansell:1971,
  author      = {G. B. Ansell and S. Spanner},
  title       = {Studies on the origin of choline in the brain of the rat.},
  year        = {1971},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {122},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {741--750},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1042/bj1220741},
  abstract    = {1. Labelled precursors of choline, namely ethanolamine, dimethylaminoethanol and methionine and also labelled choline itself were injected intraperitoneally into the adult female rat and the incorporation into lipids and water-soluble fractions was traced in liver, blood and brain. 2. No significant free choline was detected and no labelling of the phosphorylcholine of blood. There was, however, considerable labelling of the phosphorylcholine of brain and liver. 3. After intracerebral injection, [1,2-(14)C]dimethylaminoethanol was rapidly phosphorylated and converted into phosphatidyldimethylaminoethanol, presumably by the cytidine pathway. 4. In view of the pattern of labelling and the amount of phosphatidylcholine in the tissues examined, it seems highly likely that choline is transported to the brain by the blood in a lipid-bound form.},
  journal     = {Biochem J},
  keywords    = {Amino Alcohols, metabolism; Animals; Autoradiography; Brain, metabolism; Carbon Isotopes; Choline, biosynthesis/blood/metabolism; Chromatography, Paper; Fatty Acids, analysis/blood; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Lipid Metabolism; Liver, analysis/metabolism; Methionine, metabolism; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphatidylethanolamines, biosynthesis; Phospholipids, analysis; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {5129269},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Anson:1992,
  author      = {R. M. Anson and R. Cutler and J. A. Joseph and K. Yamagami and G. S. Roth},
  title       = {The effects of aging on muscarinic receptor/G-protein coupling in the rat hippocampus and striatum.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {598},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {302--306},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(92)90197-h},
  abstract    = {In the striatum and hippocampus, there is a loss of sensitivity to muscarinic agonists with age which has been traced to events early in the signal transduction pathway. Our laboratory has therefore focussed on investigations at this level. The current experiments investigate the effects of age on G-protein/receptor interactions by using competitive binding assays to measure the ability of GppNHp to decrease the proportion of receptors bound to G-proteins in the absence and the presence of added Mg2+. L-[3H]Quinuclidinyl benzilate was used as a nonselective ligand and [3H]pirenzepine as an M1 selective ligand. We find that: (1) muscarinic receptors and G-proteins in the striatum appear to become loosely coupled with age, with no change in Mg2+ sensitivity. (2) M1-receptor/G-protein complexes in the hippocampus display increased sensitivity to the presence of Mg2+ with age, with those from old but not young tissue requiring added Mg2+ in order to uncouple. This effect, however, may not be M1 
specific.},
  institution = {Molecular Physiology and Genetics Section, Gerontology Research Center/NIA, Baltimore, MD 21224.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Aging, metabolism; Animals; Binding, Competitive, drug effects; Carbachol, metabolism; Corpus Striatum, metabolism; GTP-Binding Proteins, metabolism; Hippocampus, metabolism; Male; Radioligand Assay; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Muscarinic, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1486490},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Antal:1984,
  Title                    = {Termination areas of corticobulbar and corticospinal fibres in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Antal, M.},
  Journal                  = {J Hirnforsch},
  Year                     = {1984},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {647--659},
  Volume                   = {25},

  Abstract                 = {Solution of the cobaltic lysine complex compound injected into the bulbar pyramid was taken up by pyramidal tract (PT) fibres and intraaxonally transported as far rostral as the internal capsule, and as far caudal as segment C4 of the spinal cord. With sulfide-precipitation of the cobalt and silver-intensification of the CoS, terminal branches of corticobulbar and corticospinal fibres could be shown in the following structures: In the pons the medial, ventral and the medial part of the lateral pontine nuclei are supplied with collaterals of PT fibres. The medial pontine nucleus receives contralateral PT fibres as well. The nucleus raphe magnus receives PT fibre collaterals from both sides. In the reticular formation contralateral fibres terminate in n. reticularis pontis caudalis, n. gigantocellularis, n. paramedianus, n. reticularis ventralis and dorsalis. Ipsilateral fibers terminate in the n. gigantocellularis and n. reticularis ventralis. The inferior olive receives both 
ipsilateral and contralateral PT fibres. All parts of the central gray substance are supplied by ipsi-and contralateral fibres which emerge from the PT at the level of the pyramidal decussation. The caudal nucleus of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminus receives a strong bundle of crossing PT fibres which terminate in the subnucleus magnocellularis. The dorsal column nuclei are virtually outlined by the numerous terminals of PT fibres. An oval area at ventrolateral aspect of the cuneate nucleus is innervated by PT fibres. The neurones of this area send their axons to the dorsal white column. In the spinal cord PT fibre terminals delineate four areas of termination. The first is the internal basilar nucleus which is the most richly supplied. The second lies lateral and ventral to this nucleus including segments of laminae V, VI, and VII. The third area extends into the ventral horn including a small zone of the ventral part of lamina VII. Thin PT fibre collaterals may establish here direct contacts with 
motoneurone dendrites. The fourth area includes laminae III and IV and receives individual terminal formations of thicker PT fibres. Findings which corroborate and which extend previous results are discussed. A few notes are made on the functional significance of some of these fibre connections.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Cobalt; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Pyramidal Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {6526991},
  Timestamp                = {04.07.2013}
}

@Article{Antal:2006,
  author      = {Antal, Miklós and Eyre, Mark and Finklea, Bryson and Nusser, Zoltan},
  title       = {External tufted cells in the main olfactory bulb form two distinct subpopulations.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {1124--1136},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04988.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04988.x},
  abstract    = {The glomeruli of the main olfactory bulb are the first processing station of the olfactory pathway, where complex interactions occur between sensory axons, mitral cells and a variety of juxtaglomerular neurons, including external tufted cells (ETCs). Despite a number of studies characterizing ETCs, little is known about how their morphological and functional properties correspond to each other. Here we determined the active and passive electrical properties of ETCs using in vitro whole-cell recordings, and correlated them with their dendritic arborization patterns. Principal component followed by cluster analysis revealed two distinct subpopulations of ETCs based on their electrophysiological properties. Eight out of 12 measured physiological parameters exhibited significant difference between the two subpopulations, including the membrane time constant, amplitude of spike afterhyperpolarization, variance in the interspike interval distribution and subthreshold resonance. Cluster analysis of 
the morphological properties of the cells also revealed two subpopulations, the most prominent dissimilarity between the groups being the presence or absence of secondary, basal dendrites. Finally, clustering the cells taking all measured properties into account also indicated the presence of two subpopulations that mapped in an almost perfect one-to-one fashion to both the physiologically and the morphologically derived groups. Our results demonstrate that a number of functional and structural properties of ETCs are highly predictive of one another. However, cells within each subpopulation exhibit pronounced variability, suggesting a large degree of specialization evolved to fulfil specific functional requirements in olfactory information processing.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony Street 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Cell Shape; Cluster Analysis; Electrophysiology; Male; Olfactory Bulb, cytology; Olfactory Receptor Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {EJN4988},
  pmid        = {16930438},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Antal:1990,
  Title                    = {Simultaneous anterograde labelling of two afferent pathways to the same target area with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin conjugated to biotin or dinitrophenol.},
  Author                   = {M. Antal and T. F. Freund and P. Somogyi and R. A. McIlhinney},
  Journal                  = {J Chem Neuroanat},
  Year                     = {1990},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {1--9},
  Volume                   = {3},

  Abstract                 = {Anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and PHA-L conjugated to either biotin or 2,4-dinitrophenol were used to simultaneously label two populations of axons converging onto the same target area. Using the rat hippocampus as a test system, the septohippocampal and contralateral hilar afferents were labelled with the tracers. Double immunohistochemical procedures and either nickel-enhanced 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction (blue-black colour) or DAB alone (brown colour) were used to produce contrasting colours for the different tracers in the same section. Both the biotinylated PHA-L and PHA-L conjugated with dinitrophenol were used successfully as anterogradely transported axonal tracers. They produced extensive axonal labelling in the hippocampal formation. Excellent double labelling could be produced with the simultaneous application of PHA-L and biotinylated PHA-L. Biotinylated PHA-L was visualized by a sequence of avidin-biotinylated peroxidase 
complex (ABC), biotinylated goat antiavidin and ABC again using nickel-enhanced DAB as chromogen yielding a blue-black reaction endproduct. PHA-L alone was detected by the unlabelled antibody enzyme (PAP) method using goat antibodies to PHA-L, and DAB as chromogen for the peroxidase reaction, resulting in brown axons. The combination of biotinylated PHA-L and DNP-conjugated PHA-L gave similar results, although the sensitivity of detection by the latter procedure was inferior to that obtained with the other tracers. These protocols permitted visualization of axons of different origin, together with their terminals, either in a blue-black or brown colour, and also allowed the demonstration of overlapping inputs in strata radiatum and lacunosum moleculare of the hippocampus and stratum moleculare and hilus of the dentate gyrus.},
  Institution              = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford, UK.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Biotin; Dinitrophenols; Female; Hippocampus, cytology; Histological Techniques; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use/pharmacokinetics; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septal Nuclei, cytology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1690550},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Antal:1996a,
  author      = {Antal, M. and Petk{\'{o}}, M. and Polg{\'{a}}r, E. and Heizmann, C. W. and Storm-Mathisen, J.},
  title       = {Direct evidence of an extensive GABAergic innervation of the spinal dorsal horn by fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {73},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {509--518},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(96)00063-2},
  abstract    = {A long line of studies emphasizes the contribution of serotonergic fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla in the control of spinal nociceptive information processing. A growing body of evidence, however, suggests that the relative contribution of serotonin to the mediation of spinal neuronal activity from the rostral ventromedial medulla may require re-evaluation. It has recently been substantiated that, in addition to the serotonergic fibres, the spinal dorsal horn receives an abundant non-serotonergic projection from the rostral ventromedial medulla. Furthermore, stimulation in the rostral ventromedial medulla could result in a powerful inhibition of nociceptive spinothalamic tract cells without any detectable serotonin release in the dorsal horn. After labelling raphe-spinal axons and axon terminals in the rat by iontophoretic injections of the anterograde axonal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the central region of the rostral ventromedial medulla (nucleus 
raphe magnus) and revealing GABA and glycine immunoreactivities of the labelled raphe-spinal terminals and their postsynaptic targets by postembedding immunocytochemical methods, here we demonstrate an extensive GABAergic projection from the rostral ventromedial medulla to the spinal dorsal horn. We show that the majority of the labelled raphe-spinal terminals in laminae I-IIo and IV-V contain GABA and some of the GABA-immunoreactive terminals are also immunoreactive for glycine. We also disclose that GABA-immunoreactive raphe-spinal terminals establish synaptic contacts primarily with GABA- and glycine-negative, presumably excitatory, spinal neurons, including Calbindin-D28k- as well as parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells in both laminae I-IIo and IV-V. The results suggest that volleys in fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla may evoke GABA release from raphe-spinal terminals, and the released GABA, in some cases probably acting together with glycine, might play a crucial, as yet mostly 
unidentified, role in the inhibition of nociceptive information processing in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University Medical School, Debrecen, Hungary.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Glycine, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Endings, physiology/ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Synapses, ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(96)00063-2},
  pmid        = {8783266},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Antal:1996,
  author      = {M. Antal and M. Petkó and E. Polgár and C. W. Heizmann and J. Storm-Mathisen},
  title       = {Direct evidence of an extensive GABAergic innervation of the spinal dorsal horn by fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {73},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {509--518},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(96)00063-2},
  abstract    = {A long line of studies emphasizes the contribution of serotonergic fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla in the control of spinal nociceptive information processing. A growing body of evidence, however, suggests that the relative contribution of serotonin to the mediation of spinal neuronal activity from the rostral ventromedial medulla may require re-evaluation. It has recently been substantiated that, in addition to the serotonergic fibres, the spinal dorsal horn receives an abundant non-serotonergic projection from the rostral ventromedial medulla. Furthermore, stimulation in the rostral ventromedial medulla could result in a powerful inhibition of nociceptive spinothalamic tract cells without any detectable serotonin release in the dorsal horn. After labelling raphe-spinal axons and axon terminals in the rat by iontophoretic injections of the anterograde axonal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the central region of the rostral ventromedial medulla (nucleus 
raphe magnus) and revealing GABA and glycine immunoreactivities of the labelled raphe-spinal terminals and their postsynaptic targets by postembedding immunocytochemical methods, here we demonstrate an extensive GABAergic projection from the rostral ventromedial medulla to the spinal dorsal horn. We show that the majority of the labelled raphe-spinal terminals in laminae I-IIo and IV-V contain GABA and some of the GABA-immunoreactive terminals are also immunoreactive for glycine. We also disclose that GABA-immunoreactive raphe-spinal terminals establish synaptic contacts primarily with GABA- and glycine-negative, presumably excitatory, spinal neurons, including Calbindin-D28k- as well as parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells in both laminae I-IIo and IV-V. The results suggest that volleys in fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla may evoke GABA release from raphe-spinal terminals, and the released GABA, in some cases probably acting together with glycine, might play a crucial, as yet mostly 
unidentified, role in the inhibition of nociceptive information processing in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University Medical School, Debrecen, Hungary.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Glycine, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Endings, physiology/ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Synapses, ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(96)00063-2},
  pmid        = {8783266},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Antal:1992,
  Title                    = {The termination pattern and postsynaptic targets of rubrospinal fibers in the rat spinal cord: a light and electron microscopic study.},
  Author                   = {Antal, M. and Sholomenko, G. N. and Moschovakis, A. K. and Storm-Mathisen, J. and Heizmann, C. W. and Hunziker, W.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {22--37},
  Volume                   = {325},

  Abstract                 = {The spinal course, termination pattern, and postsynaptic targets of the rubrospinal tract, which is known to contribute to the initiation and execution of movements, were studied in the rat at the light and electron microscopic levels by using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) in combination with calbindin-D28k (CaBP), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glycine immunocytochemistry. After injections of PHA-L unilaterally into the red nucleus, labelled fibers and terminals were detected at cervical, thoracic, and lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Most of the descending fibers were located in the dorsolateral funiculus contralateral to the injection site, but axons descending ipsilaterally were also revealed. Rubrospinal axon terminals were predominantly found in laminae V-VI and in the dorsal part of lamina VII at all levels and on both sides of the spinal cord, but stained collaterals were also seen in the ventrolateral aspect of Clark's column 
and in the ventral regions of lamina VII on both sides. The proportion of axonal varicosities revealed on the ipsilateral side varied at different segments and represented 10-28\% of the total number of labelled boutons. Most of the labelled boutons were engaged in synaptic contacts with dendrites. Of the 137 rubrospinal boutons investigated, only 2 were found to establish axosomatic synaptic junctions in the lumbar spinal cord contralateral to the PHA-L injection. With the postembedding immunogold method, 80.8\% of dendrites establishing synaptic contacts with rubrospinal terminals did not show immunoreactivity for either GABA or glycine, whereas 19.2\% of them were immunoreactive for both amino acids. Rubrospinal axons made multiple contacts with CaBP-immunoreactive neurons in laminae V-VI. Synaptic contacts between rubrospinal terminals and CaBP-immunoreactive dendrites were identified at the electron microscopic level, and all CaBP-containing postsynaptic dendrites investigated were negative for both 
GABA and glycine. The results suggest that rubrospinal terminals establish synaptic contacts with both excitatory and inhibitory interneurons in the rat spinal cord, and a population of excitatory interneurons receiving monosynaptic rubrospinal input is located in laminae V-VI.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903250103},
  Institution              = {Laboratory of Neural Control, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis; Dendrites, chemistry; Glycine, analysis; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Injections; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, physiology; Tissue Embedding; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1484116},
  Timestamp                = {25.03.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903250103}
}

@PhdThesis{Antal:2015a,
  Title                    = {The lateralmost aspect of the superficial dorsal horn and the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN) of the lumbar spinal cord of the rat: anatomical description of neurons and electrophysiological study of their propriospinal connections},
  Author                   = {Antal, Zsofia},
  School                   = {UNIVERSITY OF DEBRECEN, DOCTORAL SCHOOL OF NEUROSCIENCES},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Abstract                 = {Our findings indicate that the widespread axonal arbor of lamina I LCNs and
frequent collaterals in the dorsolateral white matter designate these neurons, besides
some lamina I PNs, as candidates for establishing short- and long-range,
intrasegmental and intersegmental propriospinal connections. We have demonstrated
the existence of these theoretical propriospinal connections, from lamina I PNs and
LCNs onto other lamina I and LSN neurons, which are not frequent but some are
extremely potent. The latter may be important in sustained nociceptive signaling
during pathological conditions.
We revealed unique axon trajectories of putative projection or propriospinal
neurons in the lateral aspect of the dorsal horn and in the LSN that suggests a
development different from the regular lamina I projection cells. While LSN is not
present in all species the novel axon trajectories revealed in our study may help to
identify cell groups with analogous function and developmental origin in other
species.
Our findings emphasize the importance of understanding the connectivity matrix of
the superficial dorsal horn in order to decipher spinal sensory information processing.},
  Keywords                 = {spinal cord, dorsal horn, lateral spinal nucleus, dorsal horn circuitry, 3-Dreconstruction, projection neuron, local circuit neuron, axon trajectory},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Timestamp                = {19.05.2015},
  Url                      = {https://dea.lib.unideb.hu/dea/handle/2437/212788}
}

@Article{Antal:2015,
  Title                    = {Neurons in the lateral part of the lumbar spinal cord show distinct novel axon trajectories and are excited by short propriospinal ascending inputs.},
  Author                   = {Antal, Zs and Luz, L. L. and Safronov, B. V. and Antal, M. and Szücs, Peter},
  Journal                  = {Brain Struct Funct},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = {Apr},

  Abstract                 = {The role of spinal dorsal horn propriospinal connections in nociceptive processing is not yet established. Recently described, rostrocaudally oriented axon collaterals of lamina I projection and local-circuit neurons (PNs and LCNs) running in the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) may serve as the anatomical substrate for intersegmental processing. Putative targets of these axons include lateral dendrites of superficial dorsal horn neurons, including PNs, and also neurons in the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN) that are thought to be important integrator units receiving, among others, visceral sensory information. Here we used an intact spinal cord preparation to study intersegmental connections within the lateral part of the superficial dorsal horn. We detected brief monosynaptic and prolonged polysynaptic excitation of lamina I and LSN neurons when stimulating individual dorsal horn neurons located caudally, even in neighboring spinal cord segments. These connections, however, were 
infrequent. We also revealed that some projection neurons outside the dorsal grey matter and in the LSN have distinct, previously undescribed course of their projection axon. Our findings indicate that axon collaterals of lamina I PNs and LCNs in the DLF rarely form functional connections with other lamina I and LSN neurons and that the majority of their targets are on other elements of the dorsal horn. The unique axon trajectories of neurons in the dorsolateral aspect of the spinal cord, including the LSN do not fit our present understanding of midline axon guidance and suggest that their function and development differ from the neurons inside lamina I. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the connectivity matrix of the superficial dorsal horn in order to decipher spinal sensory information processing.},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/s00429-015-1046-3},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Univerity of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {aheadofprint},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {25912439},
  Timestamp                = {30.04.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-015-1046-3}
}

@Article{Antinone:2010,
  author      = {Antinone, Sarah E. and Zaichick, Sofia V. and Smith, Gregory A.},
  title       = {Resolving the assembly state of herpes simplex virus during axon transport by live-cell imaging.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {84},
  number      = {24},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {13019--13030},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1128/JVI.01296-10},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01296-10},
  abstract    = {Neurotropic herpesviruses depend on long-distance axon transport for the initial establishment of latency in peripheral ganglia (retrograde transport) and for viral spread in axons to exposed body surfaces following reactivation (anterograde transport). Images of neurons infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), acquired using electron microscopy, have led to a debate regarding why different types of viral structures are seen in axons and which of these particles are relevant to the axon transport process. In this study, we applied time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to image HSV-1 virion components actively translocating to distal axons in primary neurons and neuronal cell lines. Key to these findings, only a small fraction of viral particles were engaged in anterograde transport during the egress phase of infection at any given time. By selective analysis of the composition of the subpopulation of actively transporting capsids, a link between transport of fully assembled HSV-1 
virions and the neuronal secretory pathway was identified. Last, we have evaluated the seemingly opposing findings made in previous studies of HSV-1 axon transport in fixed cells and demonstrate a limitation to assessing the composition of individual HSV-1 particles using antibody detection methods.},
  institution = {Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.},
  journal     = {J Virol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, virology; Blotting, Western; Capsid, metabolism; Cells, Cultured; Cercopithecus aethiops; Chick Embryo; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Herpes Simplex, virology; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, virology; RNA, Messenger, genetics; Rats; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Simplexvirus, physiology; Vero Cells; Viral Envelope Proteins, metabolism; Virion, physiology; Virus Replication},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {JVI.01296-10},
  pmid        = {20810730},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@InCollection{Antognini:2003,
  author    = {Antognini, Joseph F and Carstens, Earl},
  title     = {Anesthetic Effects on the Reticular Formation, Brainstem and Central Nervous System Arousal},
  booktitle = {Neural Mechanisms of Anesthesia},
  year      = {2003},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {169--182},
  doi       = {10.1385/1-59259-322-4:169},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Anton:1991,
  author      = {F. Anton and P. Peppel},
  title       = {Central projections of trigeminal primary afferents innervating the nasal mucosa: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {41},
  number      = {2-3},
  pages       = {617--628},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(91)90354-q},
  abstract    = {The respiratory region of the nasal mucosa is innervated by the ethmoidal nerve. Chemical nociceptive stimulation of this area leads to upper airway reflexes that prevent access of noxious substances to the respiratory tract and the lungs. In the present study we examined the localization of the cell bodies of the respective primary afferent fibres within the trigeminal ganglion, as well as their central projections. In 25 rats a horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin gel was applied to the right nasal cavity. The animals were killed after 48-72 h. For visualization of the tracer the tissue was processed according to the tetramethylbenzidine method. In the trigeminal ganglion almost all labelled cell bodies were localized in a medial band immediately caudal to the entrance of the ophthalmomaxillary branch. Transganglionic projections to the trigeminal brainstem nuclear complex were only localized in the superficial laminae of the subnucleus caudalis and in the subnucleus interpolaris, 
areas known to be involved in processing of nociceptive information. An additional labelled terminal field was observed in the interstitial subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarius, which is involved in respiratory control. These results are in favour of the hypothesis that the ethmoidal nerve in rat constitutes the afferent limb of protective upper airway reflexes since it transmits mainly nociceptive information.},
  institution = {Institut für Physiologie und Biokybernetik, Erlangen, F.R.G.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Nasal Mucosa, innervation; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Nociceptors, physiology; Odors; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(91)90354-Q},
  pmid        = {1714553},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Antonetty:1975,
  author      = {C. M. Antonetty and K. E. Webster},
  title       = {The organisation of the spinotectal projection. An experimental study in the rat.},
  year        = {1975},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {163},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {449--465},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat. A lesion study.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.901630405},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901630405},
  abstract    = {The spinal grey projects upon the contralateral superior colliculus via two overlapping pathways in the lateral funiculus. One, more ventrally placed, is the classical spinotectal tract, which crosses immediately in the spinal cord and remains crossed. The other, lying more dorsally, ascends homolaterally but is subject to delayed crossing in the brainstem (especially the intertectal) commissures to reach the contralateral colliculus. Both sets of fibers end only in the caudal half of the colliculus, predominantly in the stratum album intermedium. The projections from individual cord segments distribute in an ordered fashion as a series of transverse, overlapping bands, the cervical cord projecting most rostrally, the sacro-coccygeal most caudally. Additional fibers, which distribute with less marked topography, end in the lateral extreme of the stratum griseum profundum and stratum album profundum.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Female; Male; Neural Pathways; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1176647},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Antonino-Green:2002,
  author      = {Deborah M Antonino-Green and Jianguo Cheng and David S K Magnuson},
  title       = {Neurons labeled from locomotor-related ventrolateral funiculus stimulus sites in the neonatal rat spinal cord.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {442},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {226--238},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.10081},
  abstract    = {Spinal cord/brainstem preparations from 5- to 8-day-old rats, maintained in vitro, were used to determine the cells of origin and regions of termination of fibers in the superficial ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) at a site from which rhythmic locomotor-like activity can be induced. Rhythmic locomotor-like activity was recorded from lumbar ventral roots after short trains of stimuli (50 Hz for 0.5-2 seconds) delivered to the VLF. Field potential mapping revealed that single VLF stimuli elicited responses in the ipsilateral ventrolateral medulla. Tract-tracing experiments by using biocytin, pressure-injected into the VLF, showed that only a small number of brainstem neurons were labeled and these were scattered bilaterally in the ventrolateral and lateral medulla. Dense concentrations of nerve terminals were found in the lateral reticular nucleus ipsilateral to the stimulation site. Labeled spinal cord neurons included a primary population of large cells distributed bilaterally in lamina VII 
from T13 to L4, with peak numbers in L2 ipsilaterally and in L3 contralaterally. Intracellular recordings revealed that some L2 and L3 neurons with rhythmic responses to VLF stimulation could be activated antidromically from the VLF, with latencies of less than 1.0 msec. These observations led us to speculate that the superficial VLF carries a locomotor-related tract originating bilaterally in lumbar lamina VII and terminating in the ipsilateral medulla, including the lateral reticular nucleus. This pathway may be part of the spinoreticular or spinoreticulotectal pathway that has been described in many species, the function of which has only loosely been ascribed.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Department of Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Cell Size, physiology; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Electric Stimulation, methods; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Locomotion, physiology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neural Conduction, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Reaction Time, physiology; Reticular Formation, cytology/physiology; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Spinal Nerve Roots, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {10.1002/cne.10081},
  pmid        = {11774338},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Antonucci:2008,
  author      = {Flavia Antonucci and Chiara Rossi and Laura Gianfranceschi and Ornella Rossetto and Matteo Caleo},
  title       = {Long-distance retrograde effects of botulinum neurotoxin A.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {28},
  number      = {14},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {3689--3696},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0375-08.2008},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0375-08.2008},
  abstract    = {Botulinum neurotoxins (designated BoNT/A-BoNT/G) are bacterial enzymes that block neurotransmitter release by cleaving essential components of the vesicle fusion machinery. BoNT/A, which cleaves SNAP-25 (synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa), is extensively exploited in clinical medicine to treat neuromuscular pathologies, facial wrinkles, and various types of pain. It is widely assumed that BoNT/A remains at the synaptic terminal and its effects are confined to the injection site. Here we demonstrate that catalytically active BoNT/A is retrogradely transported by central neurons and motoneurons and is then transcytosed to afferent synapses, in which it cleaves SNAP-25. SNAP-25 cleavage by BoNT/A was observed in the contralateral hemisphere after unilateral BoNT/A delivery to the hippocampus. Appearance of cleaved SNAP-25 resulted in blockade of hippocampal activity in the untreated hemisphere. Injections of BoNT/A into the optic tectum led to the appearance of BoNT/A-truncated SNAP-25 
in synaptic terminals within the retina. Cleaved SNAP-25 also appeared in the facial nucleus after injection of the toxin into rat whisker muscles. Experiments excluded passive spread of the toxin and demonstrated axonal migration and neuronal transcytosis of BoNT/A. These findings reveal a novel pathway of BoNT/A trafficking in neurons and have important implications for the clinical uses of this neurotoxin.},
  institution = {Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 56100 Pisa, Italy.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Botulinum Toxins, Type A, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Functional Laterality; Limbic System, cytology/drug effects; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Neural Pathways, drug effects/metabolism; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Neurotoxins, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Protein Transport, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25, metabolism; Time Factors; Vibrissae, innervation; Visual Pathways, drug effects/metabolism/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {28/14/3689},
  pmid        = {18385327},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Antri:2005,
  author      = {Antri, M. and Barthe, J-Y. and Mouffle, C. and Orsal, D.},
  title       = {Long-lasting recovery of locomotor function in chronic spinal rat following chronic combined pharmacological stimulation of serotonergic receptors with 8-OHDPAT and quipazine.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {384},
  number      = {1-2},
  pages       = {162--167},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neulet.2005.04.062},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.04.062},
  abstract    = {In chronic spinal rats, long-term stimulation of 5-HT receptors with quipazine or 8-OHDPAT by means of daily injection, promotes robust locomotor recovery. The question of a possible potentiation between treatments when applied together was addressed. Daily injections of both 8-OHDPAT and quipazine, were performed for a month in spinal animals. Animals were placed on a treadmill and the bipedal hindlimb locomotion was tested. Motor performances (behavioural test) and locomotor parameters (EMG and kinematic) were analysed weekly during the treatment. Furthermore, the locomotor performances were evaluated during two supplemental months following the end of the treatment. Our results suggest that association of both agonists induced long-lasting positive effects on locomotor function. Motor performances were significantly better after combined injection of both drugs than when the agonists were used separately. But, the most significant and new result is that the locomotor scores did not 
decrease during the weeks that followed the end of the treatment. These results suggests a long-lasting and 5-HT-dependent reorganisation of spinal networks.},
  institution = {Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires (NSI), Institut de Biologie Intégrative (IFR 83), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7101, 7 quai Saint Bernard, Boite 002, F-75252 Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, administration /&/ dosage; Animals; Behavior, Animal, drug effects; Chronic Disease; Drug Administration Routes; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Electromyography, methods; Female; Locomotion, drug effects; Motor Activity, drug effects; Quipazine, administration /&/ dosage; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recovery of Function, drug effects; Serotonin Receptor Agonists, administration /&/ dosage; Spinal Cord Injuries, drug therapy/physiopathology; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pii         = {S0304-3940(05)00486-6},
  pmid        = {15905027},
  timestamp   = {14.06.2012},
}

@Article{Antri:2002,
  author      = {Antri, M. and Orsal, D. and Barthe, J-Y.},
  title       = {Locomotor recovery in the chronic spinal rat: effects of long-term treatment with a 5-HT2 agonist.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {467--476},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02088.x},
  abstract    = {A complete transection of the spinal cord at a low thoracic level induces a paraplegic syndrome that is accompanied by a loss of spinal cord serotonin content. Former experimental data suggest that the central pattern generator for locomotion, located in the lumbar segments of the spinal cord, might be able to generate rhythmic motor outputs (similar to automatic walking under certain circumstances) involving exteroceptive stimulations and activation of serotonergic receptors. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a chronic treatment using a serotonergic agonist, delivered continuously to the sublesionned spinal cord, and its effect on motor function recovery. The data obtained from behavioural, kinematic and electromyographic measurements suggest that the chronic stimulation of 5-HT2 type receptors allows motor function recovery. Behavioural measurements show a clear improvement in motor performances when compared to spinal animals (confirmed by kinematic observations): 
alternating steps and foot placement is recovered in these animals. However, electromyographic data demonstrate that the pattern of activation of the muscles is only restored partially.},
  institution = {Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires (NSI), Institut de Biologie Intégrative (IFR 83), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, (CNRS UMR 7101), 7 quai Saint Bernard Boite 002, F-75252 Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Drug Administration Schedule; Electromyography; Female; Hindlimb, innervation/physiology; Locomotion, drug effects/physiology; Muscle Contraction, drug effects/physiology; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation/physiology; Nerve Net, drug effects/metabolism/physiopathology; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Periodicity; Quipazine, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Serotonin, drug effects/metabolism; Recovery of Function, drug effects/physiology; Serotonin Receptor Agonists, pharmacology; Spinal Cord Injuries, drug therapy/metabolism/physiopathology; Spinal Cord, drug effects/metabolism/physiopathology; Treatment Outcome; Video Recording},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {2088},
  pmid        = {12193190},
  timestamp   = {02.04.2013},
}

@Article{Antunes:2012,
  author      = {Antunes, Inês F. and Haisma, Hidde J. and Elsinga, Philip H. and {van Waarde}, Aren and Willemsen, Antoon T M. and Dierckx, Rudi A. and {de Vries}, Erik F J.},
  title       = {In vivo evaluation of 1-O-(4-(2-fluoroethyl-carbamoyloxymethyl)-2-nitrophenyl)-O-β-D-glucopyronuronate: a positron emission tomographic tracer for imaging β-glucuronidase activity in a tumor/inflammation rodent model.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {77--87, E1},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {β-Glucuronidase (β-GUS) plays an important role in inflammation and degenerative processes. The enzyme has also been investigated as a target in prodrug therapy for cancer. To investigate the role of β-GUS in pathologies and to optimize β-GUS-based prodrug therapies, we recently developed a positron emission tomographic (PET) tracer, 1-O-(4-(2-fluoroethyl-carbamoyloxymethyl)-2-nitrophenyl)-O-β-D-glucopyronuronate ([18F]FEAnGA), which proved to be selectively cleaved by β-GUS. Here we present the in vivo evaluation of [18F]FEAnGA for imaging of β-GUS in a tumor/inflammation model. Ex vivo biodistribution of [18F]FEAnGA was conducted in healthy rats. PET imaging and pharmacokinetic modeling were performed in Wistar rats bearing C6 tumors of different sizes and sterile inflammation. The biodistribution studies of [18F]FEAnGA indicated low uptake in major organs and rapid excretion through the renal pathway. MicroPET studies revealed three times higher uptake in the viable part of larger C6 
gliomas than in smaller C6 gliomas. Uptake in inflamed muscle was significantly higher than in control muscle. The distribution volume of [18F]FEAnGA in the viable part of the tumor correlated well with the cleavage of the tracer to [18F]fluoroethylamine and the spacer 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzyl alcohol. [18F]FEAnGA is a PET tracer able to detect increased activity of β-GUS in large solid tumors and in inflamed tissues.},
  institution = {Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.},
  journal     = {Mol Imaging},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Glioma, enzymology/pathology; Glucuronidase, metabolism; Positron-Emission Tomography, methods; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {22418030},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Anwar:2013,
  author      = {Anwar, M Akhtar and Ford, William R. and Herbert, Amy A. and Broadley, Kenneth J.},
  title       = {Signal transduction and modulating pathways in tryptamine-evoked vasopressor responses of the rat isolated perfused mesenteric bed.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {58},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {140--149},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.vph.2012.10.007},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2012.10.007},
  abstract    = {Tryptamine is an endogenous and dietary indoleamine-based trace amine implicated in cardiovascular pathologies, including hypertension, migraine and myocardial infarction. This study aimed at identifying the signalling pathways for the vasoconstrictor response to tryptamine in rat isolated perfused mesenteric arterial beds and co-released vasodilator modulators of tryptamine-mediated vasoconstriction. Tryptamine caused concentration-dependent vasoconstriction of the mesenteric bed, measured as increases in perfusion pressure. These were inhibited by the 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist, ritanserin, indicating mediation via 5-HT(2A) receptors. The response was inhibited by the phospholipase C (PLC) and phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)) inhibitors, U-73122 and PACOCF(3), suggesting involvement of phospholipase pathways. Activation of these pathways by tryptamine releases cyclooxygenase (COX) products since indomethacin (non-selective inhibitor of COX-1/2) and nimesulide (selective COX-2 inhibitor) 
reduced the vasoconstriction. The most likely COX vasoconstrictor product was prostaglandin PGE(2) since the responses to tryptamine were reduced by AH-6809, a non-selective EP(1) receptor antagonist. Involvement of the Rho-kinase pathway in the tryptamine-evoked vasoconstriction was also indicated by its reduction by the Rho-kinase inhibitors, Y-27,632 and fasudil. The tryptamine vasoconstriction is modulated by the co-released endothelial vasodilator, nitric oxide. Thus, circulating tryptamine can regulate mesenteric blood flow through a cascade of signalling pathways secondary to stimulation of 5-HT(2A) receptors.},
  institution = {Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK.},
  journal     = {Vascul Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Dinoprostone, metabolism; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Mesenteric Arteries, drug effects/metabolism; Nitric Oxide, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, drug effects/metabolism; Ritanserin, pharmacology; Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists, pharmacology; Signal Transduction, drug effects; Tryptamines, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Vasoconstriction, drug effects; Vasodilation, drug effects; rho-Associated Kinases, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1537-1891(12)00196-6},
  pmid        = {23117109},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Aoki:1978,
  author      = {Aoki, A. and Metz, J. and Forssmann, W. G.},
  title       = {Studies on the ultrastructure and permeability of the hemotrichorial placenta. II. Fetal capillaries and tracer administration into the fetal blood circulation.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {192},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {409--422},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00212322},
  abstract    = {The distribution of horseradish peroxidase and lanthanum chloride within the full term chorioallantoic placenta of the rat was examined after administration of these tracers into the umbilical artery. Both tracers rapidly traverse the capillary endothelium. Transendothelial channels, fenestrations and micropinocytotic vesicles provide the main pathways. Intercellular clefts which are either patent or interrupted by leaky intercellular junctions, also contribute to a rapid passage of low and high molecular weight substances. Deep channel-like invaginations, effecting an increase of the exchange area of layer III, are freely accessible to the tracers from the interspace between the capillary endothelium and trophoblastic layer III. The invaginations, however, are not in continuity with the interspace between layers II and III, verifying the syncytial character of layer III. Neither an uptake of the tracers nor a passage across layer III is observed. The main permeability barrier to feto-
maternal transfer within the chorioallantoic placenta is localized in the syncytiotrophoblastic layer III. This layer controls the passage of low molecular weight substances and restricts the penetration of high molecular weight substances.},
  journal     = {Cell Tissue Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Capillaries, ultrastructure; Female; Fetus, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase; Intercellular Junctions, ultrastructure; Lanthanum; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Permeability; Placenta, physiology/ultrastructure; Pregnancy; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {699025},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Aoki:1990,
  author      = {Aoki, C. and Pickel, V. M.},
  title       = {Neuropeptide Y in cortex and striatum. Ultrastructural distribution and coexistence with classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {611},
  pages       = {186--205},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb48931.x},
  abstract    = {NPY-neurons in the striatum and cortex have many morphological and chemical features in common. They are intrinsic, medium sized, aspiny and exhibit ultrastructural characteristics typical of neurons undergoing active synthesis and release of peptides. Most of the NPY-neurons in the two regions coexist with somatostatin, exhibit high levels of NADPH-diaphorase and are resistant to degeneration associated with Huntington's disease. Ultrastructural analysis suggests that the ensheathment by glia and sparsity of asymmetric (putatively excitatory) inputs may render NPY neurons resistant to excitotoxicity. Although NPY-neurons receive few inputs, they make numerous contacts with dendrites within a small region of the neuropil. Among their targets are GABAergic neurons. These NPY-receptive GABA neurons differ from other GABAergic neurons in the vicinity in that they receive few other inputs along their somata and proximal dendrites. This suggests that NPY may exert more influence on a specific 
class of GABAergic neurons. Many more of the NPY-terminals are found at sites that would be strategic for the simultaneous modulation of the release of transmitters and postsynaptic responses. The differences among NPY-neurons in the striatum versus cerebral cortex are mainly chemical. Most notably, the NPY-neurons are GABAergic in the cortex and not GABAergic in the striatum. In addition, some of the NPY-axons in the ventral portions of striatum and cerebral cortex may be catecholaminergic, and thus originate in brainstem areas recognized to contain NPY and epinephrine or norepinephrine. NPY- and catecholaminergic fibers converge onto same dendrites. Thus, the two transmitters may interact through intercellular biochemical pathways postsynaptically. Finally, the sites where the two fibers directly contact each other may be where NPY stimulates the turnover of dopamine.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021.},
  journal     = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Blood Vessels, innervation; Brain Mapping; Catecholamines, metabolism; Cats; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Corpus Striatum, cytology/metabolism; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons, metabolism; Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Rats; Synaptic Transmission; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2174219},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Aoki:2002,
  author      = {T. Aoki and T. Matsunaga and K. Misaki and Y. Watanabe and T. Terashima},
  title       = {Abnormal distributions of callosal commissural and corticothalamic neurons in the cerebral neocortex of Shaking Rat Kawasaki.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {114},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {427--438},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00303-2},
  abstract    = {Shaking Rat Kawasaki (SRK) is an autosomal recessive mutant rat recognized by unstable gait and tremor and by early death around the time of weaning. We previously reported that corticospinal tract neurons are malpositioned in the motor cortex of the SRK rat [Ikeda and Terashima (1997) J. Comp. Neurol. 383, 370-380]. In the present study, we examined the distribution pattern of callosal commissural (CC) and corticothalamic (CT) neurons of SRK and normal rats with the injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the contralateral hemisphere or wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated HRP into the ventral lateral thalamic nucleus. The intracortical distribution pattern of retrogradely labeled CC and CT neurons in the motor cortex of SRK rat was abnormal: CC neurons were more deeply situated and CT neurons were more superficially situated in the SRK cortex than the corresponding components in the normal cortex. Most of labeled CC and CT neurons had abnormal dendritic configurations. Statistical 
analysis revealed that the difference of the mean intracortical position of CC and CT neurons of the SRK was significantly different from the normal counterparts (Student's t-test, P<0.01). Taken together with previous findings, our data demonstrate that the abnormal cytoarchitecture of SRK cortex resembles the reeler cortex.},
  institution = {Division of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal, deficiency/genetics; Cell Differentiation, genetics; Cell Movement, genetics; Cell Size, genetics; Choristoma, congenital/genetics/pathology; Corpus Callosum, abnormalities/pathology/physiopathology; Dendrites, genetics/metabolism/pathology; Extracellular Matrix Proteins, deficiency/genetics; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Movement Disorders, congenital/genetics/pathology; Neocortex, abnormalities/pathology/physiopathology; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Nervous System Malformations, genetics/pathology/physiopathology; Neural Pathways, abnormalities/pathology/physiopathology; Neurons, metabolism/pathology; Rats; Rats, Mutant Strains; Serine Endopeptidases; Thalamus, abnormalities/pathology/physiopathology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {S0306452202003032},
  pmid        = {12204212},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aoki:2005,
  author      = {Aoki, Yasuchika and Ohtori, Seiji and Takahashi, Kazuhisa and Ino, Hidetoshi and Douya, Hideo and Ozawa, Tomoyuki and Saito, Tomoko and Moriya, Hideshige},
  title       = {Expression and co-expression of VR1, CGRP, and IB4-binding glycoprotein in dorsal root ganglion neurons in rats: differences between the disc afferents and the cutaneous afferents.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {13},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {1496--1500},
  doi         = {10.1097/01.brs.0000167532.96540.31},
  abstract    = {The expression of vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and isolectin B4 (IB4)-binding glycoprotein in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating the lumbar disc and the plantar skin was investigated.To characterize the DRG neurons innervating lumbar discs and those innervating cutaneous tissue in rats.Small nociceptive DRG neurons are divided into nerve growth factor (NGF) sensitive and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-sensitive neurons. CGRP and IB4-binding glycoprotein are recognized as specific markers for NGF and GDNF-sensitive neurons, respectively. VR1 is localized in small DRG neurons.Using histochemical staining and retrograde tracing methods, the expression of VR1, CGRP, and IB4-binding glycoprotein in DRG neurons innervating the L5-L6 disc and the plantar skin was examined in rats.DRG neurons innervating the disc showed positive staining as: 23.4\% VR1, 54.4\% CGRP, and 1.0\% IB4-binding glycoprotein. The following distribution 
was found for DRG neurons innervating the skin: 35.1\% VR1, 41.1\% CGRP, and 19.5\% IB4-binding glycoprotein. Percentages of neurons positive for VR1 and IB4-binding glycoprotein were significantly lower in DRG neurons innervating the disc than in DRG neurons innervating the skin (P < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed in the percentage of neurons positive for CGRP.VR1 is less abundant in lumbar disc than in cutaneous tissue. Our data suggest that nociceptive information from the disc is transmitted mostly by NGF-sensitive neurons, while that from the cutaneous tissue is transmitted by both NGF-sensitive and GDNF-sensitive neurons.},
  institution = {Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. yasuaoki@h6.dion.ne.jp},
  journal     = {Spine (Phila Pa 1976)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biological Markers, metabolism; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Cell Size; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Glycoproteins, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Intervertebral Disc, innervation; Lectins, metabolism; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism; Nociceptors, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Skin, innervation; TRPV Cation Channels, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {00007632-200507010-00006},
  pmid        = {15990662},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Aoki:2004,
  author      = {Aoki, Yasuchika and Ohtori, Seiji and Takahashi, Kazuhisa and Ino, Hidetoshi and Takahashi, Yuzuru and Chiba, Tanemichi and Moriya, Hideshige},
  title       = {Innervation of the lumbar intervertebral disc by nerve growth factor-dependent neurons related to inflammatory pain.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {29},
  number      = {10},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {1077--1081},
  doi         = {10.1097/00007632-200405150-00005},
  abstract    = {We used anatomic tracers and immunoreactivity in rats to define dorsal root ganglion neuron populations innervating the lumbar discs in physiologic and inflammatory states.To investigate the percentages of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (CGRP-ir) and isolectin B4 (IB4)-binding neurons innervating lumbar discs.Small neurons are classified into two types. One contains CGRP and expresses the nerve growth factor receptor. The other binds IB4 and expresses the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor.A neurotracer, Fluoro-Gold, was applied to the L5-L6 disc in rats. Five days later, 50-microL saline (control group: n = 8) or Complete Freund's adjuvant (inflammatory group: n = 8) was applied to the disc. Seven days after the second operation, T13-L5 dorsal root ganglions were processed for double staining of CGRP and IB4.Of the Fluoro-Gold-labeled neurons, 50.1 +/- 4.6\% (mean +/- SEM) were positive for CGRP and 0.7 +/- 0.6\% positive for IB4 in the control group, while 
65.6 +/- 4.7\% were positive for CGRP and 1.0 +/- 1.0\% positive for IB4 in the inflammatory group. The percentage of CGRP-ir neurons was significantly higher than that of IB4-binding neurons in both groups (P < 0.001, each). The percentage of CGRP-ir neurons in the inflammatory group was significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.05).We found that most small neurons innervating the disc were CGRP-ir. Furthermore, disc inflammation caused an increase in CGRP-ir neurons but not IB4-binding neurons, suggesting that CGRP-ir, nerve growth factor-dependent neurons are more responsible for discogenic pain.},
  institution = {Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. yasuaoki@h6.dion.ne.jp},
  journal     = {Spine (Phila Pa 1976)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, analysis; Cell Size; Coloring Agents, diagnostic use; Discitis, physiopathology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Glycoproteins, analysis; Intervertebral Disc, innervation; Lectins, analysis; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Nerve Growth Factors, physiology; Neuralgia, physiopathology; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/classification/ultrastructure; Plant Lectins, diagnostic use/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor, physiology; Sciatica, physiopathology; Stilbamidines, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {00007632-200405150-00005},
  pmid        = {15131432},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Aoki:2004b,
  Title                    = {Distribution and immunocytochemical characterization of dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating the lumbar intervertebral disc in rats: a review.},
  Author                   = {Aoki, Yasuchika and Takahashi, Yuzuru and Ohtori, Seiji and Moriya, Hideshige and Takahashi, Kazuhisa},
  Journal                  = {Life Sci},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {21},
  Pages                    = {2627--2642},
  Volume                   = {74},

  Abstract                 = {Previously, it was believed that the lumbar intervertebral disc was innervated segmentally by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons via the sinuvertebral nerves. Recently, it was demonstrated using retrograde tracing methods that the lower disc (L5-L6) is innervated predominantly by upper (L1 and L2) DRG neurons via the sympathetic trunks. Furthermore, we investigated the expression of various pain-related molecules such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), isolectin B4 (IB4), P2X(3) receptor and vanniloid receptor 1 (VR1) in DRG neurons innervating the disc using a combination of immunostaining with the retrograde tracing method. This review outlines the distribution and immunocytochemical characterization of DRG neurons innervating the disc. Small nociceptive DRG neurons are classified into nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent neurons and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-dependent neurons and they can be distinguished by their reactivity for CGRP and IB4, 
respectively. We found that about half of the neurons innervating the disc were CGRP-immunoreactive (-ir), whilst, only 0.6\% of the DRG neurons were IB4-positive, thereby indicating that NGF-dependent neurons are the main subpopulation which transmits and modulates nociceptive information from the disc. In addition, we also demonstrated P2X(3)- and VR1-immunoreactivity in DRG neurons innervating the disc and noted that they were mainly localized in NGF-dependent neurons. It is well known that NGF has sensitizing effects on DRG neurons, with a recent study demonstratng the presence of NGF in the painful intervertebral disc. Therefore, it is suggested that NGF is involved in the generation of discogenic low back pain.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.lfs.2004.01.008},
  Institution              = {Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. yasuaoki@h6.dion.ne.jp},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/metabolism; Glycoproteins, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Intervertebral Disc, innervation; Lectins, metabolism; Lumbar Vertebrae; Models, Neurological; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Receptors, Drug, metabolism; Receptors, Purinergic P2, metabolism; Receptors, Purinergic P2X3; Substance P, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0024320504000190},
  Pmid                     = {15041445},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.01.008}
}

@Article{Aoki:2004a,
  Title                    = {Sensory innervation of the lateral portion of the lumbar intervertebral disc in rats.},
  Author                   = {Aoki, Yasuchika and Takahashi, Yuzuru and Takahashi, Kazuhisa and Chiba, Tanemichi and Kurokawa, Masahiro and Ozawa, Tomoyuki and Moriya, Hideshige},
  Journal                  = {Spine J},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {275--280},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Abstract                 = {An annular tear extending to the outer one-third of the annulus is thought to be one of the causes of low back pain. However, some patients have bilateral low back symptoms, even if the annular tear is localized in the lateral disc. Because nociceptive information from the lateral disc is transmitted by the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating the lateral disc, we investigated the distribution of the DRG neurons innervating the lateral portion of the disc.To clarify the distribution and pathway of the DRG neurons innervating the lateral portion of the L5-L6 disc in rats.Using the retrograde tracing method, we studied the innervation pattern of the lateral portion of the L5-L6 intervertebral disc in rats.The retrograde transport of Fluoro-Gold (F-G; Fluorochrome, Denver, CO) was used in 22 rats. Subjects included a nontreated group (n=16) and a sympathectomized group (n=6). Seven days after the application of F-G crystals to the left lateral portion of the L5-L6 disc, 
bilateral T12-L6 DRGs were observed by fluorescent microscopy.In the nontreated group, of all the F-G-labeled neurons, 93.1\% were present in the left DRGs and 6.9\% were in the right DRGs. The number of labeled neurons was largest in the left L2 DRGs. In the sympathectomized group, the numbers of labeled neurons in the T13, L1 and L2 DRGs were significantly lower than the numbers in the nontreated group.Results of this study indicate that DRG neurons innervating the lateral portion of the disc are distributed mainly in the ipsilateral side but also in the contralateral side. The DRG neurons in T13, L1 and L2 innervate the lateral portion of the L5-L6 disc through the paravertebral sympathetic trunks.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.spinee.2003.10.005},
  Institution              = {.jp},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/surgery; Intervertebral Disc, innervation; Lumbar Vertebrae, innervation; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nerve Fibers, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Sympathectomy},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S1529943003005540},
  Pmid                     = {15125848},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2003.10.005}
}

@Article{Aotani:1998,
  author      = {H. Aotani and K. Ono and J. Uematsu and M. Shimada},
  title       = {[Developmental plasticity of corticospinal projections in the spinal cord gray matter of normal and hemicortectomized rat].},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {jpn},
  volume      = {50},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {339--345},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {In the previous study we demonstrated in rats that aberrant ipsilateral CST fibers were increased when the cerebral cortex was surgically ablated unilaterally during the neonatal period. Origin of these aberrant fibers was confirmed to involve collateral axons, ramified from their parent axons. In this study, possible plastic change and the critical period for the outgrowth of CST fibers into the spinal cord gray matter in the rat after unilateral (right side) cortical damage at different ages measured in days were examined using anterograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP was injected into the left sensorimotor cortex in both normal and experimental rats. In the normal control rats, the outgrowth of HRP positive axons into the spinal gray matter was first noticed at 7 day of age in the vicinity of the right dorsal funiculus, and then reached maximal density and extension at 10 and 14 days of age, respectively. From 21 days onwards, the density and extension of HRP positive axons in the 
gray matter decreased rapidly except in the medial part close to the dorsal funiculus. In rats whose right cerebral cortex were damaged at day 1 of age, the pattern of the outgrowth of HRP positive axons into the right gray matter was much the same as that in age-matched controls. However, significantly different from the control, many HRP positive axons were noted even in the contralateral gray matter. HRP-positive axons in the contralateral left gray matter were also abundant in the rats who sustained cortical damage at 7 and 14 days, but were decreased considerably when the cerebral cortex was damaged at 28 days of age. When damage occurred at 56 days of age, HRP-positive axons did not increase in the left gray matter, indicating that the critical period of axonal plasticity after localized damage was before 4 weeks of age in rats.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ohtsu, Japan.},
  journal     = {No To Shinkei},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, physiology/surgery; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Pyramidal Tracts, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9592823},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aoyama:1991,
  author      = {Aoyama, N. and Tokumo, H. and Ohya, T. and Chandler, K. and Holzbach, R. T.},
  title       = {A novel transcellular transport pathway for non-bile salt cholephilic organic anions.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {261},
  number      = {2 Pt 1},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {G305--G311},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://ajpgi.physiology.org/content/ajpgi/261/2/G305.full.pdf},
  abstract    = {Non-bile salt cholephilic organic anions comprise a single class of nonhomologous ligands having a range of hydrophobicity. Hydrophobicity enhances the hepatic extraction of cholephiles as well as their partitioning into secreted biliary lipid particles. When hydrophobicity is correlated with patterns of biliary excretion for studying transcellular transport, however, the more hydrophobic probes are unsuitable. Specifically, with the isolated perfused rat liver technique, the excretory times for sulfobromophthalein and rose bengal were significantly longer compared with that for the much more hydrophilic analogue phenol red (PR), which showed only a single, nearly symmetrical excretory peak at 10 min. Colchicine affected the apparently well-defined PR pathway only at a saturation dose (10,000 times the tracer dose). In contrast, the effect of a different perturbant, monensin, was striking at a tracer dose of PR, but was less evident at a saturation dose. The combined administration of 
colchicine and monensin had no additive inhibitory effect on PR excretion at tracer doses. At a saturation dose of PR, where monensin is less inhibiting, however, a significant additive inhibitory effect was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195-5218.},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Anions, pharmacokinetics; Biological Transport, drug effects; Colchicine, pharmacology; Horseradish Peroxidase, pharmacokinetics; Liver, metabolism; Male; Monensin, pharmacology; Phenolsulfonphthalein, pharmacokinetics; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rose Bengal, pharmacokinetics; Sulfobromophthalein, pharmacokinetics},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1872399},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Aparicio:2010a,
  author      = {Aparicio, M-A. and Vi{\~{n}}uela, A. and Salda{\~{n}}a, E.},
  title       = {Projections from the inferior colliculus to the tectal longitudinal column in the rat.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {166},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {653--664},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.074},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.074},
  abstract    = {We have used the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) to study with albino rats the projections from the inferior colliculus (IC) to the tectal longitudinal column (TLC), a newly discovered nucleus that spans the midbrain tectum longitudinally, on each side of the midbrain, immediately above the periaqueductal gray matter. We studied the projections of the medial IC, which includes the classical central nucleus (CNIC) and the dorsal cortex (DCIC), and those of the lateral IC, equivalent to the classical external cortex (ECIC). Following unilateral injections of PHA-L into the medial IC, numerous terminal fibers are labeled bilaterally in the TLC. The ipsilateral projection is denser and targets the entire nucleus, whereas the contralateral projection targets significantly only the caudal half or two-thirds of the TLC. Fibers from the medial IC reach the TLC by two routes: as collaterals of axons that travel in the commissure of the IC and as collaterals of thick 
ipsilateral colliculogeniculate axons; the latter travel through the deep superior colliculus on their way to the TLC. Within the TLC, individual IC fibers tend to run longitudinally. The injection of PHA-L into the lateral IC indicates that this subdivision sends a weak, bilateral projection to the TLC whose trajectory, morphology and distribution are similar to those of the projection from the medial IC. These results demonstrate that all subdivisions of the IC send projections to the TLC, suggesting that the IC may be one of the main sources of auditory input to this tectal nucleus.},
  institution = {Laboratory for the Neurobiology of Hearing, Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, 37007-Salamanca, Spain.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tectum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(09)02164-2},
  pmid        = {20056139},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Aparicio:2010,
  Title                    = {Projections from the inferior colliculus to the tectal longitudinal column in the rat.},
  Author                   = {M-A. Aparicio and A. Viñuela and E. Saldaña},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {653--664},
  Volume                   = {166},

  Abstract                 = {We have used the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) to study with albino rats the projections from the inferior colliculus (IC) to the tectal longitudinal column (TLC), a newly discovered nucleus that spans the midbrain tectum longitudinally, on each side of the midbrain, immediately above the periaqueductal gray matter. We studied the projections of the medial IC, which includes the classical central nucleus (CNIC) and the dorsal cortex (DCIC), and those of the lateral IC, equivalent to the classical external cortex (ECIC). Following unilateral injections of PHA-L into the medial IC, numerous terminal fibers are labeled bilaterally in the TLC. The ipsilateral projection is denser and targets the entire nucleus, whereas the contralateral projection targets significantly only the caudal half or two-thirds of the TLC. Fibers from the medial IC reach the TLC by two routes: as collaterals of axons that travel in the commissure of the IC and as collaterals 
of thick ipsilateral colliculogeniculate axons; the latter travel through the deep superior colliculus on their way to the TLC. Within the TLC, individual IC fibers tend to run longitudinally. The injection of PHA-L into the lateral IC indicates that this subdivision sends a weak, bilateral projection to the TLC whose trajectory, morphology and distribution are similar to those of the projection from the medial IC. These results demonstrate that all subdivisions of the IC send projections to the TLC, suggesting that the IC may be one of the main sources of auditory input to this tectal nucleus.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.074},
  Institution              = {Laboratory for the Neurobiology of Hearing, Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, 37007-Salamanca, Spain.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tectum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(09)02164-2},
  Pmid                     = {20056139},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.074}
}

@Article{Apergis-Schoute:2007,
  author      = {Apergis-Schoute, John and Pinto, Aline and Paré, Denis},
  title       = {Muscarinic control of long-range GABAergic inhibition within the rhinal cortices.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {27},
  number      = {15},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {4061--4071},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0068-07.2007},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0068-07.2007},
  abstract    = {The perirhinal cortex plays a critical role in memory formation, in part because it forms reciprocal connections with the neocortex and entorhinal cortex and is thus in a position to integrate and transfer higher-order information to and from the hippocampus. However, for reasons that remain unclear, perirhinal transfer of neocortical inputs to the entorhinal cortex occurs with a low probability. Using patch recordings in vitro and tract-tracing combined with GAD-67 immunohistochemistry, we show that the perirhinal cortex contains GABAergic neurons with long-range projections to superficial entorhinal cells. This finding challenges the traditional model of cortical inhibition in which all trans-areal inhibition is thought to be disynaptic because the axons of GABAergic interneurons are assumed to be confined within the area in which their somata are located. Moreover, consistent with recent studies indicating that the formation of perirhinal-dependent memories requires activation of 
muscarinic receptors, long-range IPSPs were presynaptically inhibited by M2 receptor activation. Overall, these results suggest that long-range feedforward inhibition regulates perirhinal transfer of neocortical inputs to the entorhinal cortex, but that cholinergic inputs can presynaptically adjust the impact of this control mechanism as a function of environmental contingencies.},
  institution = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, pharmacology; Animals; Entorhinal Cortex, drug effects/physiology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, physiology; Guinea Pigs; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Isoenzymes, physiology; Nerve Net, drug effects/physiology; Neural Inhibition, drug effects/physiology; Receptor, Muscarinic M2, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {27/15/4061},
  pmid        = {17428984},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Apkarian:1989,
  author      = {Apkarian, A. V. and Hodge, C. J.},
  title       = {A dorsolateral spinothalamic tract in macaque monkey.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {37},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {323--333},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3959(89)90198-x},
  abstract    = {Prior work has indicated the existence of a major spinal cord pathway made up of lamina I cell axons ascending in the dorsolateral funiculus in both rat and cat. In cat, a portion of this lamina I dorsolateral funiculus pathway terminates in the thalamus. The purpose of this report is to demonstrate that a similar dorsolateral spinothalamic tract exists in macaque monkey. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, injected into the somatosensory thalamus of monkeys, was used to identify the cells of origin of the spinothalamic tract in the cervical and lumbar enlargements. In order to determine the funicular courses of the axons contributing to the spinothalamic pathway, thalamic injections of horseradish peroxidase were combined with ipsilateral ventral or dorsolateral thoracic spinal cord lesions. The results indicate that in macaque monkey many lamina I cell axons ascend to the thalamus in the dorsolateral funiculus, contralateral to their parent cells. Some lamina I cell axons as 
well as the majority of axons of spinothalamic cells located in deeper laminae ascend in the contralateral ventral quadrant to terminate in the thalamus. The existence in macaque of a dorsolateral spinothalamic pathway comprised of lamina I cell axons strongly implies the presence of a similar pathway in humans and has important implications regarding the mechanisms underlying both clinical and experimental nociception.},
  institution = {Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Health Science Center, Syracuse 13210.},
  journal     = {Pain},
  keywords    = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Macaca fascicularis, anatomy /&/ histology; Macaca, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinothalamic Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2474142},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Apkarian:1984,
  author      = {Apkarian, A. V. and Hodge, Jr, CJ and Stevens, R. T. and Franck, J. I.},
  title       = {Lumbar dorsal root potentials elicited by stimulation of nucleus locus coeruleus.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {85},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {202--208},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0014-4886(84)90173-0},
  abstract    = {Lumbar dorsal root potentials (DRP) were elicited by nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) stimulation in the cat. Inhibition, by LC stimulation, of dorsal horn cells responding to noxious inputs corresponded in time with the DRPs evoked by LC stimulation. Comparing cutaneous stimulation-evoked DRPs with LC stimulation-evoked DRPs and their respective effects on dorsal horn single-unit activity suggested a shared segmental underlying mechanism and the possible involvement of the coeruleospinal system with that of a diffuse noxious inhibitory suprasegmental loop.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, physiology; Cats; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Electric Conductivity; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Functional Laterality; Ganglia, Spinal, physiology; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Skin, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0014-4886(84)90173-0},
  pmid        = {6734778},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Appel:1988,
  author      = {Appel, N. M. and Elde, R. P.},
  title       = {The intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic spinal cord is comprised of target-specific subnuclei: evidence from retrograde transport studies and immunohistochemistry.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {1767--1775},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/8/5/1767.long},
  abstract    = {In this study we examined the hypothesis that the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the thoracic spinal cord, the nucleus from which preganglionic sympathetic neurons originate, provides an anatomical substrate through which selective regulation of sympathetic nervous system targets is accomplished. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons of rats were retrogradely labeled by the simultaneous exposure of the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) and the adrenal medulla to Fluoro-Gold and True blue, contrasting fluorescent dyes. Retrograde labeling from these sites revealed 2 populations of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in IML whose distribution overlapped between segments T1 and T4. In regions where these 2 groups of retrogradely labeled neurons overlapped, sympathoadrenal preganglionic (SAP) neurons occupied the most lateral aspect of the nucleus. It was also determined whether individual retrogradely labeled neurons within these two groups sent axon collaterals to both the CST and adrenal 
medulla. Diamidino yellow, a fluorescent retrograde tracer dye that labels only nuclei, was substituted for Fluoro-Gold and used in combination with True blue to simultaneously label preganglionic sympathetic neurons projecting to either the CST or adrenal medulla. No double-labeled cell bodies were observed in spinal cords of rats treated in this manner. Thus it appeared that the efferent projections of these 2 cell populations in IML were target-specific. Immunohistochemical analysis of the relationship between nerve fibers in the IML and preganglionic sympathetic neurons was also undertaken in an attempt to classify further these 2 populations of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Equal proportions of identified CST and SAP neurons appeared to be apposed by varicosities immunoreactive for either somatostatin or serotonin. On the other hand, when the comparison was based on whether oxytocin-immunoreactive varicosities appeared to appose these 2 populations of retrogradely labeled sympathetic neurons, a 
highly significant difference was revealed. That is, oxytocin-immunoreactive fibers and terminals appeared to avoid SAP neurons. Thus these data support the hypothesis that an anatomical substrate exists in spinal cord IML whereby selective regulation of sympathetic nervous system targets may be mediated. Moreover, the lack of oxytocin-immunoreactive varicosities apposing SAP neurons in IML suggests that if the paraventricular nucleus innervates SAP neurons in IML, it does so via a population of neurons that do not use oxytocin as a neurotransmitter.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Adrenal Medulla, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Animals; Biological Transport; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, immunology/metabolism/physiology; Oxytocin, immunology; Serotonin, immunology; Somatostatin, immunology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/immunology/metabolism/physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Thorax},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2896766},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Appel:1986,
  author      = {Appel, N. M. and Wessendorf, M. W. and Elde, R. P.},
  title       = {Coexistence of serotonin- and substance P-like immunoreactivity in nerve fibers apposing identified sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons in rat intermediolateral cell column.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {65},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {241--246},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(86)90268-5},
  abstract    = {In this study we examined the possibility that serotonin (5-HT) and substance P (SP) coexist in fibers and terminals afferent to sympathoadrenal preganglionic (SAP) neurons in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the spinal cord. SAP neurons in the IML were identified by retrograde labeling with either Fast Blue or True Blue injected into the adrenal medulla of rats. A simultaneous immunofluorescent double labeling technique was used to identify both 5-HT- and SP-like immunoreactivity in single tissue sections. Labeled SAP neurons were observed which were apposed by fibers immunoreactive for either neurotransmitter, as well as SAP neurons apposed by neither 5-HT- nor SP-like immunoreactive structures. In addition, 5-HT- and SP-like immunoreactivity were observed in separate fibers apposing the same labeled neuron and coexisting in fibers and terminal appearing in apposition to labeled SAP neurons. These data suggest a complex interaction by these neurotransmitters in regulating 
sympathetic outflow and may provide a model for interpreting conflicting observations concerning the effects of local 5-HT administration on sympathetic nerve activity.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Adrenal Medulla, innervation; Adrenergic Fibers, analysis; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, analysis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Ganglia, Spinal, analysis; Male; Nerve Endings, analysis; Neurons, Afferent, analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, analysis; Staining and Labeling; Substance P, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2423925},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Appenteng:1989,
  author      = {K. Appenteng and L. Conyers and J. A. Moore},
  title       = {The monosynaptic excitatory connections of single trigeminal interneurones to the V motor nucleus of the rat.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {417},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {91--104},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017792},
  abstract    = {1. We have used the extracellular spike-triggered averaging method to identify a population of trigeminal interneurones that make monosynaptic connections within the V motor nucleus. The experiments were performed on rats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone (60 mg/kg I.V.; supplementary doses given as necessary to maintain a deep level of anaesthesia). 2. A tungsten microelectrode (tip exposure of some 200 microns) was inserted into the masseter motoneurone pool to allow recording of extracellular activity. A glass electrode filled with DL-homocysteic acid was used to make simultaneous extracellular recordings of the firing of single neurones in the region immediately caudal to the motor nucleus. 3. Fifty-eight out of 166 interneurones tested gave unitary extracellular fields in the motor nucleus. The responses consisted of a terminal spike (presynaptic spike) followed by a negative field of duration approximately 3 ms and amplitude 0.4-10.8 microV. The mean latency between the positive peak 
of the terminal spike and the onset of the field (synaptic delay) was 0.43 ms (S.D. = 0.10 ms), and the mean latency from the onset of the interneurone spike to the positive peak of the presynaptic spike was 0.35 ms (S.D. = 0.22 ms). Thus the interneurones project directly to the motor nucleus where they then make monosynaptic connections. 4. The negative extracellular fields were taken to reflect an excitatory synaptic input onto neurones within the motor nucleus. The fields were of maximum amplitude at the point of maximum masseter motoneurone antidromic field, suggesting that the connection may be onto elevator motoneurones. 5. The location of the interneurone appeared to the main factor governing the likelihood of obtaining a field. Interneurones located more than 400 microns from the caudal border of the motor nucleus rarely produced fields whereas most of those located within this distance gave fields. This pattern of distribution is strikingly similar to that of trigeminal interneurones labelled by 
the transneuronal transport of wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase after an intramuscular injection of the tracer into the masseter muscle. We suggest that this provides electrophysiological support for the suggestion that the tracer does indeed label interneurones by means of retrograde transsynaptic transport.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, University of Leeds.},
  journal     = {J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Electric Stimulation; Interneurons, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Synapses, physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2621612},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Appenteng:1987,
  Title                    = {Transneuronal transport of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase into trigeminal interneurones of the rat.},
  Author                   = {K. Appenteng and D. Girdlestone},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1987},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {387--396},
  Volume                   = {258},

  Abstract                 = {Intramuscular injections of either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were made into the masseter muscle of rats. Both tracers labeled primary sensory neurones in the V mesencephalic nucleus, motoneurones in the V motor nucleus, and some motoneurones in the facial motor nucleus. WGA-HRP labeled additional neurones in the V main sensory nucleus and the rostral pole of the V nucleus oralis. These were classed as interneurones because they lay in areas outside those known to contain either first-order afferent or motoneurone somata. We argue that these were labeled by retrograde transport of tracer because they lay close to the V motor nucleus, and from some of them processes could be followed into the region of the V motor nucleus.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902580307},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cell Membrane Permeability; Horseradish Peroxidase; Interneurons, cytology; Masseter Muscle, innervation; Masticatory Muscles, innervation; Motor Neurons, cytology; Muscle Spindles; Rats; Staining and Labeling, methods; Synaptic Membranes; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2438310},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902580307}
}

@Article{Applebaum:1980,
  Title                    = {Segmental localization of sensory cells that innervate the bladder.},
  Author                   = {Applebaum, A. E. and Vance, W. H. and Coggeshall, R. E.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1980},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {203--209},
  Volume                   = {192},

  Abstract                 = {The present study labels the neuronal cell bodies that give rise to afferent fibers that innervate the bladder of cat and rat. The method used was the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from its injection site in the bladder to cells in various dorsal root ganglia. In the rat, the labelled cells are located in the L1-L2 and L6-S1 dorsal root ganglia. In the cat, the labelled cells are located in the L2-L5 and S1-S4 dorsal root ganglia. This confirms older clinical findings, and for the first time directly demonstrates the afferent cell bodies for the bladder. The bladder afferents are small ganglion cells in both rat and cat, and because there is a correlation between the size of axon and the cell body from which it originates, we conclude that the great majority of bladder afferents are small myelinated or unmyelinated axons. In addition, by restricting the HRP to one side of the bladder, we are able to show that some afferent cell bodies send their distal 
processes across the midline. These results will be useful in considerations of the neural control of bladder function.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.901920202},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Cats; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Urinary Bladder, innervation},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7400394},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901920202}
}

@Article{Apps:1990,
  Title                    = {Columnar organisation of the inferior olive projection to the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum.},
  Author                   = {R. Apps},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1990},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {236-254},
  Volume                   = {302},

  Abstract                 = {The organisation of the olivocerebellar projection to lobules VI, VIII, and IX of the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum was investigated in detail by using the retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase. Small, well-defined rostro-caudally orientated columns of olive cells were found to project to different parasagittal areas in the posterior lobe. A column of olive cells about 2,000 microns in rostro-caudal length in subnucleus "c" and nucleus beta of the caudal medial accessory olive (MAO) provides climbing fibre input to the most medial part of lobules VI and IX, but this projection is displaced laterally in lobule VIII by a projection from a column of cells about 600 microns in rostro-caudal length in lateral caudal MAO (subnucleus "a"). It is possible that each of these columns of olivary neurones may be further subdivided in the rostro-caudal axis so that different sections project to different medio-lateral parts of the cortex. A fine-grain '
sublobular' localisation may also exist: the projection to midline lobule VIc arises at caudal levels of the olive from a band of cells in the transition region between subnucleus "c" and nucleus beta, whilst by comparison the projection from caudal levels of the olive to lobules VIa and VIb arises from cells located more ventrally in nucleus beta. Evidence is also presented to confirm that the posterior lobe vermis in the rat extends further laterally than in other mammals and that part of it receives a projection from a column of olive cells, 1,000 microns in rostro-caudal length, in a newly defined region of caudal MAO, termed subnucleus "b1."},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903020205},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Microinjections; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Morawska, Pauline},
  Pmid                     = {1705266},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020205}
}

@Article{Apps:2009,
  author    = {Apps, R and Hawkes, R},
  title     = {Cerebellar cortical organization: a one-map hypothesis},
  year      = {2009},
  volume    = {10},
  pages     = {670-681},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi       = {10.1038/nrn2698},
  journal   = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Apps:2007,
  Title                    = {A fluorescence-based double retrograde tracer strategy for charting central neuronal connections.},
  Author                   = {Apps, Richard and Ruigrok, Tom J H.},
  Journal                  = {Nat Protoc},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {1862--1868},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Abstract                 = {Microspheres (beads) tagged with different fluorescent markers can be used for double retrograde axonal tracing of CNS connections. They have several advantages over other double tracer techniques, including ease-of-use, high transport efficiency, distinctive cell labeling and the ability to produce well-defined injection sites. In this protocol we describe the basic procedure for their use, some common problems and how these can be overcome. The protocol, including animal surgery, preparation and delivery of tracer can be completed in approximately 0.5 d. Subsequent histological processing (excluding survival time) can be completed in 0.5-1 d.},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nprot.2007.263},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. r.apps@bristol.ac.uk},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Central Nervous System, cytology; Fluorescent Dyes; Injections, methods; Microscopy, Fluorescence, methods; Neural Pathways, cytology; Perfusion; Rats},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {nprot.2007.263},
  Pmid                     = {17703196},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.263}
}

@Article{Aquino:1987,
  author      = {Aquino, D. A. and Bisby, M. A. and Ledeen, R. W.},
  title       = {Bidirectional transport of gangliosides, glycoproteins and neutral glycosphingolipids in the sensory neurons of rat sciatic nerve.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {20},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {1023--1029},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(87)90260-0},
  abstract    = {Bidirectional axonal transport of glycoconjugates was studied in the sensory axons of rat sciatic nerve following injection of radiolabelled precursors into L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia. After varying time intervals, gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids were isolated from anterograde and retrograde accumulation segments and radioactivity determined. Radiolabelled glycoproteins were measured in delipidated residues. These glycoconjugates were shown to undergo both anterograde and retrograde transport, accumulation occurring in roughly parallel manner for the three classes. The velocity of anterograde transport was collectively estimated at approximately 360 mm/day. Neutral glycosphingolipids, previously unknown to be axonally transported, were present in sensory axons and transported in roughly equivalent amounts as gangliosides--as judged by levels of transported radioactivity. TLC-radioautography revealed a number of molecular species in the general region of tetra- and larger 
glycosylceramides. Fractionation of gangliosides according to sialic acid content demonstrated the presence of mono-, di- and polysialo species at the anterograde site.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Gangliosides, metabolism; Glycoproteins, metabolism; Glycosphingolipids, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Peripheral Nerves, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sciatic Nerve, metabolism; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2439941},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Arabadzisz:1999,
  author      = {D. Arabadzisz and T. F. Freund},
  title       = {Changes in excitatory and inhibitory circuits of the rat hippocampus 12-14 months after complete forebrain ischemia.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {92},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {27--45},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00736-2},
  abstract    = {Changes in interneuron distribution and excitatory connectivity have been investigated in animals which had survived 12-14 months after complete forebrain ischemia, induced by four-vessel occlusion. Anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin revealed massive Schaffer collateral input even to those regions of the CA1 subfield where hardly any surviving pyramidal cells were found. Boutons of these Schaffer collaterals formed conventional synaptic contacts on dendritic spines and shafts, many of which likely belong to interneurons. Mossy fibres survived the ischemic challenge, however, large mossy terminals showed altered morphology, namely, the number of filopodiae on these terminals decreased significantly. The entorhinal input to the hippocampus did not show any morphological alterations. The distribution of interneurons was investigated by neurochemical markers known to label functionally distinct GABAergic cell populations. In the hilus, spiny interneurons showed a 
profound decrease in number. This phenomenon was not as obvious in CA3, but the spiny metabotropic glutamate receptor 1alpha-positive non-pyramidal cells, some of which contain calretinin or substance P receptor, disappeared from stratum lucidum of this area. In the CA1 region, somatostatin immunoreactivity disappeared from stratum oriens/lacunosum-moleculare-associated cells, while in metabotropic glutamate receptor 1alpha-stained sections these cells seemed unaffected in number. Other interneurons did not show an obvious decrease in number. In stratum radiatum of the CA1 subfield, some interneuron types had altered morphology: the substance P receptor-positive dendrites lost their characteristic radial orientation, and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1alpha-expressing cells became extremely spiny. The loss of inhibitory interneurons at the first two stages of the trisynaptic loop coupled with a well-preserved excitatory connectivity among the subfields suggests that hyperexcitability in the surviving 
dentate gyrus and CA3 may persist even a year after the ischemic impact. The dorsal CA1 region is lost; nevertheless hyperactivity, if it occurs, may have a route to leave the hippocampus via the longitudinally extensive axon collaterals of CA3 pyramidal cells, which may activate the subiculum and entorhinal cortex with a relay in the surviving ventral hippocampal CA1 region.},
  institution = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Ischemia, pathology/physiopathology; Cell Death, physiology; Dentate Gyrus, pathology/physiopathology; Hippocampus, pathology/physiopathology; Interneurons, pathology/physiology; Male; Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal, pathology/physiopathology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiopathology; Perforant Pathway, pathology/physiopathology; Pyramidal Cells, pathology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reference Values; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(98)00736-2},
  pmid        = {10392828},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Arai:1990,
  Title                    = {Hypothalamic galanin-immunoreactive neurons projecting to the posterior lobe of the rat pituitary: a combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical study.},
  Author                   = {Arai, R. and Onteniente, B. and Trembleau, A. and Landry, M. and Calas, A.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1990},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {405--420},
  Volume                   = {299},

  Abstract                 = {To identify the galanin-immunoreactive neurons projecting to the posterior lobe of the pituitary in the rat hypothalamus, a retrograde tracer (complex of wheat germ agglutinin-enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase-colloidal gold) was injected into the posterior lobe of the pituitary. Sections of the hypothalamus were treated with a combination of silver enhancement of retrogradely transported tracer and immunohistochemistry of galanin. Of the total number of hypothalamic cells doubly labeled with retrograde tracing and galanin-immunostaining, 56-60\% were found in the supraoptic nucleus, 18-23\% in the retrochiasmatic nucleus, 8-10\% in the lateral magnocellular portion of the paraventricular nucleus. The ratio of (number of doubly labeled cells/number of galanin-immunoreactive cells) in each of the above regions was similar to the ratio of (number of retrogradely labeled cells/number of Nissl-stained cells) in the supraoptic nucleus. Of all retrogradely labeled cells in 
the hypothalamus, 51-56\% also contained galaninlike immunoreactivity.(1) galanin-immunoreactive fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary originate mainly in the supraoptic nucleus, retrochiasmatic nucleus, and lateral magnocellular portion of the paraventricular nucleus, (2) most of galanin-immunoreactive cells in these regions project to the posterior lobe of the pituitary, and (3) about half the neurons constituting the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system contain galaninlike immunoreactivity.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902990403},
  Institution              = {Département de Cytologie, CNRS UA 1199, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Galanin; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Hypothalamus, chemistry/cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, chemistry/cytology; Peptides, analysis; Pituitary Gland, chemistry/cytology; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1700801},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902990403}
}

@Article{Araki:1988,
  author      = {M. Araki and P. L. McGeer and H. Kimura},
  title       = {The efferent projections of the rat lateral habenular nucleus revealed by the PHA-L anterograde tracing method.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {441},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {319--330},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(88)91410-2},
  abstract    = {The efferent connections of the rat lateral habenular nucleus (LHb) were demonstrated using anterograde transport of the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Following PHA-L injections into the LHb, neuronal somata located in the lateral two thirds of the LHb were labeled with PHA-L. Individual axonal fibers and terminal specializations were clearly visible. This permitted detailed mapping of both efferent fiber pathways and terminal distributions. Previous reports on fiber pathways were substantially confirmed and several new findings were revealed. (1) Major rostrally oriented fibers enter the medial forebrain bundle via 3 routes which initially branch from the fasciculus retroflexus: the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and ventromedial thalamic nucleus; the zona incerta and fields of Forel; and the ventral tegmental area of Tsai. (2) A major decussation to the contralateral thalamic nuclei occurs in the central medial thalamic nucleus. (3) Caudally directed fibers follow two 
courses: one to the deep mesencephalic nucleus, central grey, dorsal raphe nucleus and the deep layers of the superior colliculus; and the other to the median raphe nucleus, oral pontine reticular formation and raphe pontis nucleus. The present results offer more detailed information concerning the dorsal diencephalic system.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(88)91410-2},
  pmid        = {2451982},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Araki:1984,
  Title                    = {Presumptive gamma-aminobutyric acid pathways from the midbrain to the superior colliculus studied by a combined horseradish peroxidase-gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase pharmacohistochemical method.},
  Author                   = {Araki, M. and McGeer, P. L. and McGeer, E. G.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {1984},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {433--439},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Abstract                 = {A pharmacohistochemical method for gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase, the key enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism, has been combined with retrograde tracing by horseradish peroxidase, to a study of projections from the midbrain to the superior colliculus. The results indicate projections from the substantia nigra zona reticulata, the zona incerta and the reticular formation of the mesencephalon which are exclusively from neurons staining intensely for gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase and presumptively gamma-aminobutyric acid as their transmitter. The projection from the ventral lateral geniculate body to the superior colliculus, on the other hand, comes from cells which do not stain for gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase and therefore do probably not use gamma-aminobutyric acid as their transmitter.},
  Keywords                 = {4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase, metabolism; Animals; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Rats; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology/physiology; Synaptic Transmission; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {6096762},
  Timestamp                = {27.06.2013}
}

@Article{Araki:1984b,
  author      = {Araki, M. and McGeer, P. L. and McGeer, E. G.},
  title       = {Retrograde HRP tracing combined with a pharmacohistochemical method for GABA transaminase for the identification of presumptive GABAergic projections to the habenula.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {304},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {271--277},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90330-5},
  abstract    = {A pharmacohistochemical method for GABA-transaminase (GABA-T), the key enzyme for GABA metabolism, has been combined with retrograde tracing by horseradish peroxidase, to a study of projections to the lateral habenula. The results indicate that projections to the lateral habenula arise from both GABA-T intensive and non-GABA-T staining cells in the rostral entopeduncular nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus suggesting that these projections contain GABAergic elements, as indicated by previous work, but also involve other neurotransmitters. A few GABA-T intensive cells in the lateral preoptic area were also found to project to the lateral habenula by this double staining technique.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase, metabolism; Animals; Histocytochemistry, methods; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neuroanatomy, methods; Rats; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(84)90330-5},
  pmid        = {6331587},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Araki:1985,
  author      = {Araki, M. and McGeer, P. L. and McGeer, E. G.},
  title       = {Striatonigral and pallidonigral pathways studied by a combination of retrograde horseradish peroxidase tracing and a pharmacohistochemical method for gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {331},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {17--24},
  url         = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899385907103},
  abstract    = {The pharmacohistochemical neuronal staining method for gamma-aminobutyric transaminase (GABA-T) combined with retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) staining was used to define more precisely the descending striatonigral and pallidonigral pathways. Previous studies have established that GABA-T intensive cells in the basal ganglia and other structures correspond with reported glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-containing cells and are therefore presumed to use GABA as their neurotransmitter. Following injection of HRP into the substantia nigra, many HRP-labeled cells were detected in the caudate-putamen and globus pallidus. Two separate groups of cells were doubly labeled for GABA-T and HRP and seemed to represent two distinct GABA-T-rich descending pathways to the substantia nigra. One component came from medium-sized cells in the lateral aspect of the globus pallidus. It represented a majority of all descending cells from that nucleus. The other came from the lateral aspect of the caudate-
putamen and represented only a minority of descending cells from that structure. These data suggest that the majority of striatonigral fibers are non-GABA containing while the majority of pallidonigral fibers are GABA-containing. The precise location of the GABA-T intensive cells making up these two pathways helps to explain much confusing data in the literature on the source of descending GABA fibers to the substantia nigra.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase, metabolism; Animals; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(85)90710-3},
  pmid        = {3986561},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aranda:2015,
  author      = {Aranda, Marcos L. and Dorfman, Damián and Sande, Pablo H. and Rosenstein, Ruth E.},
  title       = {Experimental optic neuritis induced by the microinjection of lipopolysaccharide into the optic nerve.},
  year        = {2015},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {266C},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {30--41},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.010},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.010},
  abstract    = {Optic neuritis (ON) is a condition involving primary inflammation, demyelination, and axonal injury in the optic nerve which leads to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, and visual dysfunction. We investigated the ability of a single microinjection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) directly into the optic nerve to induce functional and structural alterations compatible with ON. For this purpose, optic nerves from male Wistar rats remained intact or were injected with vehicle or LPS. The effect of LPS was evaluated at several time points post-injection in terms of: i) visual pathway and retinal function (visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and electroretinograms, (ERGs), respectively), ii) anterograde transport from the retina to its projection areas, iii) consensual pupil light reflex (PLR), iv) optic nerve histology, v) microglia/macrophage reactivity (by Iba-1- and ED1-immunostaining), vi) astrocyte reactivity (by glial fibrillary acid protein-immunostaining), vii) axon number (by toluidine 
blue staining), vii) demyelination (by myelin basic protein immunoreactivity and luxol fast blue staining), viii) optic nerve ultrastructure, and ix) RGC number (by Brn3a immunoreactivity). LPS induced a significant and persistent decrease in VEP amplitude and PLR, without changes in the ERG. In addition, LPS induced a deficit in anterograde transport, and an early inflammatory response consisting in an increased cellularity, and Iba-1 and ED1-immunoreactivity in the optic nerve, which were followed by changes in axonal density, astrocytosis, demyelination, and axon and RGC loss. These results suggest that the microinjection of LPS into the optic nerve may serve as a new experimental model of primary ON.},
  institution = {Laboratorio de Neuroquímica Retiniana y Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina/CEFyBO, Universidad de Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: ruthr@fmed.uba.ar.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  medline-pst = {aheadofprint},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0014-4886(15)00031-X},
  pmid        = {25687552},
  timestamp   = {10.03.2015},
}

@Article{Araneda:1980a,
  author      = {Araneda, S. and Bobillier, P. and Buda, M. and Pujol, J. F.},
  title       = {Retrograde axonal transport following injection of [3H]serotonin in the olfactory bulb. I. Biochemical study.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {196},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {405--415},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(80)90404-7},
  abstract    = {A retrograde axonal transport from the serotonergic nerve terminals in the olfactory bulb (OB) to their parent cell bodies in the midbrain raphe nuclei has been demonstrated after stereotaxic injection of [2H]5-HT into the OB of rats pretreated with a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor: at various time intervals thereafter (4-92 h) there was a preferential accumulation of radioactivity mainly in the raphe dorsalis nucleus (RDN). Maximal accumulation occurred at 24 h. Of this radioactivity, 30-50\% was recovered as 5-HT. The accumulation was estimated to take place at two rates: a fast one (48 mm/day) and a slower one (16 mm/day). Under the same experimental conditions there was no clear evidence for a retrograde accumulation of [3H]norepinephrine in the RDN. A passive diffusion mechanism could be excluded since the diffuson of tracer towards the cerebrospinal fluid was prevented by prior mechanical obstruction of the olfactory diverticle of the lateral ventricle. Furthermore, colchicine 
strongly reduced (by 80\%) the radioactive accumulatin in the RDN. Destruction of serotonergic nerve terminals by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or inhibiton of 5-HT uptake by fluoxetine decreased this retrograde accumulation whereas destruction of catecholaminergic nerve terminals by 6-hydroxydopamine was without effect. Pretreatment with reserpine decreased the amount of radioactivity transported to the RDN by 40\%. In the absence of MAO inhibition pretreatment, animals still presentd 35\% of the tracer transported to the RDN. Intrabulbar injection of MAO inhibitor did not affect the accumulation rates when compared with animals which received the inhibitor by the intraperitoneal route. In conclusion, the retrograde axonal transport following [3H]5-HT injection in the serotonergic RDN-OB system occurs via an active process which depends on a colchicine-sensitive mechanism and is partially linked to a reserp ine-sensitive structure. During its transport, the amine seems to be relatively protected from metabolic 
inactivation.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects; Brain Stem, metabolism; Cerebral Aqueduct, metabolism; Colchicine, pharmacology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Kinetics; Locus Coeruleus, metabolism; Male; Medial Forebrain Bundle, metabolism; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Olfactory Bulb, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, metabolism; Rats; Reserpine, pharmacology; Serotonin, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(80)90404-7},
  pmid        = {6156739},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Araneda:1981,
  Title                    = {Is the retrograde axonal transport of 3H-5-HT a specific process of serotoninergic neurons?},
  Author                   = {Araneda, S. and Font, C. and Pujol, J. F. and Bobillier, P.},
  Journal                  = {J Physiol (Paris)},
  Year                     = {1981},
  Number                   = {2-3},
  Pages                    = {233--235},
  Volume                   = {77},

  Abstract                 = {The specificity of the retrograde axonal transport of 3H-serotonin (3H-5-HT) was radioautographically studied in the afferents to the olfactory bulb (O.B.). Injections of 3H-5-HT of different concentrations (10(-2), 10(-3), 10(-4) and 10(-5) M) were performed into the O.B. of catron pretreated rats. Following injection of 3H-5-HT (10(-2) M), a cytoplasmic perikaryal labeling was observed in the bulk of afferents to the O.B. (aminergic and non-aminergic neurons). When lower concentrations of 3H-5-HT (10(-5) M) were injected into the O.B., the retrograde labeling was only seen in the raphe dorsalis (RD) serotoninergic perikarya. The specificity of the uptake-retrograde transport of 3H-5-HT seems to depend on the selectivity of uptake by nerve terminals.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism; Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Neurons, metabolism; Olfactory Bulb, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, metabolism; Rats; Serotonin, metabolism; Tritium},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {6169828},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013}
}

@Article{Araneda:1983,
  author      = {Araneda, S. and Font, C. and Pujol, J. F. and Bobillier, P.},
  title       = {Retrograde axonal transport after radioactive hydroxyindole injections into the olfactory bulb-an autoradiographic study.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {5},
  number      = {6},
  pages       = {741--750},
  doi         = {10.1016/0197-0186(83)90100-6},
  abstract    = {Light microscope autoradiography was used to study the retrograde transport of labelled material after injection of [(3)H]serotonin ([(3)H]5-HT), [(3)H]5-hydroxytryptophan ([(3)H]5-HTP) and [(14)C]5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ([(14)C]5-HIAA) into the olfactory bulb (OB) of rat. A perikaryal labelling was clearly visualized in the Raphe Dorsalis (RD) and the Raphe Centralis (RC) 24 h after injection of [(3)H]5-HT (but not after injection of [(3)H]5-HTP or [(14)C]5-HIAA) into the OB of rats without monoamine-oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). In the OB, the labelled cells (mitral, granular, periglomerular and tufted cells) and the varicosities (dispersed in granular, plexiform and glomerular layers) were greater in number and intensity at 8 h than at 24 h after [(3)H]5-HT (10(?3) M) injection. Five hours after injection of [(14)C]5-HIAA (10(?3) M) some mitral, granular and tufted cells were labelled in the cytoplasm, nuclei and dendrites. A few varicosities were also observed. In contrast, after [(3)H]5-
HTP injection no clear labelling was visualized in axonal processes. A net autoradiographic reaction was seen, however, in the capillary walls and some granular cells. After injection of [(3)H]5-HT at various concentrations (10(?2) M to 10(?5) M) into the OB of rats pretreated with MAOI, a selectivity in the pattern of labelling in the injection site and the afferent cell bodies was found at 10(?4) M and 10(?5) M. At these concentrations, the serotoninergic RD and RC neurons were clearly labelled, but the non-serotoninergic neurons such as those originating in the Locus Coeruleus, prepiriform cortex were devoid of label. In the OB, only varicosities and fiber-like structures were reactive. In the RD cell bodies, the intensity of labelling as well as the number of labelled cells were greater at higher concentrations of injected [(3)H]5-HT and when rats were pretreated with a MAOI.},
  institution = {INSERM U 171, Laboratoire de Médecine Expérimentale, Université Claude Bernard, 8, avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 2, France.},
  journal     = {Neurochem Int},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0197-0186(83)90100-6},
  pmid        = {20488005},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Araneda:1980,
  author      = {Araneda, S. and Gamrani, H. and Font, C. and Calas, A. and Pujol, J. F. and Bobillier, P.},
  title       = {Retrograde axonal transport following injection of [3H]-serotonin into the olfactory bulb. II. Radioautographic study.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {196},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {417--427},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(80)90405-9},
  abstract    = {Radioautography was used to study the intraneuronal distribution of [3H]-serotonin (5-HT) and/or its derivatives selectively taken up by the olfactory bulb (OB) serotonergic terminals and subsequently transported to their parent cell bodies in the midbrain raphe nuclei. This was done 24 h after injection of [3H]5-HT into the main OB of rats either pretreated or not with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. A prior mechanical obstruction of the rostral ventricular cavities prevented diffusion of the tracer towards cerebrospinal fluid. Heavily labelled nerve cell bodies were found mainly in the ipsilateral raphe dorsalis nucleus (RDN) and to a lesser extent in the raphe centralis nucleus. The radioautographic reaction often extended to dendritic processes while sparing the nucleus. A diffuse reaction was also observed but limited to the raphe area. The supraependymal 5-HT fibers were found to be free of labelling. Neither local destruction of catecholaminergic terminals with 6-OHDA, nor absence 
of MAO inhibition, impaired this radioautographic pattern, while destruction of serotonergic terminals with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine in OB resulted in the disappearance of labelled axonal varicosities and neurons in the OB and the RDN respectively. At the electron microscopy level, labelled cell bodies in the RDN were medium-sized (12-15 micrometers). Silver grains were localized mainly on mitochondria and, to a lesser extent, on lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum but spared the nucleus and the nucleolus. Silver grains were also found near the nuclear membrane and outside the neuronal membrane. The observation of heavy metal impregnated thick sections confirmed the preferential localization of silver grains on mitochondria with or without inhibition of MAO. These results could account for the subcellular compartments involved in the retrograde axonal transport of [3H]5-HT and its subsequent degradation and/or dendritic release.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, metabolism; Cerebral Aqueduct, metabolism; Male; Medial Forebrain Bundle, metabolism; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Olfactory Bulb, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, metabolism; Rats; Serotonin, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(80)90405-9},
  pmid        = {6156740},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Araneda:1999,
  author      = {S. Araneda and K. Gysling and A. Calas},
  title       = {Raphe serotonergic neurons projecting to the olfactory bulb contain galanin or somatostatin but not neurotensin.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {49},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {209--214},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00055-6},
  abstract    = {Retrograde axonal transport with [3H]5-HT has been developed as a specific tracing technique to identify serotonergic projections. This method, in combination with immunocytochemistry, offers considerable advantage of specificity and sensitivity to study pathways of multitransmitter-containing neurons. In this work, we studied the presence of galanin, somatostatin, and neurotensin in serotonergic neurons of dorsal and median raphe, which project to the olfactory bulbs. After [3H]5-HT injections into the rat olfactory bulbs, double galanin-immunoreactive and [3H]5-HT radiolabelled cells were located in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral region of dorsal raphe, but they were never seen in the median raphe. In the dorsal raphe, galanin-radiolabelled neurons represented 28\% of the total number of radiolabelled cells. Double somatostatin-immunoreactive and radiolabelled neurons were located in the dorsal and median raphe. In the dorsal raphe, double somatostatin-radiolabelled neurons represented 
only 11\% of the radiolabelled cells and they were mainly located ventral to the aqueduct. In the median raphe, 15\% of radiolabelled cells were also immunopositive for somatostatin. In contrast, neurotensin-immunoreactive cells in the dorsal and median raphe were distributed among [3H]5-HT radiolabelled neurons but they were never radiolabelled. Our results show subpopulations of serotonergic raphe-olfactory bulb projection neurons containing either galanin or somatostatin, but not neurotensin.},
  institution = {Département de Médecine Expérimentale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport, physiology; Female; Galanin, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Neurotensin, metabolism; Olfactory Bulb, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin, physiology; Somatostatin, metabolism; Stereotaxic Techniques},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0361-9230(99)00055-6},
  pmid        = {10435785},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Araneda:1989,
  author      = {Araneda, S. and Magoul, R. and Calas, A.},
  title       = {[3H]-serotonin retrograde labelling in serotonergic fibers.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {22},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {951--958},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(89)90005-1},
  abstract    = {Autoradiography, following retrograde axonal transport with [3H]-serotonin (10(-4) M) was used to identify, selectively, the serotonergic neurons of medullary raphe that innervate the spinal cord. In combination with this technique, immunocytochemical detection of endogenous serotonin showed some raphe magnus cell bodies immunostained by 5-HT antibodies and [3H]5-HT radiolabelled. Serotonergic fibers of lateral and dorsolateral funiculus of ligated spinal cord were also characterized following retrograde axonal transport with 10(-4) M [3H]-serotonin. At the ultrastructural level, mainly myelinated, although unmyelinated labelled fibers were also identified as swollen axons. Clusters of large membranous organelles, predominantly mitochondria, some dense lamellar bodies, multivesicular bodies and lysosomes accumulated on the distal segment of the ligation. Autoradiographic reaction was always observed to be very intense and silver grains overlapped mainly mitochondria (41\%) and clusters of 
membranous organelles (37\%). However, smooth endoplasmic reticulum seemed to be devoid of silver grains. From our results, serotonergic myelinated spinal fibers were labelled after uptake-retrograde axonal transport with [3H]5-HT. Mitochondria and membrane organelles could convey tritiated compounds derived from [3H]-serotonin uptake towards the serotonergic cell bodies.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie des Interactions Cellulaires, U.A. 339 C.N.R.S., Talence, France.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2477117},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Araneda:1989a,
  author      = {Araneda, S. and Magoul, R. and Calas, A.},
  title       = {Tracing specific transmitter pathways in the rat CNS: combination of [3H]serotonin retrograde labelling with immunocytochemical detection of endogenous transmitters.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {211--218},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-0270(89)90132-5},
  abstract    = {Selective retrograde labelling with [3H]serotonin ([3H]5-HT) can be used to identify serotonergic cell bodies after specific [3H]5-HT uptake by the corresponding nerve terminals. In the present study, we demonstrate that autoradiography of this [3H]5-HT radiolabelling can be combined with immunocytochemical detection of endogenous serotonin, GABA or substance P on the same tissue section. The midbrain raphe serotonergic projections to the olfactory bulb and the spinal projections of medullary serotonergic nuclei were investigated. The specificity of retrograde labelling with [3H]5-HT was confirmed by immunoreactivity of the radiolabelled cells for serotonin, using an antiserum specific for formaldehyde-fixed serotonin. After spinal injections of [3H]5-HT, many retrogradely labelled cells in the medullary raphe were immunopositive for substance P, and a few for GABA. These results are in agreement with the available information on the co-existence of putative transmitters in the spinal 
projections of caudal raphe neurons. Therefore, autoradiography of [3H]5-HT retrograde labelling combined with immunocytochemistry offers a possibility to test the specificity of transmitter-selective retrograde labelling, to identify transmitter-defined neuronal interactions and to investigate the projection fields of multitransmitter containing neurons.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Cytologie, Institut des Neurosciences CNRS, Universite de Paris VI, France.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Animals; Central Nervous System, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism; Substance P, metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2481794},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Araneda:1991,
  Title                    = {[Gaba innervation of serotonergic neurones innervating the thoracic marrow of the rat. Immunocytochemical and autoradiographic combination after retrograde axonal transport with tritiated serotonin ].},
  Author                   = {Araneda, S. and Magoul, R. and Calas, A.},
  Journal                  = {Bull Assoc Anat (Nancy)},
  Year                     = {1991},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Number                   = {229},
  Pages                    = {81--84},
  Volume                   = {75},

  Abstract                 = {Anatomical relationship between GABA terminals and serotonergic neurons that innervate the thoracic spinal cord was studied using combined methods: autoradiography following (3H) 5-HT retrograde transport and immunocytochemistry for GABA. Following (3H) 5-HT injections into the thoracic spinal cord, serotonergic neurons of raphe pallidus and magnus were specifically radiolabelled. At optic and electron microscopic levels, radiolabelled cells of raphe magnus and pallidus were in contact with GABA immunoreactive pre-synaptic nerve terminals. Some radiolabelled cell bodies were contacted by both GABA immunoreactive and immunonegative terminals. These results indicate the existence of a direct GABAergic input onto the medullary serotonergic neurons projecting to the thoracic spinal cord and suggest both GABAergic and non-GABAergic regulation of these serotonergic neurons. Thus, combination of both a specific tracing technique and immunocytochemistry offers considerable advantages of 
specificity and sensibility for the study of interrelationship between chemically defined neuronal pathways and/or of transmitter co-existence.},
  Institution              = {Département de Cytologie, URA CNRS 1199, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autoradiography, methods; Axons; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, analysis; Spinal Cord, chemistry/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  Language                 = {fre},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1777723},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014}
}

@Article{Aratan-Spire:1986,
  author      = {Aratan-Spire, S. and Wolf, B. and Czernichow, P.},
  title       = {Enzymatic degradation of thyrotropin releasing hormone by pancreatic homogenates. Failure to detect His-Pro-diketopiperazine as TRH metabolite.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {42},
  number      = {5},
  pages       = {399--406},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Characteristics of pancreatic TRH-degrading activity were determined using [L-proline-2,3-3H] TRH and [L-histidine-2,5-3H] TRH as tracers and thin-layer chromatography to detect, identify and quantify TRH metabolites following incubation of tritiated TRH with pancreatic homogenates. The apparent Km of pancreatic enzymes was 2.2 10(-5) M, the V, 45 pmol/min, and the apparent specific activity, 62.3 +/- 3.45 pmol/min/mg total protein. In conditions of enzyme saturation, the percent of TRH degraded was found to be similar to the sum of degraded products formed (TRH-OH and His-Pro). Based on the chromatographic identification of metabolites, the presence of a deamidase pathway and a nondeamidase pathway in the TRH-degradation process of the pancreas was postulated. To better characterize the corresponding pancreatic enzymes, active site-directed inhibitors were then used and metabolites yielded were compared to those obtained in the same experimental conditions using plasma as enzyme source. The 
detection of His-Pro diketopiperazine among the metabolites was of special interest since this biologically active metabolite was also found in the pancreas as an endogenous peptide and reported to be either a TRH degradation product or derived from sources other than just TRH. However, in presence of inhibitors, His-Pro diketopiperazine was only detected using plasma as enzyme source. Nevertheless, a pancreatic contribution to plasma TRH-degrading activity cannot be discarded.},
  journal     = {Neuroendocrinology},
  keywords    = {Animals; Enzymes, metabolism; Iodoacetates, pharmacology; Iodoacetic Acid; Isoflurophate, pharmacology; Kinetics; Male; Pancreas, drug effects/metabolism; Peptides, Cyclic, metabolism; Piperazines, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3084986},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Arbab:1988,
  Title                    = {Brain stem terminations of the trigeminal and upper spinal ganglia innervation of the cerebrovascular system: WGA-HRP transganglionic study.},
  Author                   = {M. A. Arbab and T. Delgado and L. Wiklund and N. A. Svendgaard},
  Journal                  = {J Cereb Blood Flow Metab},
  Year                     = {1988},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {54--63},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Abstract                 = {The central projections of the nerve fibers innervating the middle cerebral and basilar arteries were investigated by transganglionic tracing of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the rat. WGA-HRP was applied to the exposed basilar and/or middle cerebral arteries. Sections of the brain, trigeminal and upper spinal ganglia were reacted with tetramethylbenzidine for detection of the tracer. The results demonstrate that trigeminal neurons that innervate the middle cerebral artery project to the trigeminal main sensory nucleus, pars oralis, and the dorsocaudal two-fifths of pars interpolaris of the trigeminal brain stem nuclear complex. Terminals were also visible in the ipsilateral nucleus motorius dorsalis nervi vagi (dmnX) and in the lateral nucleus tractus solitarius (nTs) bilaterally at the level of the obex. The ventral periaqueductal gray, including the dorsal raphe and C2 dorsal horn, were also innervated by nerve fibers from the middle 
cerebral artery. Ipsilateral trigeminal rhizotomy prior to WGA-HRP application over the middle cerebral artery impeded the visualization of nerve terminations throughout the brain stem. Pretreatment with capsaicin reduced the density of labeled neurons and terminals within the trigeminal ganglion and the brain stem, respectively, following WGA-HRP application over the middle cerebral artery. Basilar artery fibers terminate in the C2 dorsal horn, the cuneate nuclei, dmnX, and nTs bilaterally. A few projections were also labeled in the ventral periaqueductal gray. Unilateral upper two spinal dorsal rhizotomy prior to WGA-HRP application over the exposed basilar artery resulted in terminal labeling within the C2 dorsal horn, the cuneate nucleus, dmnX, and nTs contralateral to the rhizotomy, whereas the ipsilateral side was devoid of any labeling. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy prior to WGA-HRP administration to the middle cerebral and basilar arteries did not alter the visualization of nerve 
terminations throughout the brain stem.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/jcbfm.1988.8},
  Institution              = {Neurosurgical Research Department, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Basilar Artery, innervation; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Capsaicin, pharmacology; Cerebral Arteries, innervation; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2448323},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1988.8}
}

@Article{Arbab:1988a,
  author      = {Arbab, M. A. and Wiklund, L. and Delgado, T. and Svendgaard, N. A.},
  title       = {Stellate ganglion innervation of the vertebro-basilar arterial system demonstrated in the rat with anterograde and retrograde WGA-HRP tracing.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {445},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {175--180},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(88)91090-6},
  abstract    = {Stellate ganglia projections to cerebral arteries have been investigated with wheatgerm-agglutinated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Injections of WGA-HRP into the stellate ganglia resulted in labelling of nerve fibres on the vertebral and basilar arteries, and their side branches. The innervation was bilateral, but with an ipsilateral predominance. After WGA-HRP application on the basilar artery, retrogradely labelled cells appeared in both stellate ganglia, but most numerously in the right ganglion (70-75\%). Failure to detect stellate projections to cerebral arteries in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-pretreated animals indicates that these fibres are of noradrenergic sympathetic character. It is suggested that the stellate fibres follow the vertebral arteries towards the basilar artery and its branches.},
  institution = {Neurosurgical Research Department, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebral Arteries, innervation; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stellate Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(88)91090-6},
  pmid        = {2452669},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Arbab:1986,
  author      = {M. A. Arbab and L. Wiklund and N. A. Svendgaard},
  title       = {Origin and distribution of cerebral vascular innervation from superior cervical, trigeminal and spinal ganglia investigated with retrograde and anterograde WGA-HRP tracing in the rat.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {19},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {695--708},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(86)90293-9},
  abstract    = {Peripheral sources of cerebral vascular innervation have been investigated with retrograde and anterograde neuronal tracing of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the rat. For retrograde identification of sources of innervation, WGA-HRP was applied to the exposed basilar artery through a fine slit in the overlying meninges, and sections of brain and peripheral ganglia were reacted with tetramethylbenzidine for detection of the tracer. A high density of tetramethylbenzidine reaction product was observed around the basilar artery and in the surrounding pial tissue, but the application sites were not completely selective since some tracer always had spread into the ventral brain stem. Retrogradely labelled cell bodies were identified in the superior cervical, stellate, first and second spinal, and trigeminal ganglia, i.e. these ganglia may represent origins of basilar artery innervation. In a second series of experiments, microinjections of WGA-HRP were 
placed into the indicated ganglia to obtain anterograde labelling of nerve fibres on whole-mounts of the cerebral vessels. Injections into trigeminal ganglia labelled nerve fibres on the ipsilateral half of the circle of Willis, as well as the contralateral anterior cerebral artery and the rostral part of the basilar artery. The first and second spinal ganglia projected to the vertebrobasilar arteries, while the ipsilateral part of the internal carotid (outside the circle of Willis) received fibres from the second spinal ganglion. Nerve fibres originating in trigeminal and spinal ganglia were organised in bundles, and between these a sparse plexus of thin single fibres appeared. Injection of WGA-HRP into superior cervical ganglion labelled a plexus of nerve fibres on the ipsilateral circle of Willis and the (rostral) basilar artery. These experiments demonstrated the origin and distribution of sympathetic and sensory innervation to major cerebral arteries in the rat.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Basilar Artery, innervation; Cerebral Arteries, innervation; Circle of Willis, innervation; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Ganglia, Sympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3491965},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Arbuthnott:1989,
  author      = {Arbuthnott, E. R. and Gladden, M. H. and Sutherland, F. I.},
  title       = {The selectivity of fusimotor innervation in muscle spindles of the rat studied by light microscopy.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {163},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {183--190},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Six muscle spindles and three muscle spindle poles from four rat soleus muscles have been sectioned serially at 1 micron intervals to trace the motor innervation by light microscopy. Forty myelinated axons had 92 endings on the intrafusal muscle fibres. 67.5\% of these axons supplied a single type of muscle fibre only, 22.5\% to dynamic bag1 (Db1) fibres, 15\% to static bag2 (Sb2) fibres and 30\% to chain fibres. The rest supplied more than one fibre type, 5\% supplying the Db1 and one chain fibre, 20\% supplying the Sb2 and chain fibres, but 7.5\% (three axons) supplied all the fibre types together. Apart from these three axons all the fusimotor axons would be expected to have a clear dynamic or static action on the Group Ia discharge. Whilst for the cat entirely non-specific distribution does not exist, or at least is very rare, since only a small proportion of the rat fusimotor axons were in this category we conclude that fusimotor distribution in rats and cats is essentially similar.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Eire.},
  journal     = {J Anat},
  keywords    = {Animals; Histological Techniques; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology; Muscle Spindles, cytology/physiology; Muscles, cytology/innervation/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2532635},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@InCollection{Arbuthnott:1987,
  author    = {Arbuthnott, G},
  title     = {Methods in the Mapping of Neurotransmitter Systems in the Brain},
  booktitle = {Transmitter Molecules in the Brain},
  year      = {1987},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {27--35},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-642-69950-4_4},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Arbuthnott:1982,
  author      = {Arbuthnott, G. and Wright, A. K.},
  title       = {Some non-fluorescent connections of the nigro-neostriatal dopamine neurones.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {9},
  number      = {1-6},
  pages       = {367--368},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(82)90147-2},
  abstract    = {This study of the relationships between cells identified by their catecholamine fluorescence and their less fortunate neighbours became possible with the advent of autoradiographic tracing methods. A major output from the neostriatum returns to the substantia nigra where it fills the pars reticulata. Outputs from this area of substantia nigra are present on both sides of the brain in the thalamus, in parts of parafascicular, intralaminar, and mediodorsal nuclei, and the superior colliculi in the deeper layers. Mainly unilateral pathways reach the ventromedial nucleus of thalamus and also pass under the lateral part of the colliculus to reach the region of the nucleus pendunculo-pontinus among the fibres of the brachium conjunctivum. The roles of those areas in the transmission of the output of the basal ganglia to the motor system of the animal, however, remain obscure.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Dopamine, metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7172035},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Arbuthnott:1990,
  author      = {G. W. Arbuthnott and N. K. MacLeod and D. J. Maxwell and A. K. Wright},
  title       = {Distribution and synaptic contacts of the cortical terminals arising from neurons in the rat ventromedial thalamic nucleus.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {38},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {47--60},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90373-c},
  abstract    = {Injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin within the ventromedial thalamic nucleus resulted in many filled fibres in the frontal areas of rat cerebral cortex. The fibres were restricted to the upper part of layer I except in a small area of motor cortex where terminals were also found in deeper layers. Terminals were also seen in the striatum, in parts of the mesencephalic reticular formation and occasionally in the contralateral ventromedial nucleus. There is some topographical order in the projection with medial and dorsal areas well represented in medial cortex while lateral parts of ventromedial nucleus are more directly related to the cortical area that receives the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus projection. Electron microscopic examination showed the terminals in layer I of cortex making synaptic contact with dendritic spines and small dendritic profiles that showed a very dense postsynaptic specialization. Neurons in the ventromedial nucleus could be 
antidromically driven from electrode positions along strips of cortex which could not be easily related to any known organizational pattern in the cortex. Thalamic neurons responding antidromically to only one stimulation site were more common when the stimulation was within motor cortical areas, suggesting that in this region a more restricted pattern of termination is the rule.},
  institution = {MRC Brain Metabolism Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Edinburgh, U.K.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Electrophysiology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(90)90373-C},
  pmid        = {2175021},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Ardenghi:1997,
  author      = {Ardenghi, P. and Barros, D. and Izquierdo, L. A. and Bevilaqua, L. and Schröder, N. and Quevedo, J. and Rodrigues, C. and Madruga, M. and Medina, J. H. and Izquierdo, I.},
  title       = {Late and prolonged post-training memory modulation in entorhinal and parietal cortex by drugs acting on the cAMP/protein kinase A signalling pathway.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {745--751},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1097/00008877-199712000-00010},
  abstract    = {Rats implanted bilaterally with cannulae in the entorhinal or posterior parietal cortex or in the amygdaloid nucleus were trained in one-trial step-down inhibitory (passive) avoidance using a 0.3 mA footshock. At 0, 3, 6 or 9 h after training, they received localized 0.5 microliter infusions into these areas of a vehicle, or of 8-Br-cAMP, forskolin (adenylyl cyclase activator), KT5720 (protein kinase A inhibitor), SKF38393 (dopamine D1 receptor agonist), SCH23390 (D1 antagonist), norepinephrine hydrochloride, timolol hydrochloride (beta blocker), 8-HO-DPAT (5-HT1A receptor agonist) or NAN-190 (5-HT1A antagonist) dissolved in 20\% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in saline (vehicle). Rats were tested for retention 24 h after training. 8-Br-cAMP, forskolin, SKF 38393 and norepinephrine caused memory facilitation and KT5720, SCH23390, timolol and 8-HO-DPAT caused retrograde amnesia when given into the entorhinal cortex 0, 3 or 6 h but not 9 h after training. When given into the posterior parietal 
cortex 0, 3 or 6 but not 9 h after training, KT5720 was amnestic. When given into this structure 3 or 6 h but not 0 or 9 h after training 8-Br-cAMP, forskolin and norepinephrine caused memory facilitation and KT5720, SCH23390 and timolol caused retrograde amnesia. All treatments given into the amygdala 0, 3 or 6 h after training were ineffective except for norepinephrine given at 0 h, which caused facilitation. The data point to a role of cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent mechanisms in memory formation in the entorhinal and parietal cortex, but not the amygdala, from 0 to 6 h after training, and to a strong modulation of these mechanisms by dopaminergic D1, beta-noradrenergic and 5-HT1A receptors. The lack of effect of NAN-190 but not 8-HO-DPAT in both cortical regions suggests that 5-HT1A receptors do not play a physiological role but can be activated pharmacologically. The fact that SCH23390 was amnestic but SKF38393 had no effect when given into the parietal cortex suggests that D1 receptors may play a 
maintenance rather than a stimulant role in this area.},
  institution = {Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (U.F.R.G.S.), Porto Alegre, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Behav Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine, pharmacology; 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate, pharmacology; Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Avoidance Learning, drug effects/physiology; Benzazepines, pharmacology; Carbazoles; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/physiology; Dopamine Agonists, pharmacology; Dopamine Antagonists, pharmacology; Entorhinal Cortex, drug effects/physiology; Indoles, pharmacology; Male; Memory, drug effects; Parietal Lobe, drug effects/physiology; Pyrroles, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction, drug effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9832961},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Argiolas:2005,
  author      = {Argiolas, Antonio and Melis, Maria Rosaria},
  title       = {Central control of penile erection: role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {76},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {1--21},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.002},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.002},
  abstract    = {The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is an integration centre between the central and peripheral autonomic nervous systems. It is involved in numerous functions from feeding, metabolic balance, blood pressure and heart rate, to erectile function and sexual behaviour. In particular, a group of oxytocinergic neurons originating in this nucleus and projecting to extra-hypothalamic brain areas (e.g., hippocampus, medulla oblongata and spinal cord) control penile erection in male rats. Activation of these neurons by dopamine and its agonists, excitatory amino acids (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid) or oxytocin itself, or by electrical stimulation leads to penile erection, while their inhibition by gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) and its agonists or by opioid peptides and opiate-like drugs inhibits this sexual response. The activation of these neurons is secondary to the activation of nitric oxide synthase, which produces nitric oxide. Nitric oxide in turn causes, by a mechanism that is as yet 
unidentified, the release of oxytocin in extra-hypothalamic brain areas. Other compounds recently identified that facilitate penile erection by activating central oxytocinergic neurons are peptide analogues of hexarelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, pro-VGF-derived peptides, endogenous peptides that may be released by neuronal nerve endings impinging on oxytocinergic cell bodies, SR 141716A, a cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, and, less convincingly, adrenocorticotropin-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (ACTH-MSH)-related peptides. Paraventricular oxytocinergic neurons and similar mechanisms are also involved in penile erection occurring in physiological contexts, namely noncontact erections that occur in male rats in the presence of an inaccessible receptive female, and during copulation. These findings show that the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus plays an important role in the control of erectile function and sexual activity. As the male rat is a model of sexual behaviour and penile 
physiology, which has largely increased in the last years our knowledge of peripheral and central mechanisms controlling erectile function (drugs that induce penile erection in male rats usually do so also in man), the above results may have great significance in terms of a human perspective for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.},
  institution = {Bernard B. Brodie Department of Neuroscience, Centre of Excellence for the Neurobiology of Addictions, University of Cagliari, S.P. Sestu-Monserrato Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy. argiolas@unica.it},
  journal     = {Prog Neurobiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Humans; Male; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, physiology; Penile Erection, physiology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0301-0082(05)00065-1},
  pmid        = {16043278},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Ariano:1994,
  author      = {M. A. Ariano and D. R. Sibley},
  title       = {Dopamine receptor distribution in the rat CNS: elucidation using anti-peptide antisera directed against D1A and D3 subtypes.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {649},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {95-110},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)91052-9},
  abstract    = {Anti-peptide antibodies were generated against amino acid sequences of intracellular and extracellular portions of the native proteins for the cloned rat D1A and D3 dopamine receptor subtypes in order to determine the cellular distribution of these specific forms in the brain. These polyclonal antisera exhibited high specific titers, assessed by ELISA and immunofluorescent detection of functional recombinant receptor proteins expressed in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Central nervous system (CNS) areas of the male rat were examined using standard immunofluorescent methods in fresh frozen tissues. This paradigm detected D1A-like and D3-like dopamine receptor staining primarily in larger-sized neurons throughout layers 3 and 5 of the cortex, in medium-diameter somata of the striatum, and in the densely packed cells of the olfactory tubercle and hippocampal formation. More attenuated immunoreactivity for both dopamine receptor subtypes was noted in the substantia nigra, 
not associated with perikarya. Differences in cellular staining patterns and intensity were evident between the D1A-like and D3-like dopamine receptor subtypes. Equivalent morphological elements exhibited dopamine receptor expression following incubation using antisera generated against either extracellular or intracellular epitopes of either the D1A or D3 native proteins. Dopamine receptor immunoreactivity could not be detected in the cerebellum at equivalent antisera dilutions used to discriminate cellular staining patterns within the forebrain. Fluorescent-labeled latex microspheres were infused into the substantia nigra terminal fields to retrogradely identify the cell bodies of the striatonigral projection system. This paradigm showed that 80\% of striatonigral neurons expressed D1A-like receptors, while 65\% demonstrated D3-like dopamine receptor staining. This distribution for the D1A-like and D3-like receptor subtypes suggests that overlap may occur in the expression of the receptors in the 
striatonigral neuron population. Our previous results localizing cellular D2-like receptor expression patterns in this projection system of the rat neostriatum implies that all three of these dopamine receptor subtypes may be co-expressed in this efferent system.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antibody Specificity; Brain, metabolism; CHO Cells; Cricetinae; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Molecular Sequence Data; Peptides, immunology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Dopamine D1, immunology/metabolism; Receptors, Dopamine D2; Receptors, Dopamine D3; Receptors, Dopamine, immunology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {0006-8993(94)91052-9},
  pmid        = {7953659},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Ariano:1983,
  author      = {M. A. Ariano and S. K. Ufkes},
  title       = {Cyclic nucleotide distribution within rat striatonigral neurons.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {9},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {23--29},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(83)90043-x},
  abstract    = {Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate and guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate have differential immunohistochemical distributions within retrogradely-labeled striatonigral neurons of the rat. Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate is localized within more than half of the striatonigral projection neurons. It is also within the cytoplasm of other neurons and oligodendroglia. Guanosine cyclic 3'-5'-monophosphate is localized within 80\% of the identified striatonigral neurons. These large percentages of cyclic nucleotide immunoreactivity within the striatonigral neurons suggest some of these efferent cells must contain both cyclic nucleotides. The immunofluorescent staining for guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate is almost identical to that reported for efferent neurotransmitter-containing neurons of the caudate nucleus. However, the large proportion of striatonigral neurons demonstrating guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate immunoreactivity precludes the association of the cyclic nucleotide 
with a selective neurotransmitter agent. Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate-reactive elements are very different in staining appearance from guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate and neurotransmitter-identified somata. The number of striatonigral cells exhibiting reaction for this cyclic nucleotide does not eliminate the possibility that adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate might be preferentially co-localized with a specific neurotransmitter, such as gamma-aminobutyrate, as has been previously suggested through biochemical experimentation.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Caudate Nucleus, metabolism; Corpus Striatum, metabolism; Cyclic AMP, metabolism; Cyclic GMP, metabolism; Efferent Pathways, metabolism; Male; Putamen, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(83)90043-X},
  pmid        = {6308505},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Arimatsu:2002,
  author      = {Arimatsu, Y. and Ishida, M.},
  title       = {Distinct neuronal populations specified to form corticocortical and corticothalamic projections from layer VI of developing cerebral cortex.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {114},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {1033--1045},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00201-4},
  abstract    = {Layer VI of the cerebral cortex contains heterogeneous populations of pyramidal neurons whose axons project either cortically or subcortically. It has been shown that a subset of layer VI neurons expressing latexin projects ipsilaterally to other cortical areas but does not contribute to the corticothalamic projections. Taking advantage of the connectional specificity of latexin-expressing neurons, we here determine whether corticocortical and corticothalamic neurons are generated at different times, and at which stage the connectional distinction develops in corticogenesis. Our experimental findings indicate that: (1) thalamic-projecting neurons in layer VI of the rat secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) are born at embryonic day 14 or before while latexin-expressing neurons in the same layer are generated at embryonic day 15 or later; (2) axonal invasion by SII neurons into ipsilateral cortical areas and into the posterior dorsal thalamus mainly takes place early in the postnatal period; (
3) latexin-expressing neurons never project toward the dorsal thalamus in normal development; (4) presumptive latexin-expressing neurons in the neonatal SII are able to grow into a cortical slice in vitro, but do not invade a thalamic slice even transiently; (5) thalamic-projecting neurons, on the other hand, fail to simultaneously establish connections with a cortical slice. Taken together, our findings suggest that the time frame in which presumptive corticocortical and corticothalamic neurons are generated differs, and that the two populations are restricted in connectional fate potential by the perinatal period prior to target innervation.},
  institution = {Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, 11 Minamiooya, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan. yasu@libra.ls.m-kagaku.co.jp},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Age Factors; Animals; Antigens, analysis; Axons, chemistry; Female; Mitosis; Neural Pathways; Neurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Organ Culture Techniques; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development; Thalamus, cytology/growth /&/ development},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452202002014},
  pmid        = {12379257},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Arimatsu:2003,
  author      = {Yasuyoshi Arimatsu and Mami Ishida and Takeshi Kaneko and Sachiyo Ichinose and Akira Omori},
  title       = {Organization and development of corticocortical associative neurons expressing the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {466},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {180--196},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.10875},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10875},
  abstract    = {The developmental mechanism that contributes to the highly organized axonal connections within the cerebral cortex is not well understood. This is partly due to the lack of molecular markers specifically expressed in corticocortical associative neurons during the period of circuit formation. We have shown previously that latexin, a carboxypeptidase A inhibitor, is expressed in intrahemispheric corticocortical neurons from the second postnatal week in the rat (Arimatsu et al. [1999] Cereb. Cortex 9:569-576). In the present study, we first demonstrate in the adult rat that the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 is coexpressed in latexin-expressing neurons located in layer V, sublayer VIa, and the white matter of the lateral sector of the neocortex, and also in latexin-negative early born neurons in sublayer VIb of the entire neocortex. Virtually all Nurr1-expressing neurons exhibit immunoreactivity for phosphate-activated glutaminase but not for gamma-aminobutyric acid, suggesting that they are 
glutamatergic-excitatory neurons. By combining Nurr1 immunohistochemistry and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-birthdating, we then show that Nurr1 is expressed in (early born) subplate neurons and (later born) presumptive latexin-expressing neurons from embryonic day 18 onward. Finally, by combination of Nurr1 immunohistochemistry and retrograde tracing, we show that Nurr1-expressing neurons, including those in sublayer VIb, contribute predominantly to long-range intrahemispheric corticocortical projections. These results raise the possibility that Nurr1 plays a role in the establishment and maintenance of normal corticocortical circuitry and function.},
  institution = {Cortical Circuits Research Unit, Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo 194-8511, Japan. yasu@libra.ls.m-kagaku.co.jp},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; DNA-Binding Proteins, biosynthesis/genetics; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, physiology; Neocortex, embryology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Neural Pathways, embryology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Transcription Factors, biosynthesis/genetics},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {14528447},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Arimatsu:1999,
  author      = {Y. Arimatsu and M. Ishida and M. Sato and M. Kojima},
  title       = {Corticocortical associative neurons expressing latexin: specific cortical connectivity formed in vivo and in vitro.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {9},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {569--576},
  doi         = {10.1093/cercor/9.6.569},
  abstract    = {Latexin, a carboxypeptidase A inhibitor, is expressed in a subset of neurons in the infragranular layers of the lateral cortex in the rat. We here show that latexin-expressing neurons exhibit ultrastructural features common to cortical pyramidal neurons. We show in combined retrograde tracing and immunofluorescent experiments that latexin-expressing neurons contribute to specific corticocortical pathways. Thus, injections of the retrograde tracer fluorogold into either the primary somatosensory (SI) or the primary motor (MI) cortical area labeled many latexin-expressing neurons in the infragranular layers of the secondary somatosensory (SII) and visceral sensory (Vi) areas. In contrast, tracer injections involving the thalamus, striatum, or contralateral SII and Vi exclusively labeled latexin-nonexpressing neurons in both the SII and Vi. Finally, we show that the correct corticocortical projections can be formed in organotypic slice cultures in vitro from latexin-expressing neurons: when 
slices of developing SII were cocultured with those from the SI and the thalamus, latexin-immunoreactive neurons in the SII projected preferentially to their normal SI target. The specific connectivity formed in vivo and in vitro by this molecularly distinct neuronal population reveals its characteristic manner of cortical organization and provides a unique model system to analyze mechanisms underlying the formation of precise corticocortical pathways.},
  institution = {Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Machida-shi, Tokyo, Japan. yasu@libra.ls.m-kagaku.co.jp},
  journal     = {Cereb Cortex},
  keywords    = {Age Factors; Animals; Antibodies; Antigens, analysis/immunology; Axons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Female; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Efferent, chemistry/ultrastructure; Organ Culture Techniques; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stilbamidines},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {10498275},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Arimatsu:1991,
  author      = {Arimatsu, Y. and Miyamoto, M.},
  title       = {Survival-promoting effect of NGF on in vitro septohippocampal neurons with cholinergic and GABAergic phenotypes.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {58},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {189--201},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-3806(91)90005-4},
  abstract    = {Recently, we demonstrated a survival-promoting effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on cultured hippocampus-projecting neurons from developing septum/diagonal band region using fluorescent latex microspheres as a retrograde neuronal marker (Arimatsu et al., 1989). In the present study, we characterized these projection neurons by combining the retrograde cell labeling and histochemical stainings for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and NGF receptor-, choline acetyltransferase- (ChAT-) and gamma-aminobutyric acid- (GABA-) immunoreactivities. The surviving microsphere-labeled neurons were, for the most part, immunoreactive for NGF receptor in the culture. A great majority (about 90\%) of the microsphere-labeled neurons showed strong AChE activity and ChAT-immunoreactivity. The number of strongly AChE-positive neurons and that of ChAT-immunoreactive neurons in the culture supplemented with NGF was much greater with than without exogenous NGF. In addition, a major part (about 70\%) of the 
microsphere-labeled neurons exhibited GABA-immunoreactivity in the presence of NGF. The number was also much greater than that without NGF. A considerable portion of cultured septal cholinergic neurons were shown to express GABA-immunoreactivity by a two-color immunofluorescence labeling experiment for ChAT and GABA. These findings are consistent with the assumption that NGF plays an important role in the development and organization of the cholinergic and GABAergic septohippocampal systems by supporting the neuronal survival, and raise a possibility that cholinergic and GABAergic fractions of the septohippocampal neurons may be developmentally correlated.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Cell Survival, drug effects; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Hippocampus, cytology/drug effects; Nerve Growth Factors, metabolism/pharmacology; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Phenotype; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Cell Surface, metabolism; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor; Septum Pellucidum, cytology/drug effects; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1851468},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Arimatsu:1989,
  author      = {Y. Arimatsu and M. Miyamoto and H. Tsukui and H. Hatanaka},
  title       = {Nerve growth factor promotes survival of retrogradely labeled hippocampus-projecting neurons in the rat basal forebrain in vitro.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {45},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {297--301},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-3806(89)90048-5},
  abstract    = {The effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the survival of neurons projecting to the hippocampus from developing medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band was studied in vitro. The neurons had previously been labeled retrogradely in vivo with fluorescent latex microspheres. The microspheres were injected bilaterally into the hippocampus of 5-day-old rats. Twenty to 24 h after the injection, cells from the basal forebrain were dissociated with papain and cultured for 3-5 days. The number of microsphere-labeled neurons in the culture with supplementation of NGF was much greater than that without NGF. The result clearly indicates a survival-promoting effect of NGF on these projection neurons.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Survival, drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Hippocampus, cytology/drug effects; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nerve Growth Factors, pharmacology; Neurons, cytology/drug effects; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Telencephalon, cytology/drug effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2713985},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Arimura:2009,
  author      = {Nariko Arimura and Toshihide Kimura and Shinichi Nakamuta and Shinichiro Taya and Yasuhiro Funahashi and Atsushi Hattori and Akiko Shimada and Céline Ménager and Saeko Kawabata and Kayo Fujii and Akihiro Iwamatsu and Rosalind A Segal and Mitsunori Fukuda and Kozo Kaibuchi},
  title       = {Anterograde transport of TrkB in axons is mediated by direct interaction with Slp1 and Rab27.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {675--686},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.devcel.2009.03.005},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2009.03.005},
  abstract    = {The neurotrophin receptors TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC are localized at the surface of the axon terminus and transmit key signals from brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for diverse effects on neuronal survival, differentiation, and axon formation. Trk receptors are sorted into axons via the anterograde transport of vesicles and are then inserted into axonal plasma membranes. However, the transport mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the Slp1/Rab27B/CRMP-2 complex directly links TrkB to Kinesin-1, and that this association is required for the anterograde transport of TrkB-containing vesicles. The cytoplasmic tail of TrkB binds to Slp1 in a Rab27B-dependent manner, and CRMP-2 connects Slp1 to Kinesin-1. Knockdown of these molecules by siRNA reduces the anterograde transport and membrane targeting of TrkB, thereby inhibiting BDNF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in axons. Our data reveal a molecular mechanism for the selective anterograde transport of TrkB in axons and show how 
the transport is coupled to BDNF signaling.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa, Nagoya, Japan.},
  journal     = {Dev Cell},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, metabolism; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Rats; Receptor, trkB, metabolism; rab GTP-Binding Proteins, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1534-5807(09)00095-1},
  pmid        = {19460344},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Arluison:1990a,
  author      = {Arluison, M. and Behzadi, G. and Vankova, M.},
  title       = {Mapping neuropeptide-containing pathways in the brain with special reference to data obtained from the rat limbic system.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {123},
  pages       = {1--38},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60669-5},
  institution = {Departement de Cytologie, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Int Rev Cytol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Lectins; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Neuroanatomy, methods; Neuropeptides, analysis; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2289846},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Arluison:1994,
  author      = {Arluison, M. and Brochier, G. and Vankova, M. and Leviel, V. and Villalobos, J. and Tramu, G.},
  title       = {Demonstration of peptidergic afferents to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis using local injections of colchicine. A combined immunohistochemical and retrograde tracing study.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {34},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {319--337},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(94)90026-4},
  abstract    = {In the present study, we demonstrate the existence of numerous peptidergic afferents to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) using the retrograde transport of gold-labeled wheat germ agglutinin-apo-peroxidase (G-WGA-HRP) combined with the indirect immunoperoxidase method after intraparenchymatous injections of colchicine. At first, we show that local injections of colchicine alone into the BNST are able to induce the retrograde accumulation of peptides until the nerve cell bodies of origin, probably because of the blockade of axonal transport in nerve terminal arborizations innervating this nucleus. The actual existence of putative peptidergic afferents to the BNST indicated by the local injections of colchicine was established using: a) the retrograde transport of G-WGA-HRP from the BNST combined with immunocytochemistry after administration of colchicine at the same place, b) the anterograde "transport" of the fluorescent tracer DiI from selected nuclei of the forebrain. We 
demonstrate that the neurons immunoreactive for enkephalins, neurotensin, or substance P that innervate the BNST are localized mainly in the central amygdaloid nucleus, the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus ipsilateral to the injection, as well as bilaterally in the magnocellular paraventricular and perifornical regions of the hypothalamus. From these results it may be concluded that intracerebral injections of colchicine constitute a powerful tool to search for multiple peptidergic afferents to a given brain nucleus using only immunohistochemistry. The existence of these pathways, however, must be verified by other neuroanatomical methods because of the problem of nerve fibers of passage.},
  institution = {Lab. de Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires, Institut des Neurosciences CNRS, Université P. et M. Curie, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Carbocyanines; Colchicine, diagnostic use; Enkephalin, Methionine, immunology/metabolism; Enkephalins, immunology/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Ibotenic Acid, pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Neuropeptides, physiology; Neurotensin, immunology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substance P, immunology/metabolism; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, immunology/metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0361-9230(94)90026-4},
  pmid        = {7521777},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Arluison:1984,
  author      = {Arluison, M. and Dietl, M. and Thibault, J.},
  title       = {Ultrastructural morphology of dopaminergic nerve terminals and synapses in the striatum of the rat using tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry: a topographical study.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {13},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {269--285},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(84)90128-x},
  abstract    = {Structures immunoreactive for TH were examined in the rat striatum (including caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens and globus pallidus) by electron microscopy using the indirect peroxidase-labeled antibody method. Axon profiles and nerve terminals were the only structures stained by DAB precipitates in the axoplasm. The reactive boutons frequently contained a population of large pleomorphic vesicles (40-60 nm in diameter) but their interiors remained free of reactions. The synaptic contacts formed belonged principally to the symmetric type 2 of Gray while asymmetric Gray's type 1 synapses were rarely observed. The former were mostly apposed to dendritic trunks (rarely to perikarya) and the latter to dendritic spines. In addition, numerous immunoreactive nerve terminals were often found in close contact with small structures identified as the neck of dendritic spines. The active zone of these presumed synapses was characterized by a prominent thickening of the presynaptic membrane but the post-
synaptic thickening was lacking. For similar reasons, it was difficult to assert the existence of one axo-axonic synapse when a positive nerve terminal was closely apposed to another one (generally unreactive). The exact morphology of dopaminergic synapses, or even their existence, have not been firmly established owing to large discrepancies between previous reports. No synapses, or synaptic contacts of either asymmetric or symmetric type were described according to the technique used. Our work was undertaken to elucidate further this problem, and in particular, we thought that regional differences in the synaptic organization might explain the divergent data. However, regional quantitative analysis performed in this study did not show significant differences in the percentage of either kind of synapses in the various striatal regions.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, enzymology; Corpus Striatum, enzymology/ultrastructure; Dopamine, physiology; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, enzymology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synaptic Transmission; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6149794},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Arluison:1990,
  author      = {M. Arluison and M. Vankova and F. Cesselin and V. Leviel},
  title       = {Origin of some enkephalin-containing afferents to the ventro-medial region of the globus pallidus in the rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {25},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {25--34},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(90)90249-y},
  abstract    = {The retrograde transport of WGA-HRP adsorbed to colloidal gold was combined with the indirect immunoperoxidase technique to study the origin of enkephalin-containing afferents to the medial and ventral regions of the globus pallidus (GP). On the injected side, the nerve cell bodies labeled retrogradely or double labeled were numerous in the central nucleus of the amygdala (ACe), scattered in the bed nucleus stria terminalis (BNST) and few in the fundus striati. In the ACe, approximately 40\% and 20\% of the retrogradely labeled perikarya were found immunoreactive for Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin, respectively, whereas they were only 30\% and 15\% in the BNST. It is concluded that the enkephalinergic afferents of the ventro-medial region of GP, which contains the basal nucleus of Meynert in the rat, are largely of limbic origin.},
  institution = {M. Curie, Institut des Neurosciences CNRS (UA M99), Dept. Cytologie, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Enkephalin, Leucine, metabolism; Enkephalin, Methionine, metabolism; Enkephalins, metabolism; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stereotaxic Techniques; Substantia Innominata, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0361-9230(90)90249-Y},
  pmid        = {2207712},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Armand:1982,
  author      = {Armand, J.},
  title       = {The origin, course and terminations of corticospinal fibers in various mammals.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {57},
  pages       = {329--360},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/S0079-6123(08)64136-9},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(08)64136-9},
  journal     = {Prog Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Mammals; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Pyramidal Tracts, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0079-6123(08)64136-9},
  pmid        = {7156398},
  timestamp   = {18.11.2015},
}

@Article{Armand:1984,
  author      = {Armand, J.},
  title       = {[The pyramidal tract. Recent anatomic and physiologic findings].},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {fre},
  volume      = {140},
  number      = {5},
  pages       = {309--329},
  note        = {Article in french.},
  abstract    = {The cortical origin of the pyramidal tract is first considered. Contributions of retrograde degeneration studies as well as fiber counting method following different cortical lesions are presented and discussed. The results of these classical neuro-anatomical methods are compared with those of the more recent retrograde transport tracing method. The number and the diameter spectrum of pyramidal tract fibers differ in various mammals. In more evolved species the number of pyramidal fibers increase and their diameter span becomes wider. The thickest fibers are found in man. Along their diencephalic, mesencephalic, pontine and medullary course, axonal collaterals of corticospinal axons may terminate onto cells of origin of other descending pathways, onto relay cells of ascending pathways, and onto neurons projecting to the cerebellum. At the spinal level, the rostrocaudal extent and the termination area of corticospinal fibers may differ in various mammals. In a first group of mammals, the 
corticospinal fibers extend only to cervical or mid-thoracic segments and terminate in the dorsal horn. In a second group of mammals, the corticospinal fibers extend throughout the spinal cord and terminate in the dorsal horn and the intermediate zone. In a third group of mammals, the corticospinal fibers extend throughout the spinal cord and terminate in the dorsal horn, the intermediate zone and the dorsolateral part of the lateral motoneuronal cell group. In a fourth group of mammals, the corticospinal fibers also extend throughout the spinal cord and terminate in the dorsal horn, the intermediate zone and the dorsolateral as well as the ventral parts of the lateral motoneuronal cell group. A comparison is made between these different types of spinal terminations and the motor capacities of these different species. The motor deficits observed after pyramidal lesions are summarized and a comparison is made between the corticospinal tract and the descending brain stem pathways. According to 
electrophysiological studies in conscious animals different pyramidal units can be activated during different types of movements and at different times during the preparation or execution of a movement. Recent neuro-anatomical data suggest that the pyramidal tract is composed of many structural subsystems. Recent physiological data suggest that the pyramidal tract can be involved in various aspects of the motor control.},
  journal     = {Rev Neurol (Paris)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping, methods; Cats; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Dogs; Electrophysiology; Extrapyramidal Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology; Humans; Mammals; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Movement; Pyramidal Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rabbits; Rats; Species Specificity},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6379818},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Armengol:1991a,
  Title                    = {Analysis of the ipsi- and contralateral location of the neurons of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis projecting to the cerebellum and of the trajectory of their axons within the pons to the brachium pontis. An "in vivo" and "in vitro" study.},
  Author                   = {J. A. Armengol and P. Salinas},
  Journal                  = {J Hirnforsch},
  Year                     = {1991},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {715-724},
  Volume                   = {32},

  Abstract                 = {Using three different retrograde tracing techniques, we analysed the broad distribution of ipsi-, contra- and bilateral NRTP neurons projecting to the cerebellum in the adult rat. The placement of the tracers into the cerebellar peduncles allowed us to determine the overall pattern of the NRTP-cerebellar projection. At the same time, the HRP "in vitro" technique permitted the study of the axonal profiles of the NRTP neurons within the pons until reaching the brachium pontis. Our observations confirm: i) A symmetrical organization of the NRTP-cerebellar projection, the number and location of ipsi- and contralateral NRTP neurons being very similar in all cases; ii) The only exception is represented by the rostralmost portions of the NRTP, in which the neurons show a cluster-complementary pattern; iii) The axons of the NRTP neurons cross the pontine midline at the dorsalmost aspect of the BPN, occupying a medial location within the brachium pontis.},
  Institution              = {Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology; Cerebellum, cytology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, ultrastructure; Pons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Morawska, Pauline},
  Pmid                     = {1821418},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Armengol:1991,
  author      = {J. A. Armengol and C. Sotelo},
  title       = {Early dendritic development of Purkinje cells in the rat cerebellum. A light and electron microscopic study using axonal tracing in 'in vitro' slices.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {64},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {95-114},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-3806(91)90213-3},
  abstract    = {The early stages in the formation of Purkinje cell dendritic arbors have been analyzed using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) 'in vitro' axonal tracing method, from embryonic day 19 (E19) to postnatal day 6 (P6). These stages comprise the transition from the bipolar Purkinje cell, at the end of its migration, to the phase of stellate cell with disoriented dendrites. Postmigratory Purkinje cells in the cortical plate exhibit poorly elaborated bipolar shapes, here named 'simple-fusiform' cells. They constitute the vast majority of labeled cells up to P0, and thereafter they decrease in number until P4. As a result of continuous outgrowth of new primary dendrites emerging from the apical pole but also from the basal and lateral aspects of the cell bodies, the Purkinje cells enter the 'complex-fusiform' phase, which peaks by P1 and slowly disappears by P6. The disappearance of 'complex-fusiform' cells is the result of an intense regressive process with resorption or retraction of the long 
dendrites that reaches a maximum by P3. We have called this stage: the Purkinje cell with 'regressive-atrophic' dendrites. This regression marks the initiation of the phase of the stellate cell, characterized by the explosive outgrowth of shorter perisomatic protrusions emerging in all directions. By P6, almost all the labeled Purkinje cells have attained this phase. The ultrastructural study of the labeled Purkinje cells has revealed that the transient dendrites of the fusiform cells have all the cytologic features of mature dendrites, particularly cytoskeletal elements (microtubules) and free polyribosomes. More importantly, axon terminals of unknown origin establish a few, constantly present, mature-like synaptic contacts on the dendritic shafts and spinous protrusions from P0, the earliest studied age. Their frequency increases on the Purkinje cells which enter the phase of stellate cell. Our results emphasize that the transformation of bipolar postmigratory Purkinje cells into the stellate cell stage 
results from a complex cascade of alternating creative and destructive processes, taking place in parallel with the formation and regression of mature synaptic contacts, between the remodelling dendritic arbors and unidentified afferent inputs. Purkinje cells, in all the different transitional stages, are present side by side in the same folial regions, at least until P4, and receive a similar contingent of synaptic input. This indicates that the dendritic remodelling is not driven by the synaptic inputs, but obeys either neural interactions that lead Purkinje cells to assume their monocellular layer configuration, or an internal clock depending on the Purkinje cell birthdate, or an interplay between these two kinds of mechanisms.},
  institution = {INSERM U.106, Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Atrophy; Axons, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Embryo, Mammalian, ultrastructure; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Electron; Purkinje Cells, pathology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {1786652},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Armengol:1989,
  author      = {Armengol, José Angel and Sotelo, Constantino and Angaut, Pierre and Alvarado-Mallart, Rosa-Magda},
  title       = {Organization of Host Afferents to Cerebellar Grafts Implanted into Kainate Lesioned Cerebellum in Adult Rats.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {75--93},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {This paper examines the organization of host afferents within cerebellar grafts implanted into kainic acid lesioned cerebellum. Our selection of a cerebellum, a prime example of a 'point-to-point' system, permits precise determination of the degree and the specificity of host-graft interactions. One month after a cerebellar injection of kainic acid, the lesion produced can be divided into two concentric regions: (i) a central necrotic zone, totally depleted of neurons (zone 1), and (ii) a peripheral zone which lacks all Purkinje cells but preserves its cortical lamination (zone 2). Two months after the implantation of solid pieces of embryonic cerebellum, the graft has evolved into a minicerebellar structure, occupying most of zone 1. The grafted minicerebellum consists of a highly convoluted trilaminated cortex with a core containing deep nuclear neurons. Purkinje cells are positioned between the molecular and granular layer with their short and irregular dendrites branching within the 
former. Donor foetal Purkinje cells migrate into the contiguous portion of the molecular layer of the host zone 2. These embryonic neurons set up within the upper three-quarters of the host molecular layer, and develop monoplanar dendritic trees that span the whole width of the layer. The organization of host-graft interactions was studied by autoradiography of anterogradely transported tritiated leucine, injected in the host bulbar region containing the caudal half of the inferior olivary complex (origin of all vermal climbing fibres) and the dorsally adjacent paramedian reticular nucleus (origin of a few mossy fibres). Numerous labelled fibres cross the host-graft interface from the white matter of the host cerebellum, and provide innervation to the minicerebellar structure. The vast majority of these labelled axons terminate in the molecular layer, forming axonal arborizations that follow the shape of the Purkinje cell dendrites. The labelled climbing fibres are organized into uneven sagittally aligned 
strips, which mimic that of olivocerebellar projections in control rats. Only a small proportion of host labelled fibres end in the donor granular layer, forming typical mossy fibre rosettes. The latter are present in the region of the graft close to the host-graft interface. In addition, labelled axons are observed climbing over the dendritic trees of grafted Purkinje cells that have invaded a portion of the host molecular layer of zone 2. In all regions containing grafted Purkinje cells and labelled climbing fibres, the density of the innervation is close to normal with practically all Purkinje cells receiving a climbing fibre. The extensive integration of the grafted cells into the deficient neuronal networks of the host clearly illustrates the positive neurotropic effect exerted by immature cerebellar neurons on adult extracerebellar afferent fibres. The hodological integration, allowing a possible restoration of the impaired cerebellar circuitry, takes place respecting the specificity and topographic 
distribution which characterize the 'point-to-point' arrangement of normal cerebellar circuitry.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie. INSERM U. 106. Hôpital de la Salpétrière, 75651 Paris Cédex 13, France.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {ejn_01010075},
  pmid        = {12106176},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Armstrong:2015,
  Title                    = {Target-Selectivity of Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons in Layer II of Medial Entorhinal Cortex in Normal and Epileptic Animals.},
  Author                   = {Armstrong, Caren and Wang, Jessica and Lee, Soo Yeun and Broderick, John and Bezaire, Marianne J. and Lee, Sang-Hun and Soltesz, Ivan},
  Journal                  = {Hippocampus},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = {Dec},

  Abstract                 = {The medial entorhinal cortex layer II (MEClayerII ) is a brain region critical for spatial navigation and memory, and it also demonstrates a number of changes in patients with, and animal models of, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Prior studies of GABAergic microcircuitry in MEClayerII revealed that cholecystokinin-containing basket cells (CCKBCs) select their targets on the basis of the long-range projection pattern of the postsynaptic principal cell. Specifically, CCKBCs largely avoid reelin-containing principal cells that form the perforant path to the ipsilateral dentate gyrus and preferentially innervate non-perforant path forming calbindin-containing principal cells. We investigated whether parvalbumin containing basket cells (PVBCs), the other major perisomatic targeting GABAergic cell population, demonstrate similar postsynaptic target selectivity as well. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that the functional or anatomic arrangement of circuit selectivity is disrupted 
in MEClayerII in chronic TLE, using the repeated low-dose kainate model in rats. In control animals, we found that PVBCs innervated both principal cell populations, but also had significant selectivity for calbindin-containing principal cells in MEClayerII . However, the magnitude of this preference was smaller than for CCKBCs. In addition, axonal tracing and paired recordings showed that individual PVBCs were capable of contacting both calbindin and reelin-containing principal cells. In chronically epileptic animals, we found that the intrinsic properties of the two principal cell populations, the GABAergic perisomatic bouton numbers, and selectivity of the CCKBCs and PVBCs remained remarkably constant in MEClayerII . However, miniature IPSC frequency was decreased in epilepsy, and paired recordings revealed the presence of direct excitatory connections between principal cells in the MEClayerII in epilepsy, which is unusual in normal adult MEClayerII . Taken together, these findings advance our knowledge 
about the organization of perisomatic inhibition both in control and in epileptic animals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/hipo.22559},
  Institution              = { Neurobiology.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {aheadofprint},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {26663222},
  Timestamp                = {05.01.2016},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22559}
}

@Article{Armstrong:1998,
  author      = {C. L. Armstrong and D. A. Hopkins},
  title       = {Neurochemical organization of paratrigeminal nucleus projections to the dorsal vagal complex in the rat.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {785},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {49--57},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01322-x},
  abstract    = {The paratrigeminal nucleus, located in the spinal trigeminal tract rostral to the obex, is important in the integration of visceral and somatosensory afferent information and may modulate autonomic function through its projections to the dorsal vagal complex. Anterograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracers were used in conjunction with immunohistochemistry to determine the neurochemical organization of the efferent pathway from the paratrigeminal nucleus to the dorsal vagal complex in the rat. Double-labelling studies demonstrated that leu-enkephalin, 28-kDa calbindin, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase were present in neurons in the paratrigeminal nucleus that project to the dorsal vagal complex. The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that neurochemically distinct pathways from the paratrigeminal nucleus are involved in the sensory modulation of autonomic function.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis; Colchicine; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Enkephalin, Leucine, analysis; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Endings, physiology/ultrastructure; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Nitric Oxide Synthase, analysis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stilbamidines; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(97)01322-X},
  pmid        = {9526042},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Armstrong:1984,
  author      = {Armstrong, D. M. and Miller, R. J. and Beaudet, A. and Pickel, V. M.},
  title       = {Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in rat area postrema: ultrastructural localization and coexistence with serotonin.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {310},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {269--278},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90150-1},
  abstract    = {The ultrastructure of enkephalin-containing neurons and their capacity to take-up [3H]serotonin were examined in the area postrema. Untreated adult rats and rats with intraventricular infusions of 10(-4) M tritiated serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine [( 3H]5-HT) were perfused with 4\% paraformaldehyde and 0.2-0.5\% glutaraldehyde. Coronal Vibratome sections through the area postrema from both groups of animals were immunocytochemically labeled with an antiserum to leucine Leu5-enkephalin. The sections from the animals infused with the isotope subsequently were processed for autoradiography. Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (ELI) was detected in perikarya, dendrites, axons and axon terminals most frequently located along the ventricular and ventrolateral portions of the area postrema. The labeled perikarya were few in number and were characterized by a thin rim of cytoplasm containing peroxidase immunoreactivity. Dendrites and terminals containing ELI formed synapses primarily with unlabeled axon 
terminals and dendrites, respectively. However, terminals containing ELI also formed synaptic junctions with other unlabeled axon terminals. Appositions between enkephalin-containing processes and modified glia were occasionally seen near the ventricular surface. In sections processed for both immunocytochemistry and autoradiography, approximately 5\% of the terminals containing ELI showed uptake of [3H]5-HT. We conclude that neurons containing ELI are primarily, but not exclusively, associated with other intrinsic neurons or afferents in the rat area postrema and that some of the enkephalin-labeled terminals have the capacity to take-up serotonin. Specificity of uptake of [3H]5-HT in neurons containing endogenous serotonin and factors which may contribute to the low probability of detecting both peroxidase and autoradiographic markers in single sections are discussed.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Enkephalins, metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Medulla Oblongata, metabolism/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neurosecretory Systems, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism; Synapses, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(84)90150-1},
  pmid        = {6386102},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Armstrong:1988,
  author      = {D. M. Armstrong and A. Rotler and L. B. Hersh and V. M. Pickel},
  title       = {Localization of choline acetyltransferase in perikarya and dendrites within the nuclei of the solitary tracts.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {20},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {279--290},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/jnr.490200302},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490200302},
  abstract    = {Immunocytochemistry was used to establish the cellular localization of choline acetyltransferase [ChAT] throughout the rostrocaudal portions of the nuclei of the solitary tracts [NTS] in rat brain. By light microscopy, two distinct populations of ChAT-positive cells were identified. The first consisted of relatively few, medium-sized neurons located in the caudal one-half of the medial NTS just dorsal to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The second population of ChAT-labeled neurons was located more anteriorly and surrounded the medial and dorsal borders of the tractus solitarius. These cells were more abundant and smaller diameter than those located more caudally. Thick, non-varicose processes with the light microscopic characteristics of dendrites also were selectively labeled for ChAT. A few of these processes were located near or were continuous with the labeled perikarya of the NTS. However, the vast majority of the immunoreactive processes could be traced from ChAT-labeled 
perikarya in the ventrally adjacent dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. These dorsally directed dendrites aborized extensively throughout the NTS, but they were densest in the rostral two-thirds of the nucleus. Caudally, the labeled dendrites coursed horizontally, forming a commissure-like structure between the two vagal motor nuclei. Electron microscopy confirmed the perikaryal and dendritic localization of ChAT in the NTS. The perikarya were characterized by dense peroxidase immunoreactivity throughout the cytoplasm, infolded nuclear membranes, and somatic synapses. The labeled dendritic profiles also were intensely immunoreactive and received synaptic input from unlabeled terminals. The unlabeled afferents to somata and dendrites contained large populations of small clear vesicles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla 92093.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Dendrites, enzymology/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, enzymology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, classification/enzymology/ultrastructure; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3225867},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Armstrong:1978,
  author      = {D. M. Armstrong and R. F. Schild},
  title       = {An investigation of the cerebellar corticonuclear projections in the rat using an autoradiographic tracing method. II. Projections from the hemisphere.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {141},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {235-249},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(78)90195-6},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, cytology; Cerebellar Cortex, cytology; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology; Male; Purkinje Cells, cytology; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {0006-8993(78)90195-6},
  pmid        = {626901},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Armstrong:1978b,
  author      = {D. M. Armstrong and R. F. Schild},
  title       = {An investigation of the cerebellar cortico-nuclear projections in the rat using an autoradiographic tracing method. I. Projections from the vermis.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {141},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {1--19},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(78)90613-3},
  abstract    = {The topography of the projections from the vermis of the cerebellar cortex to the intracerebellar nuclei (excluding the vestibular complex) was newly investigated in the rat using an autoradiographic technique. The projection were strictly ipsilateral and the majority terminated in nucleus fastigus although there were small projections to the medial pole of nucleus interpositus. The only portion of fastigius which was never heavily labelled was the dorsolateral protuberance. Some rostrocaudal localisation was evident with lobules II-V projecting to rostral fastigius (Fm), lobules VI-VIII projecting mainly more caudally (Fcm and Fm) and lobule IX projecting to the caudoventral tip of fastigius. Nevertheless, even the densest portions of the terminal fields often overlapped heavily, suggesting that, in the rat, in contrast to some other species, the rostrocaudal localisation is such that individual lobules do not possess private termination fields of any extent. Such an arrangement should 
provide ample opportunity for integration by individual nuclear neurones of input from extensive areas of cortex. In the mediolateral plane, localisation was more evident, with the medial vermis projecting to the medial pole of fastigius and the lateral portion to lateral fastigus and less heavily to medial interpositus.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography, methods; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Cortex, cytology; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology; Functional Laterality; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology; Purkinje Cells, cytology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(78)90613-3},
  pmid        = {624066},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Armstrong:1980,
  author      = {W. E. Armstrong and G. I. Hatton},
  title       = {The localization of projection neurons in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus following vascular and neurohypophysial injections of HRP.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {5},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {473--477},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0361-9230(80)80018-9},
  abstract    = {Projection neurons in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (pv) were identified using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) following injections of this tracer into the neurohypophysis or jugular vein. The objective was to determine if parvocellular pv neurons might be labelled by either injection in addition to the well known magnocellular contingent. Injections confined to the neurohypophysis resulted in the labelling of only magnocellular pv neurons, while intrajugular injections which produced spread of the HRP to the arcuate nucleus-median eminence region resulted in the labelling of both parvocellular and magnocellular pv elements. Thus parvocellular pv neurons may project to the arcuate nucleus and/or the external layer of the median eminance but not to the neurohypophysis.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Blood-Brain Barrier; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Median Eminence, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Pituitary Gland, Posterior, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6157456},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Armstrong:1982a,
  author      = {Armstrong, W. E. and Sch{\"{o}}ler, J. and McNeill, T. H.},
  title       = {Immunocytochemical, Golgi and electron microscopic characterization of putative dendrites in the ventral glial lamina of the rat supraoptic nucleus.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {679--694},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(82)90074-4},
  abstract    = {Processes of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the rat supraoptic nucleus which project along the pial surface in the ventral glial lamina were investigated using immunocytochemistry, Golgi stains and electron microscopy. Immunocytochemical studies revealed that although both oxytocin- and vasopressin-containing processes were evident in the ventral glial lamina, vasopressin-containing processes predominated. Ventral processes were thicker and of a different morphology than dorsal axon-like processes which joined the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract and exhibited large varicosities along their length or at their apparent termination. Golgi stains revealed that classically defined dendrites of supraoptic neurons projected primarily ventrally and often invaded the ventral glial lamina. No axons were traced to the lamina. Ultrastructurally, processes within the ventral glial lamina characterized as dendrites could be stained immunocytochemically for neurophysin and were post-synaptic to a 
variety of presynaptic elements. The results suggest that many dendrites from magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic nucleus project to the ventral glial lamina and form a restricted, receptive plexus. The previously demonstrated coexistence of catecholamine-containing varicosities and other axon types with these processes in the lamina indicates an important role for supraoptic dendrites in integrating a wide variety of information relevant to neurohypophysial hormone release.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neuroglia, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurophysins, metabolism; Oxytocin, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Supraoptic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Vasopressins, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6175923},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Armstrong:1982,
  author      = {W. E. Armstrong and J. Schöler and T. H. McNeill},
  title       = {Immunocytochemical, Golgi and electron microscopic characterization of putative dendrites in the ventral glial lamina of the rat supraoptic nucleus.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {679--694},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(82)90074-4},
  abstract    = {Processes of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the rat supraoptic nucleus which project along the pial surface in the ventral glial lamina were investigated using immunocytochemistry, Golgi stains and electron microscopy. Immunocytochemical studies revealed that although both oxytocin- and vasopressin-containing processes were evident in the ventral glial lamina, vasopressin-containing processes predominated. Ventral processes were thicker and of a different morphology than dorsal axon-like processes which joined the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract and exhibited large varicosities along their length or at their apparent termination. Golgi stains revealed that classically defined dendrites of supraoptic neurons projected primarily ventrally and often invaded the ventral glial lamina. No axons were traced to the lamina. Ultrastructurally, processes within the ventral glial lamina characterized as dendrites could be stained immunocytochemically for neurophysin and were post-synaptic to a 
variety of presynaptic elements. The results suggest that many dendrites from magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic nucleus project to the ventral glial lamina and form a restricted, receptive plexus. The previously demonstrated coexistence of catecholamine-containing varicosities and other axon types with these processes in the lamina indicates an important role for supraoptic dendrites in integrating a wide variety of information relevant to neurohypophysial hormone release.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neuroglia, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurophysins, metabolism; Oxytocin, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Supraoptic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Vasopressins, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6175923},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Armstrong:2002,
  author      = {Armstrong, William E. and Stern, Javier E. and Teruyama, Ryoichi},
  title       = {Plasticity in the electrophysiological properties of oxytocin neurons.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {56},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {73--80},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/jemt.10019},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10019},
  abstract    = {In mammals, the neurohypophysial hormone oxytocin (OT) is released into the bloodstream during labor and lactation to promote uterine contraction and milk ejection, respectively. Electrophysiological studies have established that OT neurons fire in brief, synchronized bursts during this release. During pregnancy and lactation, the intrinsic membrane and synaptic properties of OT, and to a lesser extent vasopressin (VP) neurons, are altered as a part of the adaptation to these specialized states. During lactation OT neurons specifically exhibit an enhanced rebound depolarization which could assist in instigating bursts and an increased gating of firing frequency which is correlated with an enhanced Ca(2+)-dependent after hyperpolarization. Spike broadening occurs in both VP and OT neurons, but in OT neurons this and other changes are present during late pregnancy, suggesting involvement of steroidal hormones in programming neuronal adaptations. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity also 
are altered by reproductive state. There is a doubling of glutamatergic activity specific to OT neurons which is consistent with an increase in terminal numbers, but this is accompanied by an increase in paired-pulse facilitation, suggesting an increase in the probability of glutamate release during lactation as well. Together with profound changes in both pre- and postsynaptic GABAergic synaptic activity, these data suggest that neurosecretory, and particularly OT neuronal, properties are state-dependent. These modifications may adjust the responsiveness of these neurons to afferent stimulation during periods of increased hormone demand and thereby enhance stimulus-secretion coupling.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA. warmstr@nb.utmem.edu},
  journal     = {Microsc Res Tech},
  keywords    = {Animals; Electrophysiology; Female; Lactation; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Oxytocin, metabolism; Pregnancy},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {10.1002/jemt.10019},
  pmid        = {11810710},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Armstrong:1996,
  Title                    = {Electron microscopic analysis of synaptic inputs from the median preoptic nucleus and adjacent regions to the supraoptic nucleus in the rat.},
  Author                   = {W. E. Armstrong and M. Tian and H. Wong},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {228--239},
  Volume                   = {373},

  Abstract                 = {The median preoptic nucleus (MnPo) is critical for normal fluid balance, mediating osmotically evoked drinking and neurohypophysial hormone secretion. The influence of the MnPo on vasopressin and oxytocin release is in part through direct connections to the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus. In the present investigation the synaptic contacts between the MnPo and supraoptic neurons were investigated in rats by ultrastructural examination of terminals labeled anterogradely with the tracers Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or biotinylated dextran. At the light microscopic level, labeled fibers within the supraoptic nucleus branched frequently, were punctuated by varicosities, and were distributed throughout the nucleus without preference for the known distributions of oxytocin and vasopressin neurons. At the ultrastructural level, synapses were associated with many of these varicosities. The ratio of labeled axodendritic to axosomatic synapses encountered was roughly 
consistent with a uniform innervation of dendrites and somata. The great majority of synapses were characterized by symmetrical contacts. Similar results were found for a few injections made in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, just rostral to the MnPo, and in the immediately adjacent periventricular preoptic area. Coupled with other recent anatomical and electrophysiological evidence, these results suggest there is a strong monosynaptic pathway from structures along the ventral lamina terminalis to the supraoptic nucleus.},
  Doi                      = {gt;3.0.CO;2-5},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Medicine, Memphis 38163, USA. warmstr@nb.utmem.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Male; Microinjections; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, ultrastructure; Preoptic Area, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Supraoptic Nucleus, ultrastructure; Synapses, ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {3.0.CO;2-5},
  Pmid                     = {8889924},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-5}
}

@Article{Armstrong:1980a,
  author      = {Armstrong, W. E. and Warach, S. and Hatton, G. I. and McNeill, T. H.},
  title       = {Subnuclei in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: a cytoarchitectural, horseradish peroxidase and immunocytochemical analysis.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {5},
  number      = {11},
  pages       = {1931--1958},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(80)90040-8},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Stem, cytology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, cytology; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, classification/cytology; Neurophysins, metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology; Pituitary Gland, Posterior, innervation; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(80)90040-8},
  pmid        = {7432630},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Armstrong-James:1988,
  Title                    = {Bilateral receptive fields of cells in rat Sm1 cortex.},
  Author                   = {M. Armstrong-James and M. J. George},
  Journal                  = {Exp Brain Res},
  Year                     = {1988},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {155--165},
  Volume                   = {70},

  Abstract                 = {Single cells in the primary somatosensory (Sm1) cortex were investigated for responses to bilateral hindpaw stimulation in Wistar rats anaesthetised by continuous intravenous administration of Althesin. Fifty-one percent of cells sampled (N = 134) responded to equivalent punctate mechanical stimuli delivered to both the contralateral and ipsilateral hindpaws under light anaesthesia. The distribution by cortical depth of cells with receptive fields (RFs) on both hindpaws was not significantly different from cells which had only contralateral RFs. No cell was found with a purely ipsilateral RF. For 86\% of cells tested (N = 44) the ipsilateral RF was partly or completely homologous with areas within the contralateral RF. The sizes of ipsilateral RFs were smaller on 66\% of occasions when tested against their contralateral RFs. Modal latencies to ipsilateral mechanical stimulation were longer than to contralateral stimulation (34.1 +/- 9.1 ms (S.D) cf. 26.4 +/- 7.2 ms, N = 44). 
Ipsilateral RFs were lost for 77\% of cells tested following a 33\% increase in anaesthetic infusion rate. Conditioning mechanical stimuli applied to the centre receptive field (CRF) on the ipsilateral hindpaw reduced or abolished a cell's responses to equivalent test stimuli applied to it's contralateral CRF with C-T intervals of 20-200 ms. Conditioning stimuli applied to the CRF contralateral to the cell reduced or abolished responses to test stimuli on the cell's ipsilateral CRF using C-T intervals of 0-900 ms. Responses in one cortex to stimulation of the ipsilateral hindpaw were unaffected by elimination of responses from the same hindpaw in the opposite contralateral Sm1 cortex, where responses had been suppressed by topical Lignocaine administration. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from hindpaw Sm1 cortex labelled many cells in homolateral thalamus, but failed to label cells in the entire forebrain contralateral to the injection site. It is concluded that direct crossed thalamo-cortical 
and callosal Sm1-Sm1 pathways do not contribute to the production of hindpaw ipsilateral receptive fields.},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology, London Hospital Medical College, U.K.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum, physiology; Foot, innervation; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neural Inhibition; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/metabolism/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pmid                     = {3402562},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Arnault:1994,
  author      = {P. Arnault and A. Ebrahimi-Gaillard and M. Roger and K. Zilles},
  title       = {Electron microscopic demonstration of terminations of posterior thalamic axons on identified rubrospinal neurons in the rat.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {189},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {383--392},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00185433},
  abstract    = {In the rat, the major output of the posterior thalamic nucleus (PT) ends in the ventrolateral sector of the rostral two-thirds of the red nucleus. The aim of this study is to identify the rubral cells contacted by these thalamic efferents. In a first set of experiments, an anterograde neurotracer (PHA-L) was injected into the rostral part of the red nucleus. The only structure consistently and densely labeled was the contralateral spinal cord. Therefore, in a second set of experiments, massive HRP injections were made at different cervical levels in the spinal cord in combination with either electrolytic lesion or PHA-L injection in the contralateral PT. Both anterograde and retrograde labelings obtained in the RN were examined by correlated light and electron microscopy. Our findings indicate that anterogradely degenerated or labeled axons arising from the PT form synaptic contacts on HRP-filled dendritic processes of rubrospinal neurons. The thalamo-rubral articulation is direct and seems 
to be mainly axo-dendritic. These results support the possible participation of the PT in the modulatory control of spinal interneurons through the rubrospinal tract.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, C.N.R.S. U.R.A. 290, U.F.R. Sciences, Poitiers, France.},
  journal     = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats, Wistar; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Red Nucleus, cytology; Spinal Cord, cytology; Thalamic Nuclei, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {8092491},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Arnault:1987,
  Title                    = {The connections of the peripeduncular area studied by retrograde and anterograde transport in the rat.},
  Author                   = {P. Arnault and M. Roger},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1987},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {463--476},
  Volume                   = {258},

  Abstract                 = {Lying just ventral to the medial geniculate nucleus and dorsal to the cerebral peduncle, the peripeduncular area (PPA) seems to be implicated in the expression of several sexual reflexes in rodents. The aim of the present investigation was to establish the organization of the afferent and efferent projections of the rat's PPA in an attempt to provide a neural substrate corresponding to the behavioral observations. Based on both retrograde and anterograde transport methods, our results suggest that the PPA: receives its main afferent projections from the insulotemporal cortex, basal ganglia, ventromedial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei, zona incerta, inferior colliculus, intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, central gray, cuneiform nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and, projects essentially to the basal ganglia, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, central gray, cuneiform and pedunculopontine nuclei, deep 
layers of the superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, and dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. These findings, indicating that the PPA is connected with the auditory, motor, and limbic systems and with nonspecific diencephalic and mesencephalic centers, are in agreement with the notion that in rodents this area might play a role in the female sexual receptivity (as expressed by lordosis display or ultrasound production) or male mounting behavior.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902580313},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {3584548},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902580313}
}

@Article{Arnault:1990,
  Title                    = {Ventral temporal cortex in the rat: connections of secondary auditory areas Te2 and Te3.},
  Author                   = {P. Arnault and M. Roger},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1990},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {110--123},
  Volume                   = {302},

  Abstract                 = {The present study in the rat deals with the hodological organization of two cytoarchitectonically distinct areas lying caudoventrally (Te2) or ventrally (Te3) to the primary auditory area (Te1). The afferent and efferent systems of connections were identified by using the properties of retrograde and anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Large tracer deposits in the ventral temporal cortex involving Te2, Te3, and the dorsal bank of the perirhinal cortex induced a dense retrograde and anterograde pattern of labeling in the following nuclei of the medial geniculate (MG) complex: caudodorsal (MGCD), dorsal (MGD), medial (MGM), suprageniculate (SG), and peripeduncular area (PPA). The ventral nucleus (MGV) was only slightly labeled in its caudal division. Several extrageniculate structures were also labeled. Retrograde cell labeling occurred in centers giving rise to ascending systems of diffuse projections: locus coeruleus (
LC), dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), and basal magnocellular nucleus (B). Slight anterograde labeling was present in the dorsal and external cortices of the inferior colliculus (IC), central gray, deep layers of the superior colliculus (SC), reticular thalamic nucleus (RT), and caudate putamen (CPU). Callosal connections were also noted with the contralateral homotopic cortex. In the cases in which there was a notable extension of the zone of diffusion of the tracer into the dorsal bank of the perirhinal cortex, a characteristic pattern of labeling in the subparafascicular, reuniens and paraventricular thalamic nuclei, mammillary complex, lateral and dorsal hypothalamic nuclei, amygdaloid complex, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, subiculum, and retrosplenial cortex was displayed. Tracer deposits restricted to Te2 induced a dense labeling of the caudal, ventrolateral MGD, lateral PPA and, to a lesser extent, MGCD. The MGM and SG were only slightly labeled. Extrageniculate afferents essentially consist of sparse 
projections from LC, DR, and B, whereas efferent fibers are directed to the dorsal cortex of the IC, central gray, deep SC layers, and CPU. Callosal connections were also identified. Following tracer deposits restricted to Te3, dense labeling occurred in the MGD, mostly in its medial division, in the caudal MGM, and in the PPA. The MGCD, SG, and MGV were only sparsely labeled. Extrageniculate afferents arise from LC, DR, and B, and efferents are directed to the RT and dorsal cortex of the IC. Contralateral connections with the homotopic cortical area were also noted. Te2 and Te3 share some degree of similitude in their pattern of connections with the MG complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903020109},
  Institution              = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, C.N.R.S., URA 290, Faculté des Sciences, Poitiers, France.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Female; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Temporal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1707895},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020109}
}

@Article{Arnold:1992,
  author      = {Arnold, F. J. and {De Lucas Bueno}, M. and Shiers, H. and Hancock, D. C. and Evan, G. I. and Herbert, J.},
  title       = {Expression of c-fos in regions of the basal limbic forebrain following intracerebroventricular corticotropin-releasing factor in unstressed or stressed male rats.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {51},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {377--390},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(92)90322-s},
  abstract    = {Corticotropin-releasing factor has an integrative role on the behavioral, endocrine and autonomic responses to stress. Immediate-early gene (c-fos) expression was used to determine patterns of neural activity in the limbic system following i.c.v. infusion of corticotropin-releasing factor. Either 250 or 1000 pmol corticotropin-releasing factor infused into the lateral ventricle of precannulated and handled male rats resulted in marked c-fos expression 60 or 120 min later in localized regions of the basal forebrain, including the ventrolateral septum, the dorsal and medial parvicellular divisions of the paraventricular nucleus, the central nucleus of the amygdala, and dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Pre-infusion of alpha-helical corticotropin-releasing factor (2500 pmol), a competitive corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor, had no effect on immediate-early gene expression alone but reduced that elicited by exogenous i.c.v. corticotropin-
releasing factor (250 pmol)--in some areas to control levels. Fifteen minutes of restraint stress, a situation in which corticotropin-releasing factor is released endogenously, also activated c-fos expression in a pattern that resembled corticotropin-releasing factor infusions but was not identical. There was enhanced expression in the dorsal and medial areas of the paraventricular nucleus, but not its magnocellular region, and increased expression in the ventrolateral septum; however, there was no detectable response on the central amygdala. Preinfusion of alpha-helical corticotropin-releasing factor (2500 pmol) had no significant effect on stress-induced c-fos expression in the ventrolateral septum or paraventricular nucleus. This suggests that corticotropin-releasing factor release may form only a part of the central neurochemical response to restraint stress. Rats given i.c.v. corticotropin-releasing factor (250 pmol) before restraint stress showed additive effects on c-fos in the ventrolateral septum 
but not in the paraventricular nucleus; the central nucleus of the amygdala reacted as if corticotropin-releasing factor alone had been infused. Corticosterone levels were raised by both stress and corticotropin-releasing factor, but pretreatment with alpha-helical corticotropin-releasing factor reduced them after either procedure, which correlates with c-fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus and ventrolateral septum. These results show that corticotropin-releasing factor induces a specific pattern of c-fos expression in localized regions of the amygdala, hypothalamus and septum, which may indicate a corresponding pattern of neural activation. Restraint, one form of stress, activates c-fos in a similar but not identical manner, suggesting that corticotropin-releasing factor may not be the only neuropeptide involved in the response to this stressor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, U.K.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, drug effects/physiology/physiopathology; Cerebral Ventricles, drug effects/physiology/physiopathology; Corticosterone, blood; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, administration /&/ dosage/analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Gene Expression, drug effects; Genes, fos, drug effects; Injections, Intraventricular; Limbic System, drug effects/physiology/physiopathology; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Restraint, Physical; Stress, Psychological, physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(92)90322-S},
  pmid        = {1465198},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Arnold:2006,
  Title                    = {Gut vagal afferents are not necessary for the eating-stimulatory effect of intraperitoneally injected ghrelin in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Arnold, Myrtha and Mura, Anna and Langhans, Wolfgang and Geary, Nori},
  Journal                  = {J Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {43},
  Pages                    = {11052--11060},
  Volume                   = {26},

  Abstract                 = {Ghrelin is unique among gut peptides in that its plasma level increases during fasts and its administration stimulates eating. Although ghrelin physiology has been intensively studied, whether its eating-stimulatory effect arises from endocrine-neural signal transduction at peripheral or central sites remains unresolved. To address this issue, we tested the effects of subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation (SDA), the most complete and selective vagal deafferentation method available, on ghrelin-induced eating. SDA was verified with a cholecystokinin satiation test, retrograde labeling of vagal motor neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus with fluorogold, and anterograde labeling of vagal afferents in the nucleus tractus solitarius with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase. Intraperitoneal injections of 10-40 microg/kg ghrelin stimulated eating as robustly in rats with verified complete SDA as in sham-operated controls. Ghrelin also stimulated eating in rats 
with total subdiaphragmatic vagotomies. We also recorded the electrophysiological responses of gastric load-sensitive vagal afferent neurons to intravenous ghrelin. Ghrelin (10 nmol) phasically (0-30 s) increased activity in two of seven gastric load-sensitive fibers in the absence of gastric loads and tonically (5-30 min) increased activity in only one fiber. Ghrelin did not affect any of the eight fibers tested in the presence of 1-3 ml gastric loads. We conclude that although phasic increases in plasma ghrelin may affect the activity of a fraction of gastric load-sensitive vagal afferents, the acute eating-stimulatory effect of intraperitoneal ghrelin does not require vagal afferent signaling.},
  Doi                      = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2606-06.2006},
  Institution              = {Institute of Animal Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Eating, drug effects/physiology; Feeding Behavior, drug effects/physiology; Ghrelin; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Peptide Hormones, administration /&/ dosage/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vagus Nerve, drug effects/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {26/43/11052},
  Pmid                     = {17065447},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2606-06.2006}
}

@Article{Arnold:2001,
  author      = {P. B. Arnold and C. X. Li and R. S. Waters},
  title       = {Thalamocortical arbors extend beyond single cortical barrels: an in vivo intracellular tracing study in rat.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {136},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {152--168},
  doi         = {10.1007/s002210000570},
  abstract    = {Neurons in layer IV of rat somatosensory (SI) barrel cortex receive punctate somatic input from well-defined regions of the periphery. Following peripheral deafferentation, SI neurons in deafferented cortex respond to new input from neighboring regions of the skin surface. The precise mechanism(s) through which this occurs is unknown, although corticocortical and barreloid to barrel connections have been suggested as possible substrates. Because layer-IV barrels receive a strong afferent input from ventroposterior (VP) thalamic projection neurons, any divergence in the thalamocortical (TC) projection to multiple cortical barrels could also provide an anatomical substrate for rapid cortical reorganization. We used in-vivo intracellular recording methods to record and physiologically identify neurons in rat VP and to label those neurons with an intracellular tracer. Thalamic neurons (n=117) were impaled with sharp intracellular electrodes, and the receptive field(s) and firing pattern were 
measured. Cells were then injected with biocytin or biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). A total of 38 labeled TC neurons were quantitatively analyzed for soma size and dendritic arborization size; quantitative analysis of TC-axon arborizations in layer IV of barrel cortex was carried out in a total of 13 TC neurons. Two different axon-arborization patterns were identified in SI cortex: direct-projecting axons (n=6) were observed to project to and arborize within a single cortical barrel as well as extend their fibers into adjacent barrels; bifurcating-type axons (n=7) were seen to bifurcate in the subcortical white matter or in layer VI and then project to multiple barrel columns, where they arborized in layer IV. Axon fibers were always observed in three or more cortical barrels (mean=5, range=3-7). The mean mediolateral extent of arborizations in layer IV for the direct-projecting and bifurcating type axons were 458 microm and 1,302 microm, respectively, and these were significantly different (t=3.78, P<0.01)
. Axon-fiber length within cortical laminae was measured for each arborization pattern in relationship to the total fiber length within a cortical column. Direct-projecting axons always had greater than 50\% of their fiber length within layer IV. Bifurcating-type axons were differentially distributed within multiple columns and always had less than 50\% of their total column fiber length in layer IV. Morphological analysis of TC somata and dendrites revealed no correlation between local neuron morphology and axonal-arborization patterns. All intracellularly recorded TC neurons had similar adapting firing patterns when injected with a long-duration pulse. Our results showed that TC neurons project to multiple cortical barrels with one barrel receiving the principal input. This divergent TC projection pattern in SI cortex may provide an anatomical substrate for cortical plasticity and must be considered in any mechanism of rapid cortical reorganization.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis 38163, USA.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cell Size, physiology; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Dextrans; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/physiology; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {11206278},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Arnsten:1984,
  author      = {A. F. Arnsten and P. S. Goldman-Rakic},
  title       = {Selective prefrontal cortical projections to the region of the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei in the rhesus monkey.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {306},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {9--18},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90351-2},
  abstract    = {Descending cortical projections to the region of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) and the serotonergic dorsal and central superior raphe nuclei were analyzed in the rhesus monkey using anterograde labeling techniques. HRP pellets or tritiated leucine were injected into one of 7 cortical areas: the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, the orbital prefrontal cortex, the parietal association cortex, somatosensory cortex, the anterior portion of the inferior temporal gyrus, and the posterior portion of the inferior temporal gyrus. Anterogradely labeled fibers were found in and adjacent to the LC and raphe nuclei only following the dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortical injections. Terminal labeling was densest at rostral levels of the LC, particularly in the area directly medial to the nucleus. Labeled fibers could not be followed beyond caudal levels of the LC. The projections to the contralateral LC and raphe nuclei were similar to, but less dense 
than that to the ipsilateral region. Injections into cortical areas other than the dorsal prefrontal cortex resulted in anterograde labeling of the pontine nuclei or pyramids, but not the LC/raphe region. These data, in conjunction with studies in the rat, suggest that the dorsal prefrontal cortex may be the only cortical area to have direct influence on the LC and raphe nuclei and secondary influence on the monoaminergic innervation of large areas of cerebral cortex.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cats; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Electrophysiology; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Macaca mulatta; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Parietal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Temporal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(84)90351-2},
  pmid        = {6466989},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aroniadou:1993,
  Title                    = {The patterns and synaptic properties of horizontal intracortical connections in the rat motor cortex.},
  Author                   = {V. A. Aroniadou and A. Keller},
  Journal                  = {J Neurophysiol},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1553--1569},
  Volume                   = {70},

  Abstract                 = {1. The laminar distribution of synaptic activity in the primary motor cortex, elicited by stimulation of intracortical, horizontal afferents, was studied in young (12-17 days old) and adult rats using the in vitro brain slice preparation. Connectivity patterns were deduced from current-source density (CSD) analyses of field potential depth profiles and were confirmed by anatomic data of retrograde cell labeling after focal injections of a fluorescent tracer. 2. According to the CSD distributions, horizontal axons in layer II/III provide strong monosynaptic input to dendrites of layer II and III pyramidal cells in a distant column, and weaker monosynaptic input to layer V and VI cells by synapsing on dendritic fields at the border of layer III and V and in deep layer V. When these pathways are activated, layer II/III cells may relay excitatory activity to upper and deep layer V, as well as to other cells in layer II/III of the same column. Axons arising from layer V provide 
monosynaptic input to pyramidal cells in all layers of neighboring columns, by synapsing in two dendritic fields: one in the superficial layers and the other in middle layer V. Activation of these pathways may generate a disynaptic intracolumnar input from layer II/III cells to middle layer V, as well as to other cells in layer II/III. Similar patterns of synaptic activity were elicited by stimulation from 0.45 to 2 mm distal to the recorded column. There were no apparent differences between young and adult rats in the connectivity patterns revealed by the CSD analyses. 3. Tracer injections in layer III resulted in retrograde labeling of cells in layers II/III and V, at distances > 2 mm from the injection site, whereas injections in layer V resulted in retrograde labeling of cells at long distances in layer V and to a lesser extent in layer II/III. These findings indicate that neurons in layer V project, via horizontal axon collaterals, for long distances within layers III and V, whereas the horizontal axon 
collaterals of layer III cells are restricted, for the most part, to the superficial layers. 4. Suppression of inhibitory activity by bath application of the gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI) did not alter the pattern of the CSD distributions. All synaptic currents present in the control medium were enhanced by application of BMI, although the effect was more pronounced on the polysynaptic components.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.},
  Keywords                 = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Aging, physiology; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Female; GABA-B Receptor Antagonists; Histocytochemistry; Male; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Neural Conduction, drug effects/physiology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects; Quinoxalines, pharmacology; Rats; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Receptors, Neurotransmitter, drug effects/physiology; Synapses, drug effects/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7904301},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Aronin:1986,
  author      = {N. Aronin and K. Chase and M. DiFiglia},
  title       = {Glutamic acid decarboxylase and enkephalin immunoreactive axon terminals in the rat neostriatum synapse with striatonigral neurons.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {365},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {151--158},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)90732-8},
  abstract    = {Synaptic interactions between striatal projection neurons and axon terminals containing immunoreactive glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) or Leu-enkephalin were examined in the rat neostriatum using a combined method of horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport from the substantia nigra and immunohistochemistry at the electron microscopic level. Results showed that numerous immunoreactive GAD and enkephalin boutons formed synapses with the cell bodies and dendrites of medium-sized striatonigral neurons. These findings demonstrate that within the neostriatum GABA and enkephalin directly influence caudate output pathways.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, metabolism; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Enkephalins, metabolism; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Synapses, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3512036},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aronin:1991,
  Title                    = {Immunoreactive calcium-binding protein (calbindin-D28k) in interneurons and trigeminothalamic neurons of the rat nucleus caudalis localized with peroxidase and immunogold methods.},
  Author                   = {N. Aronin and K. Chase and R. Folsom and S. Christakos and M. DiFiglia},
  Journal                  = {Synapse},
  Year                     = {1991},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {106--113},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Abstract                 = {Calbindin-D28k is a highly abundant protein found in neurons in selected brain regions, including cells in sensory systems of the brainstem. Because of its capacity to bind cytosolic Ca++, calbindin-D28k is thought to contribute to the regulation of compartmental Ca++ concentrations in neurons. In this study of the rat spinal trigeminal nucleus, calbindin-D28k was localized with immunoperoxidase and immunogold methods. Results showed that immunoreactive calbindin-D28k neurons were widely distributed to all regions of the nucleus, but were particularly numerous in the substantia gelatinosa. Some trigemino-thalamic neurons that were identified by retrograde labeling of a conjugated wheat-germ agglutinin with horseradish peroxidase also contained calbindin-D28k immunoreactivity. Most of the calbindin-D28k labeling was found in cell bodies and dendrites. Axon terminals were rarely stained. More discrete labeling with a gold-conjugated second antibody showed that the predominant site 
of calbindin-D28k was the matrix of the cytoplasm. Gold label was also heavily associated with euchromatin within nuclei. These findings show that immunoreactive calbindin-D28k is localized to both interneurons and projecting neurons of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Many of these cells are likely to receive glutamatergic afferent inputs, which may act in part by increasing Ca++ flux into the neurons. Calbindin-D28k has a high capacity for buffering Ca++ and under some conditions may protect neurons against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. We speculate that calbindin-D28k may function to regulate calcium concentrations in spinal trigeminal neurons.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/syn.890070204},
  Institution              = {Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Calcium, metabolism; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, immunology/metabolism; Caudate Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, immunology/metabolism; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Trigeminal Nerve, cytology/immunology/metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pmid                     = {1707189},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.890070204}
}

@Article{Arora:1987,
  author      = {Arora, K. K. and Smith, R. and Williams, J. F.},
  title       = {"Pyruvate recycling" and its influence on the estimation of the pentose pathway in intact liver and Morris hepatoma 5123TC cells.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {19},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {147--158},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0020-711x(87)90325-9},
  abstract    = {The phenomenon of "pyruvate recycling" is demonstrated in perfused rat liver, rabbit liver in situ and in Morris Hepatoma 5123TC cells and quantitatively measured using [2-14C]pyruvate and the method of Friedmann et al. (1971). Various metabolites, viz. lactate, DHAP, glucose, glucose 6-P and fructose 6-P were isolated and degraded following the metabolism of [2-14C]pyruvate and [2-14C]glycerol in order to assess the 14C-distributions imparted by "pyruvate recycling" reactions. The labelling of DHAP, lactate, glucose and glucose 6-P showed 14C randomizations consistent with the operation and the quantitative extent of "pyruvate recycling". These findings support the proposal that the actions of "pyruvate recycling" may account for the failure to find significant levels of 14C isotope at C-1 of glucose 6-P following the metabolism of [4,5,6-14C]- or [6-14C]glucose by L-type pentose pathway metabolism in aerobic intact tissues. "Pyruvate recycling" diminishes the measured value of the L-type 
pentose cycle in intact tissues and qualifies one of the mechanistic predictions of the L-type pentose pathway which was unravelled by tracing its reactions with labelled ribose 5-P and liver enzymes (Horecker et al., 1954; Williams et al., 1978a,b) in vitro. The demonstration of an association of L-type pentose pathway reactions with "pyruvate recycling" by way of the common reactions of their triose-P intermediates qualifies the superficial acceptance of the predictions of the L-type pathway in vitro for the distribution of isotopic labels by aerobic tissues in vivo.},
  journal     = {Int J Biochem},
  keywords    = {Animals; Carbon Radioisotopes; Dicarboxylic Acids, metabolism; Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate, metabolism; Female; Glucose, metabolism; Glucose-6-Phosphate; Glucosephosphates, metabolism; Lactates, metabolism; Lactic Acid; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental, metabolism; Liver, metabolism; Male; Pentose Phosphate Pathway; Pyruvates, metabolism; Pyruvic Acid; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tricarboxylic Acids, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3569643},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Arriaga:2015,
  Title                    = {Transsynaptic Tracing from Peripheral Targets with Pseudorabies Virus Followed by Cholera Toxin and Biotinylated Dextran Amines Double Labeling},
  Author                   = {Arriaga, G. and Macopson, J. J. and Jarvis, E. D.},
  Journal                  = {J Vis Exp},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Pages                    = {e50672},
  Volume                   = {103},

  Abstract                 = {Transsynaptic tracing has become a powerful tool used to analyze central efferents that regulate peripheral targets through multi-synaptic circuits. This approach has been most extensively used in the brain by utilizing the swine pathogen pseudorabies virus (PRV)1. PRV does not infect great apes, including humans, so it is most commonly used in studies on small mammals, especially rodents. The pseudorabies strain PRV152 expresses the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter gene and only crosses functional synapses retrogradely through the hierarchical sequence of synaptic connections away from the infection site. Other PRV strains have distinct microbiological properties and may be transported in both directions (PRV-Becker and PRV-Kaplan) . This protocol will deal exclusively with PRV152. By delivering the virus at a peripheral site, such as muscle, it is possible to limit the entry of the virus into the brain through a specific set of neurons. The resulting pattern 
of eGFP signal throughout the brain then resolves the neurons that are connected to the initially infected cells. As the distributed nature of transsynaptic tracing with pseudorabies virus makes interpreting specific connections within an identified network difficult, we present a sensitive and reliable method employing biotinylated dextran amines (BDA) and cholera toxin subunit b (CTb) for confirming the connections between cells identified using PRV152. Immunochemical detection of BDA and CTb with peroxidase and DAB (3, 3'-diaminobenzidine) was chosen because they are effective at revealing cellular processes including distal dendrites.},
  Doi                      = {10.3791/50672},
  Keywords                 = {Neuroscience, Issue 103, pseudorabies virus, cholera toxin, biotinylated dextran amines, circuit tracing, neuroanatomy.},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Timestamp                = {22.09.2015},
  Url                      = {http://www.jove.com/video/50672/transsynaptic-tracing-from-peripheral-targets-with-pseudorabies-virus}
}

@Article{ArsenioNunes:1985,
  author      = {{Ars{\'{e}}nio Nunes}, M. L. and Sotelo, C.},
  title       = {Development of the spinocerebellar system in the postnatal rat.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {237},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {291--306},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902370302},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902370302},
  abstract    = {The distribution of spinocerebellar projections from birth to adulthood in rats was analyzed by anterograde and retrograde tracing methods. A correlation between mossy fiber synaptogenesis and the establishment of spinocerebellar topography was also investigated with electron microscopy. Experiments with retrograde transport techniques indicate that the spinal axons reach the cerebellum in two successive groups: the first one, appearing prenatally, contains axons from neurons in the central cervical nucleus, Clarke's column, the sacral nucleus of Stilling, as well as from border cells. The second group, which reaches the cerebellum by P3, arises from new neurons of the same nuclear regions and from scattered cells of the spinal gray matter. The distribution and the morphological appearance of the spinal cells change between P1 and P3 and give the adult pattern by P7. The establishment of spinocerebellar projections occurs in four successive stages. In a first stage, spinal axons reach the 
cerebellum and occupy the prospective white matter of the anterior vermal lobe and of the pyramis. Later, during a "waiting" stage between P1 and P3, the spinal fibers become denser in the central white matter of both their anterior and posterior target zones but do not penetrate the gray matter. From P3 to P5 the protocolumnar stage takes place, and spinal axons invade the granular layer of the anterior lobe, where they begin to be organized in nascent sagittal columns. At the end of this stage, identifiable synaptic contacts between mossy terminals and granule cell dendrites are first observed in the anterior lobe by electron microscopy. In the pyramis, invasion of the granular layer begins only at P5. Between P5 and P7 the low intercolumnar dispersion of spinal fibers disappears and the projection reaches its fourth and final stage, characterized by a columnar organization corresponding to the adult pattern of the spinocerebellar projection. These results indicate that (1) the adult pattern of 
spinocerebellar projections is attained by P7. (2) The asynchronous invasion of the gray matter in the anterior and posterior lobes may be related to the chronology of mossy fiber maturation in these regions. (3) There is a temporal correlation between the columnar organization of the spinal axons and the appearance of the earliest-maturing mossy rosettes. However, a clear relationship between synaptogenesis and topographic organization could not be demonstrated.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn, growth /&/ development; Axons, physiology; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, growth /&/ development; Cerebellum, growth /&/ development; Horseradish Peroxidase; Lectins; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, growth /&/ development/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, growth /&/ development; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, growth /&/ development; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3840179},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Arszovszki:2014,
  author      = {Arszovszki, Antonia and Borhegyi, Zsolt and Klausberger, Thomas},
  title       = {Three axonal projection routes of individual pyramidal cells in the ventral CA1 hippocampus},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  pages       = {11},
  doi         = {10.3389/fnana.2014.00053},
  institution = {Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Front Neuroanat},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {22514521},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Arteel:1999,
  author      = {Arteel, G. E. and Kadiiska, M. B. and Rusyn, I. and Bradford, B. U. and Mason, R. P. and Raleigh, J. A. and Thurman, R. G.},
  title       = {Oxidative stress occurs in perfused rat liver at low oxygen tension by mechanisms involving peroxynitrite.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {55},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {708--715},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Ethanol increases free radical formation; however, it was recently demonstrated that it also causes extensive hypoxia in rat liver in vivo. To address this issue, it was hypothesized that peroxynitrite formed in normoxic periportal regions of the liver lobule has its reactivity enhanced in hypoxic pericentral regions where the pH is lower. Via this pathway, peroxynitrite could lead to free radical formation in the absence of oxygen. Livers from fed rats were perfused at low flow rates for 75 min. Under these conditions, periportal regions were well oxygenated but pericentral areas became hypoxic. Low-flow perfusion caused a significant 6-fold increase in nitrotyrosine accumulation in pericentral regions. During the last 20 min of perfusion, the spin-trap alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone was infused and adducts were collected for electron-spin resonance analysis. A six-line radical adduct signal was detected in perfusate. Direct infusion of peroxynitrite produced a radical adduct 
with identical coupling constants, and a similar pattern of nitrotyrosine accumulation was observed. Retrograde perfusion at low rates resulted in accumulation of nitrotyrosine in periportal regions. Although the magnitude of the radical in perfusate was increased by ethanol, it was not derived directly from it. Both nitrotyrosine accumulation and radical formation were reduced by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, but not with the inactive D-isomer. Radical formation was decreased nearly completely by superoxide dismutase and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, consistent with the hypothesis that the final prooxidant is a derivative from both NO. and superoxide (i.e., peroxynitrite). These results support the hypothesis that oxidative stress occurs in hypoxic regions of the liver lobule by mechanisms involving peroxynitrite.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Hepatobiology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, USA.},
  journal     = {Mol Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Ethanol, pharmacology; Female; Free Radicals, metabolism; Glycogen, metabolism; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Liver, drug effects/metabolism; Nitrates, metabolism; Oxidants, metabolism; Oxidative Stress, drug effects; Oxygen, metabolism; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tyrosine, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10101029},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Artis:2012,
  author      = {Artis, A. S. and Bitiktas, S. and Ta?k?n, E. and Dolu, N. and Liman, N. and Suer, C.},
  title       = {Experimental hypothyroidism delays field excitatory post-synaptic potentials and disrupts hippocampal long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation and Y-maze performance in adult rats.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {422--433},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02253.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02253.x},
  abstract    = {Manipulations of thyroid hormones have been shown to influence learning and memory. Although a large body of literature is available on the effect of thyroid hormone deficiency on learning and memory functions during the developmental stage, electrophysiological and behavioural findings, particularly on propylthiouracil administration to adult normothyroid animals, are not satisfactory. The experiments in the present study were carried out on 12 adult male Wistar rats aged 6-7 months. Hypothyroidism was induced by administering 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil in their drinking water for 21 days at a concentration of 0.05\%. The spatial learning performance of hypothyroid and control rats was studied on a Y-maze. The rats were then placed in a stereotaxic frame under urethane anaesthesia. A bipolar tungsten electrode was used to stimulate the medial perforant path. A glass micropipette was inserted into the granule cell layer of the ipsilateral dentate gyrus to record field excitatory post-synaptic 
potentials. After a 15-min baseline recording of field potentials, long-term potentiation was induced by four sets of tetanic trains. The propylthiouracil-treated rats showed a significantly attenuated input-output (I/O) relationship when population spike (PS) amplitudes and field excitatory post-synaptic potentials (fEPSP) were compared. fEPSP and PS latencies were found to be longer in the hypothyroid group than in the control group. The PS amplitude and fEPSP slope potentiations in the hypothyroid rats were not statistically different from those in the control rats, except for the field EPSP slope measured in the post-tetanic and maintenance phases. The hypothyroid rats also showed lower thyroxine levels and poor performance in the spatial memory task. The present study provides in vivo evidence for the action of propylthiouracil leading to impaired synaptic plasticity, which might explain deficit in spatial memory tasks in adult hypothyroid rats.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.},
  journal     = {J Neuroendocrinol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Dentate Gyrus, physiopathology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Hippocampus, physiopathology; Hypothyroidism, physiopathology; Long-Term Potentiation; Male; Maze Learning; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thyroxine, blood},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {22070634},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Arts:1992,
  author      = {Arts, Monique P. M. and Groenewegen, Henk J.},
  title       = {Relationships of the Dendritic Arborizations of Ventral Striatomesencephalic Projection Neurons With Boundaries of Striatal Compartments. An In Vitro Intracellular Labelling Study in the Rat.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {4},
  number      = {6},
  pages       = {574--588},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1992.tb00907.x},
  abstract    = {We studied the relationships of the dendrites of ventral striatomesencephalic projection neurons with the compartmental structure of the ventral striatum, as revealed by enkephalin immunohistochemistry. Lightly fixed slices were employed in which Lucifer yellow was intracellularly injected into neurons that were retrogradely labelled following Fast Blue injections in the ventral tegmental area. Double immunohistochemical staining was carried out using antisera to Lucifer yellow and Leu-enkephalin. Most of the 226 injected cells were located in the core region of the nucleus accumbens. All these neurons were of the small- to medium-sized spiny type. The dendritic arborizations of over 90\% of the cells remained within the compartment in which the parent cell bodies resided. The dendrites of most of these neurons abutted the border of the compartment, whereas a smaller number of neurons had dendrites that were distant from any compartmental boundary. The dendrites of fewer than 10\% of the 
neurons crossed the borders of compartments. Only a few cells were injected in the shell region of the nucleus accumbens. None of these neurons extended its dendrites into the core region of the nucleus or into the territory of the clusters of small cells which characterize the shell. The present results demonstrate that the dendrites of the great majority of ventral striatomesencephalic neurons comply with the boundaries of ventral striatal enkephalin compartments. Together with the results of previous studies showing that such compartments are selectively innervated by thalamic and cortical afferents, and have outputs to different areas in the ventral mesencephalon, the present data suggest the existence of discrete channels through the ventral striatum.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {ejn_04060574},
  pmid        = {12106343},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Arvidson:1977,
  author      = {Arvidson, B.},
  title       = {Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase from cornea to trigeminal ganglion.},
  year        = {1977},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {38},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {49--52},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00691276},
  abstract    = {Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was dripped on the scarified left cornea of adult mice. Twenty-four hours later the animals were fixed by vascular perfusion and frozen sections cut from both trigeminal ganglia. After incubation for peroxidase activity labelled nerve cells were restricted to the medial ophthalmic part of the ganglion ipsilateral to HRP administration. If the scarification was omitted no neuronal labelling was observed. This labelling of the neurons is most probably the result from axonal uptake and subsequent retrograde axonal transport of the tracer. The similarity in distribution of peroxidase labelled nerve cells and the first ganglionic lesions occurring after instillation of herpes simplex virus in the cornea is pointed out.},
  journal     = {Acta Neuropathol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, metabolism; Biological Transport; Brain Mapping; Cornea, innervation; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Male; Mice; Neurons; Peroxidases, metabolism; Time Factors; Trigeminal Ganglion, metabolism; Trigeminal Nerve, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {300978},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Arvidson:1979,
  author      = {Arvidson, B.},
  title       = {Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in sensory and adrenergic neurons following injection into the anterior eye chamber.},
  year        = {1979},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {751--764},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf01206674},
  abstract    = {Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the anterior eye chamber of rats and mice and frozen sections from both superior cervical and trigeminal ganglia were incubated to demonstrate neurons accumulating the tracer by retrograde axonal transport. Labelled cells were observed only in ganglia ipsilateral to the HRP injection. Within the trigeminal ganglion, peroxidase-containing neurons were restricted to the medial ophthalmic area, whereas labelled cells in the superior cervical ganglion were more widely distributed. With the use of a new and more sensitive technique for the demonstration of HRP in neurons, it was possible to show retrograde transport also of small amounts of peroxidase injected into the anterior eye chamber. In addition, this technique enabled identification of the central and peripheral processes of neurons in the trigeminal ganglion and the dendrites and axons of sympathetic ganglion cells. The rate of retrograde HRP transport in rats was calculated to approximately 
4--5 mm/h for both sensory and adrenergic nerves, which is consistent with previous estimates for this protein. It differs from the transport rate reported for nerve growth factor (NGF) and macromolecular toxins in sensory and adrenergic nerves of the same species. These rates were, however, obtained with a different method and in a different population of sensory neurons and are, therefore, not directly comparable. After treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine the number of HRP-labelled cells in the superior cervical ganglion was significantly reduced compared to controls. Cell counts from trigeminal ganglia showed no significant difference between controls and treated animals.},
  journal     = {J Neurocytol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Anterior Chamber; Axons, metabolism; Biological Transport, drug effects; Ganglia, Sympathetic, drug effects/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Hydroxydopamines, pharmacology; Kinetics; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Rats; Trigeminal Ganglion, metabolism; Trigeminal Nerve, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {317295},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Arvidson:1979a,
  author      = {Arvidson, B.},
  title       = {A study of the perineurial diffusion barrier of a peripheral ganglion.},
  year        = {1979},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {46},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {139--144},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00684815},
  abstract    = {The perineurial diffusion barrier to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and ferritin was investigated in superior cervical ganglia of rats and mice. The ganglion was surrounded by a delicate epineurium and 2-5 perineurial lamellae joined by zonulae occludentes and desmosomes. Following local application of tracers the animals were killed after 5, 30, and 60 min and the distribution of HRP and ferritin was studied by light and electron microscopy. The inner layers of the ganglionic perineurium prevented diffusion of both HRP and ferritin perineurial lamellae investing the ganglion. HRP had often extended to the innermost lamella 60 min after application. HRP and ferritin were present in vesicles of ganglionic perineurial cells. There was no passage of tracers via intercellular junctions.},
  journal     = {Acta Neuropathol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Desmosomes, ultrastructure; Diffusion; Ferritins; Ganglia, Autonomic, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {452854},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Arvidson:1990,
  author      = {Arvidson, B. and Arvidsson, J.},
  title       = {Retrograde axonal transport of mercury in primary sensory neurons innervating the tooth pulp in the rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {115},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {29--32},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(90)90512-8},
  abstract    = {The pulp cavity of the first upper molar was exposed unilaterally in adult rats with a dental drill and about 1 microliter of mercuric chloride was injected into the coronal pulp. The rats were killed after 1-24 days and frozen sections from the trigeminal ganglia were subjected to silver acetate autometallography for demonstration of mercury. Mercury was found to have accumulated in neurons of the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion by retrograde axonal transport. The possible implications of this finding are discussed.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Dental Pulp, innervation; Female; Mercuric Chloride; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Ganglion, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1699174},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Arvidsson:1973,
  author      = {Arvidsson, B. and Kristensson, K. and Olsson, Y.},
  title       = {Vascular permeability to fluorescent protein tracer in trigeminal nerve and gasserian ganglion.},
  year        = {1973},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {26},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {199--205},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00684429},
  journal     = {Acta Neuropathol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Capillary Permeability; Extracellular Space; Female; Fluorescence; Male; Mice; Ophthalmic Nerve, blood supply; Rabbits; Rats; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Time Factors; Trigeminal Nerve, blood supply},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {4769150},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Arvidsson:1982,
  Title                    = {Somatotopic organization of vibrissae afferents in the trigeminal sensory nuclei of the rat studied by transganglionic transport of HRP.},
  Author                   = {Arvidsson, J.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1982},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {84--92},
  Volume                   = {211},

  Abstract                 = {Transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used to study the cell bodies and central projections of neurons innervating the vibrissae in the rat. These can be grouped into five horizontal rows and one posterior vertical row. Twenty-four to 48 hours after the nerves innervating different vibrissae were exposed to HRP, the trigeminal ganglia, brainstem, and upper cervical spinal cord were fixed by perfusion and serial sections were processed according to the tetramethylbenzidine technique. The results revealed a tendency for somatotopic organization in the trigeminal ganglion of cell bodies innervating the different vibrissae. Corresponding termination areas in the trigeminal sensory nuclei showed a detailed pattern of organization replicating the peripheral organization of the vibrissae. In all trigeminal sensory nuclei the horizontal rows are represented in an inverted fashion from dorsal to ventral, i.e., the most dorsal row is represented most ventrally.
 In addition, the more anterior a vibrissa is located, the deeper is it represented in the rostral nonlaminated nuclei. The situation is reversed in the laminated nucleus caudalis. The posterior vertical row is represented most superficially in the rostral nonlaminated nuclei, but most deeply in the laminated nucleus caudalis. In nucleus caudalis there are also rostrocaudal differences in the representation of different vibrissae. Thus, the posterior vibrissae in a horizontal row have their main representations more caudally than the anterior vibrissae. The posterior vertical row has its main representation most caudally, in the C1 segment.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902110108},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Face, innervation; Horseradish Peroxidase; Mechanoreceptors, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {6983532},
  Timestamp                = {29.11.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902110108}
}

@Article{Arvidsson:1995,
  Title                    = {Innervation of the hard palate in the rat studied by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugates.},
  Author                   = {Arvidsson, J. and Fundin, B. T. and Pfaller, K.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {489--498},
  Volume                   = {351},

  Abstract                 = {The innervation of the rat hard palate and the bordering part of the soft palate was studied after anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) and to choleragenoid (B-HRP) in separate experiments. WGA-HRP labeling showed leakage from several types of nerve endings, whereas B-HRP did not. Both conjugates gave rise to heavy labeling of a variety of nerve endings. Intragemmal and, especially, perigemmal fibers were labeled in chemosensory corpuscles, which were most common in the medial wall of the incisive canal and in the most anterior part of the soft palate. Ruffini endings of different sizes were labeled in the incisive papilla. Other subepithelial endings forming elongated expanded profiles with medium- to large-caliber source fibers were most common in protruding parts of the palate. Labeled intraepithelial endings included Merkel endings, which were most frequent in the incisive papilla and the rugae. Other labeled profiles 
were medium-caliber afferents giving rise to irregular, beaded, and sometimes branched endings often located far superficially in the epithelium. Such endings were present both within and between protruding parts of the palate. Fine-caliber intraepithelial endings were labeled almost exclusively in WGA-HRP experiments.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903510402},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings; Neurons, Afferent; Palate, Soft, innervation/physiology; Palate, innervation/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Trigeminal Ganglion; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7536754},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903510402}
}

@Article{Arvidsson:1988,
  author      = {Arvidsson, J. and Johansson, K.},
  title       = {Changes in the central projection pattern of vibrissae innervating primary sensory neurons after peripheral nerve injury in the rat.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {84},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {120--124},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(88)90394-1},
  abstract    = {The central representation of a normal vibrissa nerve and the corresponding nerve after transection and regeneration of the infraorbital nerve has been studied by the use of transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase in the adult rat. The normal vibrissa nerve terminated in a well-defined area within nucleus caudalis and C1 dorsal horn. In contrast, the regenerated vibrissa nerve showed a widespread central termination pattern indicating a pronounced loss of somatotopic organization. These changes in somatotopic organization could contribute to an inability to correctly localize a sensory stimulus; this is a common clinical finding after peripheral nerve injury and regeneration.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, physiology; Denervation; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Orbit, innervation; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Peripheral Nerves, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synaptic Transmission; Vibrissae, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304-3940(88)90394-1},
  pmid        = {2829062},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Arvidsson:1990,
  Title                    = {Central projections of C4-C8 dorsal root ganglia in the rat studied by anterograde transport of WGA-HRP.},
  Author                   = {J. Arvidsson and K. Pfaller},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1990},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {349--362},
  Volume                   = {292},

  Abstract                 = {Injections of WGA-HRP were made in the rat C4-C8 dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) individually to study the central projections and their relations to each other. The main dorsal horn projections from these DRGs to the dorsal horn lamina II extended for about two segments rostrally and caudally to the injected DRG, whereas the projections to laminae I, III, and IV were less restricted rostrocaudally. Comparisons of the dorsal horn projections from the DRGs investigated indicated a tendency for a somatotopic organization, which was most prominent in lamina II. Labeled central branches from the C4-8 DRGs could be traced in the dorsal column as far caudally as 12-17 segments caudal to the level of entrance. Most of these fibers appeared to end in the medial dorsal horn base, including the column of Clarke. Labeling of primary afferents in the ventral horn generally extended for at least 3-4 segments rostral and caudal to the level of the injected DRG. Projections to the central cervical 
nucleus were most prominent from the C4 DRG and gradually became less prominent from the more caudal DRGs. Heavy projections to the cuneate nucleus (Cun) originated from the C7 and C8 DRG, whereas those from the C4-C6 DRGs were less extensive. The Cun projections from the different DRGs appeared to overlap, and the same was true for the projections to the external cuneate nucleus. Projections to the gracile nucleus, the vestibular nuclear complex, including nucleus X, and to trigeminal sensory nuclei were seen from all DRGs investigated.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902920303},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1692849},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902920303}
}

@Article{Arvidsson:1992,
  author      = {J. Arvidsson and K. Pfaller and S. Gmeiner},
  title       = {The ganglionic origins and central projections of primary sensory neurons innervating the upper and lower lips in the rat.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {9},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {199--209},
  doi         = {10.3109/08990229209144771},
  abstract    = {Retrograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to investigate the neurons innervating the upper and the lower lips and their central projections in the rat. Both the upper and the lower lips were observed to be innervated by a very large number of trigeminal sensory neurons, with their cell bodies located in the maxillary and the mandibular parts of the trigeminal ganglion, respectively. The central projections of neurons innervating the upper lip formed a long continuous column starting rostrally at midlevels of the trigeminal main sensory nucleus (5P) and extending caudally through the C1 dorsal horn, with occasional fibers reaching the C3 segment. The heaviest projections appeared in the middle portions of 5P and nucleus interpolaris (5I), as well as in the rostral part of nucleus caudalis (5C). A small but consistent projection to the solitary tract nucleus, originating from cells in the inferior vagal ganglion, was observed in the upper-lip experiments.
 The central projections from neurons innervating the lower lip also appeared as a long column located dorsally or dorsomedially to the projections from the upper lip. The most prominent projections from the lower lip were located in the caudal part of 5P, the middle part of 5I, and the caudal two-thirds of 5C. Sparse projections could be traced as far caudally as C4. At 5C and cervical levels, some labeling appeared contralaterally in the same location as on the ipsilateral side.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.},
  journal     = {Somatosens Mot Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Lip, innervation; Maxillary Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Receptor Cells, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1414118},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Arvidsson:1989,
  author      = {J. Arvidsson and P. Raappana},
  title       = {An HRP study of the central projections from primary sensory neurons innervating the rat masseter muscle.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {480},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {111--118},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)91573-4},
  abstract    = {Retrograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase has been used to study the cell bodies of origin and the central projections of neurons innervating the rat masseter muscle. Labeled cell bodies were observed both in the trigeminal ganglion and in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. Major central projections from mesencephalic trigeminal neurons were traced to the supratrigeminal nucleus and to the brainstem reticular formation. Smaller projections from these neurons could be followed to the borders of the solitary tract and hypoglossal nuclei as well as to lamina V of nucleus caudalis and corresponding areas in the dorsal horn at C1-C2 spinal cord segments. Labeling from trigeminal ganglion neurons was observed close to the trigeminal tract in all subdivisions of the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex and in the dorsal horn lamina I at C1 and C2 levels.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Masseter Muscle, cytology/innervation; Masticatory Muscles, innervation; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Nerve, cytology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(89)91573-4},
  pmid        = {2713645},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Arvidsson:1991,
  Title                    = {Central projections of primary sensory neurons innervating different parts of the vibrissae follicles and intervibrissal skin on the mystacial pad of the rat.},
  Author                   = {J. Arvidsson and F. L. Rice},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1991},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {1--16},
  Volume                   = {309},

  Abstract                 = {The cell bodies and central projections of neurons innervating the vibrissae follicles and adjacent skin in the rat were investigated by retrograde and transganglionic transport of HRP. The cell bodies of neurons innervating the vibrissa follicle via the deep vibrissa nerve (DVN) were the largest, followed by those innervating the follicle via the superficial vibrissa nerve (SVN). The smallest cell bodies were those innervating the intervibrissal skin. The DVN neurons terminated centrally as an almost uninterrupted column through the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex. The DVN projections to nucleus caudalis and C1 dorsal horn were entirely restricted to laminae III, IV, and V. Besides the projections to lamina V, the DVN projections were strictly localized somatotopically at all levels replicating the peripheral organization of the vibrissae. The SVNs projected sparsely to midlevels of the main sensory nucleus but not to nuclei oralis and interpolaris. The main SVN projections 
appeared in laminae I-III of nucleus caudalis. In addition, a small projection to lamina V was observed. The projections to laminae II and III were organized mediolaterally in a similar way as the DVN projections; those to laminae I and V were less restricted. The intervibrissal skin neurons projected sparsely to the caudal main sensory nucleus and to the border between nuclei oralis and interpolaris. The projections to nucleus caudalis were restricted to laminae I-III and V and were organized in a similar way as the SVN projections.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903090102},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Skin, innervation; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vibrissae, innervation},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1716645},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903090102}
}

@Article{Asada:1998,
  author      = {Asada, Y. and Kawaguchi, S. and Hayashi, H. and Nakamura, T.},
  title       = {Neural repair of the injured spinal cord by grafting: comparison between peripheral nerve segments and embryonic homologous structures as a conduit of CNS axons.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {31},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {241--249},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0168-0102(98)00042-x},
  abstract    = {To study the differences between peripheral nerve (PN) and embryonic homologous CNS structures as a conduit for CNS axons, spinal cord segments in neonatal rats were removed at the mid-thoracic level and PN or embryonic spinal cord (ESC) segments were grafted into the vacancy. Neural connections across the graft were examined by the anterograde and retrograde tracing methods. Anterogradely labeled pyramidal tract fibers entered the PN segment meanderingly and were dispersed; most stopped at the caudal end of the graft. Although a small fraction of fibers re-entered the host spinal cord, they terminated near the graft-host interface without further extension. By contrast, similarly labeled fibers entering the ESC segments crossed the graft and extended further to reach the lumbar segments. The fibers were defasciculated in the graft but became fasciculated and oriented dorsally near the caudal end of the graft, and descended in the normal path. Consistent with these findings, the retrograde 
tracing study revealed that in animals with ESC segment grafts but not in those with PN segment grafts, many neurons in the upper brain structures were labeled with Fast Blue that was injected into the lumbar enlargement. The difference between the two kinds of graft as a conduit for CNS axons is likely to be due to differences in matching growing axons and their guidance cues through the graft-host interface.},
  institution = {Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, physiology; Cell Count; Cell Transplantation, physiology; Fetal Tissue Transplantation, physiology; Peripheral Nerves, cytology/transplantation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord Injuries, surgery; Spinal Cord, cytology/embryology/transplantation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0168-0102(98)00042-X},
  pmid        = {9809670},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Asadi:2008,
  author      = {Asadi, A. and Pourfathollah, A. A. and Mahdavi, M. and Eftekharian, M. M. and Moazzeni, S. M.},
  title       = {Preparation of antibody against horseradish peroxidase using hybridoma technology.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {3-4},
  pages       = {73--78},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Monoclonal antibody against horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has many applications which peroxidase anti-peroxidase. Peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) complex formation is its most known and important usage. This complex is used in many immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical staining techniques.The aim of this study was the preparation of anti-HRP monoclonal antibody through hybridoma technology.The BALB/c mice were immunized by repeated injections of HRP. After the confirmation of their immunization by ELISA test, the spleen lymphocytes and SP2/0 myeloma cells were hybridized using PEG as fusing agent. The hybridoma cells were then selected by culturing in HAT medium. Identification and selection of anti-HRP producing clones were done by ELISA test on culture supernatants of the obtained clones. To acquire the monoclones, limiting dilution was performed twice and the effect of finally obtained antibodies on enzyme activity was investigated by a specific ELISA test. In vivo tumor induction 
method was used for production of concentrated antibody. At last class and subclass of the obtained antibodies were determined by Isostrip Kit.After seven rounds of cell fusions, 224 clones were obtained, from which, six ones were anti-HRP producers. Two clones (P1F11 and P2F6) with higher antibody secretion were selected and subcloned. Both derived hybridoma monoclones (P1F11D2 and P2F6F3) were producing antibodies from IgG1 subclass with kappa (Kappa) light chains which didn't affect the enzyme activity. The electrophoresis of ascetic fluid of tumor induced mice showed an obvious band in gamma (gamma) position.The obtained monoclonal antibodies are from IgG class and don't affect the enzyme activity, therefore it seems that they are suitable for PAP complex production.},
  institution = {Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.},
  journal     = {Hum Antibodies},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal, biosynthesis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Hybridomas, immunology; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Peroxidases, immunology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {19029664},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Asamoto:2004,
  Title                    = {[Neural circuit of the cervical sympathetic nervous system with special reference to input and output of the cervical sympathetic ganglia: relationship between spinal cord and cervical sympathetic ganglia and that between cervical sympathetic ganglia and their target organs].},
  Author                   = {Asamoto, Ken},
  Journal                  = {Kaibogaku Zasshi},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {5--14},
  Volume                   = {79},

  Abstract                 = {Using anterograde labeling technique with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), we demonstrated the arborization pattern of a single preganglionic axon in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and stellate ganglion (STG). These axons expanded in the longitudinal direction, but not for transverse direction. Segmental relationship was identified between the spinal cord and STG, as seen between spinal cord and sympathetic ganglia in the thoraco-lumbar region, but we did not find any segmental relationship between the spinal cord and SCG. Some sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the lateral horn of the thoracic cord, especially in the intermediolateral nucleus (IML) have nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. We demonstrated that SCG neurons, which were heavily innervated by these NOS-positive neurons, tended to innervate organs that have some secretory functional tissues. Finally, we showed that the size of neuronal somata does not correlate with the size of target organs, as 
has been reported in previous studies. We should consider that there are other factors determining the size of neuronal somata, such as the size of dendritic field or volumes of NGF secretory from target tissues.},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic; Axons; Ganglia, Sympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Neck, innervation; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology/enzymology; Nitric Oxide Synthase, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Staining and Labeling; Stellate Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {jpn},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {15101172},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014}
}

@Article{Asan:1997,
  author      = {Asan, E.},
  title       = {Ultrastructural features of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive afferents and their targets in the rat amygdala.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {288},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {449--469},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s004410050832},
  abstract    = {Interrelations of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive afferent fibres with neuronal elements were studied in central, basal and intercalated nuclei of the rat amygdaloid complex. Comparison with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-immunoreacted and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreacted parallel sections indicated that the tyrosine-hydroxylase immunoreaction labelled preferentially dopaminergic axons. At the electron-microscopic level, the majority of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons possessed small boutons containing small clear vesicles and contacting dendrites, spines or somata of amygdala neurons, forming mostly symmetric synapses. They were often directly apposed to or in the vicinity of unlabelled terminals synapsing on the same structure. Synaptic density was highest in the central lateral part of the central nucleus. In the central and basal nuclei labelled axons synapsed preferentially on small dendrites and dendritic spines, and on somata of a few neurons. A detailed 
study of the neuronal ultrastructure showed that innervated somata possessed the differential characteristics displayed by the predominant neuron types in the medial and central lateral central nucleus and resembled the typical projection neurons in the basal nuclei. In the paracapsular intercalated cell groups the majority of neurons possessed intense perisomatic innervation by immunoreactive terminals. The results suggest that tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive, predominantly dopaminergic amygdaloid afferent fibres preferentially modulate the effect of extrinsic inputs into neurons of the central and basal nuclei, while a nonselective regulation is exerted upon the output of paracapsular intercalated neurons. It is suggested that this innervation pattern may be important for the coordinated integration of extrinsic and intraamygdaloid connections and thus for balanced output of the structure.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstrasse 6, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany.},
  journal     = {Cell Tissue Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Amygdala, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Animals; Axons, enzymology/ultrastructure; Dendrites, enzymology/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Fibers, enzymology/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9134859},
  timestamp   = {25.04.2013},
}

@Article{Asan:1997a,
  author      = {Asan, E.},
  title       = {Interrelationships between tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive dopaminergic afferents and somatostatinergic neurons in the rat central amygdaloid nucleus.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {107},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {65--79},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s004180050090},
  abstract    = {Interrelationships between dopaminergic afferents and somatostatinergic neurons of the rat central amygdaloid nucleus were studied using tyrosine hydroxylase/somatostatin double immunolabeling for light and electron microscopy. Additionally, morphological features of somatostatin neurons in different subnuclei of the central nucleus were studied, and the results were complemented by codistribution studies of somatostatin and D1 and D2 dopamine receptor mRNA expression. Dense axonal immunolabeling for tyrosine hydroxylase was colocalized with somatostatin-immunoreactive or somatostatin mRNA-reactive neurons in the medial and the central lateral part of the central nucleus. The number of somatostatinergic neurons detected was higher using in situ hybridization than using immunolabeling. Somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons of the medial central nucleus possessed deeply indented nuclei, and immunoreaction product was confined to the Golgi apparatus and its vicinity. On the other hand, those in 
the central lateral subnucleus possessed nuclei without indentations and showed diffuse staining of the cytoplasm and/or in large vesicles. Double labeling showed that in the central lateral central nucleus, somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons were contacted by tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive terminals, and on the electron microscopic level synaptic contacts between differently labeled structures were observed. D1 and D2 receptor mRNA-reactive neurons were differentially distributed in central nucleus subnuclei. D1 receptor mRNA-expressing neurons were found only in the medial subnucleus, while D2 receptor mRNA was expressed by a number of neurons in the lateral central and a few in the medial one. Thus, the study proves that somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons of the central lateral central nucleus are directly innervated by dopaminergic afferents and may express the D2 dopamine receptor.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Würzburg, Germany.},
  journal     = {Histochem Cell Biol},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Animals; Dopamine, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; RNA, Messenger, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Dopamine D1, biosynthesis; Receptors, Dopamine D2, biosynthesis; Somatostatin, physiology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9049643},
  timestamp   = {25.04.2013},
}

@Article{Asan:1986,
  author      = {Asan, E. and Kugler, P. and Schiebler, T. H.},
  title       = {Sex-related differences in the handling of fluorescent ovalbumin by the proximal tubule of the rat kidney.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {84},
  number      = {4-6},
  pages       = {408--417},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00482971},
  abstract    = {Sex-dependent protein handling in the rat renal tubular system was studied both qualitatively and quantitatively using the method of direct fluorescent protein tracing. The protein tracer, fluorescent ovalbumin, was synthesized by conjugating hen ovalbumin with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and the fluorescence characteristics of fluoresceinthiocarbamyl (FTC)-ovalbumin conjugates with different degrees of labelling were studied. Heavily labelled tracer was intravenously injected into male and female rats, and both kidneys were perfused; the right kidney was then homogenized and used for quantitative fluorometric measurements, while the left kidney was perfusion fixed and prepared for fluorescence microscopy. The tubular reabsorption of fluorescent ovalbumin was studied 4 min and 10 min after the injection of different doses (1.4, 7.0 and 14.0 mg/kg body weight) of the tracer, and the tubular catabolism was investigated in animals killed 60 and 120 min after the injection. Fluorescence 
microscopy demonstrated that, in both sexes and regardless of the dose administered and the time after injection, specifically fluorescent protein or its degradation products was only present in the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule. With regard to sex-dependent differences in protein handling, fluorometry indicated that at 4 min (7.0 mg) and at 10 min (all doses) after injection, female animals had reabsorbed more fluorescent protein than males. With regard to the catabolic phase, both the fluorescence microscopy and the fluorometric results showed that the female rats had degraded the fluorescent tracer at a significantly higher rate than males. The results are discussed in connection with sex-dependent proteinuria in rats.},
  journal     = {Histochemistry},
  keywords    = {Animals; Female; Fluorescein; Fluoresceins, diagnostic use; Kidney Glomerulus, metabolism; Kidney Tubules, Proximal, metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Ovalbumin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Rats; Sex Factors; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Time Factors; Ultrafiltration},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3721912},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@InCollection{Asanuma:1989,
  author    = {Asanuma, Chisato},
  title     = {The Functional Organization of the Mammalian Dorsal Thalamus},
  booktitle = {Surgery of the Diencephalon},
  year      = {1989},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {3--25},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4684-5586-1_1},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Asanuma:1992,
  Title                    = {Noradrenergic innervation of the thalamic reticular nucleus: a light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study in rats.},
  Author                   = {C. Asanuma},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {299--311},
  Volume                   = {319},

  Abstract                 = {Fluoro-ruby injections in the rat locus coeruleus result in scattered chain-like arrays of varicose anterogradely labeled axons within the thalamic reticular nucleus of rats. An abundant meshwork of axons giving rise to en passant boutons is detected immunohistochemically within this thalamic nucleus by means of an antibody to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH). The density of DBH-positive axonal boutons within the reticular nucleus neuropil is greater than that found in the relay nuclei of the dorsal thalamus (with the exception of the anterior group nuclei). Single DBH-positive axons appear to contact both proximal and distal dendrites and occasionally the somata of reticular nucleus neurons. Labeled axons are seen closely juxtaposed not only to the swollen segments of the beaded reticular neuron dendrites, but to the constricted segments as well. Electron microscopic examination of DBH-positive axon terminals within the reticular nucleus neuropil indicates that many of the 
axonal boutons detected light microscopically participate in asymmetric synaptic contacts. The postsynaptic densities of these synapses are thicker than those of nearby symmetric synapses, but often subtend a shorter length of the postsynaptic membrane than the densities associated with other nearby asymmetric synapses. These observations indicate that the ascending noradrenergic system, in addition to influencing the dorsal thalamus and the cerebral cortex directly, is well situated to influence signal transmission through the nuclei of the dorsal thalamus indirectly via a moderately dense terminal projection upon the thalamic reticular nucleus.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903190209},
  Institution              = {Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH Animal Center, Poolesville, Maryland 20837.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, enzymology/ultrastructure; Dextrans; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, analysis; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neurons, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rhodamines; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pmid                     = {1381728},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903190209}
}

@Article{Asanuma:1988,
  author      = {Asanuma, C. and Ohkawa, R. and Stanfield, B. B. and Cowan, W. M.},
  title       = {Observations on the development of certain ascending inputs to the thalamus in rats. I. Postnatal development.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {469},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {159--170},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-3806(88)90179-4},
  abstract    = {We have studied the postnatal development of the major ascending afferents to the thalamus in postnatal rats using tetramethylbenzidine histochemistry following wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase injections into either the dorsal column nuclei, the deep cerebellar nuclei, or the inferior colliculus. By the day of birth, the efferents from each of these regions have already entered, and arborized extensively within, their appropriate thalamic relay nuclei. However, the overall distribution of each of these ascending afferent systems differs dramatically from that seen in mature rats. In neonatal rats, a substantial proportion of the ascending axons extend beyond the thalamus and often enter the internal capsule, some bypassing the thalamus altogether. In addition, some of the axons which enter and arborize within the thalamus extend beyond their appropriate terminal field into adjoining thalamic nuclei. Retrograde tracing experiments utilizing Fast blue indicate that the 
cells of origin of these overshooting axons are distributed similarly to the cells of origin of the definitive thalamic afferents. These early erroneous projections are all subsequently eliminated and the characteristically restricted adult distribution of each afferent system is evident by P30. These results indicate that developmental overgrowths and targeting errors of thalamic afferent fibers are not unique to the visual system (where they have been documented previously), but may be a general feature in the development of these pathways.},
  institution = {Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, growth /&/ development/physiology; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology; Efferent Pathways, growth /&/ development/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamus, growth /&/ development/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2456844},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Asanuma:1990,
  Title                    = {Light and electron microscopic evidence for a GABAergic projection from the caudal basal forebrain to the thalamic reticular nucleus in rats.},
  Author                   = {Asanuma, C. and Porter, L. L.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1990},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {159--172},
  Volume                   = {302},

  Abstract                 = {Neurons in the magnocellular nucleus of the caudal basal forebrain extend an axonal projection which arborizes within the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. The present study addresses the ultrastructure and neurochemistry of this projection in rats. Many labeled terminals are apparent within the thalamic reticular nucleus following Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin injections into the caudal basal nucleus; anterogradely labeled axon terminals most commonly contact both somata and dendrites of reticular nucleus neurons with symmetric membrane specializations. Thus, the majority of the labeled terminals examined contrast with choline acetyltransferase positive terminals which have been previously identified as contacting dendrites and forming asymmetric synapses within this nucleus. Many of the neurons within the caudal basal nucleus which are retrogradely labeled following tracer injections into the thalamic reticular nucleus are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactive. 
In addition, following injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin or fluoro-ruby into the caudal basal forebrain, some of the labeled axonal swellings and boutons within the thalamic reticular nucleus also contain glutamic acid decarboxylase. These results indicate that a significant component of the projection is GABAergic. These anatomical observations suggest that the projection from the caudal basal nucleus onto the thalamic reticular nucleus could facilitate the relay of information through the dorsal thalamus by inhibiting reticular nucleus neurons, and thus, in turn, disinhibiting thalamic relay neurons.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903020112},
  Institution              = {Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Poolesville, MD 20837.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry/ultrastructure; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Rhodamines; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1707896},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020112}
}

@Article{Ascarrunz:1995,
  author      = {Ascarrunz, F. G. and Kisley, M. A. and Flach, K. A. and Hamilton, R. W. and MacGregor, R. J.},
  title       = {Characterization, scaling, and partial representation of diffuse and discrete input junctions to CA3 hippocampus.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {73},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {167--176},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00204055},
  abstract    = {This paper applies a general mathematical system for characterizing and scaling functional connectivity and information flow across the diffuse (EC) and discrete (DG) input junctions to the CA3 hippocampus. Both gross connectivity and coordinated multiunit informational firing patterns are quantitatively characterized in terms of 32 defining parameters interrelated by 17 equations, and then scaled down according to rules for uniformly proportional scaling and for partial representation. The diffuse EC-CA3 junction is shown to be uniformly scalable with realistic representation of both essential spatiotemporal cooperativity and coordinated firing patterns down to populations of a few hundred neurons. Scaling of the discrete DG-CA3 junction can be effected with a two-step process, which necessarily deviates from uniform proportionality but nonetheless produces a valuable and readily interpretable reduced model, also utilizing a few hundred neurons in the receiving population. Partial 
representation produces a reduced model of only a portion of the full network where each model neuron corresponds directly to a biological neuron. The mathematical analysis illustrated here shows that although omissions and distortions are inescapable in such an application, satisfactorily complete and accurate models the size of pattern modules are possible. Finally, the mathematical characterization of these junctions generates a theory which sees the DG as a definer of the fine structure of embedded traces in the hippocampus and entire coordinated patterns of sequences of 14-cell links in CA3 as triggered by the firing of sequences of individual neurons in DG.},
  institution = {, Boulder 80309-0429, USA.},
  journal     = {Biol Cybern},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cybernetics; Electrophysiology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Mathematics; Models, Neurological; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Synapses, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7662768},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@InCollection{Aschoff:1982b,
  author    = {Aschoff, Andreas and Fritz, Norbert and Illert, Michael},
  title     = {Axonal transport of fluorescent compounds in the brain and spinal cord of cat and rat},
  booktitle = {Axoplasmic Transport in Physiology and Pathology},
  year      = {1982},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {177--187},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-642-85714-0_24},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Aschoff:1982a,
  author      = {Aschoff, A. and Holl{\"{a}}nder, H.},
  title       = {Fluorescent compounds as retrograde tracers compared with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). I. A parametric study in the central visual system of the albino rat.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {179--197},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-0270(82)90083-8},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Fluorescent Dyes; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Peroxidases; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamic Nuclei, analysis; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0165-0270(82)90083-8},
  pmid        = {7144234},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Aschoff:1982,
  author      = {A. Aschoff and H. Holländer},
  title       = {Fluorescent compounds as retrograde tracers compared with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). I. A parametric study in the central visual system of the albino rat.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {179--197},
  note        = {Experiment with cat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-0270(82)90083-8},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Fluorescent Dyes; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Peroxidases; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamic Nuclei, analysis; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {0165-0270(82)90083-8},
  pmid        = {7144234},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aschoff:1987,
  Title                    = {Different origins of cochlear efferents in some bat species, rats, and guinea pigs.},
  Author                   = {A. Aschoff and J. Ostwald},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1987},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {56--72},
  Volume                   = {264},

  Abstract                 = {The origin of olivocochlear efferents was studied in the rat, the guinea pig, and the bats Rhinolophus, Rhinopoma, Tadarida, and Phylostomus by retrograde labeling with HRP and the fluorescent dye fast blue. In all species with the exception of Rhinolophus rouxi two types of cochlear efferents could be found: small neurons located in the lateral superior olive (LSO) and larger ones located bilaterally in the periolivary region. In bats and rats small olivocochlear neurons (OCN) were found only in the ipsilateral LSO. In guinea pigs some small OCN were found also in the contralateral LSO. Large OCN were found in all animals except Rhinolophus. They were organized in a horseshoelike nucleus that extended in a rostrocaudal direction and bent rostrally around the medial superior olive (MSO). This nucleus contains several periolivary nuclei described separately by other authors. In Rhinol. rouxi somata of all olivocochlear efferents are concentrated in a single nucleus between the 
MSO and LSO, which we therefore call the nucleus olivocochlearis. This nucleus stains for acetylcholinesterase. We consider its neurons to be similar to small OCN, because they are small, associated with the LSO, and only ipsilaterally labeled. This fits well with the fact that Rhinolophus lacks an efferent innervation of outer hair cells (Bishop: Ph.D. Thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, '86; Bruns and Schmieszek: Hear. Res. 3:27-43, '80), which are normally innervated by large OCN (Guinan et al: J. Comp. Neurol. 221:358-370, '83).},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902640106},
  Institution              = {Department of Zoophysiology, University of Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany.},
  Keywords                 = {Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Brain Mapping; Chiroptera, anatomy /&/ histology; Cochlea, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Guinea Pigs, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {3680624},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902640106}
}

@Article{Aschoff:1988,
  author      = {A. Aschoff and J. Ostwald},
  title       = {Distribution of cochlear efferents and olivo-collicular neurons in the brainstem of rat and guinea pig. A double labeling study with fluorescent tracers.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {71},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {241--251},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00247484},
  abstract    = {In rat and guinea pig, cochlear efferents to the two ears were labeled simultaneously with different fluorescent tracers. It was found that in both species only few (1-3\%) olivo-cochlear neurons were double-labeled and project to both cochleae. In most periolivary regions large olivocochlear neurons (OCN) projecting to the ipsilateral and contralateral side are intermingled and form a continuous cell column between the facial nucleus and lateral lemniscus. In a second series of experiments in rat, cochlear efferents and ascending olivo-collicular neurons were labeled. Olivo-cochlear and olivo-collicular neurons are intermingled in the lateral superior olive (LSO) and in the ventromedial periolivary region. No double-labeled neurons were found that project to the cochlea and the inferior colliculus.},
  institution = {Department of Zoophysiology, University of Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cell Count; Cochlea, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Guinea Pigs; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3169161},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Ash:2014,
  author      = {Ash, Elizabeth S. and Heal, David J. and {Clare Stanford}, S.},
  title       = {Contrasting changes in extracellular dopamine and glutamate along the rostrocaudal axis of the anterior cingulate cortex of the rat following an acute d-amphetamine or dopamine challenge.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  month       = {Apr},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.04.003},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.04.003},
  abstract    = {There is evidence for functional specificity of subregions along the rostrocaudal axis of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The subregion-specific distribution of dopaminergic afferents and glutamatergic efferents along the ACC make these obvious candidates for coding such regional responses. We investigated this possibility using microdialysis in freely-moving rats to compare changes in extracellular dopamine and glutamate in the rostral ('rACC': Cg1 and Cg3 (prelimbic area)) and caudal ('cACC': Cg1 and Cg2) ACC induced by systemic or local administration of d-amphetamine. Systemic administration of d-amphetamine (3 mg/kg, i.p.) caused a transient increase in extracellular dopamine in the rACC, but an apparent increase in the cACC of the same animals was less clearly defined. Local infusion of d-amphetamine increased dopamine efflux in the rACC, only. Glutamate efflux in the rACC was increased by local infusion of dopamine (5-50 μM), which had negligible effect in the cACC, but only 
systemic administration of d-amphetamine increased glutamate efflux and only in the cACC. The asymmetry in the neurochemical responses within the rACC and cACC, to the same experimental challenges, could help explain why different subregions are recruited in the response to specific environmental and somatosensory stimuli and should be taken into account when studying the regulation of neurotransmission in the ACC. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'CNS Stimulants'.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. Electronic address: c.stanford@ucl.ac.uk.},
  journal     = {Neuropharmacology},
  medline-pst = {aheadofprint},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0028-3908(14)00129-4},
  pmid        = {24747182},
  timestamp   = {17.06.2014},
}

@Article{Ashizawa:2005,
  author      = {Ashizawa, Nobuo and Sakai, Toshio and Yoneyama, Tsunao and Naora, Hiroyuki and Kinoshita, Yoshikazu},
  title       = {Three-dimensional structure of peripheral exocrine gland in rat pancreas: reconstruction using transmission electron microscopic examination of serial sections.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {31},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {401--404},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1097/01.mpa.0000181488.27399.dd},
  abstract    = {The purpose of this study was to elucidate the 3-dimensional structure of the peripheral pancreatic exocrine gland.We observed serial sections of rat pancreatic tissue using a transmission electron microscope and traced the intercalated duct lumina, intra-acinar secretory canaliculi, intercalated duct cells or centroacinar cells, and basement membranes of acini onto a transparent sheet. These traced diagrams were reconstructed.The intra-acinar secretory canaliculus had branches but no anastomosis. The intercellular secretory canaliculus was extended from the central lumen through the space between the lateral surfaces of the acinar cells to the acinar base. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic process of each centroacinar cell was extended along the central lumen and connected to an intercalated duct cell; thus, centroacinar cells with the same structure as intercalated duct cells were not isolated from the intercalated duct cells.In this study, we elucidated the normal 3-dimensional structure of 
the peripheral pancreatic exocrine gland. To understand the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis, in the future we intend to examine the morphologic changes of pancreatic tissue during the onset and advancement of chronic pancreatitis using animal models.},
  institution = {Department of Internal Medicine, Tamatsukuri Kousei-nenkin Hospital, Matsue, Japan. ashizawa.n@smn.enjoy.ne.jp},
  journal     = {Pancreas},
  keywords    = {Animals; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Pancreas, Exocrine, ultrastructure; Pancreatitis, Chronic, etiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {00006676-200511000-00015},
  pmid        = {16258377},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Ashmarin:1980,
  author      = {Ashmarin, I. P. and Antonova, L. V. and Titov, S. A. and Maksimova, L. A. and Kamenskiĭ, A. A.},
  title       = {[Possible mechanisms of the divergent effects of ACTH4--10 and its analog containing the D-isomer of phenylalanine on behavior].},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {rus},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {6},
  pages       = {1196--1203},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {The effect of two oligopeptides--ACTG4-10 and hexopeptide met-glu-his-D-phen-lis-L-phen (Dphen-GP) on memorizing the situation and on orienting-investigating reaction was studied in albino rats by the method of elaboration of food-procuring habit in T-maze and by the method of "open field". It was shown that these peptides in a dose of 15 mcg/kg with certain periods of administration, have an opposite effect on maze learning but a similar effect on memorizing in the "open field". ACTG4-10 slightly increases motor activity in the "open field", whereas Dphen-GP decreases it considerably. It is suggested that ACTG4-10 improves the formation of trace processes independently of the sign of reinforcement, whereas Dphen-GP selectively enhances defensive reaction and memorizing, connected with negative reinforcement.},
  journal     = {Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova},
  keywords    = {Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, pharmacology; Animals; Behavior, Animal, drug effects; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Conditioning, Classical, drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Food; Habituation, Psychophysiologic, drug effects; Learning, drug effects; Male; Memory, drug effects; Motor Activity, drug effects; Peptide Fragments, pharmacology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6258347},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Ashrafi:2014,
  author      = {Ashrafi, Ghazaleh and Schlehe, Julia S. and LaVoie, Matthew J. and Schwarz, Thomas L.},
  title       = {Mitophagy of damaged mitochondria occurs locally in distal neuronal axons and requires PINK1 and Parkin.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {206},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {655--670},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1083/jcb.201401070},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201401070},
  abstract    = {To minimize oxidative damage to the cell, malfunctioning mitochondria need to be removed by mitophagy. In neuronal axons, mitochondrial damage may occur in distal regions, far from the soma where most lysosomal degradation is thought to occur. In this paper, we report that PINK1 and Parkin, two Parkinson's disease-associated proteins, mediate local mitophagy of dysfunctional mitochondria in neuronal axons. To reduce cytotoxicity and mimic physiological levels of mitochondrial damage, we selectively damaged a subset of mitochondria in hippocampal axons. Parkin was rapidly recruited to damaged mitochondria in axons followed by formation of LC3-positive autophagosomes and LAMP1-positive lysosomes. In PINK1(-/-) axons, damaged mitochondria did not accumulate Parkin and failed to be engulfed in autophagosomes. Similarly, initiation of mitophagy was blocked in Parkin(-/-) axons. Our findings demonstrate that the PINK1-Parkin-mediated pathway is required for local mitophagy in distal axons in 
response to focal damage. Local mitophagy likely provides rapid neuroprotection against oxidative stress without a requirement for retrograde transport to the soma.},
  institution = {F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115 Thomas.schwarz@childrens.harvard.edu.},
  journal     = {J Cell Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antimycin A, pharmacology; Autophagy; Axons, enzymology; Cells, Cultured; Female; Lysosomes, metabolism; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Mice; Mice, 129 Strain; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Microtubule-Associated Proteins, metabolism; Mitochondria, drug effects/physiology; Mitochondrial Degradation; Phagosomes, metabolism; Protein Kinases, metabolism; Protein Transport; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases, metabolism; Veratridine, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {jcb.201401070},
  pmid        = {25154397},
  timestamp   = {10.03.2015},
}

@Article{Ashwell:1998,
  author      = {K. W. Ashwell and L. I. Zhang},
  title       = {Prenatal development of the vestibular ganglion and vestibulocerebellar fibres in the rat.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {198},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {149-161},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s004290050173},
  abstract    = {We have used carbocyanine dye tracing techniques in conjunction with photoconversion and electronmicroscopy to examine the prenatal development of the central and peripheral processes of those vestibular ganglion cells projecting to the cerebellum. Developmental changes in the number of vestibular ganglion cells were assessed in paraffin-embedded material by nucleolar counting. In agreement with the results of parvalbumin staining, afferents to the cerebellum from the vestibular ganglion pursued a superficial course during early fetal life (E13 to E15). From E16 to E19, this superficial position was progressively lost and vestibulocerebellar fibres were seen to be directed towards the ventricular surface (prospective posterior/inferior vermis). The change in the course of vestibular afferents to the cerebellum coincided with a profound reduction in the number of ganglion cells which could be retrogradely 1a-belled from the cerebellar anlage (mean+/-SD: E16-2040+/-1130; E19-510+/-440). During 
that same period the total number of vestibular ganglion cells rose to peak at a mean of 9200 at E19, although there was a subsequent decline to an average of 4660 at P0. This population size was maintained through to adult life (4600). We also examined the development of connections between the vestibular ganglion and the vestibular apparatus. Peripheral processes of vestibular ganglion cells invaded the macula utricle and saccule and cristae of the semicircular canals from E13. We found that the peripheral vestibular ganglion cell processes themselves did not show any significant morphological changes from E16 to E21, but the sensory epithelium itself adopts a mature pseudostratified appearance by E21. This suggests that the loss of vestibular ganglion cells from E19 to birth is not related to major morphological changes in the peripheral axons, at least as revealed by carbocyanine dye labelling of these from the cerebellum, but may be associated with differentiation of the sensory epithelium to the mature 
pseudostratified form. Electronmicroscopy of photoconverted vestibulocerebellar fibres showed that at E14 these afferents were grouped in tight bundles of up to 20 axons. No particular association with the superficially placed external granular layer cells was found at that age. By E16 photoconverted vestibulocerebellar axons were no longer as tightly bundled and could be seen coursing more ventrally through the cerebellar anlage. The findings indicate that vestibulocerebellar fibres are not likely to physically facilitate external granular layer migration, since they do not attain a particularly close structural association with those cells. The observed developmental changes in the number of vestibular ganglion cells projecting to the cerebellum and the total number of vestibular ganglion cells suggests that changes in the course of vestibulocerebellar fibres are associated at first with retraction of cerebellar afferents, and subsequently with developmental cell death in the ganglion.},
  institution = {School of Anatomy, The University of NSW, Australia.},
  journal     = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/embryology/physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, physiology; Carbocyanines; Cell Count; Cerebellum, cytology/embryology/physiology; Efferent Pathways, cytology/embryology/physiology; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Sensory, cytology/embryology/physiology; Male; Morphogenesis; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synapses, ultrastructure; Vestibular Nerve, cytology/embryology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {9725774},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Ashwell:1992,
  author      = {K. W. Ashwell and L. L. Zhang},
  title       = {Ontogeny of afferents to the fetal rat cerebellum.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {145},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {17-23},
  doi         = {10.1159/000147336},
  abstract    = {Afferents to the fetal rat cerebellum have been studied in fixed tissue with the fluorescent tracer, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI). The dye was applied to the cerebellar anlage at ages from embryonic day (E) 12 to birth (P0). Central processes of vestibular ganglion cells were found to be the first identifiable afferents to the cerebellum, being present at least by E13 and perhaps as early as E12. Ipsilateral spinocerebellar fibres may be labelled from E15, vestibular nuclei (both ipsi- and contralateral) also from E15, while contralateral inferior olivary nuclei could not be retrogradely labelled until E17. Trigeminocerebellar neurons in the interpolaris subnucleus of the nucleus of the trigeminal spinal tract and neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus were not labelled until E22 and P0, respectively. Finally, contralateral pontine nuclei were retrogradely labelled from the cerebellum after birth.},
  institution = {School of Anatomy, University of NSW, Kensington, Australia.},
  journal     = {Acta Anat (Basel)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology; Fluorescent Dyes; Neurons, Afferent; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {1414208},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Askew:2015,
  author    = {Caitlin E. Askew and Raju Metherate},
  title     = {Synaptic interactions and inhibitory regulation in auditory cortex},
  year      = {2015},
  pages     = {-},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  issn      = {0301-0511},
  doi       = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.11.001},
  url       = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051115300764},
  abstract  = {Abstract This Special Issue focuses on the auditory-evoked mismatch negativity (MMN), an electrophysiological index of change, and its reduction in schizophrenia. The following brief review is an attempt to complement the behavioral and clinical contributions to the Special Issue by providing basic information on synaptic interactions and processing in auditory cortex. A key observation in previous studies is that the \{MMN\} involves activation of cortical N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Yet, \{NMDA\} receptor activation is regulated by a number of synaptic events, which also may contribute to the \{MMN\} reduction in schizophrenia. Accordingly, this review will focus on synaptic interactions, notably inhibitory regulation of \{NMDA\} receptor-mediated activity, in auditory cortex. },
  journal   = {Biological Psychology},
  keywords  = {auditory cortex},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {12.11.2015},
}

@Article{Aso:2014,
  Title                    = {Nociceptive phenotype of dorsal root ganglia neurons innervating the subchondral bone in rat knee joints.},
  Author                   = {Aso, K. and Ikeuchi, M. and Izumi, M. and Sugimura, N. and Kato, T. and Ushida, T. and Tani, T.},
  Journal                  = {Eur J Pain},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {174--181},
  Volume                   = {18},

  Abstract                 = {The subchondral bone of the distal femur is a source of pain caused by osteoarthritis (OA) or spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee. However, nociceptive phenotype of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons innervating the subchondral bone in rat knee joints has not been clarified.Retrograde labelling was used to identify afferents innervating the subchondral bone of the distal femur and the knee joint in rats. The nociceptive phenotype markers [calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tyrosine receptor kinase A (TrkA), neurofilament 200 (NF200) and isolectin B4 (IB4)], segmental distribution and the soma size of backlabelled DRG neurons were examined. Furthermore, we evaluated the differences in nociceptive phenotype between the subchondral bone and the knee joint afferents.The majority (60\%) of the subchondral bone afferents were localized in L3 DRGs and fewer in L4 and L5, while the knee joint afferents were localized mainly in L3 and L4. The percentage of CGRP immunoreactive (IR), 
TrkA-IR, NF200-IR and IB4-binding neurons in the subchondral bone afferents were 50\%, 65\%, 35\% and 0\%, respectively. The percentage of CGRP-IR and TrkA-IR neurons in the subchondral bone afferents was significantly higher than that in the knee joint afferents, respectively (p < 0.05).The majority of sensory DRG neurons innervating the subchondral bone of the distal femur were CGRP-IR and TrkA-IR. It is expected that therapeutic approaches targeting CGRP and TrkA could be effective in attenuating pain from the subchondral bone in knee joints.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00360.x},
  Institution              = {Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {23821557},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00360.x}
}

@Article{Astic:1986,
  author      = {L. Astic and D. Saucier},
  title       = {Anatomical mapping of the neuroepithelial projection to the olfactory bulb in the rat.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {445--454},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(86)90172-3},
  abstract    = {The topographical organization of the epithelium-to-bulb projections was studied in 15-day-old rats by the retrograde tracing method using horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Injections of HRP were placed in the glomerular layer of the 4 bulbar surfaces; the location and the maximal extent of labeled epithelial areas were assessed. Results have shown an important but variable degree of overlapping of peripheral projections to the bulb. The dorsal aspect received inputs from only the anterior dorsal recess and endoturbinate II. Epithelial projections to the lateral side included the anterior dorsal recess and turbinates 1, 2-2' and II-II'. Peripheral projections converging to the medial surface were the most various; they comprised the septal wall, the posterior dorsal recess, ectoturbinate 3 and all endoturbinates. The ventral pole received afferents from the lateral recess, lower parts of the septal wall and turbinates 2-2', 3, III, IV and also recesses between these turbinates. Otherwise, three 
epithelial areas showed divergent projections to the bulb. Information processing via convergence and divergence of epithelium-to-bulb connections may represent differential functions in olfactory information coding.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development; Aging; Animals; Brain Mapping; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium, physiology; Functional Laterality; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Microinjections; Nasal Cavity, innervation; Nasal Septum, innervation; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Olfactory Bulb, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development; Olfactory Mucosa, growth /&/ development/innervation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sensory Receptor Cells, cytology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0361-9230(86)90172-3},
  pmid        = {3719376},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Astic:1988,
  author      = {Astic, L. and Saucier, D.},
  title       = {Topographical projection of the septal organ to the main olfactory bulb in rats: ontogenetic study.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {470},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {297--303},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-3806(88)90248-9},
  abstract    = {Using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing method, we have studied the topographical organization of the projection of the septal organ to the main olfactory bulb in rats varying in age from 22 fetal days up to 15 postnatal days. For all developmental stages studied, receptor cells of the septal organ had their axons ending in a relatively circumscribed region of the olfactory bulb, which was the posterior ventromedial bulbar aspect. In younger animals, olfactory receptor cells were observed within the epithelial area isolating the septal organ from the olfactory epithelium, whereas this area was reported to be an exclusive respiratory region in adult rats. The complete disappearance of these receptor cells noted in 12-day-old rats was related to some ontogenetic process.},
  institution = {Physiologie Neurosensorielle, Université Claude Bernard/Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Aging; Animals; Axonal Transport; Horseradish Peroxidase; Nose, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Olfactory Bulb, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2464410},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Astier:1990,
  author      = {B. Astier and E. J. Van Bockstaele and G. Aston-Jones and V. A. Pieribone},
  title       = {Anatomical evidence for multiple pathways leading from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (nucleus paragigantocellularis) to the locus coeruleus in rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {118},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {141--146},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(90)90612-d},
  abstract    = {Using retrograde transport of Fluoro-Gold (FG) combined with immunofluorescence for phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), we have examined afferents to the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (nucleus paragigantocellularis; PGi) in rats sustaining lesions of the medullary adrenergic bundle (MB). In lesioned rats, very few adrenergic LC-projecting neurons persist in the PGi ipsilateral to the lesion, representing a 90\% decrease in comparison to non-lesioned animals. These results indicate that almost all adrenergic input to the LC from C1 neurons in PGi is conveyed by the MB. In contrast, the number of non-adrenergic LC afferent neurons in the PGi ipsilateral to the lesion only decreased by 48\% after such lesions. Thus, this pathway also provides non-adrenergic projections to LC from PGi, but many of these are conveyed by other route(s) as well.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, CNRS UMR 105, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Count; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2274260},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Astier:1990a,
  author      = {Astier, B. and {Van Bockstaele}, E. J. and Aston-Jones, G. and Pieribone, V. A.},
  title       = {Anatomical evidence for multiple pathways leading from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (nucleus paragigantocellularis) to the locus coeruleus in rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {118},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {141--146},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(90)90612-d},
  abstract    = {Using retrograde transport of Fluoro-Gold (FG) combined with immunofluorescence for phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), we have examined afferents to the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (nucleus paragigantocellularis; PGi) in rats sustaining lesions of the medullary adrenergic bundle (MB). In lesioned rats, very few adrenergic LC-projecting neurons persist in the PGi ipsilateral to the lesion, representing a 90\% decrease in comparison to non-lesioned animals. These results indicate that almost all adrenergic input to the LC from C1 neurons in PGi is conveyed by the MB. In contrast, the number of non-adrenergic LC afferent neurons in the PGi ipsilateral to the lesion only decreased by 48\% after such lesions. Thus, this pathway also provides non-adrenergic projections to LC from PGi, but many of these are conveyed by other route(s) as well.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, CNRS UMR 105, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Count; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2274260},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Aston-Jones:1992,
  author      = {Aston-Jones, G. and Astier, B. and Ennis, M.},
  title       = {Inhibition of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons by C1 adrenergic cells in the rostral ventral medulla.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {48},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {371--381},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(92)90497-p},
  abstract    = {Recent anatomical and physiological experiments indicate that the nucleus locus coeruleus receives a predominant excitatory amino acid input, as well as a substantial inhibitory input, from the nucleus paragigantocellularis in the ventrolateral medulla. To determine whether C1 adrenergic neurons are involved in the inhibitory projection, the effects of the alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, idazoxan, on inhibitory responses of locus coeruleus neurons to paragigantocellularis stimulation were characterized in the rat. Intravenous administration of idazoxan (0.2-1 mg/kg) attenuated paragigantocellularis-evoked inhibition, and often revealed an underlying weak excitation. Intraventricular administration of kynurenate, an excitatory amino acid antagonist, eliminated excitation from paragigantocellularis and disclosed an underlying inhibitory response in many locus coeruleus neurons that were previously excited by paragigantocellularis stimulation. These results revealed that about 90\% of locus 
coeruleus neurons receive inhibition from the paragigantocellularis. Intravenous idazoxan significantly reduced such paragigantocellularis-evoked inhibition, completely blocking this response in three of eight locus coeruleus cells tested. Idazoxan was much more potent when locally infused into the locus coeruleus. Local infusion of idazoxan (0.1-2.5 ng) into locus coeruleus produced a dose-dependent decrease of paragigantocellularis-evoked inhibition and completely blocked the inhibition in 10/33 locus coeruleus neurons, indicating that the site of idazoxan action was in the locus coeruleus. These results extend our previous anatomical studies of adrenergic input to locus coeruleus, and indicate that C1 adrenergic neurons in the paragigantocellularis provide a direct inhibitory input to the great majority of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons. In addition, this is the first report of a neuronal response to activation of C1 adrenergic cells indicating that these neurons are strongly inhibitory when acting 
at alpha-2 receptors in vivo.},
  institution = {Department of Mental Health Sciences, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists, pharmacology; Animals; Azo Compounds; Coloring Agents; Dioxanes, pharmacology; Electric Stimulation, methods; Evoked Potentials, drug effects; Idazoxan; Kynurenic Acid, pharmacology; Locus Coeruleus, drug effects/physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Pyramidal Tracts, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trypan Blue},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(92)90497-P},
  pmid        = {1351268},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Aston-Jones:2000,
  author      = {Aston-Jones, G. and Card, J. P.},
  title       = {Use of pseudorabies virus to delineate multisynaptic circuits in brain: opportunities and limitations.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {103},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {51--61},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0165-0270(00)00295-8},
  abstract    = {Transsynaptic tracing with live virus is a powerful tool that has been used extensively to analyze central efferents that regulate peripheral targets. More recently, investigators have begun to use this new methodology with central injections to identify circuit anatomy within the brain. Although transsynaptic tracing with peripheral injection of pseudorabies virus has been extensively characterized, several methodological issues related to central application of this tracer have not been addressed. Here, we review the following issues relevant to the use of pseudorabies virus (PRV; Bartha strain) in experiments involving injection of virus into rat brain: (i) factors that determine the zone of viral uptake; (ii) uptake of pseudorabies virus by fibers of passage; (iii) viral invasion of the brain after leakage of virus into the brain ventricles; (iv) considerations for double labeling for PRV with peptides and neurotransmitters; (v) use of PRV with conventional retrograde tracers to 
anatomically identify relays in a multisynaptic pathway; and (vi) transport of PRV throughout the dendritic tree as a means of identifying inputs to distal dendrites. Collectively, the data demonstrate that PRV provides a powerful means of dissecting the synaptology of CNS circuitry when appropriate controls are incorporated into the experimental design. A set of recipes for various procedures are included at the end of this article.},
  institution = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, VAMC, Building 15, Room 520, Woodland and University Avenues, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. gaj@mail.med.upenn.edu},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure/virology; Brain, cytology/physiology/virology; Cerebrospinal Fluid, virology; Coloring Agents, diagnostic use; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, metabolism; Nerve Net, cytology/physiology/virology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology/virology; Neurons, cytology/physiology/virology; Pseudorabies, metabolism; Synapses, pathology/ultrastructure/virology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0165-0270(00)00295-8},
  pmid        = {11074095},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@InCollection{Aston-Jones:2005,
  author    = {Aston-Jones, Gary and Card, J Patrick and Zhu, Yan and González, Mónica and Haggerty, Elizabeth},
  title     = {The Ne System as a Target for Hypocretin Neurons},
  booktitle = {Hypocretins},
  year      = {2005},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {137--152},
  doi       = {10.1007/0-387-25446-3_9},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Aston-Jones:2007,
  author    = {Aston-Jones, Gary and Card, J Patrick and Zhu, Yan and González, Mónica and Haggerty, Elizabeth},
  title     = {The ne system as a target for hypocretin neurons: implications for regulation of arousal},
  year      = {2007},
  pages     = {137},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  journal   = {Hypocretins: Integrators of Physiological Signals},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Springer},
  timestamp = {02.05.2016},
}

@Article{Aston-Jones:2001,
  Title                    = {A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal.},
  Author                   = {Aston-Jones, G. and Chen, S. and Zhu, Y. and Oshinsky, M. L.},
  Journal                  = {Nat Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {732--738},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Abstract                 = {An unknown aspect of behavioral state regulation is how the circadian oscillator of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates sleep and waking. In this report, we describe the necessary elements for a circuit that provides circadian regulation of arousal. Trans-synaptic retrograde tracing revealed a prominent indirect projection from the SCN to the noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus (LC), a brain arousal system. Double-labeling experiments revealed several possible links between the SCN and the LC, including the dorsomedial (DMH) and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei (PVN), as well as medial and ventrolateral pre-optic areas. Lesion studies confirmed that the DMH is a substantial relay in this circuit. Next, neurophysiology experiments revealed circadian variations in LC impulse activity. Lesions of the DMH eliminated these circadian changes in LC activity, confirming the functionality of the SCN-DMH-LC circuit. These results reveal mechanisms for regulation of circadian 
and sleep-waking functions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/89522},
  Institution              = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, VAMC (151), University and Woodland Avenues, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. gaj@mail.med.upenn.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Arousal, physiology; Circadian Rhythm, physiology; Electrophysiology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Hypothalamus, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Male; Microinjections; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {89522},
  Pmid                     = {11426230},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/89522}
}

@Article{Aston-Jones:1999,
  author      = {Aston-Jones, G. and Delfs, J. M. and Druhan, J. and Zhu, Y.},
  title       = {The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. A target site for noradrenergic actions in opiate withdrawal.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {877},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {486--498},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09284.x},
  abstract    = {Hyperactivity of brain norepinephrine (NE) systems has long been implicated in mechanisms of opiate withdrawal (OW). However, little is known about where elevated NE may act to promote OW. Here we report that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), the densest NE target in the brain, is critical for NE actions in OW. (1) Many BNST neurons become Fos+ after OW. Pretreatment with the beta antagonist, propranolol, markedly reduces OW symptoms and the number of Fos+ cells in the BNST. (2) Numerous neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (A2 neurons) and the A1 cell group are triple labeled for tyrosine hydroxylase, a retrograde tracer from the BNST, and Fos after OW, revealing numerous NE neurons that project to the BNST from the medulla that are stimulated by OW. Fewer such triple-labeled neurons were found in the locus caeruleus. (3) Behavioral studies reveal that local microinjections of selective beta-adrenergic antagonists into the BNST attenuate OW symptoms. In particular, 
withdrawal-induced place aversion is abolished by bilateral microinjection of a cocktail of selective beta 1 (betaxolol) plus the beta 2 (ICI 181,555) antagonists (1.0 nmol each/0.5 microL per side) into the BNST. Similar results were obtained with neurochemically selective lesions of the ventral ascending NE bundle, the pathway for A1 and A2 projections to the BNST. Similar lesions of the dorsal NE bundle of projections from the locus caeruleus had no effect on either aversive or somatic withdrawal symptoms. Together, these results indicate that beta-receptor activation in the BNST is critical for aversive withdrawal symptoms, and that A1 and A2 neurons in the medulla are the source of this critical NE.},
  institution = {University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, VA Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA. gaj@mail.med.upenn.edu},
  journal     = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, drug effects/physiology/physiopathology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Caudate Nucleus, drug effects/physiology/physiopathology; Male; Microinjections; Morphine Dependence, physiopathology; Naloxone, pharmacology; Naltrexone, pharmacology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Norepinephrine, physiology; Oxidopamine, toxicity; Propranolol, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, physiopathology; Thalamus, drug effects/physiology/physiopathology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10415666},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aston-Jones:1986,
  author      = {Aston-Jones, G. and Ennis, M. and Pieribone, V. A. and Nickell, W. T. and Shipley, M. T.},
  title       = {The brain nucleus locus coeruleus: restricted afferent control of a broad efferent network.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {234},
  number      = {4777},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {734--737},
  doi         = {10.1126/science.3775363},
  abstract    = {Dense, focal injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated-horseradish peroxidase in the locus coeruleus of rats labeled afferent neurons in unexpectedly few brain regions. Major inputs emanate from only two nuclei--the paragigantocellularis and the prepositus hypoglossi, both in the rostral medulla. The dorsal cap of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and the spinal intermediate gray are possible minor afferents to locus coeruleus. Other areas reported to project to locus coeruleus (for example, amygdala, nucleus tractus solitarius, and spinal dorsal horn) did not exhibit consistent retrograde labeling. Anterograde tracing and electrophysiologic experiments confirmed the absence of input to locus coeruleus from these areas, which instead terminate in targets adjacent to locus coeruleus. These findings redefine the anatomic organization of the locus coeruleus, and have implications for hypotheses concerning the functions of this noradrenergic brain nucleus.},
  journal     = {Science},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Efferent Pathways; Electric Stimulation; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3775363},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aston-Jones:1991,
  author      = {Aston-Jones, G. and Shipley, M. T. and Chouvet, G. and Ennis, M. and {van Bockstaele}, E. and Pieribone, V. and Shiekhattar, R. and Akaoka, H. and Drolet, G. and Astier, B.},
  title       = {Afferent regulation of locus coeruleus neurons: anatomy, physiology and pharmacology.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {88},
  pages       = {47--75},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63799-1},
  abstract    = {Tract-tracing and electrophysiology studies have revealed that major inputs to the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) are found in two structures, the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi) and the perifascicular area of the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (PrH), both located in the rostral medulla. Minor afferents to LC were found in the dorsal cap of the paraventricular hypothalamus and spinal lamina X. Recent studies have also revealed limited inputs from two areas nearby the LC, the caudal midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the ventromedial pericoerulear region. The pericoeruleus may provide a local circuit interface to LC neurons. Recent electron microscopic analyses have revealed that LC dendrites extend preferentially into the rostromedial and caudal juxtaependymal pericoerulear regions. These extracoerulear LC dendrites may receive afferents in addition to those projecting to LC proper. However, single-pulse stimulation of inputs to such dendritic regions reveals little or no effect on LC 
neurons. Double-labeling studies have revealed that a variety of neurotransmitters impinging on LC neurons originate in its two major afferents, PGi and PrH. The LC is innervated by PGi neurons that stain for markers of adrenalin, enkephalin or corticotropin-releasing factor. Within PrH, large proportions of LC-projecting neurons stained for GABA or met-enkephalin. Finally, in contrast to previous conclusions, the dorsal raphe does not provide the robust 5-HT innervation found in the LC. We conclude that 5-HT inputs may derive from local 5-HT neurons in the pericoerulear area. Neuropharmacology experiments revealed that the PGi provides a potent excitatory amino acid (EAA) input to the LC, acting primarily at non-NMDA receptors in the LC. Other studies indicated that this pathway mediates certain sensory responses of LC neurons. NMDA-mediated sensory responses were also revealed during local infusion of magnesium-free solutions. Finally, adrenergic inhibition of LC from PGi could also be detected in nearly 
every LC neuron tested when the EAA-mediated excitation is first eliminated. In contrast to PGi, the PrH potently and consistently inhibited LC neurons via a GABAergic projection acting at GABAA receptors within LC. Such PrH stimulation also potently attenuated LC sensory responses. Finally, afferents to PGi areas that also contain LC-projecting neurons were identified. Major inputs were primarily autonomic in nature, and included the caudal medullary reticular formation, the parabrachial and Kölliker-Fuse nuclei, the PAG, NTS and certain hypothalamic areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Mental Health Sciences, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, PA.},
  journal     = {Prog Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Hypothalamus, physiology; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology; Rats; Receptors, Neurotransmitter, drug effects/physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1687622},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aston-Jones:2016,
  author      = {Aston-Jones, Gary and Waterhouse, Barry},
  title       = {Locus Coeruleus: From Global Projection System to Adaptive Regulation of Behavior.},
  year        = {2016},
  language    = {eng},
  month       = {Mar},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.001},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.001},
  abstract    = {The brainstem nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) is a major source of norepinephrine (NE) projections throughout the CNS. This important property was masked in very early studies by the inability to visualize endogenous monoamines. The development of monoamine histofluorescence methods by Swedish scientists led to a plethora of studies, including a paper published in Brain Research by Loizou in 1969. That paper was highly cited (making it a focal point for the 50(th) anniversary issue of this journal), and helped to spark a large and continuing set of investigations to further refine our understating of the LC-NE system and its contribution to brain function and behavior. This paper very briefly reviews the ensuing advances in anatomical, physiological and behavioral aspects of the LC-NE system. Although its projections are ubiquitously present throughout the CNS, recent studies find surprising specificity within the organizational and operational domains of LC neurons. These and other findings 
lead us to expect that future work will unmask additional features of the LC-NE system and its roles in normative and pathological brain and behavioral processes.},
  institution = {Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129. Electronic address: Barry.Waterhouse@DrexelMed.edu.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  medline-pst = {aheadofprint},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(16)30117-2},
  pmid        = {26969408},
  timestamp   = {14.03.2016},
}

@Article{Aston-Jones:2004,
  Title                    = {Numerous GABAergic afferents to locus ceruleus in the pericerulear dendritic zone: possible interneuronal pool.},
  Author                   = {Aston-Jones, Gary and Zhu, Yan and Card, J Patrick},
  Journal                  = {J Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {2313--2321},
  Volume                   = {24},

  Abstract                 = {Most nuclei in the CNS are composed of principal neurons that project to other areas and interneurons that serve to integrate information among afferents. The noradrenergic brain nucleus locus ceruleus (LC) has appeared to be an exception to this general rule, because the LC is composed almost entirely of noradrenergic principal neurons. Here, we report that numerous small neurons in the peri-LC region become retrogradely labeled after focal injections of wheat germ agglutinin-apo (inactivated) horseradish peroxidase conjugated to colloidal gold, or pseudorabies virus (PRV), into the nuclear core of the rat LC. A substantial number of these neurons were routinely found within the dendritic field of the LC, in the area surrounding the compact cell-dense region classically defined as LC. Double labeling revealed that a large percentage of these cells stained for GABA. Ultrastructural analyses revealed axodendritic and axosomatic contacts between PRV-labeled afferents and LC 
neurons labeled with tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. In addition, PRV-labeled neurons or axons were immunopositive for GABA in ultrastructural localizations. Analysis of the synaptology of immunopositive profiles demonstrated that these LC afferents in the peri-LC region receive several non-LC synaptic inputs. These results indicate that a population of small GABAergic neurons in the peri-LC dendritic zone may provide interneuronal integration for LC noradrenergic neurons.},
  Doi                      = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5339-03.2004},
  Institution              = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. gaj@mail.med.upenn.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cell Count; Cell Nucleus, ultrastructure/virology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, cytology/metabolism; Locus Coeruleus, cytology/metabolism/virology; Male; Microinjections; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism/virology; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure/virology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, biosynthesis; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, biosynthesis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {24/9/2313},
  Pmid                     = {14999082},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5339-03.2004}
}

@Article{Aszmann:2002,
  Title                    = {Simultaneous GDNF and BDNF application leads to increased motoneuron survival and improved functional outcome in an experimental model for obstetric brachial plexus lesions.},
  Author                   = {Oskar C Aszmann and Klaus J Korak and Nina Kropf and Eric Fine and Patrick Aebischer and Manfred Frey},
  Journal                  = {Plast Reconstr Surg},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1066--1072},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Abstract                 = {Motoneurons of the neonate rat respond to proximal axonal injury with morphologic and functional changes and ultimately with neuronal death. Recent studies showed that both glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) reduce induced degeneration of motoneurons after axotomy and avulsion. Whether rescued motoneurons are functionally intact has been argued. In the present investigation, the authors have used a proximal crush lesion of the brachial plexus in neonatal rats as the experimental model of neuronal injury. This allowed the authors to study the effects of trophic factor administration on injured motoneurons and the relationship between motoneuron survival and extremity function. Trophic factors were locally released by small polymer implants in a low-dose slow-release mode. Six groups of 10 animals were prepared: BDNF, GDNF, GDNF/BDNF, control, sham, and normals. The number of surviving motoneurons was determined by 
retrograde tracer techniques using Fluorogold and Fastblue. Extremity function was quantitatively evaluated with functional muscle testing at day 56. The results of this study demonstrate that trophic factors applied separately had no effect, whereas combined trophic factor application (GDNF/BDNF group) had a dramatic rescue effect on motoneuron survival as compared with the control groups, which also effected significantly greater strength. The authors conclude that a combination of trophic factors leads to enhanced motoneuron survival, with improved voluntary function as the animal enters adulthood so that exogenous trophic support of motoneurons might have a role in the treatment of all types of severe neonatal plexopathies, maintaining the viability of motoneurons until reconstructive surgery provides them with a pathway for regeneration and endogenous trophic support.},
  Doi                      = {10.1097/01.PRS.0000020990.82332.43},
  Institution              = {ar.aszmann@univie.ac.at},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brachial Plexus Neuropathies, drug therapy/physiopathology; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Motor Neurons, drug effects; Nerve Growth Factors, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use; Nerve Tissue Proteins, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use; Paralysis, Obstetric; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {12198419},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.0000020990.82332.43}
}

@Article{Aszmann:2008,
  author      = {Aszmann, Oskar C. and Korak, Klaus J. and Luegmair, Matthias and Frey, Manfred},
  title       = {Bridging critical nerve defects through an acellular homograft seeded with autologous schwann cells obtained from a regeneration neuroma of the proximal stump.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {151--158},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1055/s-2008-1076091},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1076091},
  abstract    = {Over the last decade, several models have investigated the usefulness of different biologic and/or synthetic matrices as alternatives to conventional nerve grafts. Still, axonal regeneration did not occur over longer (> 3 cm) distances. One problem may be that a growth-promoting environment not only includes physical cues but also a rich spectrum of different growth factors only provided by reactive Schwann cells. In the current study, we investigated whether a hybrid graft consisting of first-generation autologous Schwann cells seeded onto an acellular auto- or homograft can aid regeneration across a critical nerve defect in a rat model. In this paradigm, Schwann cells were not expanded in vitro but harvested from the proximal stump neuroma at the time of reconstruction and seeded into either an acellular homo- or autograft. Regeneration was then quantitated with functional muscle testing, regular histology, histomorphometry, and retrograde tracing techniques 12 weeks after reconstruction. 
Results showed successful regeneration over the entire distance regardless of whether Schwann cells were transplanted onto auto- or homologous acellular matrix. Schwann cells did populate both grafts; however, only sensory axons persisted through the entire distance. The functional outcome was dismal with no motor and poor sensory recovery. Control group C with homologous matrix only without Schwann cells showed no signs of directed axonal regeneration. Control group D with autologous reverse graft showed excellent recovery, as was expected. The present experiment sought to create a hybrid graft where the proximal stump neuroma is used as a biological resource for autologous Schwann cells that are seeded unto an acellular matrix, thus providing both physical and chemical support to regenerating axons. The results are encouraging in that successful regeneration was observed over the entire distance; however, only sensory axons had enough regenerative potential to also make end-organ contact. For motor axons, 
further refinements in conduit preparation have to be done.},
  institution = {Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Vienna, School of Medicine, Vienna, Austria.},
  journal     = {J Reconstr Microsurg},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Cell Differentiation; Electric Stimulation; Guided Tissue Regeneration, methods; Immunohistochemistry; Models, Animal; Motor Neurons; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation; Nerve Regeneration; Neuroma, pathology; Neurons, Afferent; Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms, pathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Schwann Cells, transplantation; Sciatic Nerve, injuries/physiology/surgery; Tibial Nerve; Transplantation, Autologous; Transplantation, Homologous},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {18438750},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Aszmann:2003,
  author      = {Aszmann, Oskar C. and Korak, Klaus J. and Rab, Matthias and Grünbeck, Matthias and Lassmann, Hans and Frey, Manfred},
  title       = {Neuroma prevention by end-to-side neurorraphy: an experimental study in rats.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {28},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1022--1028},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0363-5023(03)00379-4},
  abstract    = {The successful treatment of painful neuromas remains a difficult goal to attain. In this report we explore the feasibility of neuroma prevention by insertion of the proximal end of a nerve through an end-to-side neurorraphy into an adjacent mixed nerve to provide a pathway and target for axons deprived of their end organ.Experiments were performed on a total of twenty 250-g Sprague-Dawley rats. Two groups of 10 animals were prepared. Group A served as an anatomic control. In group B the right saphenous nerve was transected and implanted end-to-side through an epineurial window into the tibial nerve distal to the trifurcation of the sciatic nerve. After 12 weeks the corresponding sensory neurons were identified by retrograde labeling techniques and histomorphometric analysis of the proximal and distal tibial nerve segments, and regular histology of the end-to-side site were performed.The results of the retrograde labeling of the corresponding sensory neuron pool of the saphenus nerve showed 
extensive labelling of the L1 to L3 spinal ganglions after intracutaneous tracer application of the planta pedis. The morphology of the end-to-side coaptation site and histomorphologic analysis prove that sensory neurons penetrate the perineurial sheath and axons regenerate along the tibial Schwann cell tubes toward their targets.Axons of a severed peripheral nerve that are provided with a pathway and target through an end-to-side coaptation will either be pruned or establish some type of end-organ contact so that a neuroma can be prevented. Whether these axons will lead to disturbing sensations such as paresthesia or dysesthesia in the newly found environment or remain silent codwellers, this experiment cannot answer. Long-term results of future clinical work will have to decide whether the prevention of the neuroma through end-to-side coaptation will be an appropriate therapy for this difficult problem.},
  institution = {Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.},
  journal     = {J Hand Surg Am},
  keywords    = {Anastomosis, Surgical; Animals; Axons, physiology; Nerve Regeneration; Neuroma, prevention /&/ control; Peripheral Nerves, surgery; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Suture Techniques},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0363502303003794},
  pmid        = {14642521},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Aszmann:2004,
  Title                    = {The influence of GDNF on the timecourse and extent of motoneuron loss in the cervical spinal cord after brachial plexus injury in the neonate.},
  Author                   = {Aszmann, Oskar C. and Winkler, Tobias and Korak, Klaus and Lassmann, Hans and Frey, Manfred},
  Journal                  = {Neurol Res},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {211--217},
  Volume                   = {26},

  Abstract                 = {Injuries of the peripheral nerve in the early post-natal period are known to cause massive loss in the motoneuron pools of the spinal cord. However, the exact time frame and extent of motoneuron death in the cervical spinal cord after a brachial plexus lesion and the altered course after neuroprotection with different trophic factors is not known. In the present study, the time course of induced motoneuron death after a neonatal peripheral nerve injury and the effect of GDNF was investigated over a 4 week time period to determine the window of opportunity for possible therapeutic interventions in obstetrical plexus palsy. The brachial plexus of a total of 70 animals was explored within 12 hours after birth and divided at trunc level. The plexus was then labeled with a fluorescent tracer to identify the corresponding motoneuron pool. Two groups were prepared: Group I remained untreated to assess the natural course of induced neuronal death. Group II received GDNF immediately 
after the lesion. Post-operatively the animals were evaluated sequentially over 29 days. Surviving motoneurons were evaluated quantitatively counting the nucleoli. The entire brachial plexus of the rat is supplied by a total of about 4000 motoneurons. After injury the number of motoneurons steadily diminished within the first 10 days to reach a plateau of about 20\% of the original number. At this time the GDNF treated group still had 85\% (3330 +/- 247) of motoneurons viable. This further decreased so that at the termination of the experiment at day 29 there were still 2527 +/- 285 motoneurons alive. This study clearly shows that pathology after a brachial plexus injury in the newborn is not restricted to the peripheral nerve alone. In this model 64\% of motoneurons underwent apoptosis within the first week after injury, reaching a plateau after 10 days at 20\%. GDNF successfully rescued motoneurons so that after 4 weeks still 65\% were present. We conclude that GDNF leads to enhanced motoneuron survival so 
that exogenous trophic support of motoneurons might have a role in the treatment of all types of severe neonatal plexopathies, maintaining the viability of motoneurons until reconstructive surgery provides them with a pathway for regeneration and endogenous trophic support.},
  Doi                      = {10.1179/016164104225013789},
  Institution              = {Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Clinics of Vienna School of Medicine, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria. oskar.aszmann@univie.ac.at},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axotomy; Brachial Plexus Neuropathies, drug therapy/pathology; Cell Count, methods; Cell Survival, drug effects/physiology; Cervical Vertebrae, drug effects/pathology; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Motor Neurons, drug effects/pathology; Nerve Growth Factors, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, drug effects/pathology; Time Factors},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {15072641},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/016164104225013789}
}

@Article{Atagi:1993,
  author      = {Atagi, Y. and Ikadai, H. and Kurohmaru, M. and Hayashi, Y.},
  title       = {Testicular disruption in the As (aspermia) mutant rat, with special reference to the aggregate of ribosomes.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {55},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {301--306},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1292/jvms.55.301},
  abstract    = {The morphology of the testis of the mutant As (aspermia) strain rat with severely interrupted spermatogenesis was investigated in the present study. The most advanced development in spermatogenesis was observed at the step 8 at which spermatids had basally-oriented acrosomes. Multinucleate giant cells derived from round spermatids were frequently encountered within the seminiferous tubules. The functionally normal status of the blood-testis barrier between adjacent Sertoli cells was confirmed by morphological and lanthanum tracer studies. By light microscopy, a peculiar structure was found within the pachytene spermatocyte, consisting of numerous particles of approximately 25 nm in diameter. By histochemical and electron microscopic studies, this structure was identified as an aggregate of ribosomes. Neither immature spermatogenic cells up to the pachytene phase, nor Sertoli cells nor interstitial regions showed a recognizable abnormality. It seems that the testicular disruption in the As 
mutant rat is due to the abnormality in the protein synthetic pathway in pachytene spermatocytes.},
  institution = {Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan.},
  journal     = {J Vet Med Sci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Epithelium, pathology/ultrastructure; Male; Microsomes, ultrastructure; Oligospermia, genetics/pathology; Rats; Rats, Mutant Strains; Ribosomes, ultrastructure; Seminiferous Tubules, pathology/ultrastructure; Sertoli Cells, pathology/ultrastructure; Spermatocytes, ultrastructure; Testis, pathology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8513014},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Atahan:2010,
  author      = {Atahan, Erhan and Ergün, Yusuf and Kurutaş, Ergül Belge and Alici, Tuğrul},
  title       = {Protective effect of zinc aspartate on long-term ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat skeletal muscle.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {137},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {206--215},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s12011-009-8568-6},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-009-8568-6},
  abstract    = {The present study investigated the protective effect of zinc aspartate, in connection with reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, on long-term ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rat skeletal muscle. Following ketamine anesthesia, 24 rats were randomly assigned to four groups: groups 1 and 2, each without tourniquet application, received no drug and zinc, respectively; groups 3 and 4, each subjected to tourniquet-induced IRI (3 + 24 h), received no drug and zinc, respectively. IRI was achieved by the application of an elastic rubber band in the left hind limb of the anesthetized rats. Gastrocnemius muscle samples were obtained for biochemical measurements. Malondialdehyde levels were lower in group 2 and higher in group 3 than those seen in group 1. However, zinc aspartate (group 4) totally reversed malondialdehyde levels to control levels. Superoxide dismutase activity was increased in group 2 compared with group 1; however, there was no difference between groups 1 and 3, and Zn 
injection (group 4) increased superoxide dismutase activity. While catalase values were similar in groups 1 and 2, significant increments were observed in 3 and 4. A similar enhancement in glutathione levels were observed in groups 2 and 4 compared with group 1. Nitric oxide levels were lower in group 2 than 1, and no difference between groups 1 and 3 was demonstrated. In conclusion, zinc seems to be an effective treatment option against IRI.},
  institution = {Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.},
  journal     = {Biol Trace Elem Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use; Catalase, metabolism; Glutathione, metabolism; Male; Malondialdehyde, metabolism; Muscle, Skeletal, drug effects/metabolism/pathology; Nitric Oxide, metabolism; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reactive Oxygen Species, metabolism; Reperfusion Injury, drug therapy/pathology; Superoxide Dismutase, metabolism; Zinc Compounds, chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {19937281},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Atasever:1994,
  Title                    = {Labelling of neurons in the rat superior cervical ganglion after injection of wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the contralateral ganglion: evidence of transneuronal labelling.},
  Author                   = {A. Atasever and S. Palaoğlu and A. Erbengi and H. H. Celik},
  Journal                  = {J Anat},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Pages                    = {93--97},
  Volume                   = {184 ( Pt 1)},

  Abstract                 = {Recent studies have shown that injection of the tracer wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of one side results in labelling of neurons in the contralateral SCG and the stellate ganglion. This study was designed to verify whether or not bilateral projections from the superior cervical ganglion to the midline structures, particularly to the pineal gland, play a role in the transport of WGA-HRP to the contralateral SCG. One group of rats received WGA-HRP injection into the right SCG (group I). Four groups of rats underwent the following operations prior to the injection of WGA-HRP into the right superior cervical ganglion: transection of the external carotid nerve (group II), transection of the internal carotid nerve (group III), transection of the external carotid nerve combined with pinealectomy (group IV), transection of both the internal and the external carotid nerves (group V). The mean number of labelled neurons in 
the left SCG of each group were found as follows: group I, 1516 +/- 221 (mean +/- S.D.); group II, 861 +/- 122; group III, 543 +/- 99; group IV, 562 +/- 144; group V, 220 +/- 52. The results of this study suggest that the contralateral labelling depends on the transneuronal transport of WGA-HRP through the terminal fields of innervation of the midline structures that receive bilateral projections from both SCGs.},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Carotid Body, physiology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use/pharmacokinetics; Male; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Pineal Gland, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staining and Labeling; Superior Cervical Ganglion, cytology/metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use/pharmacokinetics},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7512544},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012}
}

@Article{Atkins:1997,
  author      = {M. J. Atkins and R. Apps},
  title       = {Somatotopical organisation within the climbing fibre projection to the paramedian lobule and copula pyramidis of the rat cerebellum.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {389},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {249-263},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19971215)389:2<249::aid-cne5>3.0.co;2-1},
  abstract    = {The climbing fibre projection to the paramedian lobule (lobule VII) and the copula pyramidis (lobule VIII) in the posterior lobe of the rat cerebellum was investigated in pentobarbitone-anaesthetised animals. Percutaneous electrical stimulation generated climbing fibre field potentials on the cerebellar surface that indicated a somatotopical organisation into five distinct cortical areas. Each area was identified by the site(s) of peripheral stimulation that evoked the largest response within that area, and from medial to lateral the cortex was subdivided as follows [principal site(s) of stimulation in parentheses with corresponding range of onset latencies]: in the paramedian lobule, area 1 (contralateral face, 17-18 ms), area 2 (ipsilateral forelimb, 10-15 ms) and area 3 (ipsi- and contralateral forelimbs, 16-26 ms and 15-30 ms, respectively); and in the copula pyramidis, area 4 (tail, 17-21 ms) and area 5 (ipsilateral hindlimb, 13-19 ms). In additional retrograde tracer experiments, small 
volumes of fluorescent-tagged beads were injected into each of the different areas and the location of retrogradely labelled olive cells was mapped. By comparison with other species, the results indicate that in the paramedian lobule area 1 corresponds to zone A2; area 2 corresponds, at least in part, to medial C1; and area 3 corresponds to C2; in addition, farther laterally, a C3 zone may be present. In the copula pyramidis, areas 4 and 5 correspond to subzones of medial C1. Overall, the results support the view that a general principle of cerebellar cortical organisation is a division into parasagittal zones, each characterised by its somatotopically organised climbing fibre input that arises from a specific, rostrocaudally oriented column of cells within the inferior olivary nucleus.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electric Stimulation, methods; Evoked Potentials; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-1},
  pmid        = {9416920},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Atkinson:2000,
  author      = {L. Atkinson and T. F. Batten and J. Deuchars},
  title       = {P2X(2) receptor immunoreactivity in the dorsal vagal complex and area postrema of the rat.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {99},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {683--696},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00233-5},
  abstract    = {Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) can function as a fast synaptic transmitter through its actions on ionotropic (P2X) and metabotropic (P2Y) receptors in neuronal tissue. The ionotropic receptors have been classified into seven subtypes (P2X(1)-P2X(7)) by molecular cloning. However, they are difficult to distinguish pharmacologically owing to an absence of specific agonists and antagonists. In this study we used neuroanatomical methods to determine the origin and neurochemical phenotype of the P2X(2) subtype of purinoceptor in the dorsal medulla of the rat. Using immunohistochemistry we observed dense networks of P2X(2) receptor immunoreactive labelled fibres and terminals in the dorsal vagal complex and area postrema, as well as labelled cell bodies in the dorsal vagal nucleus and the area postrema. The P2X(2) receptor was localized presynaptically in vagal afferent fibres and terminals in the nucleus tractus solitarius at the ultrastructural level by combining injections of an anterograde 
tracer (biotin dextran amine) into the nodose ganglion with pre-embedding immunogold visualization of P2X(2) immunoreactivity. Terminals immunoreactive for the P2X(2) receptor in the nucleus tractus solitarius were found to contain glutamate, but not GABA immunoreactivity by post-embedding immunogold-labelling techniques. In cell bodies in the area postrema, dual immunofluorescence also indicated that P2X(2) receptor immunoreactive cells are glutamatergic but not GABAergic. The P2X(2) receptor was localized to vagal preganglionic neurons in the dorsal vagal nucleus that were identified by prior intraperitoneal injections of the retrograde tracer FluoroGold. No cells immunoreactive for the P2X(2) receptor were observed in the nucleus tractus solitarius. The localization of P2X(2) receptor immunoreactivity presynaptically in vagal afferent terminals indicates that the receptor may be involved in modulating transmitter release from vagal afferent fibres. Furthermore, the presence of the P2X(2) receptor in vagal 
preganglionic cells and in glutamatergic cells of the area postrema implies that it may, respectively, play a role in regulation of vagal efferent cell activity and modulation of excitatory outputs from the area postrema to other brain regions.},
  institution = {School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9NQ, Leeds, UK.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antibodies; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Carrier Proteins, analysis/immunology; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Fourth Ventricle, chemistry/cytology; GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Glutamic Acid, analysis/immunology; Male; Membrane Proteins, analysis/immunology; Membrane Transport Proteins; Nerve Fibers, chemistry; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/ultrastructure; Neurons, Efferent, chemistry/ultrastructure; Organic Anion Transporters; Presynaptic Terminals, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Purinergic P2, analysis/immunology; Receptors, Purinergic P2X2; Solitary Nucleus, chemistry/cytology; Vagus Nerve, chemistry/cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(00)00233-5},
  pmid        = {10974431},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Atkinson:2003,
  author      = {L. Atkinson and T. F C Batten and E. K A Corbett and J. K. Sinfield and J. Deuchars},
  title       = {Subcellular localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rat nucleus of the solitary tract in relation to vagal afferent inputs.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {118},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {115--122},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00946-6},
  abstract    = {In the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), nitric oxide (NO) modulates neuronal circuits controlling autonomic functions. A proposed source of this NO is via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) present in vagal afferent fibre terminals, which convey visceral afferent information to the NTS. Here, we first determined with electron microscopy that neuronal NOS (nNOS) is present in both presynaptic and postsynaptic structures in the NTS. To examine the relationship of nNOS to vagal afferent fibres the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine was injected into the nodose ganglion and detected in brainstem sections using peroxidase-based methods. nNOS was subsequently visualised using a pre-embedding immunogold procedure. Ultrastructural examination revealed nNOS immunoreactivity in dendrites receiving vagal afferent input. However, although nNOS-immunoreactive terminals were frequently evident in the NTS, none were vagal afferent in origin. Dual immunofluorescence also confirmed lack of co-
localisation. Nevertheless, nNOS immunoreactivity was observed in vagal afferent neurone cell bodies of the nodose ganglion. To determine if these labelled cells in the nodose ganglion were indeed vagal afferent neurones nodose ganglion sections were immunostained following application of cholera toxin B subunit to the heart. Whilst some cardiac-innervating neurones were also nNOS immunoreactive, nNOS was never detected in the central terminals of these neurones. These data show that nNOS is present in the NTS in both pre- and postsynaptic structures. However, these presynaptic structures are unlikely to be of vagal afferent origin. The lack of nNOS in vagal afferent terminals in the NTS, yet the presence in some vagal afferent cell bodies, suggests it is selectively targeted to specific regions of the same neurones.},
  institution = {School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9NQ, Leeds, UK.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Compartmentation, physiology; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Dendrites, metabolism/ultrastructure; Heart, innervation/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nitrergic Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nitric Oxide Synthase, metabolism; Nitric Oxide, metabolism; Nodose Ganglion, metabolism/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Synaptic Membranes, metabolism/ultrastructure; Vagus Nerve, metabolism/ultrastructure; Visceral Afferents, metabolism/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452202009466},
  pmid        = {12676143},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Atkinson:1990,
  author      = {M. E. Atkinson and C. Kenyon},
  title       = {Collateral branching innervation of rat molar teeth from trigeminal ganglion cells shown by double labelling with fluorescent retrograde tracers.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {508},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {289--292},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)90409-5},
  abstract    = {Somatotopic projections of each maxillary molar tooth were defined by injecting individual teeth with True blue and plotting the location of fluorescent cells in sections of the trigeminal ganglia. Collateral branching was investigated by injecting True blue and Diamidino yellow into pairs of maxillary molar teeth and examining the ganglia for double labelled cells. Maxillary molar teeth project to the lateral ophthalmomaxillary region of the ipsilateral ganglion with extensive overlap of the projections from individual teeth. Double labelling with both dyes demonstrated considerable collateral branching from single trigeminal ganglion cells to the molar teeth.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, U.K.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Benzofurans; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Tooth, innervation; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(90)90409-5},
  pmid        = {2306620},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Atoji:2005,
  Title                    = {Innervation of the rat trachea by bilateral cholinergic projections from the nucleus ambiguus and direct motor fibers from the cervical spinal cord: a retrograde and anterograde tracer study.},
  Author                   = {Yasuro Atoji and Dwi Liliek Kusindarta and Nao Hamazaki and Akihisa Kaneko},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {90--100},
  Volume                   = {1031},

  Abstract                 = {A tract-tracer method was employed to examine the innervation of the rat trachea. Cholera toxin beta subunit (CTB) was injected into the following locations in separate groups of rats: (1) ventral trachea, (2) lateral trachea, (3) ventral trachea after the excision of the nodose ganglion, and (4) ventral trachea after the transection of C1-C2 spinal nerves. CTB injection in the ventral trachea showed bilateral labeling of neurons in the nucleus ambiguus (NA), medial subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), and lamina IX of C1-C6. CTB injection in the lateral trachea showed significant ipsilateral predominance of neuronal labeling in the NA and lamina IX of C1-C2 segments. CTB injection in rats after the excision of the nodose ganglion revealed no labeling in the ipsilateral DMV and NA and a significant reduction of neuronal labeling in C1. CTB injection in rats after the transection of C1-C2 spinal nerves showed a significant 
decrease in the number of labeled neurons in ipsilateral NA, C1, and C2 and no labeling of fibers in C1-C2. The combination of retrograde fluorogold labeling and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostaining revealed that all fluorogold-labeled neurons in the NA and lamina IX of C1-C2 colocalized with ChAT. The injection of biotinylated dextran amine in NA produced labeling in axonal terminals on postganglionic neurons, but not in other regions of the trachea. Our findings indicate that the rat trachea is innervated bilaterally by cholinergic motor neurons in NA and C1-C2, while those traveling through the spinal nerves project directly to the trachea.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.brainres.2004.10.032},
  Institution              = {Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan. atozi@cc.gifu-u.ac.jp},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cervical Vertebrae; Cholera Toxin; Cholinergic Fibers, physiology; Dextrans; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Motor Neurons, physiology; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology; Stilbamidines; Trachea, innervation},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0006-8993(04)01759-7},
  Pmid                     = {15621016},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.10.032}
}

@Article{Atoji:2006,
  author      = {Atoji, Yasuro and Wild, J Martin},
  title       = {Anatomy of the avian hippocampal formation.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {1-2},
  pages       = {3--15},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1515/revneuro.2006.17.1-2.3},
  abstract    = {Increasing knowledge of the avian hippocampal formation (hippocampus and parahippocampal area) suggests that it plays a role in a variety of behaviors, such as homing, cache retrieving, visual discrimination, imprinting, and sexual behavior. Knowledge of the neural circuits in the hippocampal formation and its related areas or nuclei is important for the understanding of these functions. This review therefore describes the functional neuroanatomy of the avian hippocampal formations, i.e., its subdivisions, cytoarchitecture, and afferent and efferent connections. Evidence obtained by a combination of Nissl staining and tract-tracing shows that the pigeon hippocampal formation can be divided into seven subdivisions: dorsolateral (DL), dorsomedial (DM), triangular (Tr), V-shaped (V), magnocellular (Ma), parvocellular, and cell-poor regions. DL and DM can be further divided into dorsal and ventral, and lateral and medial portions, respectively. In the hippocampal formation, reciprocal 
connections are found between DL-DM, DL-Tr, DL-Ma, DM-Ma, DM-V, and Tr-V. Neurons in the V-shaped layer appear to be intrinsic neurons. Sensory inputs from higher order visual and olfactory stations enter DL and DM, are modified or integrated by intrinsic hippocampal circuitry, and the outputs are sent, via DL and DM, to various telencephalic nuclei, septum, and hypothalamus. The neural pathways indicate that the hippocampal formation plays a central role in the limbic system, which also includes the dorsolateral corticoid area, nucleus taeniae of the amygdala, posterior pallial amygdala, septum, medial part of the anterior dorsolateral nucleus of the thalamus, and the lateral mammillary nucleus. Connectional and comparative studies, including the use of kainic acid excitotoxicity, suggest that the V-shaped layer is comparable to the dentate gyrus of the mammalian hippocampal formation and DM to Ammon's horn and subiculum.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan. atozi@cc.gifu-u.ac.jp},
  journal     = {Rev Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biological Evolution; Birds, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Columbidae, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Mammals, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Memory, physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Space Perception, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {16703939},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aubele:2012,
  Title                    = {Androgen influence on prefrontal dopamine systems in adult male rats: localization of cognate intracellular receptors in medial prefrontal projections to the ventral tegmental area and effects of gonadectomy and hormone replacement on glutamate-stimulated extracellular dopamine level.},
  Author                   = {Aubele, T. and Kritzer, M. F.},
  Journal                  = {Cereb Cortex},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {1799--1812},
  Volume                   = {22},

  Abstract                 = {Although androgens are known to modulate dopamine (DA) systems and DA-dependent behaviors of the male prefrontal cortex (PFC), how this occurs remains unclear. Because relatively few ventral tegmental area (VTA) mesoprefrontal DA neurons contain intracellular androgen receptors (ARs), studies presented here combined retrograde tracing and immunolabeling for AR in male rats to determine whether projections afferent to the VTA might be more AR enriched. Results revealed PFC-to-VTA projections to be substantially AR enriched. Because these projections modulate VTA DA cell firing and PFC DA levels, influence over this pathway could be means whereby androgens modulate PFC DA. To assess the hormone sensitivity of glutamate stimulation of PFC DA tone, additional studies utilized microdialysis/reverse dialysis application of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype-selective antagonists which act locally within the PFC and 
tegmentally via inhibition or disinhibition of PFC-to-VTA afferents to modulate intracortical DA levels. Here, we compared the effects of these drug challenges in control, gonadectomized, and gonadectomized rats given testosterone or estradiol. This revealed complex effects of gonadectomy on antagonist-stimulated PFC DA levels that together with the anatomical data above suggest that androgen stimulation of PFC DA systems does engage glutamatergic circuitry and perhaps that of the AR-enriched glutamatergic projections from PFC-to-VTA specifically.},
  Doi                      = {10.1093/cercor/bhr258},
  Institution              = {Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Androgens, metabolism/pharmacology; Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dopamine, metabolism; Dopaminergic Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microdialysis; Neural Pathways, drug effects/metabolism; Orchiectomy; Prefrontal Cortex, drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Androgen, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {bhr258},
  Pmid                     = {21940701},
  Timestamp                = {26.04.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr258}
}

@Article{Auclair:1993a,
  author      = {Auclair, F. and B{\'{e}}langer, M. C. and Marchand, R.},
  title       = {Ontogenetic study of early brain stem projections to the spinal cord in the rat.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {3-4},
  pages       = {281--289},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(93)90256-b},
  abstract    = {In an attempts to describe the early development of the brain stem-spinal projections, we implanted DiI crystals at the C3 level of the spinal cord of 13- and 14-day fixed embryos. After a diffusion period of 2 to 4 months, neurons of the rhombencephalic reticular formation were retrogradely labeled by the tracer. This group of neurons was situated ventromedially in the tegmentum. Their axons coursed into the ventral marginal layer at bulbar levels and entered the ventral funiculus when reaching the spinal cord. Neurons of the lateral vestibular nucleus were also labeled and gave rise to descending fibers that gradually moved medially and entered the spinal cord in the ventral funiculus. In the mesencephalon, labeled cell bodies of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (InC) were found lying ventrally in the tegmentum, at the rostral end of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (mlf), in which their axons coursed. Also, in the midbrain, several cells lying dorsal to the InC, with axons descending 
in the lateral tegmentum, were tentatively identified as part of the mesencephalic reticular formation.},
  institution = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, embryology; Gestational Age; Medulla Oblongata, embryology; Mesencephalon, embryology; Neck, innervation; Neural Pathways, physiology; Pons, embryology; Rats; Spinal Cord, embryology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0361-9230(93)90256-B},
  pmid        = {8457877},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Auclair:1993,
  author      = {F. Auclair and M. C. Bélanger and R. Marchand},
  title       = {Ontogenetic study of early brain stem projections to the spinal cord in the rat.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {3-4},
  pages       = {281--289},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(93)90256-b},
  abstract    = {In an attempts to describe the early development of the brain stem-spinal projections, we implanted DiI crystals at the C3 level of the spinal cord of 13- and 14-day fixed embryos. After a diffusion period of 2 to 4 months, neurons of the rhombencephalic reticular formation were retrogradely labeled by the tracer. This group of neurons was situated ventromedially in the tegmentum. Their axons coursed into the ventral marginal layer at bulbar levels and entered the ventral funiculus when reaching the spinal cord. Neurons of the lateral vestibular nucleus were also labeled and gave rise to descending fibers that gradually moved medially and entered the spinal cord in the ventral funiculus. In the mesencephalon, labeled cell bodies of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (InC) were found lying ventrally in the tegmentum, at the rostral end of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (mlf), in which their axons coursed. Also, in the midbrain, several cells lying dorsal to the InC, with axons descending 
in the lateral tegmentum, were tentatively identified as part of the mesencephalic reticular formation.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, embryology; Gestational Age; Medulla Oblongata, embryology; Mesencephalon, embryology; Neck, innervation; Neural Pathways, physiology; Pons, embryology; Rats; Spinal Cord, embryology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0361-9230(93)90256-B},
  pmid        = {8457877},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Auclair:1999,
  author      = {F. Auclair and R. Marchand and J. C. Glover},
  title       = {Regional patterning of reticulospinal and vestibulospinal neurons in the hindbrain of mouse and rat embryos.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {411},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {288--300},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990823)411:2<288::aid-cne9>3.0.co;2-u},
  abstract    = {The dispositions and axonal trajectories of bulbospinal neurons in the pons and medulla of mouse and rat embryos is described from the earliest times these projections can be labelled retrogradely from the cervical spinal cord. Reticulospinal and vestibulospinal neurons are clustered into identifiable groups, each with a characteristic combination of spatial domain and axon trajectory. The various groups can be labelled retrogradely in a specific developmental sequence. The position of some groups shifts from medial to lateral with development, apparently through cell migration. These observations show that the basic regional organization of the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal projections is similar in mouse and rat and is already established during early stages of axon outgrowth.},
  institution = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Université Laval, Québec City, G1J 1Z4, Canada.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Body Patterning, physiology; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Functional Laterality; Gestational Age; Medulla Oblongata, embryology; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C, embryology; Neural Pathways, embryology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Pons, embryology; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, embryology; Rhombencephalon, cytology/embryology; Spinal Cord, embryology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-U},
  pmid        = {10404254},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Audinat:1988a,
  author      = {Audinat, E. and Cond{\'{e}}, F. and Cr{\'{e}}pel, F.},
  title       = {Cortico-cortical connections of the limbic cortex of the rat.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {69},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {439--443},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00247590},
  abstract    = {By means of the retrograde transport of fluorescent tracers (Fast Blue, True Blue, Fluorogold and Diamidino Yellow), the cortico-cortical connections of prelimbic, insular, anterior and posterior cingulate (retrosplenial) areas have been studied. Our results demonstrate that there are, in the cortex of the adult rat, a few cells which have branched axons with connections in the ipsilateral hemisphere (associational neurons) or in the contralateral hemisphere (callosal neurons). The callosal neurons could be separated into two categories: "double callosal" neurons which project both axon collaterals to two cortical areas of the contralateral hemisphere, and "associational-callosal" neurons which send axon collaterals to both hemispheres.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, CNRS-UA 1121, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum, cytology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Frontal Lobe, cytology; Limbic System, cytology; Neural Pathways, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3345818},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Audinat:1988,
  author      = {E. Audinat and F. Condé and F. Crépel},
  title       = {Cortico-cortical connections of the limbic cortex of the rat.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {69},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {439--443},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00247590},
  abstract    = {By means of the retrograde transport of fluorescent tracers (Fast Blue, True Blue, Fluorogold and Diamidino Yellow), the cortico-cortical connections of prelimbic, insular, anterior and posterior cingulate (retrosplenial) areas have been studied. Our results demonstrate that there are, in the cortex of the adult rat, a few cells which have branched axons with connections in the ipsilateral hemisphere (associational neurons) or in the contralateral hemisphere (callosal neurons). The callosal neurons could be separated into two categories: "double callosal" neurons which project both axon collaterals to two cortical areas of the contralateral hemisphere, and "associational-callosal" neurons which send axon collaterals to both hemispheres.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, CNRS-UA 1121, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum, cytology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Frontal Lobe, cytology; Limbic System, cytology; Neural Pathways, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3345818},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Auerbach:2011,
  author      = {Auerbach, David S. and Grzda, Krzysztof R. and Furspan, Philip B. and Sato, Priscila Y. and Mironov, Sergey and Jalife, José},
  title       = {Structural heterogeneity promotes triggered activity, reflection and arrhythmogenesis in cardiomyocyte monolayers.},
  year        = {2011},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {589},
  number      = {Pt 9},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {2363--2381},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1113/jphysiol.2010.200576},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2010.200576},
  abstract    = {Patients with structural heart disease are predisposed to arrhythmias by incompletely understood mechanisms. We hypothesized that tissue expansions promote source-to-sink mismatch leading to early after-depolarizations (EADs) and reflection of impulses in monolayers of well-polarized neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes.We traced electrical propagation optically in patterned monolayers consisting of two wide regions connected by a thin isthmus.Structural heterogeneities provided a substrate for EADs, retrograde propagation along the same pathway (reflection) and reentry initiation. Reflection always originated during the action potential (AP) plateau at the distal expansion. To determine whether increased sodium current(INa) would promote EADs, we employed adenoviral transfer of Nav1.5 (Ad-Nav1.5). Compared with uninfected and adenoviral expression of green fluorescent protein (Ad-GFP; viral control),Ad-Nav1.5 significantly increased Nav1.5 protein expression, peak and persistent INa 
density, A Pupstroke velocity, AP duration, conduction velocity and EAD incidence, as well as reflection incidence (29.2\%, n =48 vs. uninfected, 9.4\%, n =64; and Ad-GFP, 4.8\%, n =21). Likewise,the persistent INa agonist veratridine (0.05–3 μM) prolonged the AP, leading to EADs and reflection. Reflection led to functional reentry distally and bigeminal and trigeminal rhythms proximally. Reflection was rare in the absence of structural heterogeneities.Computer simulations demonstrated the importance of persistent INa in triggering reflection and predicted that the gradient between the depolarizing cells at the distal expansion and the repolarizing cells within the isthmus enabled retrograde flow of depolarizing electrotonic current to trigger EADs and reflection. A combination of a substrate (structural heterogeneity) and a trigger (increased persistent INa and EADs) promotes reflection and arrhythmogenesis.},
  institution = {Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.},
  journal     = {J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials; Adenoviridae, genetics; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Arrhythmias, Cardiac, etiology/metabolism/physiopathology; Calcium Channel Agonists, pharmacology; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; Cells, Cultured; Chi-Square Distribution; Computer Simulation; Genetic Vectors; Heart Conduction System, drug effects/metabolism/physiopathology; Humans; Models, Cardiovascular; Myocytes, Cardiac, drug effects/metabolism; NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Sodium Channels, drug effects/genetics/metabolism; Sodium, metabolism; Time Factors; Transfection; Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {jphysiol.2010.200576},
  pmid        = {21486795},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Auestad:1991,
  author      = {N. Auestad and R. A. Korsak and J. W. Morrow and J. Edmond},
  title       = {Fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis by astrocytes in primary culture.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {56},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {1376--1386},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb11435.x},
  abstract    = {The oxidation of the fatty acids octanoate and palmitate to CO2 and the ketone bodies acetoacetate and D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate was examined in astrocytes that were prepared from cortex of 2-day-old rat brain and grown in primary culture to confluence. Accumulation of acetoacetate (by mass) in the culture medium of astrocytes incubated with octanoate (0.3-0.5 mM) was 50-90 nmol C2 units h-1 mg of protein-1. A similar rate was obtained using radiolabeled tracer methodology with [1-14C]octanoate as labeled substrate. The results from the radiolabeled tracer studies using [1-14C]- and [7-14C]octanoate and [1-14C]-, [13-14C]-, and [15-14C]palmitate indicated that a substantial proportion of the omega-terminal four-carbon unit of these fatty acids bypassed the beta-ketothiolase step of the beta-oxidation pathway and the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA cycle of the classic ketogenic pathway. The [14C]acetoacetate formed from the 1-14C-labeled fatty acids, obligated to pass through the acetyl-
CoA pool, contained 50\% of the label at carbon 3 and 50\% at carbon 1. By contrast, the [14C]acetoacetate formed from (omega-1)-labeled fatty acids contained 90\% of the label at carbon 3 and 10\% at carbon 1, whereas that formed from the (omega-3)-labeled fatty acid contained 20\% of the label at carbon 3 and 80\% at carbon 1. These results indicate that acetoacetate is primarily formed either by the action of 3-oxo-acid-CoA transferase (EC 2.8.3.5) or acetoacetyl-CoA deacylase (EC 3.1.2.11) or both on acetoacetyl-CoA and not by the action of the mitochondrial HMG-CoA cycle involving HMG-CoA lyase (EC 4.1.3.4), which was readily detected, and HMG-CoA synthase (EC 4.1.3.5), which was barely measurable.},
  institution = {Division of Nutritional Sciences, UCLA School of Public Health.},
  journal     = {J Neurochem},
  keywords    = {Acetoacetates, metabolism; Acetyl Coenzyme A, metabolism; Acyl Coenzyme A; Animals; Astrocytes, metabolism; Cells, Cultured; Fatty Acids, metabolism; Ketone Bodies, biosynthesis; Octanoic Acids, metabolism; Oxidation-Reduction},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2002348},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aufderheide:1988,
  author      = {Aufderheide, E. and Ekblom, P.},
  title       = {Tenascin during gut development: appearance in the mesenchyme, shift in molecular forms, and dependence on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {107},
  number      = {6 Pt 1},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {2341--2349},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Tenascin, an extracellular matrix protein, is expressed in the mesenchyme around growing epithelia in the embryo. We therefore investigated whether epithelial cells can stimulate expression of tenascin in embryonic mesenchyme. Mesenchyme from the presumptive small intestine was used because it is known that reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are important for gut morphogenesis. Rat monoclonal antibodies against mouse tenascin were raised and were found to react specifically with mouse tenascin in ELISA. In supernatants of cultured fibroblasts, the antibodies precipitated two peptides of Mr 260 and 210 kD. One of the antibodies also reacted with these tenascin chains in immunoblots of tissue extracts. We found that tenascin was absent during early stages of gut development, at stages when the mesenchyme is already in contact with the stratified epithelium of the endoderm. Rather, it appeared in the mesenchyme when the homogenous endodermal epithelium differentiated into the 
heterogenous absorptive epithelium. Tenascin remained present in the stroma of the adult gut, close to the migration pathways of the continuously renewing epithelium. When first detected during intestinal differentiation, the 210-kD component was predominant but at birth the relative amount of the 260-kD component had increased. The expression data suggested that the appearance of tenascin in the mesenchyme was dependent on the presence of epithelium. To test this, isolated gut mesenchymes from 13-d-old mouse embryos were cultured for 24 h either alone or together with epithelial and nonepithelial cells. Whereas mesenchyme cultured alone or in the presence of nonepithelial B16-F1 melanoma cells produced only trace amounts of tenascin, expression was strongly stimulated by the epithelial cell line, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK). We propose that growing and differentiating epithelia produce locally active factors which stimulate synthesis of tenascin in the surrounding mesenchyme.},
  institution = {Friederich-Miescher-Laboratorium der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany.},
  journal     = {J Cell Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal, immunology; Antibody Specificity; Blotting, Western; Cell Adhesion; Embryonic Induction; Epithelium, physiology; Fibronectins, physiology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Intestines, embryology; Mesoderm, physiology; Mice; Molecular Weight; Precipitin Tests; Proteins, physiology; Tenascin},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2461951},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Aumann:1999,
  author    = {Aumann, TD and Horne, MK},
  title     = {Ultrastructural change at rat cerebellothalamic synapses associated with volitional motor adaptation},
  year      = {1999},
  volume    = {409},
  pages     = {71-84},
  doi       = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990621)409:1<71::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-c},
  journal   = {J Comp Neurol},
  owner     = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aumann:1996,
  Title                    = {Ramification and termination of single axons in the cerebellothalamic pathway of the rat.},
  Author                   = {T. D. Aumann and M. K. Horne},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {420--430},
  Volume                   = {376},

  Abstract                 = {There is increasing speculation that individual neurones in the cerebellar nuclei are involved in the control of complex multi-joint movements rather than simple movements about a single-joint. These neurones project predominantly to the primary motor cortex after relaying in the motor thalamus. Given a) that localised regions of the motor cortex control individual muscles which generally act about single joints and b) the relatively tight topographical arrangement of thalamocortical connections, it is reasonable to hypothesise that if cerebellar output neurones control single-joint movements they are likely to project to localised areas of the motor thalamus, whereas if they project to more widespread regions they are likely to influence movements involving multiple joints. In this context, we have examined the ramifications and terminations of single anterogradely labelled axons in the cerebellothalamic pathway of the rat. A total of nine axons were traced (by using a 100 x 
oil objective) through serial sections from the caudal end of the thalamus to their terminations in the motor thalamus. Each of these axons gave off one or more collaterals which terminated in the intralaminar or other associated groups of thalamic nuclei, implying simultaneous activation of two functionally separate cerebellothalamic pathways. In the relay nucleus or motor thalamus, four axons formed either a single focal group of terminals or multiple groupings of terminals within a localised region, and five terminated over widespread regions including one which terminated bilaterally. These results show that a large proportion of cerebellar output neurones may be in a position to influence multi-joint or even bimanual movements.},
  Doi                      = {gt;3.0.CO;2-4},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Cerebellum, cytology; Male; Neural Pathways; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Synapses, physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pii                      = {3.0.CO;2-4},
  Pmid                     = {8956108},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-4}
}

@Article{Aumann:1996a,
  author      = {T. D. Aumann and M. K. Horne},
  title       = {A comparison of the ultrastructure of synapses in the cerebello-rubral and cerebello-thalamic pathways in the rat.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {211},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {175--178},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(96)12757-9},
  abstract    = {The aim of this study was to compare the ultrastructure of anterogradely labelled cerebellar terminals in the red nucleus (RN), ventrolateral (VL), parafascicular (PF) and central medial (CM) thalamic nuclei, as well as in the zona incerta (ZI). No differences were found in the morphology of synapses in any of the nuclei. Terminals in RN and VL were larger than those in PF, CM and ZI and synapsed proximally. In contrast, synapses in PF, CM and ZI formed mainly on distal dendrites. These findings indicate that cerebellar output neurones (a) form morphologically similar synapses (Gray's type I) on neurones in functionally different nuclei, and (b) form larger, more proximal synapses in RN and VL than in PF, CM and ZI.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebellum, ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, ultrastructure; Thalamus, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {0304394096127579},
  pmid        = {8817569},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aumann:1998,
  author      = {T. D. Aumann and J. Ivanusic and M. K. Horne},
  title       = {Arborisation and termination of single motor thalamocortical axons in the rat.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {396},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {121--130},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980622)396:1<121::aid-cne9>3.0.co;2-2},
  abstract    = {The aim of this study was to examine the arborisations and terminations of individual thalamocortical axons in the motor system of the rat. Small, extracellular injections of an anterograde tracer (dextran-biotin) were made into the ventrolateral (VL) or ventral posterolateral (VPL) thalamic nuclei to label thalamocortical projections. Eleven motor axons and one somatosensory axon were reconstructed through serial sections just rostral from the injection site to their terminations in sensorimotor cortex. The smallest arbor arising from a single motor axon extended approximately 0.9 mm rostrocaudal and 0.9 mm mediolateral, the largest extended 3.9 mm rostrocaudal and 1.0 mm mediolateral. In some cases, two distinct plexuses of terminals were formed by an axon. In addition, motor axons formed terminals in cortical layer V only or in layers I, III, and V. By contrast (and in keeping with previous reports), the somatosensory axon formed a single plexus of terminals in layer IV of the cortex that 
extended approximately 0.3 mm rostrocaudal and 0.4 mm mediolateral. It is concluded that individual motor thalamocortical neurones are in a position to influence much more widespread cortical regions than somatosensory thalamocortical neurones.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. tim.aumann@med.monash.edu.au},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-2},
  pmid        = {9623891},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Aumann:1994,
  Title                    = {Projections from the lateral and interposed cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus of the rat: a light and electron microscopic study using single and double anterograde labelling.},
  Author                   = {T. D. Aumann and J. A. Rawson and D. I. Finkelstein and M. K. Horne},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {165--181},
  Volume                   = {349},

  Abstract                 = {The lateral and interposed cerebellar nuclei may have different functions in the control of movement. Efferent fibres from both nuclei project predominantly to areas of the thalamus, which in turn project to the motor cortex. In this study, single and double anterograde-tracing techniques have been used to examine and compare the pathways from the lateral and interposed nuclei to the thalamus in the rat by using both light and electron microscopy to look for evidence of organisational or structural features that may underlie the proposed functional differences between these nuclei. Terminals from the lateral nucleus were found to be located most medially in the thalamus, predominantly in the ventral lateral nucleus and the rostral pole of the posterior nuclear group. Terminals from the posterior interposed nucleus were located slightly rostral and lateral to those from the lateral nucleus, mainly around the border between the ventral lateral nucleus and the ventral posterior 
medial nucleus. Terminals from the anterior interposed nucleus were located slightly rostral and lateral to those from the posterior interposed nucleus, predominantly in the rostral pole of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus. Terminals from the lateral and interposed nuclei were also found in double anterograde-tracing experiments to be nonoverlapping in the regions between these main areas of termination. The structure of terminals from the lateral and interposed nuclei, however, as well as their synaptic relationship with thalamic neurones, were found to be similar. The terminals are large and form synapses with proximal dendrites of thalamic neurones. They contained round vesicles and formed multiple synaptic contacts with dendritic shafts, as well as dendritic spines. The findings indicate that information from the lateral and interposed nuclei is processed in separate regions of the thalamus but that the mode of synaptic transfer to thalamic neurones is likely to be similar for the two projections.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903490202},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Nuclei, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Male; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7860776},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903490202}
}

@Article{Aumann:1996b,
  Title                    = {Projections from the cerebellar interposed and dorsal column nuclei to the thalamus in the rat: a double anterograde labelling study.},
  Author                   = {T. D. Aumann and J. A. Rawson and C. Pichitpornchai and M. K. Horne},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {608--619},
  Volume                   = {368},

  Abstract                 = {It is generally agreed that cerebellar and lemniscal pathways project to largely separate areas of the thalamus and influence different functional areas of the cerebral cortex. Cerebellar afferents arise from neurones in the deep cerebellar nuclei and terminate in the ventral lateral group of thalamic nuclei or the "motor thalamus," whereas lemniscal afferents arise from the dorsal column nuclei and terminate in the adjacent ventral posterior group of thalamic nuclei or "sensory thalamus." However, it remains unclear whether or not these pathways converge onto thalamic neurones in the border zone between motor and sensory thalamus. The aim of this study was to compare directly the locations of cerebellar interposed and dorsal column nuclei terminals in the rat thalamus by using a double anterograde labelling technique. Microinjections of dextran-tetramethylrhodamine and dextran-fluorescein were made into the interposed and dorsal column nuclei, and labelled terminals in the 
thalamus were examined in the same sections. The labelled cerebellar and lemniscal terminals were located in separate areas throughout most of the ventral lateral and ventral posterior lateral nuclei, and there was only a limited region around the rostral border between these nuclei where the two groups of terminals came in close proximity to each other. In this common projection zone, however, cerebellar and lemniscal terminals seldom intermingled, and they mostly occupied separate, discreet areas. The results show that cerebellar and lemniscal fibres do indeed project to the border zone between the sensory and cerebellar thalamic nuclei, but they show practically no overlap in this region and are likely to influence separate thalamic neurones.},
  Doi                      = {gt;3.0.CO;2-D},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cerebellar Nuclei, physiology; Dextrans; Fluoresceins; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Nerve Endings, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pii                      = {3.0.CO;2-D},
  Pmid                     = {8744447},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-D}
}

@Article{Auroy:1991,
  author      = {Auroy, P. and Irthum, B. and Woda, A.},
  title       = {Oral nociceptive activity in the rat superior colliculus.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {549},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {275--284},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)90468-b},
  abstract    = {Single units were recorded using extracellular glass microelectrodes in all laminae of the superior colliculus of the rat under halothane nitrous oxide anaesthesia. Fifty-one units were encountered which responded to a low intensity mechanical stimulus applied to a contralateral or bilateral field located in the oral sphere (intraoral 11, perioral 16), on the face (29) or on the rest of the body (21). Sixteen units responded to a jaw movement. Sixty-one cells were recorded which were preferentially (10) or only (51) activated (30) or inhibited (21) by noxious stimuli. Contralateral or bilateral mechanoreceptive fields located in intraoral (34) and perioral (35) areas were frequent. There is therefore a high incidence of the nociceptive representation of the mouth in the superior colliculus. The other functional properties of the nociceptive units were similar to those reported in other studies. From the subsequent histological localization of the recorded units, it appeared that the 
nociceptive projections from the intraoral and perioral regions to the superior colliculus reach the lateral part of the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie Orofaciale, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Clermont Ferrand France.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Anesthesia; Animals; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory, physiology; Jaw, physiology; Male; Mechanoreceptors, physiology; Mesencephalon, cytology; Microelectrodes; Neurons, physiology; Nociceptors, physiology; Photic Stimulation; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Superior Colliculi, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(91)90468-B},
  pmid        = {1884221},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Auso:2001a,
  author      = {Aus{\'{o}}, E. and Cases, O. and Fouquet, C. and Camacho, M. and Garc{\'{i}}a-Velasco, J. V. and Gaspar, P. and Berbel, P.},
  title       = {Protracted expression of serotonin transporter and altered thalamocortical projections in the barrelfield of hypothyroid rats.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {14},
  number      = {12},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {1968--1980},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01815.x},
  abstract    = {In humans, thyroid hormone deficiency during development causes severe neurological diseases but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We have examined the effects of thyroid hormones on the development of somatosensory thalamocortical projections, by inducing hypothyroidism in rats by methimazole treatment at embryonic day 13 and subsequent thyroidectomy at postnatal day 6 (P6). Initial development of the thalamocortical projections and their tangential and laminar patterning were similar in normal and hypothyroid rats from birth to P4. The tangential spread of the thalamocortical arbors is reduced in hypothyroid rats after P4, paralleling the overall cortical atrophy. Anterograde tracing and single axon reconstructions indicate that thalamic afferents reached layer IV but that they had fewer and shorter branches, with a 42\% reduction in the number of boutons. The transient serotonin (5-HT) immunostaining and 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) expression were both prolonged by 5 days in hypothyroid 
rats. This does not reflect a delayed maturation of the thalamus because other transiently expressed genes such as the vesicular monoamine transporter and the 5-HT1B receptor are not modified. Protracted 5-HTT expression also occurred in other areas with transient expression, but no changes were observed in the raphe nuclei where the 5-HTT is expressed permanently. Thus, thyroid hormones appear to be important in regulating the extinction of the 5-HTT in nonserotoninergic neurons. The transient stabilization of 5-HT reuptake in hypothyroid rats could affect the growth of thalamic axons. Our data stress the importance of maternal and foetal thyroid hormones for the normal development of sensory systems.},
  institution = {Instituto de Neurociencias, University Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Apdo. correos 18, 03550-San Juan (Alicante), Spain.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Aging, metabolism/pathology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Patterning, physiology; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Cell Communication, physiology; Cell Differentiation, physiology; Female; Fetus; Hypothyroidism, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Immunohistochemistry; Membrane Glycoproteins, metabolism; Membrane Transport Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neural Pathways, growth /&/ development/metabolism/pathology; Pregnancy; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/pathology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Somatosensory Cortex, growth /&/ development/metabolism/pathology; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, growth /&/ development/metabolism/pathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {1815},
  pmid        = {11860492},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Auso:2001,
  author      = {E. Ausó and O. Cases and C. Fouquet and M. Camacho and J. V. García-Velasco and P. Gaspar and P. Berbel},
  title       = {Protracted expression of serotonin transporter and altered thalamocortical projections in the barrelfield of hypothyroid rats.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {14},
  number      = {12},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {1968--1980},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01815.x},
  abstract    = {In humans, thyroid hormone deficiency during development causes severe neurological diseases but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We have examined the effects of thyroid hormones on the development of somatosensory thalamocortical projections, by inducing hypothyroidism in rats by methimazole treatment at embryonic day 13 and subsequent thyroidectomy at postnatal day 6 (P6). Initial development of the thalamocortical projections and their tangential and laminar patterning were similar in normal and hypothyroid rats from birth to P4. The tangential spread of the thalamocortical arbors is reduced in hypothyroid rats after P4, paralleling the overall cortical atrophy. Anterograde tracing and single axon reconstructions indicate that thalamic afferents reached layer IV but that they had fewer and shorter branches, with a 42\% reduction in the number of boutons. The transient serotonin (5-HT) immunostaining and 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) expression were both prolonged by 5 days in hypothyroid 
rats. This does not reflect a delayed maturation of the thalamus because other transiently expressed genes such as the vesicular monoamine transporter and the 5-HT1B receptor are not modified. Protracted 5-HTT expression also occurred in other areas with transient expression, but no changes were observed in the raphe nuclei where the 5-HTT is expressed permanently. Thus, thyroid hormones appear to be important in regulating the extinction of the 5-HTT in nonserotoninergic neurons. The transient stabilization of 5-HT reuptake in hypothyroid rats could affect the growth of thalamic axons. Our data stress the importance of maternal and foetal thyroid hormones for the normal development of sensory systems.},
  institution = {Instituto de Neurociencias, University Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Apdo. correos 18, 03550-San Juan (Alicante), Spain.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Aging, metabolism/pathology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Patterning, physiology; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Cell Communication, physiology; Cell Differentiation, physiology; Female; Fetus; Hypothyroidism, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Immunohistochemistry; Membrane Glycoproteins, metabolism; Membrane Transport Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neural Pathways, growth /&/ development/metabolism/pathology; Pregnancy; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/pathology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Somatosensory Cortex, growth /&/ development/metabolism/pathology; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, growth /&/ development/metabolism/pathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {1815},
  pmid        = {11860492},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Austgen:2009,
  Title                    = {Expression of Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors on phenotypically different cells within the nucleus of the solitary tract in the rat.},
  Author                   = {J. R. Austgen and A. Y. Fong and C. M. Foley and P. J. Mueller and D. D. Kline and C. M. Heesch and E. M. Hasser},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {701--716},
  Volume                   = {159},

  Abstract                 = {Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G-coupled receptors that modulate synaptic activity. Previous studies have shown that Group I mGluRs are present in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), in which many visceral afferents terminate. Microinjection of selective Group I mGluR agonists into the NTS results in a depressor response and decrease in sympathetic nerve activity. There is, however, little evidence detailing which phenotypes of neurons within the NTS express Group I mGluRs. In brainstem slices, we performed immunohistochemical localization of Group I mGluRs and either glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 kDa isoform (GAD67), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Fluoro-Gold (FG, 2\%; 15 nl) was microinjected in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) of the rat to retrogradely label NTS neurons that project to CVLM. Group I mGluRs were distributed throughout the rostral-caudal extent of the NTS and were found within most NTS 
subregions. The relative percentages of Group I mGluR expressing neurons colabeled with the different markers were FG (6.9+/-0.7) nNOS (5.6+/-0.9), TH (3.9+/-1.0), and GAD67 (3.1+/-1.4). The percentage of FG containing cells colabeled with Group I mGluR (13.6+/-2.0) was greater than the percent colabeled with GAD67 (3.1+/-0.5), nNOS (4.7+/-0.5), and TH (0.1+/-0.08). Cells triple labeled for FG, nNOS, and Group I mGluRs were identified in the NTS. Thus, these data provide an anatomical substrate by which Group I mGluRs could modulate activity of CVLM projecting neurons in the NTS.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.09.060},
  Institution              = {Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Blood Pressure, drug effects; Brain Mapping; Cell Count, methods; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Heart Rate, drug effects; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, metabolism; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/drug effects; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(08)01457-7},
  Pmid                     = {19013221},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.09.060}
}

@Article{Austin:2004,
  author    = {Austin, Mason},
  title     = {Is the lateral septum's inhibitory influence on the amygdala mediated by GABA-ergic neurons?},
  year      = {2004},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {http://triceratops.brynmawr.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10066/741/2004AustinM.pdf?sequence=5},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Au-Young:1999,
  Title                    = {Medial prefrontal cortical output neurons to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and their responses to burst-patterned stimulation of the VTA: neuroanatomical and in vivo electrophysiological analyses.},
  Author                   = {Au-Young, S. M. and Shen, H. and Yang, C. R.},
  Journal                  = {Synapse},
  Year                     = {1999},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {245--255},
  Volume                   = {34},

  Abstract                 = {During a delayed period in a delayed-response task, prefrontal cortical neurons show a change in neuronal firing rate that is dependent on a functional mesocortical dopamine input. This change in firing rate has been attributed to be part of the cellular processes underlying working memory. However, it is unclear what neural mechanisms activate mesocortical dopamine neurons to provide an optimal level of dopamine to modulate the firing of the medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) neurons. This study examined the possibility of whether mPFC neurons that project to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) might activate the ascending mesocortical dopamine neurons. To determine the locations of the mPFC-->VTA neurons, cholera toxin subunit B was microinjected into the VTA. Retrogradely labeled mPFC neurons mainly reside in the deep lamina V and VI. In vivo single unit recording in urethane-anesthetized rats were also used to determine the responses of some of these neurons to burst-patterned 
stimulation of the VTA. Single-pulse stimulation (1 Hz) of the VTA antidromically activated burst firing mPFC-->VTA neurons. In response to burst-patterned stimulation of the VTA, which mimicked burst firing of VTA dopamine neurons (4-10 pulses at 10-15 Hz cycled at 0.5-3 Hz), the temporal structure of spontaneous burst firing patterns of these neurons but not their mean firing rate were changed. However, the mean firing rate of the non-VTA projecting neurons (i.e., no antidromic response to VTA stimulations) was either increased or decreased by similar burst-patterned stimulation of the VTA. These data suggest that burst-patterned stimulation of the ascending VTA-->mPFC or putative mesocortical dopamine neurons might have released dopamine and/or other neuromodulators to modulate the temporal code, rather than the rate code, of mPFC-->VTA neurons. Medial PFC neurons that project elsewhere (e.g., nucleus accumbens or mediodorsal thalamus) may mediate the sustained firing rate changes during, e.g., short-term 
working memory.},
  Doi                      = {3.0.CO;2-D},
  Institution              = {Department of Diagnostic Neurophysiology and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3V4 Canada.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Dopamine, metabolism; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Kinetics; Male; Memory, physiology; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staining and Labeling; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Ventral Tegmental Area, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {3.0.CO;2-D},
  Pmid                     = {10529719},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/3.0.CO;2-D}
}

@Article{Avanzino:1983,
  author      = {Avanzino, G. L. and Celasco, G. and Cogo, C. E. and Ermirio, R. and Ruggeri, P.},
  title       = {Actions of microelectrophoretically applied glucocorticoid hormones on reticular formation neurones in the rat.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {38},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {45--49},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(83)90108-8},
  abstract    = {The effects of microelectrophoretic application of hydrocortisone (HC) and corticosterone (CS) on single neurones of the brainstem reticular formation (RF) were investigated in rats under urethane anaesthesia. Ejecting currents generally ranged from 5 to 20nA. HC and CS behaved similarly in that they produced an excitatory effect in 26\% and 24\% of the neurones, respectively, an inhibition in 15\% and 17\% and no effect in 59\% of neurones. The excitatory effects predominated in the caudal portion of the FR and the inhibitory effects in the rostral RF. The different distribution of the effects may be related to functional differences between the two RF areas.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Corticosterone, pharmacology; Hydrocortisone, pharmacology; Iontophoresis; Male; Microinjections; Pons, drug effects; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, drug effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304-3940(83)90108-8},
  pmid        = {6888807},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Avellaneda-Chevrier:2015,
  Title                    = {The retino-retinal projection: Tracing retinal ganglion cells projecting to the contralateral retina.},
  Author                   = {Avellaneda-Chevrier, Vanessa K. and Wang, Xu and Hooper, Michele L. and Chauhan, Balwantray C.},
  Journal                  = {Neurosci Lett},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Pages                    = {105--109},
  Volume                   = {591C},

  Abstract                 = {We investigated the presence of a direct retino-retinal (R-R) projection between the two eyes via the optic chiasm of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in adult Long-Evans rats. We also explored the presence of collateral projections originating from these cells to the brain. In the first group of animals, right optic nerves (ONs) were orbitally transected approximately 2mm behind the globe followed by application of fluorochrome (2\% Fluorogold [FG]) to the optic nerve stump to retrogradely label the R-R projection RGCs (R-RGCs) on the contralateral side. Animals were then sacrificed after 3, 5, 7, or 21 days. Contralateral retinas were fixed, whole-mounted, and imaged for R-RGCs. In a second group of animals, RGCs were retrogradely labeled with 15\% rhodamine-β-isothiocynate (RITC) at the superior colliculi, where approximately 96\% of rat RGCs synapse. Seven days later, the right ONs were transected and 2\% FG applied to the proximal and distal ON stumps. Animals were then 
sacrificed after 5 days. Contralateral retinas were examined for co-labeled (RITC/FG) RGCs. Control rats underwent the same procedures excluding fluorescent tracer application. In the first group of animals, the number of R-RGCs in the contralateral eye ranged from 3 to 25 and did not depend on survival time. The second group of animals revealed evidence of co-labeled contralateral RGCs. Results suggest that a greater number of R-RGCs persist into adulthood than previously reported [M. Müller, H. Holländer, 1988]. Furthermore, the presence of co-labeled RGCs in the contralateral eye indicates that in adult rodents some R-R projections have a collateral projection to the brain, whereas previous reports had only found collateral projections in newborns.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.033},
  Institution              = {Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Electronic address: bal@dal.ca.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {aheadofprint},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0304-3940(15)00139-1},
  Pmid                     = {25700948},
  Timestamp                = {09.03.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.033}
}

@Article{Averill:2001,
  author      = {Averill, S. and Delcroix, J. D. and Michael, G. J. and Tomlinson, D. R. and Fernyhough, P. and Priestley, J. V.},
  title       = {Nerve growth factor modulates the activation status and fast axonal transport of ERK 1/2 in adult nociceptive neurones.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {18},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {183--196},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1006/mcne.2001.1015},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mcne.2001.1015},
  abstract    = {Mature dorsal root ganglion cells respond to neurotrophins, and the intracellular signalling pathways activated by neurotrophins have been characterized in vitro. We have now used immunocytochemistry and Western blots to examine the expression and activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1/2 (ERK) in rat dorsal root ganglion cells in vivo, using antisera to total (tERK) and phosphorylated (pERK) forms. This has revealed a number of novel findings. tERK immunoreactivity is present in most dorsal root ganglion cells but is expressed most strongly in small (nociceptive) cells and, surprisingly, is absent in a population of large cells that expressed trkB or trkC but mainly lack p75(NTR) immunoreactivity. In contrast pERK is prominent in a few trkA cells and in satellite glial cells, and is further increased by NGF treatment. tERK and pERK both undergo fast anterograde and retrograde axonal transport, indicated by accumulation at a sciatic nerve ligature, and NGF reduces the 
level of retrograde pERK transport.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, St. Bartholomew's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.},
  journal     = {Mol Cell Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Aging, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Axons, drug effects/enzymology/ultrastructure; Cell Size, physiology; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/drug effects/enzymology; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Ligation; Male; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, drug effects/metabolism; Nerve Growth Factor, metabolism/pharmacology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/drug effects/enzymology; Nociceptors, cytology/drug effects/enzymology; Phosphorylation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor; Receptor, trkA, metabolism; Receptor, trkB, metabolism; Receptor, trkC, metabolism; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor, metabolism; Sciatic Nerve, drug effects/enzymology/surgery},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1044-7431(01)91015-2},
  pmid        = {11520179},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Aviles-Trigueros:2003a,
  author      = {Avil{\'{e}}s-Trigueros, Marcelino and Mayor-Torroglosa, Sergio and Garc{\'{i}}a-Avil{\'{e}}s, Antonio and Lafuente, Mar{\'{i}}a P. and Rodr{\'{i}}guez, Mar{\'{i}}a E. and {Miralles de Imperial}, Jaime and Villegas-P{\'{e}}rez, Mar{\'{i}}a P. and Vidal-Sanz, Manuel},
  title       = {Transient ischemia of the retina results in massive degeneration of the retinotectal projection: long-term neuroprotection with brimonidine.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {184},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {767--777},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00298-X},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00298-X},
  abstract    = {In adult rats, we have induced retinal ischemia and investigated anterogradely labeled surviving retinal ganglion cell (RGC) afferents to the contralateral superior colliculus (SC). The animals received topically in their left eyes two 5-microl drops of saline or saline-containing 0.5\% brimonidine (BMD), 1 h before 90 min of retinal ischemia induced by ligature of the left ophthalmic vessels. Two months after ischemia, the anterogradely transported neuronal tracer cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) was injected in the ischemic eyes and animals were processed 4 days later. As controls and for comparison, the retinotectal innervation of unlesioned age-matched control rats was also examined with CTB. In control and experimental animals, serial coronal sections of the mesencephalon and brainstem were immunoreacted for CTB and the area and thickness of the two most superficial layers of the SC containing densely CTB-labeled profiles were estimated with an image analysis system. Ninety minutes of 
ischemia resulted 2 months later in reduced density of CTB-labeled profiles in the contralateral SC of the vehicle-treated rats, representing less than one half the area occupied by CTB-labeled profiles in control rats. This resulted in shrinkage of these layers and in the presence of areas virtually devoid of CTB immunoreactivity, suggesting orthograde degeneration of retinal terminals and/or decrease of anterograde axonal transport. Topical pretreatment with BMD resulted 2 months later in CTB immunoreactivity that occupied the superficial layers of the contralateral SC in an area of approximately 86\% of that observed in the unlesioned control group of animals, indicating that BMD protects against ischemia-induced degeneration of the retinotectal projection, and preserves anterograde axonal transport.},
  institution = {Departamento de Histología, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, drug effects/pathology; Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects; Brain Stem, drug effects/pathology; Brimonidine Tartrate; Cholera Toxin; Eye, blood supply; Female; Functional Laterality; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Ischemia, physiopathology/prevention /&/ control; Mesencephalon, drug effects/pathology; Nerve Degeneration, pathology/prevention /&/ control; Neuroprotective Agents, therapeutic use; Quinoxalines, therapeutic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retina, drug effects/physiopathology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, drug effects/pathology/physiology; Staining and Labeling},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S001448860300298X},
  pmid        = {14769369},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Aviles-Trigueros:2000a,
  author      = {Avil{\'{e}}s-Trigueros, M. and Sauv{\'{e}}, Y. and Lund, R. D. and Vidal-Sanz, M.},
  title       = {Selective innervation of retinorecipient brainstem nuclei by retinal ganglion cell axons regenerating through peripheral nerve grafts in adult rats.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {20},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {361--374},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/1/361.long},
  abstract    = {The pattern of axonal regeneration, specificity of reinnervation, and terminal arborization in the brainstem by axotomized retinal ganglion cell axons was studied in rats with peripheral nerve grafts linking the retina with ipsilateral regions of the brainstem, including dorsal and lateral aspects of the diencephalon and lateral aspect of the superior colliculus. Four to 13 months later, regenerated retinal projections were traced using intraocular injection of cholera toxin B subunit. In approximately one-third of the animals, regenerated retinal axons extended into the brainstem for distances of up to 6 mm. Although axons followed different patterns of ingrowth depending on their site of entry to the brainstem, within the pretectum, they innervated preferentially the nucleus of the optic tract and the olivary pretectal nucleus in which they formed two types of terminal arbors. Within the superior colliculus, axons extended laterally and formed a different terminal arbor type within the 
stratum griseum superficiale. In the remaining two-thirds of the animals, retinal fibers formed a neuroma-like structure at the site of entry into the brainstem, or a few fibers extended for very short distances within the neighboring neuropil. These experiments suggest that regenerated retinal axons are capable of a highly selective reinnervation pattern within adult denervated retinorecipient nuclei in which they form well defined terminal arbors that may persist for long periods of time. In addition, these studies provide the anatomical correlate for our previous functional study on the re-establishment of the pupillary light reflex in this experimental paradigm.},
  institution = {Laboratorio de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Age Factors; Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain Stem Neoplasms; Cholera Toxin; Female; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neuroma; Neurons, physiology/transplantation/ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, cytology/pathology; Peroneal Nerve, pathology/transplantation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/physiology; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Visual Pathways, pathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10627613},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Avila-Costa:2005,
  author      = {Avila-Costa, María Rosa and Colín-Barenque, Laura and Aley-Medina, Patricia and Valdez, Ana Luisa Gutiérrez and Librado, José Luis Ordoñes and Martinez, Erick Flores and Fortoul, Teresa I.},
  title       = {Bilateral increase of perforated synapses after unilateral dopamine depletion.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {115},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {79--86},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1080/00207450490512669},
  abstract    = {In recent years attention has been focused on perforated synapses considering their possible involvement in synaptic plasticity in the nervous system. It has been hypothesized that an increase in the number of synapses may represent a structural basis for the enduring expression of synaptic plasticity during some events that involve memory and learning; also it has been suggested that perforated synapses increase in number after some experimental situations. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the dopamine depletion produces changes in the synaptology of the corpus striatum of rats after the unilateral injection of 6-OHDA. The findings suggest that after the lesion, both contralateral and ipsilateral striata present a significant increment in the number of perforated synapses, suggesting brain plasticity that might be an intent to recuperate the contact surface lost after endogenous or exogenous aggressions.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, National University of Mexico, Iztacala, Mexico. nigraizo@servidor.unam.mx},
  journal     = {Int J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Apomorphine, pharmacology; Behavior, Animal; Corpus Striatum, drug effects/metabolism; Dopamine Agonists, pharmacology; Dopamine, deficiency/physiology; Functional Laterality, drug effects/physiology; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, methods; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects/physiology; Oxidopamine, toxicity; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stereotyped Behavior, drug effects/physiology; Sympatholytics, toxicity; Synapses, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {15768853},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Aviles-Trigueros:2003,
  author      = {Avilés-Trigueros, Marcelino and Mayor-Torroglosa, Sergio and García-Avilés, Antonio and Lafuente, María P. and Rodríguez, María E. and {Miralles de Imperial}, Jaime and Villegas-Pérez, María P. and Vidal-Sanz, Manuel},
  title       = {Transient ischemia of the retina results in massive degeneration of the retinotectal projection: long-term neuroprotection with brimonidine.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {184},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {767--777},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00298-X},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00298-X},
  abstract    = {In adult rats, we have induced retinal ischemia and investigated anterogradely labeled surviving retinal ganglion cell (RGC) afferents to the contralateral superior colliculus (SC). The animals received topically in their left eyes two 5-microl drops of saline or saline-containing 0.5\% brimonidine (BMD), 1 h before 90 min of retinal ischemia induced by ligature of the left ophthalmic vessels. Two months after ischemia, the anterogradely transported neuronal tracer cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) was injected in the ischemic eyes and animals were processed 4 days later. As controls and for comparison, the retinotectal innervation of unlesioned age-matched control rats was also examined with CTB. In control and experimental animals, serial coronal sections of the mesencephalon and brainstem were immunoreacted for CTB and the area and thickness of the two most superficial layers of the SC containing densely CTB-labeled profiles were estimated with an image analysis system. Ninety minutes of 
ischemia resulted 2 months later in reduced density of CTB-labeled profiles in the contralateral SC of the vehicle-treated rats, representing less than one half the area occupied by CTB-labeled profiles in control rats. This resulted in shrinkage of these layers and in the presence of areas virtually devoid of CTB immunoreactivity, suggesting orthograde degeneration of retinal terminals and/or decrease of anterograde axonal transport. Topical pretreatment with BMD resulted 2 months later in CTB immunoreactivity that occupied the superficial layers of the contralateral SC in an area of approximately 86\% of that observed in the unlesioned control group of animals, indicating that BMD protects against ischemia-induced degeneration of the retinotectal projection, and preserves anterograde axonal transport.},
  institution = {Departamento de Histología, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, drug effects/pathology; Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects; Brain Stem, drug effects/pathology; Cholera Toxin; Eye, blood supply; Female; Functional Laterality; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Ischemia, physiopathology/prevention /&/ control; Mesencephalon, drug effects/pathology; Nerve Degeneration, pathology/prevention /&/ control; Neuroprotective Agents, therapeutic use; Quinoxalines, therapeutic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retina, drug effects/physiopathology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, drug effects/pathology/physiology; Staining and Labeling},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S001448860300298X},
  pmid        = {14769369},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aviles-Trigueros:2000,
  author      = {Avilés-Trigueros, M. and Sauvé, Y. and Lund, R. D. and Vidal-Sanz, M.},
  title       = {Selective innervation of retinorecipient brainstem nuclei by retinal ganglion cell axons regenerating through peripheral nerve grafts in adult rats.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {20},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {361--374},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/1/361.long},
  abstract    = {The pattern of axonal regeneration, specificity of reinnervation, and terminal arborization in the brainstem by axotomized retinal ganglion cell axons was studied in rats with peripheral nerve grafts linking the retina with ipsilateral regions of the brainstem, including dorsal and lateral aspects of the diencephalon and lateral aspect of the superior colliculus. Four to 13 months later, regenerated retinal projections were traced using intraocular injection of cholera toxin B subunit. In approximately one-third of the animals, regenerated retinal axons extended into the brainstem for distances of up to 6 mm. Although axons followed different patterns of ingrowth depending on their site of entry to the brainstem, within the pretectum, they innervated preferentially the nucleus of the optic tract and the olivary pretectal nucleus in which they formed two types of terminal arbors. Within the superior colliculus, axons extended laterally and formed a different terminal arbor type within the 
stratum griseum superficiale. In the remaining two-thirds of the animals, retinal fibers formed a neuroma-like structure at the site of entry into the brainstem, or a few fibers extended for very short distances within the neighboring neuropil. These experiments suggest that regenerated retinal axons are capable of a highly selective reinnervation pattern within adult denervated retinorecipient nuclei in which they form well defined terminal arbors that may persist for long periods of time. In addition, these studies provide the anatomical correlate for our previous functional study on the re-establishment of the pupillary light reflex in this experimental paradigm.},
  institution = {Laboratorio de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Age Factors; Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain Stem Neoplasms; Cholera Toxin; Female; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neuroma; Neurons, physiology/transplantation/ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, cytology/pathology; Peroneal Nerve, pathology/transplantation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/physiology; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Visual Pathways, pathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10627613},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Awan:1999a,
  Title                    = {The projections of the central nucleus of the amygdala to the dorsal vagal complex a light microscopic study},
  Author                   = {Awan, Khalid Latif and Rutherford, John G},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan)},
  Year                     = {1999},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {53-61},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Abstract                 = {This experiment was undertaken to determine and re examine the distribution of the descending projections from the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) to the dorsal vagal complex (DVC). This time it was accomplished by the anterograde and retrograde transport of wheat Germ Agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP), which was injected into the CeA using micropipettes. In no instances were injections of WGA-HRP in the amygdala confined to the CeA. However it proved that from the effective injection uptake site only the CeA and bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) projects from the higher brain centers to the dorsal medulla. The majority of efferent terminals from the CeA were observed in and around the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), into the medial sub nucleus of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTSm) and commissural nucleus of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius tractus solitarius (NTScom). in addition retrogradely labelled neurons were observed 
in the NTSm along its rostrocaudal extent.},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://www.jpmi.org.pk/index.php/jpmi/article/view/660/570}
}

@Article{Awan:1999b,
  Title                    = {Reciprocal connection between the dorsal vagal complex and the amygdala (and other forebrain structures) a light microscopic study},
  Author                   = {Awan, Khalid Latif and Rutherford, John G},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan)},
  Year                     = {1999},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {63-70},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Abstract                 = {The involvmenet of the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala (CeA) is regulating the motility and secretary activity of the stomach and in producing ulceration has been docuemnted. The purpose of this continous study is to investigate the distribution and the anatomy of the projection between the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the dorsal Vagal Complex (DVC) at the light microscopi9c level. For this objective experiment was conducted to demonstrat the distirbution of neurons in the Amygdala, and specifically in the CeA, which project to the DVC and anterograde projections from the DVC to the CeA were examined. This was accomplished by pressure injecting small volumes of an aqueous solution of wheat Germ Agglutinin Conjugated Hoseradish Peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the DVC using a micropipette, then mapping the location of retrogradely labelled neuron and throghout the restrocaudal extent of the CeA of the CeA also showed ipsilateral anterograde labelling. At the same time 
bilateral retrograde labelling, with an ipsilateral predominase; was present in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (Pa), zona incerta (ZI) and dorsomedial hypothalmaic the bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis (BNST) and dosomedial hypothlamaic nucleus (DM). In section rostral to the CeA, anterograde label in the lateral part of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis (BNST) and Substantia Inominata (SI) was observed ipsilaterally, while the BNST also contained retrogradely labelled neurous. The results showed that the CeA and the DVC are connected. In addition either the caudal half of the DVC projects directly to the caudal CeA or there is an inverse topographic projections from the DVC.},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://www.jpmi.org.pk/index.php/jpmi/article/view/638/548}
}

@Article{Awan:2004,
  Title                    = {Gastric Projecting Neurons of Dorsal (Motor) Nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) and their arborization},
  Author                   = {Awan, Khalid Latif and Rutherford, John G},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan)},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Number                   = {1},
  Volume                   = {18},

  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://www.jpmi.org.pk/index.php/jpmi/article/view/859/768}
}

@Article{Ayala:2015,
  author      = {Ayala, Mar{\'{i}}a E. and Vel{\'{a}}zquez, Diana E. and Mendoza, Juan L. and Monroy, Juana and Dom{\'{i}}nguez, Roberto and C{\'{a}}rdenas, Mario and Arag{\'{o}}n, Andr{\'{e}}s},
  title       = {Dorsal and medial raphe nuclei participate differentially in reproductive functions of the male rat.},
  year        = {2015},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {13},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {132},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1186/s12958-015-0130-0},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0130-0},
  abstract    = {Innervation of the hypothalamus and median eminence arise from the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei (DRN and MRN, respectively). The hypothalamus regulates the secretion of gonadotropins, which in turn regulate the reproductive function of males and females. However, it is not known the role of raphe nuclei in male reproductive function. Our goal was to investigate the role of the DRN and MRN in the regulation of the testicular function and secretion of gonadotropins in prepubertal rats.Dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) in ascorbic acid was used to chemically lesion the DRN or MRN. Rats were treated at 30 days-of-age and sacrificed at 45 or 65 days-of-age. Sham-treated controls were injected with ascorbic acid only. Negative controls were untreated rats. The damage induced by the 5,6-DHT was monitored in coronal serial sections of DRN and MRN; only the animals in which lesion of the DRN or MRN was detected were included in this study. As output parameters, we measured the concentrations of 
noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the anterior (AH) and medial (MH) hypothalamus by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); whereas, circulating concentrations of gonadotropins and sexual steroids were measured by radioimmunoassay. Seminiferous epithelium and sperm quality were also evaluated.Lesion of DRN or MRN does not induced changes in concentrations of LH, progesterone, and testosterone. Compared with the control group, the sham or lesion of the DRN or MRN did not modify noradrenaline or dopamine concentrations in the AH and MH at 45 or 65 days of age. Meanwhile, serotonin concentrations decreased significantly in lesioned rats. Lesion of DRN induced significantly lower concentrations of FSH regardless of age; similar lesion in the MRN had no impact on FSH levels. Sperm concentration and motility were significantly decreased in the same animals. The lesion of the MRN does not induced changes in the seminiferous epithelium or gonadotropin levels. Our results suggest that 
raphe nuclei regulate differentially the male reproductive functions.The DRN but not the MRN regulates the secretion of gonadotropins and testicular function.},
  institution = {Instituto Tecnológico del Altiplano de Tlaxcala, San Diego Xocoyucan, CP 90122, Tlaxcala, México. armandres@gmail.com.},
  journal     = {Reprod Biol Endocrinol},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {10.1186/s12958-015-0130-0},
  pmid        = {26643556},
  timestamp   = {14.12.2015},
}

@Article{Ayala:2015a,
  Title                    = {Differences in the strength of cortical and brainstem inputs to SSA and non-SSA neurons in the inferior colliculus.},
  Author                   = {Ayala, Yaneri A. and Udeh, Adanna and Dutta, Kelsey and Bishop, Deborah and Malmierca, Manuel S. and Oliver, Douglas L.},
  Journal                  = {Sci Rep},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Pages                    = {10383},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Abstract                 = {In an ever changing auditory scene, change detection is an ongoing task performed by the auditory brain. Neurons in the midbrain and auditory cortex that exhibit stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) may contribute to this process. Those neurons adapt to frequent sounds while retaining their excitability to rare sounds. Here, we test whether neurons exhibiting SSA and those without are part of the same networks in the inferior colliculus (IC). We recorded the responses to frequent and rare sounds and then marked the sites of these neurons with a retrograde tracer to correlate the source of projections with the physiological response. SSA neurons were confined to the non-lemniscal subdivisions and exhibited broad receptive fields, while the non-SSA were confined to the central nucleus and displayed narrow receptive fields. SSA neurons receive strong inputs from auditory cortical areas and very poor or even absent projections from the brainstem nuclei. On the contrary, the major 
sources of inputs to the neurons that lacked SSA were from the brainstem nuclei. These findings demonstrate that auditory cortical inputs are biased in favor of IC synaptic domains that are populated by SSA neurons enabling them to compare top-down signals with incoming sensory information from lower areas.},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/srep10383},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Acoustic Stimulation; Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Auditory Cortex, pathology/physiology; Brain Mapping; Brain, pathology; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Photomicrography; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {epublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {srep10383},
  Pmc                      = {PMC4438612},
  Pmid                     = {25993334},
  Timestamp                = {21.04.2016},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep10383}
}

@Article{Ayasaka:1992,
  author      = {Ayasaka, N. and Kondo, T. and Goto, T. and Kido, M. A. and Nagata, E. and Tanaka, T.},
  title       = {Differences in the transport systems between cementocytes and osteocytes in rats using microperoxidase as a tracer.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {37},
  number      = {5},
  pages       = {363--369},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0003-9969(92)90019-5},
  abstract    = {Microperoxidase (MP) tracer was injected intravenously into rats to investigate any differences in transport pathways of tissue fluids in the lacunae and canaliculi of cementum and bone. Light microscopically, in deep cementum lacunae, pericellular spaces contained a large amount of MP, while close to the cementum surface, the spaces contained scarcely any. In bone, MP was detected throughout all pericellular spaces. MP was detected intracellularly as granular reaction products in most cementocytes and osteocytes. Electron microscopically, MP was found in the pericellular spaces of cementum and bone lacunae, particularly on collagen fibrils and amorphous material. MP deposits were also intense along the plasma membrane of cementocytes in the deep cementum and along the innermost edge of the deep cementum matrix and bone matrix. In uptake of MP by cementocytes, although extracellular tracer was deposited extensively along the plasma membrane of the deeply positioned cementocytes, uptake by 
these deep cementocytes was less than that of those close to the surface. However, in bone, most osteocytes showed uniform uptake. These results suggest that the transport pathways for tissue fluids in cementum are in the pericellular spaces, but that cementum has an uneven circulation of tissue fluid. In cementum, although there seems to be a well-developed canalicular system to transport tissue fluid into the deep regions, the deep cementocytes had less endocytotic ability than those close to the surface.},
  institution = {First Department of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.},
  journal     = {Arch Oral Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biological Transport; Body Fluids, enzymology; Dental Cementum, enzymology/ultrastructure; Female; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Osteocytes, enzymology/ultrastructure; Peroxidases, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0003-9969(92)90019-5},
  pmid        = {1610305},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Aydin:2007,
  author      = {Aydin, Omer and Sengor, Gani Atilla and Gurbuz, Yesim and Mola, Ferhat},
  title       = {Histopathologic study of minced and injected expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) in quadriceps muscle of rats for injection laryngoplasty.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {34},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {333--338},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.anl.2006.11.008},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2006.11.008},
  abstract    = {Gore-Tex has not yet been used as an injection material, and no animal study has been performed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the histopathological and volumetric changes of minced and injected expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) in the quadriceps muscle of rats to find out its possibility as an injection material in future injection laryngoplasty.A prospective study was performed in 13 Wistar rats.The 50+/-5 mg Gore-Tex vascular graft was minced until it was fine enough to pass through a 16G injection cannula. To create viscosity in order to avoid precipitation, minced Gore-Tex was mixed with sodium hyaluronate (SH) gel. 0.5 ml of this mixture was injected into the middle part of the right quadriceps muscle of each subject. Then, pure SH (0.5 ml) was injected into the middle part of the left quadriceps muscle of each subject. To compare the volumetric and histopathological changes of the injection area occupied by the materials over the time, two rats were sacrificed 
1 day after the procedure, four rats after 1 month, four rats after 3 months and three rats after 6 months.In pure SH: SH was observed as an effusion in the muscle of one subject on the first day only. We did not detect SH in the muscle in the first, third and sixth months and, as a result, there was no augmentation. Inflammation and fibrosis was not detected in any of these applications of SH. In minced Gore-Tex+SH gel mixture: SH was again eliminated from the muscle in a very short period of time, but the remaining Gore-Tex created a 15.8\% volumetric gain. Fibrosis and capsule formation began in the first month and, in the sixth month; we observed connective tissue surrounding the Gore-Tex material. Ingrowth of connective tissue into the Gore-Tex, though not present in the first month, occurred partially in the third and significantly in the sixth month. In addition, we observed foreign body granuloma formation after the third month.Pure SH, though easily applicable, was immediately eliminated leaving no 
trace. In the relatively difficult applications of Gore-Tex mixed with SH, however, there was residual Gore-Tex present in all subjects throughout the study. Gore-Tex may be an applicable material for injection laryngoplasty.},
  institution = {Department of ENT, Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey.},
  journal     = {Auris Nasus Larynx},
  keywords    = {Animals; Connective Tissue, pathology; Fibrosis; Foreign-Body Reaction, pathology; Gels; Granuloma, Foreign-Body, pathology; Hyaluronic Acid; Implants, Experimental; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Muscle, Skeletal, pathology; Polytetrafluoroethylene; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vocal Cords, pathology/surgery},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0385-8146(06)00173-8},
  pmid        = {17223001},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Aylward:1993,
  author      = {Aylward, R. L. and Totterdell, S.},
  title       = {Neurons in the ventral subiculum, amygdala and entorhinal cortex which project to the nucleus accumbens: their input from somatostatin-immunoreactive boutons.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {31--42},
  doi         = {10.1016/0891-0618(93)90005-o},
  abstract    = {Neurons in the hippocampus, amygdala and entorhinal cortex which project to the nucleus accumbens were labelled retrogradely following injection of horseradish peroxidase. The injections were targetted on the medial part of the nucleus accumbens, but some injection sites included the whole nucleus. Projection neurons in all three areas were found to be spiny, and from the entorhinal cortex and ventral subiculum of the hippocampus they were pyramidal neurons. Somatostatin (S28(1-12)-immunoreactive neurons were found in all parts of the three limbic areas examined. They were found to have various morphologies, but in the electron microscope all had the ultrastructural characteristics of interneurons. In the hippocampus the stratum lacunosum was found to contain the most immunoreactive fibres while most cells lay in the stratum oriens. In the amygdala the densest staining for both cells and fibres was in the central nucleus. In the entorhinal cortex somatostatin-immunoreactive fibres and cells 
seemed to have no preferential distribution. Examination of somatostatin-immunoreactive profiles in the electron microscope revealed that the majority of synaptic contacts were made with dendrites, many of which were spine-bearing. In the light microscope somatostatin-immunoreactive fibres could be seen to lie near the somata and proximal dendrites of neurons that projected to the nucleus accumbens. In the electron microscope it was found that somatostatin-immunoreactive boutons were in symmetrical synaptic contact with the somata and proximal dendrites of neurons in the ventral subiculum, entorhinal cortex and amygdala which project to the nucleus accumbens.},
  institution = {University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, Great Britain.},
  journal     = {J Chem Neuroanat},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, cytology; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Hippocampus, chemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, chemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Limbic System, cytology; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, chemistry/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/ultrastructure; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology; Rats; Somatostatin, analysis/immunology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, chemistry},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0891-0618(93)90005-O},
  pmid        = {7679909},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aymerich:2006a,
  author      = {Aymerich, M. S. and Barroso-Chinea, P. and P{\'{e}}rez-Manso, M. and Mu{\~{n}}oz-Pati{\~{n}}o, A. M. and Moreno-Igoa, M. and Gonz{\'{a}}lez-Hern{\'{a}}ndez, T. and Lanciego, J. L.},
  title       = {Consequences of unilateral nigrostriatal denervation on the thalamostriatal pathway in rats.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {23},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {2099--2108},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04741.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04741.x},
  abstract    = {The position of the caudal intralaminar nuclei within basal ganglia circuitry has largely been neglected in most studies dealing with basal ganglia function. During the past few years, there has been a growing body of evidence suggesting that the thalamic parafascicular nucleus in rodents (PF) exerts a multifaceted modulation of basal ganglia nuclei, at different levels. Our aim was to study the activity of the thalamostriatal pathway in rats with unilateral dopaminergic depletion. The experimental approach comprised first unilateral delivery of 6-OHDA in the medial forebrain bundle. Thirty days post-lesioning, animals showing a clear asymmetry were then subjected to bilateral injection of Fluoro-Gold (FG) within the striatum. Subsequently, expression of the mRNA encoding the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGLUT2) was detected within thalamostriatal-projecting neurons (FG-labeled) by in situ hybridization and the results were confirmed by laser-guided capture microdissection microscopy 
followed by real-time PCR. The data showed that there was a marked neuronal loss restricted to PF neurons projecting to the dopamine-depleted striatum. Moreover, PF neurons innervating the dopamine-depleted striatum were intensely hyperactive. These neurons showed a marked increase on the expression of vGLUT2 mRNA as well as for the mRNA encoding the subunit I of cytochrome oxidase as compared with those neurons projecting to the striatum with normal dopamine content. Thus, the selective neurodegeneration of PF neurons innervating the striatum together with the increased activity of the thalamostriatal pathway coexist after nigrostriatal denervation.},
  institution = {Neuromorphology-Tracing Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra Medical College, Pio XII Avenue no. 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cell Count, methods; Denervation; Electron Transport Complex IV, metabolism; Functional Laterality, physiology; In Situ Hybridization, methods; Male; Motor Activity, physiology; Neostriatum, physiology; Neural Pathways, injuries/physiology; Oxidopamine, adverse effects; RNA, Messenger, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, methods; Rotarod Performance Test, methods; Stilbamidines, pharmacokinetics; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Thalamus, physiology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, genetics/metabolism; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, genetics/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {EJN4741},
  pmid        = {16630057},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Aymerich:2006,
  author      = {Aymerich, M. S. and Barroso-Chinea, P. and Pérez-Manso, M. and Muñoz-Patiño, A. M. and Moreno-Igoa, M. and González-Hernández, T. and Lanciego, J. L.},
  title       = {Consequences of unilateral nigrostriatal denervation on the thalamostriatal pathway in rats.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {23},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {2099--2108},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04741.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04741.x},
  abstract    = {The position of the caudal intralaminar nuclei within basal ganglia circuitry has largely been neglected in most studies dealing with basal ganglia function. During the past few years, there has been a growing body of evidence suggesting that the thalamic parafascicular nucleus in rodents (PF) exerts a multifaceted modulation of basal ganglia nuclei, at different levels. Our aim was to study the activity of the thalamostriatal pathway in rats with unilateral dopaminergic depletion. The experimental approach comprised first unilateral delivery of 6-OHDA in the medial forebrain bundle. Thirty days post-lesioning, animals showing a clear asymmetry were then subjected to bilateral injection of Fluoro-Gold (FG) within the striatum. Subsequently, expression of the mRNA encoding the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGLUT2) was detected within thalamostriatal-projecting neurons (FG-labeled) by in situ hybridization and the results were confirmed by laser-guided capture microdissection microscopy 
followed by real-time PCR. The data showed that there was a marked neuronal loss restricted to PF neurons projecting to the dopamine-depleted striatum. Moreover, PF neurons innervating the dopamine-depleted striatum were intensely hyperactive. These neurons showed a marked increase on the expression of vGLUT2 mRNA as well as for the mRNA encoding the subunit I of cytochrome oxidase as compared with those neurons projecting to the striatum with normal dopamine content. Thus, the selective neurodegeneration of PF neurons innervating the striatum together with the increased activity of the thalamostriatal pathway coexist after nigrostriatal denervation.},
  institution = {Neuromorphology-Tracing Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra Medical College, Pio XII Avenue no. 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cell Count, methods; Denervation; Electron Transport Complex IV, metabolism; Functional Laterality, physiology; In Situ Hybridization, methods; Male; Motor Activity, physiology; Neostriatum, physiology; Neural Pathways, injuries/physiology; Oxidopamine, adverse effects; RNA, Messenger, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, methods; Rotarod Performance Test, methods; Stilbamidines, pharmacokinetics; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Thalamus, physiology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, genetics/metabolism; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, genetics/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {EJN4741},
  pmid        = {16630057},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Azanza:1986,
  author      = {Azanza, M. J. and Garin, P.},
  title       = {The autonomic innervation of the rat diaphragm.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {109--112},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-3623(86)90021-2},
  abstract    = {The innervation of the diaphragm has been studied by three methods--cobalt tracing of the nerves, demonstration of cholinesterase activity and fluorescence microscopy for catecholamines and VIP. The cobalt method reveals the peripheral nerve fibers with a sharpness similar to that shown at the level of the central nervous system where this method has so far been more widely applied. The cobalt method helps to outline the distribution pattern of the nerve fibers and it can be of particular interest at the level of the viscera in order to show the different sources of the axons. Fibers giving a positive response to cholinesterase staining are shown at the level of the motor end plates and surrounding the blood vessels. It is suggested that the axons of phrenic origin contribute to the motor end plates while those coming from the vagus are distributed along the connective tissue surrounding the vascular system. Noradrenergic innervation is scarce, appearing as fine varicosities around the 
vascular beds. The VIPergic fibers are probably, together with the cholinergic ones, the most widespread. They are distributed among the muscle fascicules as well as being in close connection with the blood vessels.},
  journal     = {Gen Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {Adrenergic Fibers, cytology; Animals; Axons; Cholinergic Fibers, cytology; Cholinesterases, analysis; Cobalt, diagnostic use; Diaphragm, innervation; Male; Motor Endplate, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3949143},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Azerad:1992,
  Title                    = {[Demonstration of glutamate in primary sensory trigeminal neurons innervating dental pulp in rats].},
  Author                   = {Azérad, J. and Boucher, Y. and Pollin, B.},
  Journal                  = {C R Acad Sci III},
  Year                     = {1992},
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {469--475},
  Volume                   = {314},

  Abstract                 = {Primary sensory trigeminal neurons supplying the dental pulp of incisors in rats were labelled by retrograde axonal transport. Using an auto-metallographic intensification procedure, 48 hrs. after injection of wheat-germ colloidal gold in the pulp, gold particles were detected in the cytoplasm of the neurons as black granulations. Glutamate was found in 45-60\% of the neurons by submitting ganglion slices to an anti-glutamate immuno-serum revealed by immunocytochemistry. Among the neurons supplying the dental pulp of incisors by their peripheral process, 70\% are Glu+, 30\% Glu-. These observations suggest that the population of neurons supplying the dental pulp is not functionally homogeneous and that Glu- neurons use a different neurotransmitter. The coexistence of Glu+ and Glu- neurons could also indicate that glutamate expression is modulated during the life of these neurons.},
  Institution              = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Collège de France, Paris.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Dental Pulp, innervation; Glutamates, analysis; Male; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Ganglion, cytology},
  Language                 = {fre},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1521166},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014}
}

@Article{Azeredo:1999,
  author      = {W. J. Azeredo and M. L. Kliment and B. J. Morley and E. Relkin and N. B. Slepecky and A. Sterns and W. B. Warr and J. M. Weekly and C. I. Woods},
  title       = {Olivocochlear neurons in the chinchilla: a retrograde fluorescent labelling study.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {134},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {57--70},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0378-5955(99)00069-6},
  abstract    = {Although the chinchilla is widely used as a model for auditory research, little is known about the distribution and morphology of its olivocochlear neurons. Here, we report on the olivocochlear neurons projecting to one cochlea, as determined by single and double retrograde fluorescent tracer techniques. 10 adult chinchillas were anesthetized and given either unilateral or bilateral injections of a fluorescent tracer (either Fluoro-Gold or Fast Blue) into scala tympani or as a control, a unilateral injection into the middle ear cavity. The results indicate that there are similarities as well as significant differences between the chinchilla and other species of rodents in the distributions of their olivocochlear neurons. Based on three well-labelled cases, there was a mean total of 1168 olivocochlear neurons in the chinchilla. Of these, the majority (mean 787) were small, lateral olivocochlear neurons found almost exclusively within the ipsilateral lateral superior olivary nucleus. The next 
largest group consisted of a mean of 280 medial olivocochlear neurons virtually all of which were located in the dorsomedial peri-olivary nucleus. Chinchilla medial olivocochlear neurons were more predominantly crossed in their projections (4:1) than in any known species. The smallest group of olivocochlear neurons (mean 101) consisted of larger lateral olivocochlear neurons (shell neurons) which were located on the margins of the superior olivary nucleus and which projected mainly (2.2:1) ipsilaterally. Double retrograde labelling was observed only in medial olivocochlear neurons and occurred in only 1-2\% of these cells. The results confirm previous findings which indicated a relative paucity of fibers belonging to the uncrossed as compared to the crossed olivocochlear bundle. This, together with the strong apical bias of the uncrossed projection reported previously, offers possible explanations for the apparent absence of efferent-mediated suppressive effects of contralateral acoustic stimulation in this 
species. Regarding the lateral olivocochlear system, the chinchilla is shown to possess both intrinsic and shell neurons, as in the rat.},
  institution = {Department of Otolaryngology, SUNY Health Science Center, State University of New York, Syracuse 13210, USA.},
  journal     = {Hear Res},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cell Count; Chinchilla, physiology; Cochlea, innervation; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Neurons, physiology; Olivary Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Stilbamidines; Synaptic Transmission, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0378-5955(99)00069-6},
  pmid        = {10452376},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Azizi:1985,
  author      = {S. A. Azizi and R. A. Burne and D. J. Woodward},
  title       = {The auditory corticopontocerebellar projection in the rat: inputs to the paraflocculus and midvermis. An anatomical and physiological study.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {59},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {36-49},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00237663},
  abstract    = {This study investigated afferent projections to the cerebellum, in particular those from the auditory cerebral cortex. The parafloccular lobule of the rat cerebellum is shown to be a primary target for the auditory cortical information with the midvermal region being a receiving area from the inferior colliculus. The method of anterograde transport of tritiated amino acids was employed to determine projections of the auditory cortex to the pons. Autoradiography showed that the site of termination of efferents from the auditory cortex corresponds to the location of neurons that project to the paraflocculus. Histogram analysis of neuronal activity in halothane anesthetized rats was employed to determine the response characteristics of neurons in paraflocculus and midvermis following cortical and tectal electrical stimulation. In addition, unit recordings of parafloccular neurons in immobilized, locally anesthetized animals demonstrated general characteristics of the responses of these neurons 
to auditory field stimulation. Electrical stimulation of the auditory cortex evoked mixed, excitatory-inhibitory and pure inhibitory mossy fiber responses in 33\% of neurons in the paraflocculus, with no responses evident in the midvermis. Following inferior collicular stimulation, 12.6\% of the neurons in the midvermis elicited a response. Recordings from parafloccular neurons in unanesthetized, immobilized rats showed evidence for excitatory and inhibitory mossy fiber responses, following auditory field stimulation. This spectrum of basic studies establishes the existence of a pathway in which the paraflocculus is revealed as an integrating target for cortical auditory information.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Auditory Pathways, physiology; Auditory Perception, physiology; Brain Mapping; Cerebellum, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Female; Inferior Colliculi, physiology; Pons, physiology; Purkinje Cells, physiology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {4018197},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Azizi:1981,
  Title                    = {The pontocerebellar system in the rat: an HRP study. I. Posterior vermis.},
  Author                   = {Azizi, S. A. and Mihailoff, G. A. and Burne, R. A. and Woodward, D. J.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1981},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {543--548},
  Volume                   = {197},

  Abstract                 = {This study was undertaken to determine the origin of projections from the basilar pontine nuclei (BPN) and nucleus reticularis tegmentis pontis (NRTP) to the posterior vermal lobules VI-IX of the rat cerebellum. We describe the topographical organization of this component of the pontocerebellar projection, and the congruence of the cells of origin in the basilar pons with some of the major pontine afferent systems including the corticopontine and tectopontine projections. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the midline cerebellar vermal zones of Long-Evans hooded rats. The more sensitive chromogens, tetramethyl benzidine and benzidine dihydrochloride, were used to reveal the location of labeled neurons. With injections located near the midline, groups of labeled cells were observed bilaterally within the BPN. The basic trend of the projections noted was: lobule VIa receives a nonfocal projection from nearly all subdivisions of the BPN throughout its rostrocaudal 
extent, as well as a substantial input from NRTP. Lobules VIb-c receive input from NRTP, the rostral pons, and from the ventral, lateral, and medial groups of cells in the middle BPN project to lobule VII, in addition to projections from limited groups of cells in the rostral BPN. Lobule VIII receives afferents from the caudal aspect of the pontine gray. Lobules IXa-receive afferents from the medial and peduncular groups in the midline BPN, whereas lobule IXc receives inputs from a medial group and a small lateral cluster of cells in the caudal aspect of the BPN. Pontine neurons projecting to the posterior vermis originate from areas which appear to receive descending inputs from visual, auditory, and somatosensory regions of the cerebral cortex. However, a large number of pontine and NRTP neurons projecting to lobules VI and VII are located within the terminal fields of tectal neurons, perhaps indicating a stronger input from the tectum rather than visual and auditory cerebral cortical regions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.901970402},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Axons, ultrastructure; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, ultrastructure; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7229127},
  Timestamp                = {29.11.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901970402}
}

@Article{Azizi:1987,
  Title                    = {Inferior olivary nuclear complex of the rat: morphology and comments on the principles of organization within the olivocerebellar system.},
  Author                   = {S. A. Azizi and D. J. Woodward},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1987},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {467-484},
  Volume                   = {263},

  Abstract                 = {This study was undertaken (1) to provide a description of the normal morphology and anatomical interrelationships within the inferior olivary cell groups and (2) to determine the topographical organization of projections from this nuclear complex to the cerebellum. Conventional histological methods and the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and WGA-HRP in conjunction with the sensitive chromogen tetramethyl benzidine were used in this series of experiments. In common with that of other animals, the inferior olivary nucleus of the rat consists of three subdivisions: the medial accessory olive (MAO), dorsal accessory olive (DAO), and principal olive (PO). The MAO is made of several subnuclei including a, b, c, and nucleus beta. On the basis of their common connections, the smaller subnuclei, dorsal cap, ventrolateral outgrowth, and dorsomedial cell column can be considered as parts of the MAO. The DAO is made of two subdivisions or lamellae-the 
dorsal and ventral folds-joined together laterally to form a twisted V-shaped structure. The principal olive consists of dorsal and ventral lamellae. A point-to-point projection was determined for four areas of the cerebellum: the anterior lobe, the posterior vermis, the intermediate and the lateral cerebellum. Analysis of the details of the projection system revealed that distinct groups of cells, here referred to as lamellae, project to sagittal zones of the cerebellum. (1) The medial accessory olive appears to be composed of three lamellae: horizontal, vertical, and rostral. The horizontal lamella (elsewhere denoted as groups a and b) projects to a sagittal zone in the vermal anterior lobe. The vertical lamella (groups c, beta, dorsal cap, ventrolateral outgrowth, and dorsomedial cell column) projects to a sagittal zone in the posterior vermis and the flocculus, and the rostral lamella projects to the lateral cerebellum. (2) The dorsal accessory olive is composed of two distinct lamellae which we have 
previously denoted as the dorsal and ventral folds. The dorsal fold projects to the vermal anterior lobe and receives afferents from the spinal cord, whereas the ventral fold projects to a sagittal zone in the intermediate cerebellum and receives afferents primarily from dorsal column nuclei. (3) The principal olive contains the two familiar lamellae: dorsal and ventral lamellae, each of which projects to a specific sagittal strip in the lateral cerebellum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902630402},
  Institution              = {Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas 75235.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cerebellum, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Synaptic Transmission},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Morawska, Pauline},
  Pmid                     = {2822777},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902630402}
}

@Article{Azmitia:1981,
  Title                    = {Bilateral serotonergic projections to the dorsal hippocampus of the rat: simultaneous localization of 3H-5HT and HRP after retrograde transport.},
  Author                   = {E. C. Azmitia},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1981},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {737--743},
  Volume                   = {203},

  Abstract                 = {Horseradish peroxidase (HRP, Sigma VI, 30-70 nl of a 10-15\% solution in saline) or 3H-5HT (30 Ci/mmole, 2.5 X 10 -3 M containing 3.3 X 10(-3) M norepinephrine in saline, 50-100 nl) was injected unilaterally into the dorsal hippocampus in separate groups of rats. HRP-labeled cells were seen in the hippocampus, medial septal nucleus, nucleus of the diagonal band, supramammilary nucleus, median raphe nucleus, interfascicular portion of the dorsal raphe nucleus, and the locus coeruleus. In contrast, 3H-5HT-labeled cells were largely restricted to the raphe nuclei. In this nucleus an equal number of ipsilateral and bilateral cells were found. Occasionally, these labeled cells stretched across the midline (bridge pattern). In another series, the 3H-5HT and HRP were injected into the same hippocampus either as a mixture or sequentially. This resulted in double labeling of the median and dorsal raphe neurons. A final group of rats received injections of 3H-5HT and HRP into opposing 
hippocampi. Double-labeled cells accounted for 10\% of the neurons labeled. In addition, closely paired neurons composed of an HRP- and 3H-5HT-containing cell were found. In summary, the serotonergic fibers may play a key role in harmonizing the electrical activity of the hippocampi by use of bilateral projections, paired neurons with differential projections, and bridging neurons stretching across the midline but with unilateral projections.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902030410},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Female; Hippocampus, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {6173402},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902030410}
}

@Article{Azmitia:1982,
  author      = {Azmitia, E. C. and Gannon, P. J.},
  title       = {A light and electron microscopic analysis of the selective retrograde transport of (3H)-5-hydroxytryptamine by serotonergic neurons.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {799--804},
  doi         = {10.1177/30.8.6181122},
  journal     = {J Histochem Cytochem},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, physiology; Microscopy, Electron, methods; Neurons, physiology; Olfactory Bulb, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Serotonin, metabolism; Tritium, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6181122},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Azmitia:1978,
  Title                    = {An autoradiographic analysis of the differential ascending projections of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Azmitia, E. C. and Segal, M.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1978},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {641--667},
  Volume                   = {179},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.901790311},
  Keywords                 = {5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine, pharmacology; Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Humans; Injections; Male; Nerve Fibers, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects; Proline, administration /&/ dosage/diagnostic use; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Stereotyped Behavior, drug effects},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {565370},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901790311}
}

@Article{Aznar:2005,
  Title                    = {Alpha 7 nicotinic receptor subunit is present on serotonin neurons projecting to hippocampus and septum.},
  Author                   = {Aznar, Susana and Kostova, Viktorija and Christiansen, Søren H. and Knudsen, Gitte M.},
  Journal                  = {Synapse},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {196--200},
  Volume                   = {55},

  Abstract                 = {The serotonergic transmitter system regulates hippocampal activity through its raphe projection to hippocampus and medial septum/diagonal band of Broca complex (MS/DBB), and most likely also indirectly through its interaction with the cholinergic neurotransmitter system. Nicotine, e.g., enhances hippocampal serotonin release probably through presynaptic nicotinic receptors. We investigated the possible presence of the alpha 7-nicotinic subunit on serotonergic neurons projecting to hippocampus and MS/DBB. By retrograde neuronal tracing, hippocampal serotonergic neurons were identified and with double fluorescence immunostaining and Alexa-488 bound alpha-bungarotoxin the presence of active alpha 7 receptor on their soma was determined. Most of the retrogradely labeled serotonin neurons contained the alpha 7 subunit. A low degree of colocalization between alpha-bungarotoxin and serotonin-positive neurons suggest that the alpha 7 subunit may be transported anterogradely to the 
serotonergic axonal terminals.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/syn.20108},
  Institution              = {Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. saznar@nru.dk},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Binding, Competitive, physiology; Bungarotoxins, metabolism; Diagonal Band of Broca, cytology/metabolism; Efferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism; Hydrazines; Microspheres; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Protein Subunits, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Nicotinic, metabolism; Septum of Brain, cytology/metabolism; Serotonin, metabolism; Stilbamidines; Synaptic Transmission, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {15635599},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.20108}
}

@Article{Aznar:2004,
  Title                    = {Non-serotonergic dorsal and median raphe projection onto parvalbumin- and calbindin-containing neurons in hippocampus and septum.},
  Author                   = {Aznar, S. and Qian, Z-X. and Knudsen, G. M.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {573--581},
  Volume                   = {124},

  Abstract                 = {The median raphe nucleus is involved in controlling and maintaining hippocampal activity through its projection to inhibitory neurons in medial septum and hippocampus. It has been shown that anterogradely axonal-traced fibers originating in the median raphe nucleus project onto calbindin-containing neurons in hippocampus and parvalbumin-containing neurons in medial septum. Parallel immunohistochemistry studies showing serotonin fibers contacting calbindin- and parvalbumin-positive neurons have led to the assumption that raphe fibers projecting on these types of neurons are mainly serotonergic. However, in both dorsal and median raphe nucleus there is a large amount of non-serotonergic neurons which also are projecting neurons, indicating that a part of the raphe fibers projecting to hippocampus and septum may be non-serotonergic. Our aim was to determine whether there is a non-serotonergic projection from the raphe nucleus onto calbindin- and parvalbumin-containing neurons in 
hippocampus and septum. Biotin dextran amine was used as the anterograde neuronal tracer and injected into either dorsal or median raphe nucleus. By use of triple immunofluorescence-labeling we analyzed the serotonergic content of the biotin dextran amine-labeled fibers contacting parvalbumin- and calbindin-positive neurons. Surprisingly, we found a significant non-serotonergic projection from both dorsal and median raphe nuclei onto calbindin- and parvalbumin-containing interneurons in septum and hippocampus, with a preference in hippocampus for projecting onto calbindin-positive neurons. These results indicate that the raphe nuclei may exert their control on hippocampal and septal activity not only through a serotonergic projection, but also through a significant non-serotonergic pathway.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.12.020},
  Institution              = {Neurobiology Research Unit 9201, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. saznar@nru.dk},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, metabolism; Calcium-Binding Proteins, metabolism; Dextrans; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Septum of Brain, cytology/metabolism; Serotonin, metabolism; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306452203009333},
  Pmid                     = {14980728},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.12.020}
}

@Article{Aznar:1996a,
  author      = {Aznar, S. and T{\o}nder, N. and Azcoitia, I. and S{\o}rensen, J. C. and Zimmer, J.},
  title       = {Connective integration of hippocampal grafts in excitotoxic hippocampal lesions in adult rats: an anterograde axonal tracing study.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {10},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {13--24},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.3233/RNN-1996-10103},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/RNN-1996-10103},
  abstract    = {Exchange of nerve connections between developing neural grafts and adult recipient brains is enhanced for grafts placed in excitotoxic lesions, which spare recipient brain afferent axons in otherwise neuron-depleted lesion areas. In previous studies of hippocampal grafts placed in such lesions, we have used anterograde axonal degeneration, histochemical Timm staining and acetylcholinesterase to demonstrate host-graft interconnectivity. In this study, we have now used three anterograde axonal tracers, Phaseoulus vulgaris-leukoaglutinin (PHA-L), biocytin and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), which allow individual fibers to be traced. Adult male rats with 1-week-old axon-sparing ibotenic acid lesions of the dorsal CA3 region or fascia dentata were grafted into the respective lesions with suspensions of fetal (El8-19) CA3 cells or a block of neonatal fascia dentata tissue. One to twelve months later, recipients were injected with Phaseoulus vulgaris-leukoaglutinin or biocytin in the hippocampus 
contralateral to the graft to trace the possible ingrowth and distribution within the transplants of host commissural axons, or into the transplants with biotinylated dextran amine in order to trace outgrowing graft fibers. In rats with succesfull host Phaseoulus vulgaris-leukoaglutinin or biocytin injections, the CA3 and fascia dentata transplants were innervated by labelled host commissural fibers. In the dentate transplants, most commissural fibers projected as normally to the inner part of the molecular layer, with fewer aberrant fibers extending more superficially into the molecular layer. Following injections into the fascia dentata and CA3 grafts of biotinylated dextran amine, labelled graft fibers were traced into the ipsilateral host dentate hilus, CA3 and CA1. From some CA3 containing grafts, a few labelled fibers were also observed passing through the host fimbria-fornix to the lateral septum on the grafted side. A few fibers were projected as far as to the most septal levels of the contralateral 
CA1.},
  institution = {PharmaBiotec, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Odense, Odense, Denmark Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.},
  journal     = {Restor Neurol Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {Q3465727139V6N25},
  pmid        = {21551849},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Aznar:1996,
  author      = {Aznar, S. and Tønder, N. and Azcoitia, I. and Sørensen, J. C. and Zimmer, J.},
  title       = {Connective integration of hippocampal grafts in excitotoxic hippocampal lesions in adult rats: an anterograde axonal tracing study.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {10},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {13--24},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3233/RNN-1996-10103},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/RNN-1996-10103},
  abstract    = {Exchange of nerve connections between developing neural grafts and adult recipient brains is enhanced for grafts placed in excitotoxic lesions, which spare recipient brain afferent axons in otherwise neuron-depleted lesion areas. In previous studies of hippocampal grafts placed in such lesions, we have used anterograde axonal degeneration, histochemical Timm staining and acetylcholinesterase to demonstrate host-graft interconnectivity. In this study, we have now used three anterograde axonal tracers, Phaseoulus vulgaris-leukoaglutinin (PHA-L), biocytin and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), which allow individual fibers to be traced. Adult male rats with 1-week-old axon-sparing ibotenic acid lesions of the dorsal CA3 region or fascia dentata were grafted into the respective lesions with suspensions of fetal (El8-19) CA3 cells or a block of neonatal fascia dentata tissue. One to twelve months later, recipients were injected with Phaseoulus vulgaris-leukoaglutinin or biocytin in the hippocampus 
contralateral to the graft to trace the possible ingrowth and distribution within the transplants of host commissural axons, or into the transplants with biotinylated dextran amine in order to trace outgrowing graft fibers. In rats with succesfull host Phaseoulus vulgaris-leukoaglutinin or biocytin injections, the CA3 and fascia dentata transplants were innervated by labelled host commissural fibers. In the dentate transplants, most commissural fibers projected as normally to the inner part of the molecular layer, with fewer aberrant fibers extending more superficially into the molecular layer. Following injections into the fascia dentata and CA3 grafts of biotinylated dextran amine, labelled graft fibers were traced into the ipsilateral host dentate hilus, CA3 and CA1. From some CA3 containing grafts, a few labelled fibers were also observed passing through the host fimbria-fornix to the lateral septum on the grafted side. A few fibers were projected as far as to the most septal levels of the contralateral 
CA1.},
  institution = {PharmaBiotec, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Odense, Odense, Denmark Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.},
  journal     = {Restor Neurol Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {Q3465727139V6N25},
  pmid        = {21551849},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Aznavour:2002,
  author      = {Aznavour, Nicolas and Mechawar, Naguib and Descarries, Laurent},
  title       = {Comparative analysis of cholinergic innervation in the dorsal hippocampus of adult mouse and rat: a quantitative immunocytochemical study.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {12},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {206--217},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/hipo.1108},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.1108},
  abstract    = {To obtain quantitative data on the distribution of the acetylcholine (ACh) innervation in the dorsal hippocampus of adult mouse (C57/B6) and rat (Sprague-Dawley), a semicomputerized method was used to measure the length of immunostained axons in hippocampal sections processed for light microscopic immunocytochemistry with a highly sensitive antibody against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The results could be expressed in density of axons (meters per mm3) for the different layers and regions of dorsal hippocampus (CA1, CA3, DG), and also in density of axon varicosities (millions per mm3), after having determined the average number of varicosities per unit length of ChAT-immunostained axon (4 varicosities/10 microm). In mouse, the mean regional densities of ACh innervation were thus measured at 13.9, 16.1, and 15.8 m of axons, for 5.6, 6.4, and 6.3 million varicosities per mm3 of tissue, in CA1, CA3, and DG, respectively. The values were comparable in rat, except for CA1, in which the 
densities were lower than in mouse by 40\% in the stratum lacunosum, and 20\% in the stratum radiatum. Otherwise, the laminar patterns of innervation were similar in the two species, the highest densities being found in the stratum lacunosum moleculare of CA3, pyramidale of both CA1 and CA3, and moleculare of DG. These quantitative data will be of particular interest to evaluate changes in mutant mice, or mice and rats subjected to experimental conditions affecting the cholinergic phenotype.},
  institution = {Department de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire et de Physiologie, and Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada.},
  journal     = {Hippocampus},
  keywords    = {Age Factors; Animals; Cell Count; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Cholinergic Fibers, physiology; Hippocampus, cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12000119},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Aznavour:2005,
  author      = {Aznavour, Nicolas and Watkins, Kenneth C. and Descarries, Laurent},
  title       = {Postnatal development of the cholinergic innervation in the dorsal hippocampus of rat: Quantitative light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {486},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {61--75},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.20501},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20501},
  abstract    = {Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemistry was used to examine the distribution and ultrastructural features of the acetylcholine (ACh) innervation in the dorsal hippocampus of postnatal rat. The length of ChAT-immunostained axons was measured and the number of ChAT-immunostained varicosities counted, in each layer of CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus, at postnatal ages P8, P16, and P32. At P8, an elaborate network of varicose ChAT-immunostained axons was already visible. At P16, the laminar distribution of this network resembled that in the adult, but adult densities were reached only by P32. Between P8 and P32, the mean densities for the three regions increased from 8.4 to 14 meters of axons and 2.3 to 5.7 million varicosities per cubic millimeter of tissue. At the three postnatal ages, the ultrastructural features of ChAT-immunostained axon varicosities from the strata pyramidale and radiatum of CA1 were similar between layers and comparable to those in adult, except for an increasing 
frequency of mitochondria (up to 41\% at P32). The proportion of these profiles displaying a synaptic junction was equally low at all ages, indicating an average synaptic incidence of 7\% for whole varicosities, as previously found in adult. The observed junctions were small, usually symmetrical, and made mostly with dendritic branches. These results demonstrate the precocious and rapid maturation of the hippocampal cholinergic innervation and reveal its largely asynaptic nature as soon as it is formed. They emphasize the remarkable growth capacities of individual ACh neurons and substantiate a role for diffuse transmission by ACh during hippocampal development.},
  institution = {Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, metabolism; Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Cholinergic Fibers, metabolism/ultrastructure; Hippocampus, growth /&/ development/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, growth /&/ development/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {15834959},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Azrolan:1989,
  author      = {Azrolan, N. I. and Coleman, P. S.},
  title       = {A discoordinate increase in the cellular amount of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase results in the loss of rate-limiting control over cholesterogenesis in a tumour cell-free system.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {258},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {421--425},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1042/bj2580421},
  abstract    = {Cholesterol biosynthesis was characterized in cell-free post-mitochondrial supernatant systems prepared from both normal rat liver and Morris hepatoma 3924A. The rate of cholesterol synthesis per cell was 9-fold greater in the tumour system than in that from normal liver, and the tumour systems showed the loss of rate-limiting control at the hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR)-catalysed step. The apparent absence of rate-limiting control over cell-free tumour cholesterogenesis was traced primarily to a discoordinate and dramatic increase in the amount of HMGR in the tumour relative to the liver system. Preliminary evidence for an altered control of the post-lanosterol portion of the pathway was also obtained with the tumour system.},
  institution = {Department of Biology, New York University, New York 10003.},
  journal     = {Biochem J},
  keywords    = {Acetates; Acyl Coenzyme A, metabolism; Animals; Cell Membrane, metabolism; Cell-Free System; Cholesterol, biosynthesis; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases, metabolism; Lanosterol, analysis; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental, metabolism; Liver, metabolism; Male; Mevalonic Acid; Microsomes, Liver, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Squalene, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2705993},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Azuma:1996,
  Title                    = {Afferent projections of the infralimbic cortex (area 25) in rats: a WGA-HRP study.},
  Author                   = {Azuma, M. and Chiba, T.},
  Journal                  = {Kaibogaku Zasshi},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {523--540},
  Volume                   = {71},

  Abstract                 = {The afferent connections of the infralimbic area (area 25) of the medial prefrontal cortex in rats were studied using WGA-HRP as the tracer. The present results confirm previously reported afferent connections of the infralimbic area and further reveal additional inputs from the anterior amygdaloid area, anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus, ventral reunions, lateral preoptic area, dorsal hypothalamic area, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, supramammillary nucleus and medial mammillary nucleus. Only afferent projections were found from CA1 of the hippocampus and amygdalo-piriform transition area. The results also confirm extensive afferent connections of the infralimbic cortex from the central autonomic nuclei and, together with previous results on efferent connections of the infralimbic cortex, provide further support for an essential role of this nucleus as a cortical center of the autonomic nervous system.},
  Institution              = {Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Male; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8953850},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013}
}

@Article{Bacskai:2002a,
  author      = {B{\'{a}}cskai, Timea and Sz{\'{e}}kely, G. and Matesz, Clara},
  title       = {Ascending and descending projections of the lateral vestibular nucleus in the rat.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {53},
  number      = {1-2},
  pages       = {7--21},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1556/abiol.53.2002.1-2.3},
  abstract    = {The tracer neurobiotin was injected into the lateral vestibular nucleus in rat and the efferent fiber connections of the nucleus were studied. The labeled fibers reached the diencephalon rostrally and the sacral segments of the spinal cord caudally. In the diencephalon, the ventral posteromedial and the gustatory nuclei received the most numerous labeled fibers. In the mesencephalon, the inferior colliculus, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the nucleus of Darkschewitch, the periaqueductal gray matter and the red nucleus received large numbers of labeled fibers. In the rhombencephalon, commissural and internuclear connections originated from the lateral vestibular nucleus to all other vestibular nuclei. The medioventral (motor) part of the reticular formation was richly supplied, whereas fewer fibers were seen in the lateral (vegetative) part. In the spinal cord, the descending fibers were densely packed in the anterior funiculus and in the ventral part of the lateral funiculus. Collaterals 
invaded the entire gray matter from lamina IX up to lamina III; the fibers and terminals were most numerous in laminae VII and VIII. Collateral projections were rich in the cervical and lumbosacral segments, whereas they were relatively poor in the thoracic segments of the spinal cord. It was concluded that the fiber projection in the rostral direction was primarily aimed at sensory-motor centers; in the rhombencephalon and spinal cord, fibers projected onto structures subserving various motor functions.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Hungary.},
  journal     = {Acta Biol Hung},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12064781},
  timestamp   = {20.04.2016},
}

@Article{Belanger:1993a,
  author      = {B{\'{e}}langer, M. C. and Auclair, F. and Bertrand, L. and Marchand, R.},
  title       = {The disposition of early-generated neurons in the rat embryo predicts the pattern of major axonal tracts.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {3-4},
  pages       = {273--279},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(93)90255-a},
  abstract    = {During embryogenesis, the fiber tracts grow in a highly stereotyped pattern. A very small number of predetermined paths, preceding the growth of fasciculi, are present in the young neural tube (10-12, 15). What is the origin of these substrate pathways defined by Katz et al. (16) as "... a set of similar guidance cues which are aligned in a continuous discrete pathway..."? Could the first neurons play a role in the guidance of early nerve fibers? Observations in the brain stem revealed the presence of two longitudinal columns of early-generated neurons. These longitudinal columns were associated with well-differentiated marginal zones, characterized by cell-free spaces and representing the prospective site of the medial longitudinal (mlf) and lateral longitudinal (llt) tracts. Nerve fibers were also traced in the brain stem of young embryos. Axons were seen to travel in the early mlf and llt, in close proximity to the regions of early-generated neuronal columns. The data suggest that the 
precocious neurons that are organized in a definite pattern could somehow be involved in the guidance of some longitudinal axonal tracts, either by directly promoting the formation of an adequate terrain in the marginal layer, or by inducing other cells to do so.},
  institution = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain Stem, cytology; Embryo, Mammalian, physiology; Embryonic and Fetal Development, physiology; Gestational Age; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0361-9230(93)90255-A},
  pmid        = {8457876},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Belanger:1997a,
  author      = {B{\'{e}}langer, M. C. and Auclair, F. and Bertrand, L. and Marchand, R.},
  title       = {The early neuronal organization predicts the path followed by some major axonal bundles in the embryonic brainstem.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {78},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {259--270},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00484-8},
  abstract    = {In the embryonic CNS, preformed pathways precede the growth of axonal fasciculi [Katz M. J. and Lasek R. J. (1980) Cell Motil. 1, 141-157; Katz M. J. et al. (1980) Neuroscience 5, 821-833]. What are the developmental events that lead to the elaboration of these preformed pathways? To answer this question, we investigated the organization of the primitive neural tube and more particularly the arrangement of the early-generated cells using [3H]thymidine autoradiography or bromodeoxyuridine. Our data suggest that the position of early-generated cells might be involved in the setting of such pathways. In the brain stem of E12(0) (12 days and 0 h) and E12(15) rat embryos, the first-generated cells were organized into three longitudinal columns associated with glycoconjugate-rich extracellular spaces in the adjacent primitive marginal layer. Also, axons traced with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) were contiguous to the early-generated cellular columns and 
represented the primordium of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, the lateral longitudinal tract and the mesencephalic trigeminal tract. Our results show a correlation between the organization of early-generated cells, likely neurons, and the pattern of extracellular spaces in the marginal layer where axons grow. It has been reported in the literature that neurons produce elements of the extracellular matrix such as growth-modulating molecules or space-creating molecules. We therefore suggest that the position of early-generated neurons could be involved in the elaboration of a template for the setting of some major longitudinal tracts during embryonic development of the brainstem.},
  institution = {Université Laval and Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital del'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antimetabolites; Axons, physiology; Brain Stem, cytology/embryology; Bromodeoxyuridine; Carbocyanines; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Neural Pathways, cytology/embryology; Neurons, physiology; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thymidine, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452296004848},
  pmid        = {9135106},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Baeck:1993a,
  author      = {B{\"{a}}ck, N. and Soinila, S. and Virtanen, I.},
  title       = {Endocytotic pathways in the melanotroph of the rat pituitary.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {25},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {133--139},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00157985},
  abstract    = {The internalization of the extracellular markers horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and cationized ferritin (CF) by the melanotrophs of the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary was studied during short-time incubation of mechanically dissociated cells or in cell culture after 5 days. After a 30 min exposure, the tracers were found in electron-lucent granules or vacuoles of approximately the same size as the secretory granules, situated 200-500 nm from the cell membrane. In the cultured cells, which showed a higher rate of tracer uptake, internalization was followed for 1, 2 and 5 min after labelling and during 2 h of exposure. Initially, the label was seen only in coated pits and coated vesicles at the cell membrane. Larger vacuoles were first seen after 2-5 min of incubation. After 2 h of exposure the labelling pattern was distinctly different for the two tracers. CF was found in larger vacuoles of varying morphology, in dilatations at the base of cilia, within Golgi saccules and at the edge of 
the electron-dense core of forming secretory granules. HRP was found in an extensive array of tubulovesicular structures extending throughout the cytoplasm. The Golgi complex and forming granules were, however, not labelled with HRP. The study identifies part of the electron-lucent granules or vacuoles in the melanotroph as endosomes, and shows that the melanotrophs sort CF and HRP via diverting pathways after internalization, suggesting that granule membrane, and possibly its functional components, can be recycled in these cells.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Finland.},
  journal     = {Histochem J},
  keywords    = {Animals; Bucladesine, pharmacology; Cells, Cultured; Cytoplasmic Granules, ultrastructure; Endocytosis, physiology; Female; Ferritins; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Pituitary Gland, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Tissue Fixation; Vacuoles, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8385655},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Baehr:1993a,
  author      = {B{\"{a}}hr, M. and Eschweiler, G. W.},
  title       = {Formation of functional synapses by regenerating adult rat retinal ganglion cell axons in midbrain target regions in vitro.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {456--473},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1002/neu.480240405},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.480240405},
  abstract    = {The ability of adult rat retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons to reinnervate normal target regions was examined in vitro. In co-culture experiments, adult rat retinal explants were placed adjacent to fetal rat midbrain sections that contained the superior colliculus (SC) which is the main target for RGC axons. Adult rat RGCs regrew axons over more than 500 microns on a polylysine-laminin substrate to reach the co-cultured explants. By using neurofilament immunohistochemistry and the fluorescent dye DiI for anterograde and retrograde tracing, it was shown that (1) adult rat RGCs with a stereotyped morphology survived in explant cultures for more than 4 weeks in the presence of fetal midbrain explants, (2) regenerating RGC axons preferentially terminated within midbrain target regions, and (3) RGCs formed functional synapses. In addition, the maturation of the SC region in midbrain explants was examined histologically and ultrastructurally to demonstrate appropriate target development.},
  institution = {Max-Planck Institut for Developmental Biology.},
  journal     = {J Neurobiol},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, analysis; Animals; Axons, physiology; Cells, Cultured; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Female; In Vitro Techniques; Mesencephalon, embryology/physiology; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Retinal Ganglion Cells, physiology/ultrastructure; Superior Colliculi, embryology/enzymology/physiology; Synapses, physiology; Tectum Mesencephali, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8515251},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Baashar:2015,
  Title                    = {A novel method for selectively labelling olivocochlear collaterals in the rat },
  Author                   = {Ahmaed Baashar and Donald Robertson and Wilhelmina H.A.M. Mulders},
  Journal                  = {Hearing Research },
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {0},
  Pages                    = { - },

  Abstract                 = {Abstract Axons of olivocochlear neurons originate from the brainstem and project to the cochlea. A subpopulation, medial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons, also projects collateral branches to the cochlear nucleus. The precise targets of these collaterals are as yet unknown. Previous methods for labelling these collaterals include firstly, cochlear injections of retrograde tracers, but this is technically demanding and can also label afferent projections or secondly, labelling by injecting tracers into the nuclei of origin of \{MOC\} neurons. However, this latter method is non-specific because it also labels non-MOC projections. A technique was used to specifically label \{MOC\} collaterals, which involved injections of the tracer biocytin at the floor of the fourth ventricle and fixation 3 hours later. Biocytin injections resulted in labelled neurons in the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body and rostral periolivary nucleus, confirming \{MOC\} axonal labelling. Labelled neurons in 
dorsal cochlear nucleus indicated labelling of the dorsal acoustic stria and these injections were discarded. After selective \{MOC\} labelling, collateral branches were found to innervate granule cell regions, medial edge and core of the ventral cochlear nucleus, as well as the dorsal cochlear nucleus, in agreement with previous data. Therefore we conclude that injections at the floor of the fourth ventricle provide a simple, rapid and specific technique for labelling the majority of \{MOC\} axons and their collaterals and this technique may assist in defining the precise neuronal targets of olivocochlear collaterals in cochlear nucleus.},
  Doi                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2015.02.011},
  ISSN                     = {0378-5955},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Timestamp                = {29.03.2015},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378595515000647}
}

@Article{Baastrup:2011,
  author    = {Baastrup, Cathrine and Jensen, Troels Staehelin and Finnerup, Nanna Brix},
  title     = {Pregabalin attenuates place escape/avoidance behavior in a rat model of spinal cord injury},
  year      = {2011},
  volume    = {1370},
  pages     = {129--135},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899310024923},
  journal   = {Brain Res},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Baba:2007,
  author      = {Kousuke Baba and Shunsuke Sakakibara and Tomiyoshi Setsu and Toshio Terashima},
  title       = {The superficial layers of the superior colliculus are cytoarchitectually and myeloarchitectually disorganized in the reelin-deficient mouse, reeler.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1140},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {205--215},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.113},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.113},
  abstract    = {The causative gene for the reeler mouse is reelin which encodes Reelin protein, an extracellular molecule. In the present study, we have examined the cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture, and afferent/efferent systems of the superior colliculus (SC) of the reeler mouse. In the reeler, the laminar structures of the superficial three layers of the SC were disorganized and intermingled into a single layer, i.e., the superficial fused layer (SuF), as previously reported in the reelin-deficient SRK rat (Sakakibara et al., Develop. Brain Res. 141:1-13). Next, we have investigated the course and terminals of visual corticotectal and retinotectal projections with an injection of biocytin into the visual cortex or an injection of cholera toxin subunit B into the retina, respectively. In the reeler, anterogradely labeled visual corticotectal and retinotectal fibers took an aberrant course within the SuF, resulting in abnormal myeloarchitecture of the superficial SC of the reeler. Retrograde labeling of 
tectospinal tract neurons could not show any differences between the normal and reeler mice, suggesting that the deep layers of the reeler SC are cytoarchitectually normal. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies have shown that reelin mRNA and Reelin protein were both recognized in the normal SC. These results suggest that Reelin protein plays some roles in histogenesis of the superficial layers of the SC.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal, genetics/metabolism; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Efferent Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Extracellular Matrix Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; In Situ Hybridization, methods; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Mice; Mice, Neurologic Mutants, anatomy /&/ histology; Myelin Basic Proteins, metabolism; Nerve Tissue Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Retina, metabolism; Serine Endopeptidases, genetics/metabolism; Superior Colliculi, metabolism/ultrastructure; Visual Cortex, metabolism; Visual Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(06)02925-8},
  pmid        = {17173877},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Babalian:2005,
  author      = {Babalian, Alexander L.},
  title       = {Synaptic influences of pontine nuclei on cochlear nucleus cells.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {167},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {451--457},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s00221-005-0178-8},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005-0178-8},
  abstract    = {Using the in vitro isolated whole brain preparation of the guinea pig, we tested the synaptic effects induced by the stimulation of pontine nuclei (PN) in intracellularly recorded and stained principal cells of the cochlear nucleus (CN). Twenty percent of the recorded cells in all CN subdivisions responded to stimulation of either ipsilateral or contralateral PN, and 12\% of the cells exhibited convergence of inputs from both sides. The responses were recorded only in stellate cells of the ventral CN and in the pyramidal cells of the dorsal CN, whereas no responses were observed in bushy, octopus, and giant cells. PN stimulation produced excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials as well as mixed responses. The heterogeneous nature and the wide latency range (3.2-18 ms) of observed responses suggest significant variability in the underlying synaptic mechanisms and the implicated pathways. We propose that PN projections to the CN, terminating mainly in the granule cell domain (GCD), 
together with other non-auditory and auditory inputs contribute to multimodal convergence in the GCD leading ultimately to modulatory actions on the output activity of CN principal cells.},
  institution = {Unit of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rue du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland. Alexandre.Babalian@unifr.ch},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain, physiology; Cochlear Nerve, physiology; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Cytoplasmic Granules, physiology; Dendrites, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Female; Guinea Pigs; Interneurons, physiology; Male; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Pons, cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {16283402},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Babb:1988,
  Title                    = {Distribution of glutamate-decarboxylase-immunoreactive neurons and synapses in the rat and monkey hippocampus: light and electron microscopy.},
  Author                   = {T. L. Babb and J. K. Pretorius and W. R. Kupfer and W. J. Brown},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1988},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {121--138},
  Volume                   = {278},

  Abstract                 = {We have studied the distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons, axons, and synapses in the rat and monkey hippocampal formation by using glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) immunocytochemistry together with Nissl stains, electron microscopy, and double-labeled retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The numbers of GAD-containing (putative GABA) neurons and their percentages compared to all Nissl-stained neurons were calculated throughout all the various fields and strata of the mammalian hippocampus. Although their numbers are greatest in the polymorph region of the fascia dentata (FD) and in the principal cell layers stratum pyramidale (SP) and stratum granulosum (SG), GAD immunoreactive (GAD-IR) cells are numerous in other strata that contain mostly dendrites and scattered cells. These GAD-IR (putative GABA) neurons in dendritic regions may be involved in feedforward dendritic inhibition or may directly inhibit nearby neurons. We used a postmortem delay technique,
 which resulted in apparent diffusion of GAD into dendrites and axons and allowed better visualization of the extensive dendritic domain of GAD-IR neurons. Computerized image analysis of GAD-IR puncta indicated that putative GABA terminals were numerous on apical and basilar dendrites of all pyramidal cells but unexpectedly highest in the monkey presubiculum. In the rat, GAD-IR neurons projected axons ipsilaterally from every region to the fascia dentata and CA1; however, commissural GAD-IR axons to the fascia dentata arose from GAD-IR neurons in only the contralateral fascia dentata and subiculum. Electron microscopy of GAD-stained hippocampus identified GAD-IR neurons with non-GAD-IR (possibly excitatory) synapses and GAD-IR terminals on somata and dendrites, 80\% being the symmetric type and 20\% the asymmetric type. In contrast, non-GAD-IR terminals were asymmetric 80\% of the time.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902780108},
  Institution              = {Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Glutamate Decarboxylase, analysis; Hippocampus, enzymology/ultrastructure; Macaca, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, enzymology/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {3209750},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902780108}
}

@Article{Babic:2004a,
  Title                    = {Medullary and spinal cord projections from cardiovascular responsive sites in the rostral ventromedial medulla.},
  Author                   = {Babic, Tanja and Ciriello, John},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {391--412},
  Volume                   = {469},

  Abstract                 = {The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVMM) is a sympathoexcitatory area. However, little is known about its efferent projections. In this study, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were used to investigate the medullary and spinal cord projections from pressor sites in RVMM. Initially, RVMM was systematically explored in urethane-anesthetized rats using microinjection of L-glutamate for sites that elicited increases in arterial pressure. A pressor area was identified that included the rostral magnocellular reticular and rostral lateral paragigantocellular reticular nuclei. In the second series of experiments, BDA or PHA-L was iontophoretically injected into RVMM pressor sites. Anterograde labeling was observed throughout the brainstem and spinal cord, bilaterally, but with an ipsilateral predominance. Dense labeling was observed within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS); the greatest density of labeling was observed in the caudal 
dorsolateral, medial, and ventrolateral subnuclei. Additionally, light to moderately dense labeling was found within the nucleus substantia gelatinosus and commissural nucleus. In the nucleus ambiguus/ventrolateral medullary (Amb/VLM) region, the density of labeling was greatest in caudal regions. Within Amb, most of the labeling was localized to its external formation. Anterograde labeling was also found throughout the spinal cord. In the thoracolumbar segments, dense axonal labeling was observed within the dorsolateral funiculus. These labeled axons innervated the intermediolateral nucleus and the central autonomic area. Taken together, these data suggest that RVMM neurons elicit increases in sympathetic activity by likely providing a direct excitatory input to spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons, and by a direct inhibitory input to medullary cardioinhibitory and depressor areas.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.11024},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Blood Pressure, physiology; Brain Mapping; Dextrans, metabolism; Heart Rate, physiology; Iontophoresis, methods; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Plant Proteins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, physiology; Staining and Labeling; Tissue Distribution},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {14730590},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.11024}
}

@Article{Babic:2008,
  Title                    = {Collateral axonal projections from rostral ventromedial medullary nitric oxide synthase containing neurons to brainstem autonomic sites.},
  Author                   = {Babic, Tanja and {de Oliveira}, Cleusa V R. and Ciriello, John},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = {May},
  Pages                    = {44--56},
  Volume                   = {1211},

  Abstract                 = {The magnocellular reticular nucleus and adjacent lateral paragigantocellular nucleus have been shown to contain a large population of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactive neurons. However, little is known about the projections of these neurons within the central nervous system. Retrograde tract-tracing techniques combined with immunohistochemistry were used in this study to investigate whether NOS neurons in this rostral ventromedial medullary (RVMM) region send collateral axonal projections to autonomic sites in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and in the nucleus ambiguus (Amb). Fluorogold and/or rhodamine labeled latex microspheres were microinjected into the NTS and Amb at sites that elicited bardycardia and/or depressor responses (l-glutamate; 0.25 M; 10 nl). After a survival period of 10-14 days, the rats were sacrificed and tissue sections of the brainstem were processed immunohistochemically for the identification of NOS containing neuronal perikarya. After 
unilateral injection of the tract-tracers into the NTS and Amb, retrogradely labeled neurons were observed bilaterally throughout the RVMM region. Of the number of RVMM neurons retrogradely labeled from the NTS (684+/-143), 9\% were found to be immunoreactive to NOS. Similarly, of those RVMM neurons retrogradely labeled from the Amb (963+/-207), 7\% also contained NOS immunoreactivity. Neurons with collateral axonal projections to NTS and Amb (14\% and 10\%, respectively) were observed predominantly within a region of RVMM that extended co-extensively with approximately the rostrocaudal extent of the facial nucleus. Of these double labeled neurons, 36.4+/-20 (39\%) were also found to be immunoreactive to NOS. These data indicate that the RVMM contains at least three population of NOS neurons that send axons to innervate functionally similar cardiovascular responsive sites in the NTS and Amb. Although the function of these NOS containing medullary pathways in cardiovascular control is not known, it is likely 
that those with collateral axonal projections represent the anatomical substrate by which the RVMM may simultaneously coordinate cardiovascular responses during physiological changes associated with respiration and/or motor movements.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.104},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autonomic Pathways, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Axons, enzymology/physiology; Brain Stem, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Heart, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/enzymology; Microinjections; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Microspheres; Neurons, enzymology/physiology; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhodamines; Stilbamidines},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0006-8993(07)02646-7},
  Pmid                     = {18423427},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.104}
}

@Article{Babic:2010,
  Title                    = {Innervation of skeletal muscle by leptin receptor-containing neurons.},
  Author                   = {Babic, Tanja and Purpera, Megan N. and Banfield, Bruce W. and Berthoud, Hans-Rudolf and Morrison, Christopher D.},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Pages                    = {146--155},
  Volume                   = {1345},

  Abstract                 = {In addition to suppressing food intake, leptin reduces body adiposity by altering metabolism within peripheral tissues such as adipose tissue and muscle. Recent work indicates that leptin action within the brain is sufficient to promote glucose uptake and increase fat oxidation within skeletal muscle, and that these effects are dependent on the sympathetic nervous system. To identify neuronal circuits through which leptin impacts skeletal muscle metabolism, we used LepRb-GFP reporter mice in combination with muscle-specific injection of an mRFP-expressing pseudorabies virus (PRV), which acts as a transsynaptic retrograde tracer. Consistent with previous observations in the rat, muscle-specific PRV injection lead to labeling within multiple areas of the hypothalamus and brainstem. However, the only areas in which PRV and LepRb colocalization was detected were within the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the hypothalamic retrochiasmatic area. Within the NTS 28.5+/-
9.4\% of PRV-positive neurons contained LepRb-GFP, while in the RCH 37+/-1.7\% of PRV neurons also contained LepRb. In summary, these data clearly implicate the NTS and RCH as key sites through which brain leptin impacts skeletal muscle, and as such provide an anatomical framework within which to interpret physiological data indicating that leptin acts in the brain to influence metabolism within skeletal muscle.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.042},
  Institution              = {Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Cell Count; Female; Genetic Vectors; Green Fluorescent Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal; Muscle, Skeletal, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation/metabolism; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Photomicrography; Receptors, Leptin, genetics/metabolism; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0006-8993(10)01187-X},
  Pmid                     = {20501326},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.042}
}

@Article{Babic:2004,
  Title                    = {Direct projections from caudal ventrolateral medullary depressor sites to the subfornical organ.},
  Author                   = {Babic, Tanja and Roder, Stefanie and Ciriello, John},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {1-2},
  Pages                    = {113--121},
  Volume                   = {1003},

  Abstract                 = {Experiments were performed in the male Wistar rat to investigate the projections from cardiovascular responsive sites in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) to the subfornical organ (SFO). Unilateral iontophoretic injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were made into either caudal VLM (CVLM) sites at which microinjection of l-glutamate (10 nl; 0.25 M) elicited decreases in mean arterial pressure or into rostral VLM (RVLM) sites at which l-glutamate microinjection elicited increases in arterial pressure. After a survival period of 7-10 days, transverse sections of the forebrain and brainstem were processed for PHA-L immunoreactivity. After injections of PHA-L into the CVLM, axonal and presumptive terminal labeling was found bilaterally throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the SFO, although most of the projections were observed within the rostral half of the nucleus. Within the SFO, labeling was found primarily in the lateral aspects of the nucleus, often in close 
proximity to blood vessels. In addition, CVLM injections resulted in labeling within the organum vasculosum of the laminae terminalis (OVLT) and within the ventral and dorsal components of the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) bilaterally, but with an ipsilateral predominance. In contrast, PHA-L injections into the RVLM did not result in axonal labeling in the SFO or OVLT, although a few labeled axons were found to course through the region of the ventral component of MnPO. These data have demonstrated that neurons within the cardiovascular responsive region of the CVLM send direct axonal projections to the SFO and other structures of the laminae terminalis, and suggest that the CVLM may function in the modulation of the activity of neurons of circumventricular organs to intra- and extracellular signals of body fluid balance.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.brainres.2003.12.029},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Male; Medulla Oblongata, chemistry/physiology; Neural Pathways, chemistry/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Subfornical Organ, chemistry/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0006899304000794},
  Pmid                     = {15019570},
  Timestamp                = {29.11.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2003.12.029}
}

@Article{Babicky:2005,
  author      = {Babický, Arnost and Pavelka, Stanislav and Vobecký, Miloslav},
  title       = {Biological half-lives of bromide and sodium in the rat are connected and dependent on the physiological state.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {103},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {49--58},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1385/BTER:103:1:049},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/BTER:103:1:049},
  abstract    = {The parallel course of the excretion rates of sodium and bromide ions was demonstrated in adult male rats administered simultaneously with 24Na-sodium chloride and 82Br-bromide. These excretion rates were inversely proportional to the magnitude of sodium intake in the animals. The biological half-life of bromide, as a substitute for sodium or chloride, was investigated with the aid of the radionuclide 82Br in animals situated in very different physiological states (i.e., in lactating and nonlactating female rats as well as in young rats of varying ages [2, 4, 6, and 10 wk of age]). The 82Br radioactivity retained in mothers and in whole litters was measured in vivo at appropriate time intervals (up to 240 h) after the application of 82Br-bromide to the mothers. The time-course of the changes in the 82Br radioactivity of the young was calculated as the difference between the rate of 82Br intake in the mother's milk and the 82Br excretion through the kidneys into the urine. The rate of 82Br 
excretion through the kidneys of the dam could be calculated also. Nonweaned young rats (12 d) had the highest half-life (269 h) and lactating dams had the lowest (44 h). The determined values demonstrated that nonweaned young apparently conserve sodium, because of its relatively low concentration in mother's milk, whereas lactating dams, because of their large food intake, waste sodium.},
  institution = {Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.},
  journal     = {Biol Trace Elem Res},
  keywords    = {Aging, urine; Animals; Animals, Suckling; Body Weight; Bromides, metabolism/urine; Bromine Radioisotopes; Chlorides, urine; Female; Half-Life; Lactation; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium Radioisotopes; Sodium, Dietary; Sodium, metabolism/urine; Weaning},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {BTER:103:1:049},
  pmid        = {15695847},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Babmindra:1976,
  Title                    = {[Experience with the use of horseradish peroxidase for light and electron microscope studies of interneuronal connections].},
  Author                   = {Babmindra, V. P. and Lenkov, D. N. and Tolchenova, G. A. and Imankulova, Ch S. and Bragina, T. A.},
  Journal                  = {Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol},
  Year                     = {1976},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {101--105},
  Volume                   = {70},

  Abstract                 = {By the method based on a retrograde axonal transport of exogenous horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the origins of afferentation of the motor cortex of adult cats, kittens and albino rats were studied. HRP-positive neurons were found by light and electron microscopy in the somatosensory cortex (C1) of the ipsilateral hemisphere and in the portions of the cortex of the contralateral hemisphere which were symmetrical to the site of injection of HRP. The disposition of neurons, marked by HRP, in the Vth layer of the motor cortex suggest that these neurons may send their axons into the bundles of comissural fibres going to the motor cortex of the opposite hemisphere. This method considerably expands possibilities of revealing the origins of afferentation of the investigated portion of the nervous system and allows more complete and reliable investigation of interneuronal connections.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Cats; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Electron; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent; Peroxidases; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {rus},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1252130},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013}
}

@Article{Baccei:2000,
  author      = {Baccei, M. L. and Kocsis, J. D.},
  title       = {Voltage-gated calcium currents in axotomized adult rat cutaneous afferent neurons.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {83},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {2227--2238},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {The effect of sciatic nerve injury on the somatic expression of voltage-gated calcium currents in adult rat cutaneous afferent dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons identified via retrograde Fluoro-gold labeling was studied using whole cell patch-clamp techniques. Two weeks after a unilateral ligation and transection of the sciatic nerve, the L(4)-L(5) DRG were dissociated and barium currents were recorded from cells 3-10 h later. Cutaneous afferents (35-50 microm diam) were classified as type 1 (possessing only high-voltage-activated currents; HVA) or type 2 (having both high- and low-voltage-activated currents). Axotomy did not change the percentage of neurons exhibiting a type 2 phenotype or the properties of low-threshold T-type current found in type 2 neurons. However, in type 1 neurons the peak density of HVA current available at a holding potential of -60 mV was reduced in axotomized neurons (83.9 +/- 5.6 pA/pF, n = 53) as compared with control cells (108.7 +/- 6.9 pA/pF, n = 58, P < 0.
01, unpaired t-test). A similar reduction was observed at more negative holding potentials, suggesting differences in steady-state inactivation are not responsible for the effect. Separation of the type 1 cells into different size classes indicates that the reduction in voltage-gated barium current occurs selectively in the larger (capacitance >80 pF) cutaneous afferents (control: 112.4 +/- 10.6 pA/pF, n = 30; ligated: 72.6 +/- 5.0 pA/pF, n = 36; P < 0.001); no change was observed in cells with capacitances of 45-80 pF. Isolation of the N- and P¿Q-type components of the HVA current in the large neurons using omega-conotoxin GVIA and omega-agatoxin TK suggests a selective reduction in N-type barium current after nerve injury, as the density of omega-CgTx GVIA-sensitive current decreased from 56.9 +/- 6.6 pA/pF in control cells (n = 13) to 31.3 +/- 4.6 pA/pF in the ligated group (n = 12; P < 0.005). The HVA barium current of large cutaneous afferents also demonstrates a depolarizing shift in the voltage 
dependence of inactivation after axotomy. Injured type 1 cells exhibited faster inactivation kinetics than control neurons, although the rate of recovery from inactivation was similar in the two groups. The present results indicate that nerve injury leads to a reorganization of the HVA calcium current properties in a subset of cutaneous afferent neurons.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven 06510, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurophysiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axotomy; Barium, pharmacokinetics; Calcium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Calcium Channels, N-Type, physiology; Calcium Channels, T-Type, physiology; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Ion Channel Gating, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Skin, innervation; Synapses, chemistry/physiology; omega-Conotoxin GVIA, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10758131},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bacci:1993,
  author      = {Bacci, E. and Bertrand, C. and Geppetti, P. and Baker, J. and Nadel, J. A. and Laitinen, L. A. and Petersson, G.},
  title       = {Budesonide inhibits plasma extravasation induced by capsaicin and by substance P in the rat nasal mucosa.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {49},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {159--166},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0167-0115(93)90437-d},
  abstract    = {We studied the effect of the locally administered glucocorticoid budesonide on plasma extravasation induced by capsaicin and by substance P (SP) in the nasal mucosa of pathogen-free rats. Using Evans blue dye as a tracer, we measured plasma extravasation induced by capsaicin (150 micrograms kg-1 i.v.) or SP (0.5 and 2.5 micrograms kg-1 i.v.) in the rat naso- and maxilloturbinates after pretreatment with budesonide (0.1-50 micrograms twice/day for 2 days in the right nostril; 50 micrograms only for SP) or its vehicle. We found that budesonide inhibits plasma extravasation induced by capsaicin in a dose-dependent fashion in the nasal cavity. After the highest dose (50 micrograms) of budesonide, the values of Evans blue in the nasal mucosa were not different from the values observed after capsaicin vehicle alone. Budesonide also reduced plasma extravasation induced by capsaicin in the trachea and the urinary bladder of the rats in a dose-dependent fashion. Budesonide (50 micrograms) delivered 
to the nose inhibited the plasma extravasation caused by 0.5 but not by 2.5 micrograms SP kg-1 in the nasal mucosa. We conclude that the postjunctional part of the neurogenic pathway is a target for glucocorticoid antiinflammatory action in the nasal mucosa, at least of the rat. Budesonide's effect on organs other than the nose can be explained by systemic absorption.},
  institution = {Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143.},
  journal     = {Regul Pept},
  keywords    = {Administration, Topical; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, pharmacology; Budesonide; Capillary Permeability, drug effects; Capsaicin, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Evans Blue, diagnostic use; Glucocorticoids; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Nasal Mucosa, blood supply/drug effects; Pregnenediones, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Substance P, antagonists /&/ inhibitors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7510897},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Baeck:1993,
  author      = {N. Bäck and S. Soinila and I. Virtanen},
  title       = {Endocytotic pathways in the melanotroph of the rat pituitary.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {25},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {133--139},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00157985},
  abstract    = {The internalization of the extracellular markers horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and cationized ferritin (CF) by the melanotrophs of the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary was studied during short-time incubation of mechanically dissociated cells or in cell culture after 5 days. After a 30 min exposure, the tracers were found in electron-lucent granules or vacuoles of approximately the same size as the secretory granules, situated 200-500 nm from the cell membrane. In the cultured cells, which showed a higher rate of tracer uptake, internalization was followed for 1, 2 and 5 min after labelling and during 2 h of exposure. Initially, the label was seen only in coated pits and coated vesicles at the cell membrane. Larger vacuoles were first seen after 2-5 min of incubation. After 2 h of exposure the labelling pattern was distinctly different for the two tracers. CF was found in larger vacuoles of varying morphology, in dilatations at the base of cilia, within Golgi saccules and at the edge of 
the electron-dense core of forming secretory granules. HRP was found in an extensive array of tubulovesicular structures extending throughout the cytoplasm. The Golgi complex and forming granules were, however, not labelled with HRP. The study identifies part of the electron-lucent granules or vacuoles in the melanotroph as endosomes, and shows that the melanotrophs sort CF and HRP via diverting pathways after internalization, suggesting that granule membrane, and possibly its functional components, can be recycled in these cells.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Finland.},
  journal     = {Histochem J},
  keywords    = {Animals; Bucladesine, pharmacology; Cells, Cultured; Cytoplasmic Granules, ultrastructure; Endocytosis, physiology; Female; Ferritins; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Pituitary Gland, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Tissue Fixation; Vacuoles, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8385655},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Back:1990,
  author      = {Back, S. A. and Gorenstein, C.},
  title       = {Fluorescent histochemical localization of neutral endopeptidase-24.11 (enkephalinase) in the rat brainstem.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {296},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {130--158},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902960109},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902960109},
  abstract    = {Characterization of the distribution of the peptide-degrading enzyme neutral endopeptidase-24.11 (E.C. 3.4.24.11; NEP; enkephalinase) in the rat brainstem was examined by means of a unique fluorescent histochemical method. Enzyme staining was completely blocked by three potent NEP inhibitors (thiorphan, phosphoramidon, and JHF-26) at a concentration of 50 nM, supporting the specificity of this method to visualize sites of NEP activity selectively. At all levels of the brainstem, NEP was localized to cell bodies, cell processes or terminal-like fields and was localized to more than 90 distinct nuclei or subnuclei. In the mesencephalon these included the central gray, cuneiform n., dorsal and lateral tegmental n., inferior colliculus, interpeduncular n., lateral and medial geniculate n., central linear raphe n., mesencephalic n. of the trigeminal nerve, mammillary nuclei, occulomotor n., red n., superior colliculus, ventral n. of the lateral lemniscus, substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area, 
and the zona incerta. In the pons, NEP staining was restricted to fewer regions or nuclei, including the dorsal and ventral cochlear n., facial n., motor trigeminal n., principal sensory trigeminal n., parabrachial nuclei, pontine n., the oral and caudal pontine reticular n., pontine olivary nuclei, several pontine tegmental nuclei, pontine raphe nuclei, and the trapezoid n. In the cerebellum, staining was localized largely to the granule cell layer of the cerebellar cortex. Scattered staining was observed in the molecular cell layer. The medulla contained extensive NEP staining localized to nuclei that included the ambiguous n., dorsal motor n. of the vagus, hypoglossal n., inferior olivary n., prepositus hypoglossus n., solitary tract n., nuclei of the spinal tract of the trigeminal n., and the lateral, medial, and superior vestibular nuclei. Nuclei of the medullary reticular formation that were also richly stained for NEP included the raphe magnus n., raphe obscurus n., raphe pallidus n., dorsal, lateral, 
and ventral reticular nuclei of the medulla, and the gigantocellular, lateral paragigantocellular, linear, paramedian and parvicellular reticular nuclei. The widespread distribution of NEP in the brainstem suggests the existence of a number of functional systems, including the pathways involved in the mechanisms of pain and analgesia, which are potential targets of NEP inhibitors. In most regions, the distribution of NEP closely overlapped with that reported for the enkephalins, and showed a more restricted overlap with the reported distribution of substance P.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine 92717.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, cytology/drug effects/enzymology; Enkephalins, metabolism; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; Glycopeptides, pharmacology; Histocytochemistry, methods; Male; Neprilysin, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substance P, metabolism; Thiorphan, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1694188},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bacon:1996,
  Title                    = {Amygdala input to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the rat: a light and electron microscope study.},
  Author                   = {S. J. Bacon and A. J. Headlam and P. L. Gabbott and A. D. Smith},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {1-2},
  Pages                    = {211--219},
  Volume                   = {720},

  Abstract                 = {This paper describes the termination pattern and synaptic connectivity of the pathway from the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC; areas 25, 32, and 24b) of the rat. Discrete injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were made in the BLA and detailed light microscopical observations made of the distribution of PHA-L labelled fibres and boutons in the mPFC. Labelled fibres were distributed in two tiers: predominantly within deep layer 1/layer 2 and also in layers 5/6. Fibre plexi in layers 2 and 5 were highly varicose. Electron microscopical examination of 120 labelled boutons in area 32 (60 in layer 2 and 60 in layer 5) indicated that 116 (97\%) established asymmetrical synaptic contacts with dendritic spines and 4 (3\%) were in synaptic contact with small dendritic shafts. No significant differences in target structures were found between layers 2 and 5. The results indicate that BLA input to 
mPFC in the rat predominantly innervates spine bearing dendrites in layers 2 and 5. This suggests that the neuronal operations of these processes are influenced by direct feedforward excitation from the BLA.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/0006-8993(96)00155-2},
  Institution              = {University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Amygdala, physiology/ultrastructure; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Phytohemagglutinins; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {0006-8993(96)00155-2},
  Pmid                     = {8782914},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(96)00155-2}
}

@Article{Bacon:1988,
  author      = {Bacon, S. J. and Smith, A. D.},
  title       = {Preganglionic sympathetic neurones innervating the rat adrenal medulla: immunocytochemical evidence of synaptic input from nerve terminals containing substance P, GABA or 5-hydroxytryptamine.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {97--122},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-1838(88)90140-3},
  abstract    = {Sympathetic preganglionic neurones that innervate the adrenal medulla were identified for subsequent light and electron microscopic study by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or a conjugate of HRP and cholera B-chain. Most labelled neurones were found in the intermediolateral column, but some occurred in the intercalated nucleus and in the lateral funiculus of the thoracic spinal cord. Three morphologically distinct types of neurone were retrogradely labelled, two of which had dendrites that extended medially towards the central canal and laterally across the entire lateral funiculus. A combination of retrograde labelling with pre-embedding immunocytochemistry allowed us to demonstrate synaptic contacts between boutons immunoreactive for substance P or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and the cell bodies or proximal dendrites of sympathoadrenal neurones. The 5-HT-immunoreactive boutons appeared to be of two morphologically distinct types. Postembedding immunocytochemistry 
enabled us to show that sympathoadrenal neurones receive a heavy synaptic innervation from GABA-immunoreactive boutons: 32\% of a random series of boutons in synaptic contact with cell bodies were GABA-immunoreactive. Proximal dendrites and also distal dendrites within the white matter were ensheathed in synaptic boutons, 37\% of which were GABA-immunoreactive. It is concluded that sympathoadrenal neurones receive at least 4 distinct types of afferent synaptic input: from neurones containing substance P, or GABA and from two types of neurones containing 5-HT. The presence of synaptic inputs on distal dendrites that extend across the white matter adds further complexities to the control of the activity of sympathetic preganglionic neurones.},
  institution = {University of Oxford, Department of Pharmacology, U.K.},
  journal     = {J Auton Nerv Syst},
  keywords    = {Adrenal Medulla, innervation; Animals; Ganglia, cytology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, metabolism/physiology; Neurons, classification/physiology/ultrastructure; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism; Substance P, metabolism; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2463297},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bacon:1993,
  author      = {S. J. Bacon and A. D. Smith},
  title       = {A monosynaptic pathway from an identified vasomotor centre in the medial prefrontal cortex to an autonomic area in the thoracic spinal cord.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {54},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {719--728},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(93)90242-8},
  abstract    = {Chemical microstimulation (1 mM L-glutamate or 25 mM KCl) of the medial prefrontal cortex of anaesthetized rats produced falls in systolic and diastolic blood pressure of similar magnitude, without a change in heart rate. Application of the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin by iontophoresis from an adjacent barrel of the same micropipette revealed a direct projection to the central autonomic area of the thoracic spinal cord from this vasomotor area, which is equivalent to the region called prelimbic cortex by Krettek and Price [J. comp. Neurol. (1977) 171, 157-192] or Cg3 by Paxinos and Watson [The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates (1986)]. Labelled axons descended in the dorsal corticospinal tract in the cervical spinal cord, where they displayed a few varicosities. In the thoracic spinal cord, labelled fibres occurred bilaterally in the gray matter, predominantly in the central autonomic area, where they displayed many varicosities. Electron microscope studies revealed that the 
anterogradely labelled varicosities in the central autonomic area were vesicle-filled boutons that formed asymmetric synaptic contacts. The synaptic targets were small dendrites or dendritic protrusions that were characterized by a high incidence of multivesicular bodies and coated vesicles. We conclude that a monosynaptic pathway that originates from a physiologically-defined vasomotor area in the medial prefrontal cortex terminates on a characteristic type of neuron in the central autonomic area of the thoracic spinal cord.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Blood Pressure, physiology; Female; Heart Rate, physiology; Hemodynamics, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Perfusion; Phytohemagglutinins; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Synapses, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(93)90242-8},
  pmid        = {8332258},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bacon:1990,
  author      = {S. J. Bacon and A. Zagon and A. D. Smith},
  title       = {Electron microscopic evidence of a monosynaptic pathway between cells in the caudal raphé nuclei and sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat spinal cord.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {79},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {589--602},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00229327},
  abstract    = {Electrophysiological and anatomical studies have suggested the existence of a pathway between the caudal raphé nuclei and regions of the spinal cord containing the sympathetic preganglionic neurons. However synaptic connections between cells in the raphé nuclei and identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons have not yet been shown. We have used a combination of anterograde tracing using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), retrograde tracing using a conjugate of cholera B chain and HRP and electron microscopy to look for such a pathway in rats. When PHA-L had been injected into the regions mainly restricted to the raphé pallidus and raphé magnus, synaptic contacts were found between PHA-L containing terminals and preganglionic neurons retrogradely labelled from the adrenal medulla. Out of the 43 synaptic contacts analysed, 26 were onto somata and 14 onto dendrites. 75\% of the total appeared to have symmetric membrane specialisations, 20\% asymmetric and the remainder could not be 
classified. Synaptic contacts were not seen in an animal in which the PHA-L injection site involved cells in the ventral raphé obscurus and surrounding gigantocellular reticular formation. These findings provide evidence of the existence of a direct monosynaptic pathway between cells in the raphé pallidus and/or caudal raphé magnus, and identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons and give further support for a role for the caudal raphé nuclei in sympathetic autonomic regulation.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, U.K.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Adrenergic Fibers, metabolism/ultrastructure; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, metabolism/ultrastructure; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Phytohemagglutinins; Raphe Nuclei, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism; Spinal Cord, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2340876},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bacskai:2002,
  author      = {Timea Bácskai and G. Székely and Clara Matesz},
  title       = {Ascending and descending projections of the lateral vestibular nucleus in the rat.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {53},
  number      = {1-2},
  pages       = {7--21},
  doi         = {10.1556/abiol.53.2002.1-2.3},
  abstract    = {The tracer neurobiotin was injected into the lateral vestibular nucleus in rat and the efferent fiber connections of the nucleus were studied. The labeled fibers reached the diencephalon rostrally and the sacral segments of the spinal cord caudally. In the diencephalon, the ventral posteromedial and the gustatory nuclei received the most numerous labeled fibers. In the mesencephalon, the inferior colliculus, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the nucleus of Darkschewitch, the periaqueductal gray matter and the red nucleus received large numbers of labeled fibers. In the rhombencephalon, commissural and internuclear connections originated from the lateral vestibular nucleus to all other vestibular nuclei. The medioventral (motor) part of the reticular formation was richly supplied, whereas fewer fibers were seen in the lateral (vegetative) part. In the spinal cord, the descending fibers were densely packed in the anterior funiculus and in the ventral part of the lateral funiculus. Collaterals 
invaded the entire gray matter from lamina IX up to lamina III; the fibers and terminals were most numerous in laminae VII and VIII. Collateral projections were rich in the cervical and lumbosacral segments, whereas they were relatively poor in the thoracic segments of the spinal cord. It was concluded that the fiber projection in the rostral direction was primarily aimed at sensory-motor centers; in the rhombencephalon and spinal cord, fibers projected onto structures subserving various motor functions.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Hungary.},
  journal     = {Acta Biol Hung},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12064781},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Badalyan:2015,
  author    = {Badalyan, S.A. and Ipekchyan, M. and Sarkisyan, V.A.},
  title     = {Neuron Populations Giving Rise to Corticothalamic Projections to the Partially Deafferented Ventrolateral Nucleus of the Thalamus},
  year      = {2015},
  language  = {English},
  volume    = {45},
  number    = {7},
  pages     = {750-759},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  issn      = {0097-0549},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11055-015-0139-z},
  url       = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11055-015-0139-z},
  journal   = {Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology},
  keywords  = {corticothalamic projections; ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus; intermediate nucleus of the cerebellum; neuroplastic reorganization; motor cortex; labeled neurons; cat},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Springer US},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Badami:2010,
  author      = {Badami, Varun M. and Rice, Cory D. and Lois, James H. and Madrecha, Jayesh and Yates, Bill J.},
  title       = {Distribution of hypothalamic neurons with orexin (hypocretin) or melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) immunoreactivity and multisynaptic connections with diaphragm motoneurons.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1323},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {119--126},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.002},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.002},
  abstract    = {Prior work showed that neurons in the lateral, dorsal, and perifornical regions of the tuberal and mammillary levels of the hypothalamus participate in the control of breathing. The same areas also contain large numbers of neurons that produce either orexins (hypocretins) or melanin concentrating hormone (MCH). These peptides have been implicated in regulating energy balance and physiological changes that occur in transitions between sleep and wakefulness, amongst other functions. The goal of this study was to determine if hypothalamic neurons involved in respiratory control, which were identified in cats by the retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus from the diaphragm, were immunopositive for either orexin-A or MCH. In animals with limited rabies infection of the hypothalamus (<10 infected cells/section), where the neurons with the most direct influences on diaphragm motoneurons were presumably labeled, a large fraction (28-75\%) of the infected hypothalamic neurons contained 
orexin-A. In the same cases, 6-33\% of rabies-infected hypothalamic cells contained MCH. However, in animals with more extensive infection, where rabies had presumably passed transneuronally through more synapses, the fraction of infected cells that contained orexin-A was lower. The findings from these experiments thus support the notion that hypothalamic influences on breathing are substantially mediated through orexins or MCH.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cats; Diaphragm, innervation/metabolism; Hypothalamic Hormones, metabolism; Hypothalamus, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, metabolism; Melanins, metabolism; Motor Neurons, metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Pituitary Hormones, metabolism; Respiration},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(10)00284-2},
  pmid        = {20144885},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Badaue-Passos:2007a,
  author      = {Badau{\^{e}}-Passos, Jr, Daniel and Godino, Andrea and Johnson, Alan Kim and Vivas, Laura and Antunes-Rodrigues, Jos{\'{e}}},
  title       = {Dorsal raphe nuclei integrate allostatic information evoked by depletion-induced sodium ingestion.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {206},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {86--94},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.04.008},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.04.008},
  abstract    = {Structures of the lamina terminalis (LT) sense and integrate information reflecting the state of body water and sodium content. Output from the LT projects into a neural network that regulates body fluid balance. Serotonin (5-HT) and the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) have been implicated in the inhibitory control of salt intake (i.e., sodium appetite). Signals arriving from the LT evoked by fluid depletion-induced sodium ingestion interact with this inhibitory serotonergic system. We investigated the role of neurons along the LT that directly project to the DRN. We analyzed the pattern of immunoreactivity (ir) of LT cells double-labeled for Fos (a marker of neural activity) and Fluorogold (FG; a retrograde tracer) following sodium depletion-induced sodium intake. Seven days after injection of FG into the DRN, sodium appetite was induced by furosemide injection and overnight access to only a low sodium diet (Furo-LSD) and distilled water. Twenty-four hours later, access to 0.3 M NaCl was given to 
depleted or sham-depleted rats and sodium intake was measured over the following 60 min. Ninety minutes after the termination of the intake test, the animals were perfused and their brains were processed for immunohistochemical detection of Fos and FG. Compared to sham-depleted animals there was a significantly greater number of Fos-/FG-ir double-labeled cells in the subfornical organ, the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the median preoptic nucleus in rats that ingested NaCl. Projections from the LT cells may contribute to inhibitory mechanisms involving 5-HT neurons in the DRN that limit the intake of sodium and prevent excess volume expansion.},
  institution = {Departmento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. daniel-passosjunior@uiowa.edu},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Allostasis, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Appetite Regulation, drug effects/physiology; Cell Count; Diuretics, pharmacology; Food, Formulated; Furosemide, pharmacology; Hypothalamus, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Preoptic Area, cytology/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Satiety Response, drug effects/physiology; Sodium Chloride, Dietary, metabolism/pharmacology; Stilbamidines; Up-Regulation, drug effects/physiology; Water-Electrolyte Balance, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0014-4886(07)00162-8},
  pmid        = {17544397},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Badaue-Passos:2007,
  Title                    = {Dorsal raphe nuclei integrate allostatic information evoked by depletion-induced sodium ingestion.},
  Author                   = {Badauê-Passos, Jr, Daniel and Godino, Andrea and Johnson, Alan Kim and Vivas, Laura and Antunes-Rodrigues, José},
  Journal                  = {Exp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {86--94},
  Volume                   = {206},

  Abstract                 = {Structures of the lamina terminalis (LT) sense and integrate information reflecting the state of body water and sodium content. Output from the LT projects into a neural network that regulates body fluid balance. Serotonin (5-HT) and the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) have been implicated in the inhibitory control of salt intake (i.e., sodium appetite). Signals arriving from the LT evoked by fluid depletion-induced sodium ingestion interact with this inhibitory serotonergic system. We investigated the role of neurons along the LT that directly project to the DRN. We analyzed the pattern of immunoreactivity (ir) of LT cells double-labeled for Fos (a marker of neural activity) and Fluorogold (FG; a retrograde tracer) following sodium depletion-induced sodium intake. Seven days after injection of FG into the DRN, sodium appetite was induced by furosemide injection and overnight access to only a low sodium diet (Furo-LSD) and distilled water. Twenty-four hours later, access to 0.3 M NaCl 
was given to depleted or sham-depleted rats and sodium intake was measured over the following 60 min. Ninety minutes after the termination of the intake test, the animals were perfused and their brains were processed for immunohistochemical detection of Fos and FG. Compared to sham-depleted animals there was a significantly greater number of Fos-/FG-ir double-labeled cells in the subfornical organ, the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the median preoptic nucleus in rats that ingested NaCl. Projections from the LT cells may contribute to inhibitory mechanisms involving 5-HT neurons in the DRN that limit the intake of sodium and prevent excess volume expansion.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.04.008},
  Institution              = {Departmento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. daniel-passosjunior@uiowa.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Allostasis, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Appetite Regulation, drug effects/physiology; Cell Count; Diuretics, pharmacology; Food, Formulated; Furosemide, pharmacology; Hypothalamus, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Preoptic Area, cytology/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Satiety Response, drug effects/physiology; Sodium Chloride, Dietary, metabolism/pharmacology; Stilbamidines; Up-Regulation, drug effects/physiology; Water-Electrolyte Balance, drug effects/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0014-4886(07)00162-8},
  Pmid                     = {17544397},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.04.008}
}

@Article{Bader:2012,
  author      = {Bader, Andrea and Breer, Heinz and Strotmann, Jörg},
  title       = {Untypical connectivity from olfactory sensory neurons expressing OR37 into higher brain centers visualized by genetic tracing.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  month       = {Feb},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s00418-012-0919-2},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-012-0919-2},
  abstract    = {The OR37 subfamily of odorant receptors (ORs) exists exclusively in mammals. In contrast to ORs in general, they are highly conserved within and across species. These unique features raise the question, whether olfactory information gathered by the OR37 sensory cells is processed in specially designated brain areas. To elucidate the wiring of projection neurons from OR37 glomeruli into higher brain areas, tracing experiments were performed. The application of DiI onto the ventral area of the olfactory bulb, which harbors the OR37 glomeruli, led to the labeling of fibers not only in the typical olfactory cortical regions, but also in the medial amygdala and the hypothalamus. To visualize the projections from a defined OR37 glomerulus more precisely, transgenic mice were studied in which olfactory sensory neurons co-express the receptor subtype OR37C and the transsynaptic tracer wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). WGA became visible not only in the OR37C sensory neurons and the corresponding OR37C 
glomerulus, but also in cell somata located in the mitral/tufted cell layer adjacent to the OR37C glomerulus, indicating a transfer of WGA onto projection neurons. In the brain, WGA immunoreactivity was not detectable in typical olfactory cortical areas, but instead in distinct areas of the medial amygdala. Detailed mapping revealed that the WGA immunoreactivity was restricted to the posterior-dorsal subnucleus of the medial amygdala. In addition, WGA immunoreactivity was visible in some well-circumscribed areas of the hypothalamus. These results are indicative for a unique connectivity from OR37C sensory cells into higher brain centers.},
  institution = {Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.},
  journal     = {Histochem Cell Biol},
  medline-pst = {aheadofprint},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {22294261},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Badia:2010,
  Title                    = {Topographical distribution of motor fascicles in the sciatic-tibial nerve of the rat.},
  Author                   = {Badia, Jordi and Pascual-Font, Arán and Vivó, Meritxell and Udina, Esther and Navarro, Xavier},
  Journal                  = {Muscle Nerve},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {192--201},
  Volume                   = {42},

  Abstract                 = {Knowledge of the intraneural topography of peripheral nerves may help to improve nerve repair after injuries and the selectivity of neural interfaces. We studied the fascicular pattern of motor fibers of the rat sciatic-tibial nerve. We carried out an anatomical dissection of the muscular tributaries of the tibial nerve in the leg. Immunohistochemistry against choline acetyltransferase was used to identify motor axons. Retrograde tracing allowed localization of the muscular fascicles at proximal levels of the sciatic trunk. The distribution of motor fibers in transverse section of the tibial nerve is not homogeneous; two clusters were identified, each one containing fibers of functionally related muscles. Retrograde tracing allowed for the identification of motor fascicles, each one well localized along the sciatic nerve. In the rat there is a somatotopic organization of the sciatic nerve, with muscular fascicles maintaining the same relative position along the entire nerve.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/mus.21652},
  Institution              = {Neuroplasticity and Regeneration Group, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra E-08193, Spain.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, metabolism; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Models, Anatomic; Motor Neurons, metabolism; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Rats; Sciatic Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {20544926},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.21652}
}

@Article{Badoer:1998,
  author      = {Badoer, E.},
  title       = {Neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla are not activated by hypotension.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {801},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {224--227},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00560-5},
  abstract    = {The retrogradely-transported tracer, rhodamine-tagged microspheres was injected into the pressor region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) to enable detection of paraventricular neurons in the hypothalamus that project to the RVLM. The protein, Fos, was detected immunohistochemically and used to highlight neurons that were activated by hypotension (-16+/-5 mmHg) induced by diazoxide (30 mg/kg s.c.). Compared to controls, Fos production was increased by three-fold in the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus but there was no significant increase in the number of retrogradely-labelled cells that expressed Fos. The results suggest paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons projecting to the RVLM are not activated by hypotension.},
  institution = {Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton Rd., Clayton 3168, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. emilio.badoer@med.monash.edu.au},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Blood Pressure, drug effects; Catheterization; Cell Count; Cell Nucleus, chemistry; Diazoxide, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Hypotension, physiopathology; Injections, Subcutaneous; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Microinjections; Microspheres; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines, analysis/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(98)00560-5},
  pmid        = {9729400},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Badoer:2001,
  author      = {Badoer, E.},
  title       = {Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and cardiovascular regulation.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {28},
  number      = {1-2},
  pages       = {95--99},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {1. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is an important integrative site within the brain composed of magnocellular and parvocellular neurons. It is known to influence sympathetic nerve activity. 2. The parvocellular PVN contains neurons that project to the intermediolateral cell column of the thoraco-lumbar spinal cord (IML). This defines the PVN as an autonomic 'premotor nucleus', one of only five present within the brain. 3. Another projection arising from the PVN is a prominent innervation of the pressor region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), also a premotor nucleus. The distribution of the PVN neurons projecting to the RVLM is similar to that of the PVN neurons that project to the IML. 4. It has been found that up to 30\% of spinally projecting neurons in the PVN also send collaterals to the RVLM. Thus, there are neurons in the PVN that can: (i) directly influence sympathetic nerve activity (via PVN-IML connections); (ii) indirectly influence sympathetic nerve 
activity (via PVN-RVLM connections); and (iii) both directly and indirectly influence sympathetic nerve activity (via neurons with collaterals to the IML and RVLM). 5. In the rat, results of studies using the protein Fos to identify activated neurons in the brain suggest that neurons in the PVN with projections to the IML or RVLM may be activated by decreases in blood volume. 6. In conclusion, the PVN can influence sympathetic nerve activity. Within the PVN are neurons with anatomical connections that enable them to affect sympathetic nerve activity either directly, indirectly or via both mechanisms (via collaterals). Studies that have examined the role of specific subgroups within the PVN suggest that PVN neurons with connections to the IML or to the RVLM may play a role in the reflex changes in sympathetic nerve activity that are involved in blood volume regulation.},
  institution = {Department of Medical Laboratory Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. emilio.badoer@rmit.edu.au},
  journal     = {Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Spinal Cord, physiology; Spinothalamic Tracts, physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11153547},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Badoer:2010,
  author      = {Badoer, Emilio},
  title       = {Retrogradely transported neuronal tracers combined with immunohistochemistry using free-floating brain sections.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {611},
  pages       = {73--85},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/978-1-60327-345-9_6},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-345-9_6},
  abstract    = {Immunohistochemistry has been used widely for the detection of proteins in brain tissue. The process can be performed on free-floating sections, but thicker sections are required than those required for processing on slides due to the "wear and tear" of the constant agitation that free-floating sections undergo. Immunohistochemical detection of molecules of interest such as receptors, neurotransmitters or intracellular signaling molecules is used to determine the distribution of these molecules in tissues. However, it is often of interest to simultaneously determine where the neurons under investigation may project and whether they are activated by a specific stimulus. In this chapter, we will focus on protocols that we use to combine the detection of (i) Fos-positive neurons to detect increased neuronal activity, (ii) nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) to detect nitric oxide synthase, and (iii) retrogradely transported tracers to identify specific projections.},
  institution = {School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.},
  journal     = {Methods Mol Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Neurons, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {19960323},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Badoer:1994,
  author      = {Badoer, E. and McKinley, M. J. and Oldfield, B. J. and McAllen, R. M.},
  title       = {Localization of barosensitive neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla which project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {657},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {258--268},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)90975-x},
  abstract    = {A population of depressor neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla may mediate the baroreceptor reflex. The aim of the present study was to determine the anatomical distribution of the population of neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that mediate the baroreceptor reflex. Injection of the retrogradely transported tracer, rhodamine-labelled latex beads, into the pressor area of the rostral ventrolateral medulla of rats was used to identify neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla with projections to that area. Barosensitive neurons were identified by immunohistochemical detection of the protein Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, following infusion of the pressor agent phenylephrine (10 micrograms/kg/min, i.v. for 2 h n = 5). Isotonic saline was infused into control animals (n = 4). Neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla with projections to the rostral ventrolateral medulla were located at all rostrocaudal levels examined 
between 1 mm caudal and 0.4 mm rostral of the obex. Compared to saline infused rats, phenylephrine infusion induced a significant increase in the proportion of those neurons that expressed Fos (14\% vs. 1\% P < 0.000.1). These barosensitive neurons were found mainly at the level of the obex, between the lateral reticular nucleus and the nucleus ambiguus. In conclusion, this study is the first to show the distribution of the population of barosensitive neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that project to the pressor region of the rostroventrolateral medulla. The results suggest there is a subpopulation of depressor neurons, confined to a small region of the rostral part of the caudal ventrolateral medulla, that are likely to be the interneurons that mediate the baroreceptor-reflex response.},
  institution = {Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Angiotensin II, pharmacology; Animals; Biological Transport, physiology; Blood Pressure, physiology; Injections; Medulla Oblongata, chemistry/cytology/drug effects; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, chemistry/drug effects/physiology; Phenylephrine, pharmacology; Pressoreceptors, drug effects; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(94)90975-X},
  pmid        = {7820626},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Badoer:1998a,
  author      = {Badoer, E. and Merolli, J.},
  title       = {Neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla are activated by haemorrhage.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {791},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {317--320},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00140-1},
  abstract    = {The retrogradely-transported tracer, rhodamine-tagged microspheres, was injected into the pressor region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) to identify paraventricular neurons in the hypothalamus that project to the RVLM. The protein, Fos, was detected immunohistochemically and used to highlight neurons that were activated by a hypotensive haemorrhage. Compared to controls, Fos production was increased by approximately 3-fold in the paraventricular nucleus (P<0.009) and there was a significant increase in the number of retrogradely-labelled cells that expressed Fos. These represented 5\% of the retrogradely-labelled cell population. The results suggest that a small subpopulation of PVN neurons projecting to the RVLM are activated by haemorrhage and may be involved in the reflex responses initiated by that stimulus.},
  institution = {Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton Rd., Clayton 3168, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. emilio@badoer@med.monash.edu.au},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Hemorrhage, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Medulla Oblongata, chemistry/physiology; Microspheres; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neural Pathways, chemistry/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(98)00140-1},
  pmid        = {9593966},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Badoer:1999,
  author      = {Badoer, E. and Ryan, A.},
  title       = {Effects of leptin on spinally projecting neurons in the PVN of the hypothalamus.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {844},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {210--215},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01902-2},
  abstract    = {The study examined whether intravenous (i.v.) leptin increased Fos-production in spinally projecting neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). We combined (i) rhodamine tagged microspheres injected into the upper thoracic spinal cord and (ii) Fos (marker of neuronal activation) immunohistochemistry. Effects of recombinant murine leptin were compared to vehicle (containing lipopolysaccharide a contaminant present in the leptin solution). Following leptin, 10\% of the spinally projecting neurons contained Fos. However, vehicle elicited similar effects and there was no significant difference between the groups.},
  institution = {Rd., Clayton 3168, Melbourne, Australia. emilio9.badoer@med.monash.edu.au},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Blood Pressure, drug effects; Heart Rate, drug effects; Injections, Intravenous; Leptin, pharmacology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, chemistry/drug effects/metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis/biosynthesis; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(99)01902-2},
  pmid        = {10536280},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bae:2000,
  author      = {Y. C. Bae and H. J. Ihn and M. J. Park and O. P. Ottersen and M. Moritani and A. Yoshida and Y. Shigenaga},
  title       = {Identification of signal substances in synapses made between primary afferents and their associated axon terminals in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {418},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {299--309},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000313)418:3<299::aid-cne5>3.0.co;2-i},
  abstract    = {The relationships between primary afferent terminals (PATs) and their associated presynaptic terminals in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC) were examined with special reference to amino acid transmitters glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Primary afferent terminals anterogradely labeled from the trigeminal ganglion with the B subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CTB-HRP) were sectioned for electron microscopy. Serial sections from the principal nucleus (Vp), dorsomedial parts of the oral and interpolar nuclei (Vdm), and lamina III/IV of caudal nucleus (Vc) were immunostained for Glu and GABA by using a postembedding immunogold technique. The tracer, CTB-HRP to the trigeminal ganglion, preferentially labeled myelinated primary afferents. Sections immunostained with Glu antiserum showed that most labeled PATs were enriched with immunoreactivity (IR) for Glu. The Glu-IR PATs contained clear, round, synaptic vesicles and formed 
asymmetric synaptic contacts with somata or dendrites. They were frequently postsynaptic to, unlabeled axon terminals filled with a mixture of clear, round, oval, and flattened vesicles (p-endings), with symmetric synaptic junctions. The frequency of synapses onto somata or primary dendrites per Glu-IR PAT was higher in the Vdm than in either the Vp or Vc lamina III/IV. The frequency of contacts of the p-endings per Glu-IR PAT was higher in the Vp than in the Vdm and Vc lamina III/IV. Sections immunostained with GABA antiserum showed that most axon terminals presynaptic to PATs were enriched with GABA in the three nuclei. The GABA-IR axon terminals and their postsynaptic PATs had a similar ultrastructural character to p-endings and their postsynaptic Glu-IR PATs, respectively. The present study suggests that primary afferent neurons with large-caliber fibers use glutamate as a neurotransmitter and are subject to presynaptic modulation by GABAergic fibers.},
  institution = {Department of Oral Anatomy, Kyungpook University School of Dentistry, Jung-Ku Taegu, Korea. ycbae@kyungpook.ac.kr},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Sensation, physiology; Signal Transduction, physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-I},
  pmid        = {10701828},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bae:2003,
  Title                    = {Synaptic organization of tooth pulp afferent terminals in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei.},
  Author                   = {Bae, Yong Chul and Kim, Jong Pil and Choi, Byung Ju and Park, Kuk Pil and Choi, Min Ki and Moritani, Masayuki and Yoshida, Atsushi and Shigenaga, Yoshio},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {13--24},
  Volume                   = {463},

  Abstract                 = {Previous studies provide evidence that a structure/function correlation exists in the distinct zones of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. To evaluate this relationship, we examined the ultrastructure of afferent terminals from the tooth pulp in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei: the principalis (Vp), the dorsomedial part of oral nucleus (Vdm), and the superficial layers of caudalis (Vc), by using transganglionic transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). A total of 93 labeled boutons were serially sectioned, in which some sections were incubated with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antiserum. Almost all labeled boutons formed asymmetric contact with nonprimary dendrites, in which more than half of labeled boutons in the Vc made synapses with their spines. The labeled boutons could be divided into two types on the basis of numbers of dense-cored vesicles (DCVs) in a boutons: S-type and DCV-type. Almost all labeled boutons in the Vp and Vdm were 
S-type, whereas two types were distributed evenly in the Vc. In contrast to DCV-type boutons, the S-type was frequently postsynaptic to unlabeled axon terminals containing a mixture of round, oval, and flattened vesicles (p-endings) and forming symmetrical synapses. Most p-endings examined were immunoreactive to GABA. The frequency of axoaxonic contacts was higher for labeled boutons in the Vp than in the Vdm and Vc. These results suggest that the three structures of trigeminal sensory nuclei serve distinct functions in nociceptive processing.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.10741},
  Institution              = {Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 700-422, Korea. ycbae@knu.ac.kr},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Dental Pulp, innervation; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, ultrastructure; Tooth, innervation; Trigeminal Nuclei, chemistry/cytology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {12811799},
  Timestamp                = {29.11.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10741}
}

@Article{Bae:2004,
  author      = {Bae, Yong Chul and Paik, Sang Kyoo and Park, Kuk Pil and Ma, Su Kyung and Jin, Jong Gil and Ahn, Dong Kuk and Kim, Sung Kyo and Moritani, Masayuki and Yoshida, Atsushi},
  title       = {Quantitative analysis of tooth pulp afferent terminals in the rat brain stem.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {15},
  number      = {16},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {2485--2489},
  doi         = {10.1097/00001756-200411150-00011},
  abstract    = {This study analyzed quantitatively the ultrastructural features of tooth pulp afferent terminals and their presynaptic axonal endings (p-endings) in the trigeminal principal (Vp), dorsomedial oral (Vdm), and caudal nuclei (Vc). Mitochondrial volume, active zone area, apposed surface area, and vesicle number were highly correlated with afferent bouton volume. The afferent bouton volume varied widely in Vp, compared to that in Vdm and Vc. The values of all parameters of p-endings were within a narrow range, and were smaller than those of afferent boutons. The afferent bouton volume correlated with the number of postsynaptic dendrites and p-endings. These results suggest that pulpal afferent information is regulated in a unique manner in the each trigeminal sensory nucleus.},
  institution = {Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 188-1, 2-Ga, Samdeok-Dong, Jung-Gu, Daegu 700-412, Korea. ycbae@knu.ac.kr},
  journal     = {Neuroreport},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, ultrastructure; Animals; Brain Stem, ultrastructure; Cell Count; Dental Pulp, innervation; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, methods; Mitochondria, genetics/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {00001756-200411150-00011},
  pmid        = {15538180},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Bae:2008,
  author      = {Bae, Yun-Jung and Kim, Jae-Young and Choi, Mi-Kyeong and Chung, Yoon-Sok and Kim, Mi-Hyun},
  title       = {Short-term administration of water-soluble silicon improves mineral density of the femur and tibia in ovariectomized rats.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {124},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {157--163},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s12011-008-8138-3},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-008-8138-3},
  abstract    = {Silicon is important for the proper growth and development of bone and connective tissues. This study was designed to investigate if water-soluble silicon could be used for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Silicon (Si 20 mg/kg body weight/day) was administrated orally to 17-week-old ovariectomized (OVX) rats for 4 weeks. Silicon did not alter weight gain in OVX rats. Silicon supplementation significantly increased the bone mineral density of the femur (p < 0.05, vs. OVX control group) and tibia in OVX rats (p < 0.05, vs. OVX control group). Serum alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, two bone formation biomarkers tested, were not significantly altered, but urinary calcium and phosphorous excretion tended to decrease with silicon supplementation. OVX rats with silicon supplementation showed a relatively higher serum CTx compared to the nonsupplemented OVX group (p < 0.01, vs. OVX control group). According to these results, short-term soluble silicon supplementation improved bone 
mineral density in OVX-induced osteoporosis.},
  institution = {Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea.},
  journal     = {Biol Trace Elem Res},
  keywords    = {Alkaline Phosphatase, blood; Animals; Biological Markers, blood; Bone Density, drug effects; Calcium, urine; Dietary Supplements; Disease Models, Animal; Femur, metabolism; Humans; Male; Osteocalcin, blood; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal, blood/diet therapy/urine; Ovariectomy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Silicon, pharmacology; Solubility; Tibia, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {18438624},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Baeg:2001,
  author      = {E. H. Baeg and Y. B. Kim and J. Jang and H. T. Kim and I. Mook-Jung and M. W. Jung},
  title       = {Fast spiking and regular spiking neural correlates of fear conditioning in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {441--451},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1093/cercor/11.5.441},
  abstract    = {In order to investigate whether and how medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of the rat is involved in processing of information related to fear conditioning, we recorded from single units in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortex of fear-conditioned rats in response to an explicit conditional stimulus (CS; an auditory tone) or contextual cues (conditioning box). The majority of units changed their activities significantly in response to the CS in a delay or trace conditioning paradigm. Both transient and tonic activity changes, including delay cell activity, were observed as in other behavioral tasks. When exposed to the context without CS delivery, most units changed their activities as well. These results show that both tone and contextual information are processed in the rat mPFC in expectation of the delivery of an aversive stimulus (electric foot shock). Interestingly, fast spiking cells (putative inhibitory interneurons) and regular spiking cells (putative projection neurons) showed 
different patterns of responses. Fast spiking cells tended to show transient responses and increased their firing rates following CS presentation, whereas a complementary pattern was observed in the regular spiking cells. Our results enhance our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying prediction of an aversive stimulus in the mPFC.},
  institution = {Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Medical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Korea.},
  journal     = {Cereb Cortex},
  keywords    = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Conditioning (Psychology), physiology; Cues; Electrodes, Implanted; Fear, physiology/psychology; Limbic System, physiology; Male; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11313296},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Baek:1988,
  author      = {S. Y. Baek and M. Yamano and Y. Shiotani and M. Tohyama},
  title       = {Distribution and origin of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive fibers in the central amygdaloid nucleus of the rat: an immunocytochemical analysis.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {9},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {661--668},
  doi         = {10.1016/0196-9781(88)90179-9},
  abstract    = {We studied the distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive (VIPLI) fibers in the central amygdaloid (AC) nucleus of the rat, using indirect immunofluorescence and the origins of such fibers using a combination of retrograde tracing with immunocytochemistry. VIPLI fibers formed a dense fiber plexus in the lateral subdivision of the AC nucleus, but other subdivisions showed little immunoreactivity. Destruction of the supramammillary (SuM) region and the adjacent lateral hypothalamus, both of which contained a group of VIPLI neurons, resulted in the marked reduction of VIPLI fibers in the ipsilateral AC nucleus, indicating that many of the fibers in the AC nucleus originate from these two areas. This assumption was supported by the finding that injection of fast blue dye into the AC nucleus labeled the VIPLI neurons in the SuM region and lateral hypothalamus.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroanatomy, Osaka University Medical School, Japan.},
  journal     = {Peptides},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Nerve Fibers, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis/immunology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0196-9781(88)90179-9},
  pmid        = {2458575},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bagaev:1997,
  Title                    = {[The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and its role in innervating the digestive tract].},
  Author                   = {Bagaev, V. A. and Makarov, F. N.},
  Journal                  = {Morfologiia},
  Year                     = {1997},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {7--14},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Abstract                 = {Findings on topography of dorsal motor vagal nucleus neurons from which axons towards functionally different regions of digestive tract extend were analysed. Based on that and on the data available in literature main peculiarities of these cells topical organization were formulated. It is noted that "gastrointestinal" neurons are localised in dorsal motor nucleus as narrow stripes oriented caudo-rostrad. Stripes (or columns) of neurons from axons towards the digestive trace different parts arise do not cross. Digestive tract oral parts receive parasympathetic efferent inputs from neurons of medial and dorsomedial parts of the nucleus and caudal--from ventromedial cells of dorsal motor nucleus. Sites of maximal accumulation of initial "gastrointestinal" neurons that occupy an area within +0.5-(+)2.0 mm of functionally different regions of stomach and gut were demonstrated in cat and rat.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Digestive System, innervation; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, Efferent, cytology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  Language                 = {rus},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {9156758},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014}
}

@Article{Bagaev:2006,
  Title                    = {Visceral-related area in the rat insular cortex.},
  Author                   = {V. Bagaev and V. Aleksandrov},
  Journal                  = {Auton Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {1-2},
  Pages                    = {16--21},
  Volume                   = {125},

  Abstract                 = {The insular cortex interacts with the bulbar autonomic nuclei providing autonomic manifestations accompanying several neurological and psychosomatic disorders. The aim of our study was to identify the sites within the insular cortex, which could be responsible for the gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular responses. The main methods used were microinjections of HRP into several parts of the bulbar dorsal vagal complex and microstimulation of the insular cortex. It has been found that a compact group of neurons located in the middle level of the rat insular cortex projects directly to the specific "gastric" part of the dorsal vagal complex. Retrograde labelled cell bodies were revealed in the V layer of the disgranular and agranular insular cortex. Microstimulation of the sites within the middle level of the rat insular cortex produced gastric motor responses and a decrease in inspiratory airflow without significant alteration in respiratory cycle duration. More caudal 
microstimulation produced an increase in respiratory airflow and decreased respiratory cycle duration. These responses were usually accompanied by changes in the level of blood pressure. It is concluded that autonomic representation in the rat insular cortex is organised in a viscerotopic manner. The inhibitory respiratory zone overlaps with the gastrointestinal control area in the middle part of the insular cortex. More caudally, the excitatory respiratory zone overlaps with the cardiovascular area. On the basis of these experimental results and the data of others authors the general scheme of autonomic representation in the rat insular cortex is discussed.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.autneu.2006.01.006},
  Institution              = {Pavlov Institute of Physiology, nab.Makarova 6, Sankt-Petersburg 199034, Russia.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology; Brain Mapping; Cardiovascular System, innervation; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Gastrointestinal Motility, physiology; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiratory Center, anatomy /&/ histology; Viscera, innervation},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S1566-0702(06)00009-9},
  Pmid                     = {16516558},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2006.01.006}
}

@Article{Bagnall:2009,
  author      = {Bagnall, Martha W. and Zingg, Brian and Sakatos, Alexandra and Moghadam, Setareh H. and Zeilhofer, Hanns Ulrich and {du Lac}, Sascha},
  title       = {Glycinergic projection neurons of the cerebellum.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {29},
  number      = {32},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {10104--10110},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2087-09.2009},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2087-09.2009},
  abstract    = {The cerebellum funnels its entire output through a small number of presumed glutamatergic premotor projection neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei and GABAergic neurons that feed back to the inferior olive. Here we use transgenic mice selectively expressing green fluorescent protein in glycinergic neurons to demonstrate that many premotor output neurons in the medial cerebellar (fastigial) nuclei are in fact glycinergic, not glutamatergic as previously thought. These neurons exhibit similar firing properties as neighboring glutamatergic neurons and receive direct input from both Purkinje cells and excitatory fibers. Glycinergic fastigial neurons make functional projections to vestibular and reticular neurons in the ipsilateral brainstem, whereas their glutamatergic counterparts project contralaterally. Together, these data suggest that the cerebellum can influence motor outputs via two distinct and complementary pathways.},
  institution = {University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain Stem, cytology; Cell Size; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Electric Stimulation; Functional Laterality; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Glycerol, metabolism; Green Fluorescent Proteins, genetics; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Purkinje Cells, cytology/ultrastructure; Synapses, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {29/32/10104},
  pmid        = {19675244},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bagnoli:1981a,
  author      = {Bagnoli, P. and Beaudet, A. and Stella, M. and Cu{\'{e}}nod, M.},
  title       = {Selective retrograde labeling of cholinergic neurons with [3H]choline.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {691--695},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/1/7/691.long},
  abstract    = {Evidence is presented which is consistent with a specific retrograde labeling of cholinergic neurons following [3H]choline application in their zone of termination. [3H]Choline injection in the rat hippocampus leads to perikaryal retrograde labeling in the ipsilateral medial septal nuclease and nucleus of the diagonal band, thus delineating an established cholinergic pathway, while only diffuse presumably anterograde labeling was observed in the lateral septum, the entorhinal cortex, and the opposite hippocampus. After [3H]choline injection in the pigeon visual Wulst, only the ipsilateral thalamic relay, of all inputs, showed similar perikaryal retrograde labeling, an observation supporting the suggestion that at least some thalamo-Wulst neurons are cholinergic.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Choline, metabolism; Columbidae; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tritium},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7346577},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Bagnoli:1981,
  author      = {P. Bagnoli and A. Beaudet and M. Stella and M. Cuénod},
  title       = {Selective retrograde labeling of cholinergic neurons with [3H]choline.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {691--695},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/1/7/691.long},
  abstract    = {Evidence is presented which is consistent with a specific retrograde labeling of cholinergic neurons following [3H]choline application in their zone of termination. [3H]Choline injection in the rat hippocampus leads to perikaryal retrograde labeling in the ipsilateral medial septal nuclease and nucleus of the diagonal band, thus delineating an established cholinergic pathway, while only diffuse presumably anterograde labeling was observed in the lateral septum, the entorhinal cortex, and the opposite hippocampus. After [3H]choline injection in the pigeon visual Wulst, only the ipsilateral thalamic relay, of all inputs, showed similar perikaryal retrograde labeling, an observation supporting the suggestion that at least some thalamo-Wulst neurons are cholinergic.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Choline, metabolism; Columbidae; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tritium},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {7346577},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bago:2002,
  author      = {Bago, M. and Marson, L. and Dean, C.},
  title       = {Serotonergic projections to the rostroventrolateral medulla from midbrain and raphe nuclei.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {945},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {249--258},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02811-1},
  abstract    = {Double-label fluoresence immunohistochemistry was performed to define serotonergic projections from the raphe and midbrain to the sympathoexcitatory region of the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Immunolabelling of cholera toxin B subunit retrogradely transported from the pressor region of the RVLM was combined with serotonin (5-HT) immunohistochemistry. Major sources of serotonergic input to the RVLM were shown to include the raphe obscurus, raphe pallidus and raphe magnus with a minor contribution from the ventrolateral, lateral and ventral regions of the periaqueductal gray matter, and the dorsal raphe nucleus. Serotonergic modulation of sympathoexcitatory neurons may establish patterns of sympathetic nerve activity evident in many aspects of cardiovascular regulation.},
  institution = {Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 151 Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Cell Count; Cholera Toxin; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Mesencephalon, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin, physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006899302028111},
  pmid        = {12126887},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bago:1999,
  author      = {Bago, M. and Sprtel, B. M. and Dean, C.},
  title       = {Modulation of sympathetic nerve activity by microinjection of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT into the rostroventrolateral medulla.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {76},
  number      = {2-3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {127--134},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0165-1838(99)00021-1},
  abstract    = {In the present study, renal sympathetic nerve activity was recorded simultaneously with sympathetic nerve activity to skeletal muscle vasculature to determine if the sympatho-inhibition evoked by microinjection of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)teralin (8-OH-DPAT) into the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM) was uniform or regional. Three patterns of sympatho-inhibition were observed in these sympathetic outflows and the type of response depended upon location of microinjection within the subretrofacial nucleus (SRF). Inhibition of renal nerve activity only was elicited by microinjections at rostral sites at the caudal pole of the facial nucleus. In contrast, inhibition of muscle sympathetic nerve activity was evoked from more caudal injections at the rostral pole of the inferior olives. Microinjection in the area between these two regions produced inhibition of both sympathetic outflows. This study demonstrates that differential inhibition of regional sympathetic 
outflows can be elicited by microinjection of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT into the RVLM. These data suggests that this modulation is due to differences in anatomical arrangement of the medullary neurons rather than differences in neuron sensitivity to the serotonergic agonist.},
  institution = {Department of Anesthesiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53295, USA.},
  journal     = {J Auton Nerv Syst},
  keywords    = {8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Animals; Blood Pressure, drug effects; Cats; Kidney, drug effects/innervation; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Microinjections; Muscle, Skeletal, drug effects/innervation; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1; Receptors, Serotonin, drug effects; Serotonin Receptor Agonists, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Sympathetic Nervous System, drug effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10412836},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bagri:2002,
  author      = {Bagri, Anil and Marín, Oscar and Plump, Andrew S. and Mak, Judy and Pleasure, Samuel J. and Rubenstein, John L R. and Tessier-Lavigne, Marc},
  title       = {Slit proteins prevent midline crossing and determine the dorsoventral position of major axonal pathways in the mammalian forebrain.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {33},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {233--248},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00561-5},
  abstract    = {We report that Slit proteins, a family of secreted chemorepellents, are crucial for the proper development of several major forebrain tracts. Mice deficient in Slit2 and, even more so, mice deficient in both Slit1 and Slit2 show significant axon guidance errors in a variety of pathways, including corticofugal, callosal, and thalamocortical tracts. Analysis of multiple pathways suggests several generalizations regarding the functions of Slit proteins in the brain, which appear to contribute to (1) the maintenance of dorsal position by prevention of axonal growth into ventral regions, (2) the prevention of axonal extension toward and across the midline, and (3) the channeling of axons toward particular regions.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, CA, USA.},
  journal     = {Neuron},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, embryology; Animals; Axons, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, embryology; Corpus Callosum, embryology; Dopamine, physiology; Embryonic and Fetal Development, physiology; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Mesencephalon, embryology; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Mutation, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Nerve Tissue Proteins, genetics/physiology; Neural Pathways, embryology; Prosencephalon, embryology; Receptors, Immunologic, metabolism; Serotonin, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Telencephalon, embryology; Thalamus, embryology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0896627302005615},
  pmid        = {11804571},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bahar:2003,
  author      = {Bahar, Amir and Samuel, Anat and Hazvi, Shoshi and Dudai, Yadin},
  title       = {The amygdalar circuit that acquires taste aversion memory differs from the circuit that extinguishes it.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {1527--1530},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02551.x},
  abstract    = {Experimental extinction is the decline in the frequency or intensity of a conditioned behaviour resulting from repetitive performance of the behaviour in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus or reinforcer (Pavlov, 1927). Ample behavioural evidence indicates that experimental extinction does not reflect unlearning of the original trace, but rather a relearning process, in which the new association of the conditioned stimulus with the absence of the original reinforcer comes to control behaviour (Rescorla, 1996). If experimental extinction is indeed learning rather than forgetting, are the neuronal circuits that subserve learning and extinction identical? We address this question by double dissociation analysis of the role of the central (CeA) and the basolateral (BLA) nuclei of the rat's amygdala in the acquisition and extinction, respectively, of conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Whereas local blockade of protein synthesis or beta-adrenergic receptors in the CeA blocks acquisition but 
not extinction of CTA, a similar intervention in the BLA blocks extinction but not acquisition. Hence, the amygdalar circuit that acquires taste aversion memory differs functionally from the circuit that extinguishes it.},
  institution = {.il},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, pharmacology; Amygdala, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Anisomycin, pharmacology; Avoidance Learning, drug effects/physiology; Conditioning (Psychology); Extinction, Psychological, drug effects/physiology; Male; Memory, drug effects/physiology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Propranolol, pharmacology; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Taste, physiology; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {2551},
  pmid        = {12713656},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Baehr:1993,
  author      = {M. Bähr and G. W. Eschweiler},
  title       = {Formation of functional synapses by regenerating adult rat retinal ganglion cell axons in midbrain target regions in vitro.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {456--473},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/neu.480240405},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.480240405},
  abstract    = {The ability of adult rat retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons to reinnervate normal target regions was examined in vitro. In co-culture experiments, adult rat retinal explants were placed adjacent to fetal rat midbrain sections that contained the superior colliculus (SC) which is the main target for RGC axons. Adult rat RGCs regrew axons over more than 500 microns on a polylysine-laminin substrate to reach the co-cultured explants. By using neurofilament immunohistochemistry and the fluorescent dye DiI for anterograde and retrograde tracing, it was shown that (1) adult rat RGCs with a stereotyped morphology survived in explant cultures for more than 4 weeks in the presence of fetal midbrain explants, (2) regenerating RGC axons preferentially terminated within midbrain target regions, and (3) RGCs formed functional synapses. In addition, the maturation of the SC region in midbrain explants was examined histologically and ultrastructurally to demonstrate appropriate target development.},
  institution = {Max-Planck Institut for Developmental Biology.},
  journal     = {J Neurobiol},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, analysis; Animals; Axons, physiology; Cells, Cultured; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Female; Mesencephalon, embryology/physiology; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Retinal Ganglion Cells, physiology/ultrastructure; Superior Colliculi, embryology/enzymology/physiology; Synapses, physiology; Tectum Mesencephali, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8515251},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bai:1998,
  author    = {Bai, D and Renaud, LP},
  title     = {Median preoptic nucleus neurons: an in vitro patch-clamp analysis of their intrinsic properties and noradrenergic receptors in the rat},
  year      = {1998},
  volume    = {83},
  number    = {3},
  pages     = {905--916},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452297004351},
  journal   = {Neuroscience},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bai:1984,
  author      = {Bai, L. M. and Qiu, S. H.},
  title       = {Afferent connections of the hippocampus in the rat.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {61},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {235--243},
  doi         = {10.2535/ofaj1936.61.4_235},
  journal     = {Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Female; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Septal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6084839},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Bai:1985,
  Title                    = {[The afferent pathway of the hippocampus on participation in acupuncture analgesia. A study of retrograde transport method].},
  Author                   = {Bai, L. M. and Qiu, S. H. and Xu, H. and Wu, H. X.},
  Journal                  = {Zhen Ci Yan Jiu},
  Year                     = {1985},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {250--254},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Keywords                 = {Acupuncture Therapy; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Analgesia; Animals; Female; Hippocampus, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Methods; Rats; Synaptic Transmission},
  Language                 = {chi},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {3004787},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013}
}

@Article{Bai:2001,
  author      = {Bai, W. Z. and Meguro, R. and Kaiya, T. and Norita, M.},
  title       = {Postnatal development of the retinal projection to the nucleus of the optic tract and accessory optic nuclei in the hooded rat.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {64},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {69--79},
  doi         = {10.1679/aohc.64.69},
  abstract    = {Retinal projections to the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) and accessory optic nuclei (AON) were studied in the postnatal hooded rat after monocular injection of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) into the vitreous chamber of the eye. At all postnatal ages, retinal axons were labeled sensitively; they revealed dense projections to the contralateral, and sparse but distinct projections to the ipsilateral, NOT and AON. The CTB labeling enabled the first delineation of the complete morphology of developing retinal axons in the ipsilateral NOT and AON. From postnatal day (P) 1 to P3, axons with complex growth cones were seen, and unbranched collaterals with simple growth cones increased and extended gradually. At P6, complex growth cones disappeared while branched collaterals with simple growth cones as well as small-sized varicosities increased. By P12 (two days before eye-opening) the adult-like pattern of terminal arbors appeared. The branched collaterals with tiny, small-sized varicosities 
present probably represented developing synaptic boutons. At P16 (after eye opening), the pattern of terminal arbors was well developed, almost to the same extent as in the adult. By contrast, a broadly distributed, transient retinal projection around NOT and AON was gradually eliminated; it started to disappear during the first few postnatal days, and was fully retracted by the time of eye-opening time to a pattern normal for the adult.},
  institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Japan.},
  journal     = {Arch Histol Cytol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development; Brain Stem, cytology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Cholera Toxin, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Eye, cytology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Geniculate Bodies, growth /&/ development; Immunohistochemistry; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Retina, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/metabolism; Time Factors; Visual Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11310507},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Bai:2004,
  author      = {W-Z. Bai and M. Ishida and Y. Arimatsu},
  title       = {Chemically defined feedback connections from infragranular layers of sensory association cortices in the rat.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {123},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {257--267},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.056},
  abstract    = {The primary visual (V1), auditory (AI), and somatosensory (SI) cortices are reciprocally connected with their respective sensory association cortices. In the rat, we have previously demonstrated that some of the connections arising from the secondary somatosensory (SII) and parietal insular (PA) cortices and terminating in the SI, are characterized by the expression of latexin, a candidate protein of carboxypeptidase A inhibitor. Here, by using retrograde tracing and latexin-immunohistochemistry, we show that latexin-expressing neurons in other association cortices of different sensory modalities also contribute to the feedback projections to the corresponding primary sensory cortices. These are the lateral part of the secondary visual cortex (V2L), temporal association cortex, and the dorsal and ventral (AIIv) parts of the secondary auditory belt cortex. Within sublayer VIa of the V2L, AIIv and SII, the majority of the V1-, AI- and SI-projecting neurons respectively, are latexin-
immunopositive. In contrast to feedback connections, far fewer latexin-expressing neurons participate in callosal or intrahemispheric feedforward connections. The latexin-expressing neurons constitute a virtually completely different population from corticothalamic neurons within the infragranular layers. Given that latexin might participate in the modulation of neuronal activity by controlling the protease activity, latexin-expressing feedback pathways would play a unique role in the modulation of sensory perception.},
  institution = {Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, 11 Minamiooya, Machida-shi, 194-8511, Tokyo, Japan.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, chemistry/physiology; Feedback, Physiological, physiology; Female; Male; Neural Pathways, chemistry/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, chemistry/physiology; Visual Cortex, chemistry/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452203007024},
  pmid        = {14667460},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bailey:2006,
  Title                    = {Cranial visceral afferent pathways through the nucleus of the solitary tract to caudal ventrolateral medulla or paraventricular hypothalamus: target-specific synaptic reliability and convergence patterns.},
  Author                   = {Bailey, Timothy W. and Hermes, Sam M. and Andresen, Michael C. and Aicher, Sue A.},
  Journal                  = {J Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {46},
  Pages                    = {11893--11902},
  Volume                   = {26},

  Abstract                 = {Cranial visceral afferents activate central pathways that mediate systemic homeostatic processes. Afferent information arrives in the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and is relayed to other CNS sites for integration into autonomic responses and complex behaviors. Little is known about the organization or nature of processing within NTS. We injected fluorescent retrograde tracers into two nuclei to identify neurons that project to sites involved in autonomic regulation: the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) or paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). We found distinct differences in synaptic connections and performance in the afferent path through NTS to these neurons. Anatomical studies using confocal and electron microscopy found prominent, primary afferent synapses directly on somata and dendrites of CVLM-projecting NTS neurons identifying them as second-order neurons. In brainstem slices, afferent activation evoked large, constant latency EPSCs in 
CVLM-projecting NTS neurons that were consistent with the precise timing and rare failures of monosynaptic contacts on second-order neurons. In contrast, most PVN-projecting NTS neurons lacked direct afferent input and responded to afferent stimuli with highly variable, intermittently failing synaptic responses, indicating polysynaptic pathways to higher-order neurons. The afferent-evoked EPSCs in most PVN-projecting NTS neurons were smaller and unreliable but also often included multiple, convergent polysynaptic responses not observed in CVLM-projecting neurons. A few PVN-projecting NTS neurons had monosynaptic EPSC characteristics. Together, we found that cranial visceral afferent pathways are structured distinctly within NTS depending on the projection target. Such, intra-NTS pathway architecture will substantially impact performance of autonomic or neuroendocrine reflex arcs.},
  Doi                      = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2044-06.2006},
  Institution              = { Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA. bailey.ohsu@gmail.com},
  Keywords                 = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Autonomic Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Cranial Nerves, physiology/ultrastructure; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Neural Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Organ Culture Techniques; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology/ultrastructure; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology/ultrastructure; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology/ultrastructure; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Visceral Afferents, physiology/ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {26/46/11893},
  Pmid                     = {17108163},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2044-06.2006}
}

@Article{Bailey:2007,
  Title                    = {A-type potassium channels differentially tune afferent pathways from rat solitary tract nucleus to caudal ventrolateral medulla or paraventricular hypothalamus.},
  Author                   = {T. W. Bailey and S. M. Hermes and K. L. Whittier and S. A. Aicher and M. C. Andresen},
  Journal                  = {J Physiol},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {Pt 2},
  Pages                    = {613--628},
  Volume                   = {582},

  Abstract                 = {The solitary tract nucleus (NTS) conveys visceral information to diverse central networks involved in homeostatic regulation. Although afferent information content arriving at various CNS sites varies substantially, little is known about the contribution of processing within the NTS to these differences. Using retrograde dyes to identify specific NTS projection neurons, we recently reported that solitary tract (ST) afferents directly contact NTS neurons projecting to caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) but largely only indirectly contact neurons projecting to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Since intrinsic properties impact information transmission, here we evaluated potassium channel expression and somatodendritic morphology of projection neurons and their relation to afferent information output directed to PVN or CVLM pathways. In slices, tracer-identified projection neurons were classified as directly or indirectly (polysynaptically) coupled to ST afferents by 
EPSC latency characteristics (directly coupled, jitter < 200 micros). In each neuron, voltage-dependent potassium currents (IK) were evaluated and, in representative neurons, biocytin-filled structures were quantified. Both CVLM- and PVN-projecting neurons had similar, tetraethylammonium-sensitive IK. However, only PVN-projecting NTS neurons displayed large transient, 4-aminopyridine-sensitive, A-type currents (IKA). PVN-projecting neurons had larger cell bodies with more elaborate dendritic morphology than CVLM-projecting neurons. ST shocks faithfully (> 75\%) triggered action potentials in CVLM-projecting neurons but spike output was uniformly low (< 20\%) in PVN-projecting neurons. Pre-conditioning hyperpolarization removed IKA inactivation and attenuated ST-evoked spike generation along PVN but not CVLM pathways. Thus, multiple differences in structure, organization, synaptic transmission and ion channel expression tune the overall fidelity of afferent signals that reach these destinations.},
  Doi                      = {10.1113/jphysiol.2007.132365},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 972393098, USA. bailey.ohsu@gmail.com},
  Keywords                 = {Action Potentials; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Electric Conductivity; Electric Stimulation; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Myelin Sheath, ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, physiology; Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated, physiology; Potassium Channels, classification/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Synaptic Transmission},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {jphysiol.2007.132365},
  Pmid                     = {17510187},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.132365}
}

@Article{Bailey:2006a,
  author      = {Bailey, Timothy W. and Jin, Young-Ho and Doyle, Mark W. and Smith, Stephen M. and Andresen, Michael C.},
  title       = {Vasopressin inhibits glutamate release via two distinct modes in the brainstem.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {26},
  number      = {23},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {6131--6142},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5176-05.2006},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5176-05.2006},
  abstract    = {The hypothalamus coordinates autonomic responses in part through arginine vasopressin (AVP) released in medial nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). However, the mechanisms and sites of AVP action within NTS pathways are uncertain. In brainstem slices, we activated solitary tract (ST) primary afferents to release glutamate and tested whether AVP modulated synaptic transmission to second-order neurons. NTS neurons were classified as second order by ST synaptic characteristics or the presence of anterograde tracers from peripheral baroreceptor afferents. Stimulus recruitment curves indicated ST-EPSCs on individual neurons were evoked by stimulation of single ST axons. Variance-mean (V-M) analysis of ST-EPSCs in individual neurons revealed uniformly high release probability (p approximately 0.9) from an average of 19 release sites (N) and a quantal size (q) of 34.0 +/- 4.7 pA. In 26 of 49 neurons, AVP inhibited afferent synaptic transmission. In most neurons, AVP reduced ST-EPSC amplitudes (n = 20) 
by decreasing p to 0.65, whereas q, N, and conduction times were unaffected. The V1a antagonist SR49059 alone decreased ST-EPSC V and increased M, suggesting tonic AVP actions, and blocked exogenous AVP action (n = 4). In other neurons with identical ST release properties, AVP induced synaptic failures and increased conduction time without altering the V-M relationship of successful ST-EPSCs (n = 6). Interestingly, frequency-depressed ST-EPSCs were not affected by AVP. AVP failed to alter holding or voltage-dependent potassium currents. Thus, AVP regulates NTS neurons by two distinct novel and state-dependent mechanisms: one, an analog, graded presynaptic inhibition of terminal glutamate release and the other, a binary, extraterminal block of conducted excitation.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA. bailey.ohsu@gmail.com},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Arginine Vasopressin, pharmacology/physiology; Drug Resistance; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Male; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Pressoreceptors, drug effects; Probability; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Vasopressin, metabolism; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {26/23/6131},
  pmid        = {16763021},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Baillie:1975,
  author      = {Baillie, T. A. and Eriksson, H. and Herz, J. E. and Sjövall, J.},
  title       = {Specific deuterium labelling and computerized gas chromatography -- mass spectrometry in studies on the metabolism in vivo of a steroid sulphate in the rat.},
  year        = {1975},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {55},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {157--165},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb02148.x},
  abstract    = {The metabolism of 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one sulphate was studied in bile fistula rats and in isolated perfused livers. Computerized gas chromatography--mass spectrometry, in combination with specific deuterium-labelling, was employed to follow the metabolic transformations. Male animals excreted metabolites into bile more rapidly than females, a finding which could be correlated with the preferential formation of glucuronide conjugates in the male liver. The major metabolic pathway in male rats involved the steps: hydrolysis, 2alpha-hydroxylation, oxidoreduction at C-3 and glucuronide conjugation, yielding 2alpha, 3alpha-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one glucuronide as the major metabolite. Only traces of the injected steroid sulphate were detected in bile from male animals. In contrast, the administered compound was the major steroid excreted in bile of female rats, where the main metabolite was identified as 3beta,15beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one sulphate. A minor metabolite, 
3beta,16alpha-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one, was found as a monosulphate in female rats and as both a disulphate and a glucuronide conjugate in male rats. The deuterium content of the sulphated 15beta-and 16alpha-hydroxylated metabolites was consistent with metabolic pathways involving direct hydroxylation of the injected steroid sulphate. The results obtained from the liver perfusions were essentially the same as those from the experiments with bile fistula animals. This indicates that all the observed metabolic reactions took place in the liver.},
  journal     = {Eur J Biochem},
  keywords    = {Animals; Chromatography, Gas, methods; Computers; Deuterium; Female; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, methods; Isotope Labeling; Liver, metabolism; Male; Perfusion; Pregnanes, metabolism; Pregnanolone, metabolism; Rats; Sex Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1175601},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bain:2010,
  author      = {Bain, Jennifer M. and Ziegler, Amber and Yang, Zhengang and Levison, Steven W. and Sen, Ellora},
  title       = {TGFbeta1 stimulates the over-production of white matter astrocytes from precursors of the "brain marrow" in a rodent model of neonatal encephalopathy.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {5},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {e9567},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1371/journal.pone.0009567},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009567},
  abstract    = {In children born prematurely and those surviving cerebral ischemia there are white matter abnormalities that correlate with neurological dysfunction. Since this injury occurs in the immature brain, when the majority of subventricular zone (SVZ) cells generate white matter oligodendrocytes, we sought to study the effect this injury has on gliogenesis from the SVZ. We hypothesized that there is aberrant glial cell generation from the SVZ after neonatal hypoxia ischemia (H/I) that contributes to an increased astrogliogenesis with concomitant oligodendroglial insufficiency. Mechanistically we hypothesized that an increase in specific locally produced cytokines during recovery from injury were modifying the differentiation of glial progenitors towards astrocytes at the expense of the more developmentally-appropriate oligodendrocytes.For these studies we used the Vannucci H/I rat model where P6 rats are subjected to unilateral common carotid ligation followed by 75 min of systemic hypoxia. 
Retroviral lineage tracing studies combined with morphological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed the preferential generation of SVZ-derived white matter astrocytes instead of oligodendrocytes post hypoxia/ischemia. Microarray and QRT-PCR analyses of the damaged SVZ showed increased expression of several cytokines and receptors that are known to promote astrocyte differentiation, such as EGF, LIF and TGFbeta1 signaling components. Using gliospheres to model the neonatal SVZ, we evaluated the effects of these cytokines on signal transduction pathways regulating astrocyte generation, proliferation and differentiation. These studies demonstrated that combinations of EGF, LIF and TGFbeta1 reconstituted the increased astrogliogenesis. TGFbeta1-induced Smad 2/3 phosphorylation and the combination of EGF, LIF and TGFbeta1 synergistically increased STAT3 phosphorylation over single or double cytokine combinations. Pharmacologically inhibiting ALK5 signaling in vitro antagonized the TGFbeta1-induced increase 
in astrocyte generation and antagonizing ALK5 signaling in vivo similarly inhibited astrogliogenesis within the SVZ during recovery from H/I.Altogether, these data indicate that there is aberrant specification of glial precursors within the neonatal SVZ during recovery from neonatal H/I that is a consequence of altered cytokine signaling. Our studies further suggest that antagonizing the ALK5 receptor will restore the normal pattern of cell differentiation after injury to the immature brain.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, UH Cancer Center and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America.},
  journal     = {PLoS One},
  keywords    = {Animals; Astrocytes, metabolism; Brain Mapping; Brain, pathology; Cytokines, metabolism; Humans; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain, diagnosis/pathology; Microscopy, Fluorescence, methods; Neuroglia, cytology; Phosphorylation; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases, metabolism; Rats; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta, metabolism; Retroviridae, genetics; Transforming Growth Factor beta1, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {20221422},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Baird:1970,
  author      = {Baird, G. D. and Hibbitt, K. G. and Lee, J.},
  title       = {Enzymes involved in acetoacetate formation in various bovine tissues.},
  year        = {1970},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {117},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {703--709},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1042/bj1170703},
  abstract    = {1. The activities of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase and lyase and acetoacetyl-CoA deacylase were measured in homogenates of samples of liver, rumen epithelium (long papillae), kidney and lactating mammary gland derived from slaughtered cows. 2. The activities of the four enzymes in bovine liver were similar to the activities previously reported for the corresponding enzymes in rat liver. 3. Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase and lyase were present in rumen epithelium. The activities of the enzymes were all lower on a wet weight basis than in liver. Only very slight deacylase activity was detected. 4. Kidney contained acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase and acetoacetyl-CoA deacylase, but only trace amounts of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase. 5. Mammary gland contained acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and some hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase, but virtually no hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase or acetoacetyl-CoA 
deacylase. 6. Since physiologically significant ketogenesis probably occurs solely via the hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA pathway, it is evident that, of the four tissues examined, such ketogenesis must be restricted to the liver and the rumen epithelium. 7. All the enzymes except hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase were also assayed in the four tissues derived from cows suffering from bovine lactational ketosis. Ketosis did not cause a statistically significant change in the activity of any of the enzymes measured. 8. Hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase and lyase were found to be associated mainly with the particulate fraction, as in the rat. A considerably greater proportion of these enzymes was found to be present in the cytoplasmic fraction from rumen epithelium, although it was not excluded that this was due to mitochondrial damage during homogenization. 9. Appreciable hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase was also present in epithelium from the dorsal region of the rumen, from the reticulum and from the 
omasum, but not from the abomasum.},
  journal     = {Biochem J},
  keywords    = {Acetoacetates, biosynthesis; Acyltransferases, analysis; Animals; Cattle; Epithelium, enzymology; Esterases, analysis; Female; Kidney, enzymology/metabolism; Liver, enzymology/metabolism; Lyases, analysis; Mammary Glands, Animal, enzymology/metabolism; Rumen, enzymology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {5449124},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Baisch:1994,
  author      = {Baisch, A. L. and Larrue, J. and Freslon, J. L.},
  title       = {Involvement of endothelium-derived NO in the basal tone and in the vasodilator responses to muscarinic agonists in the rat isolated mesenteric arterial bed.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {54--63},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1472-8206.1994.tb00779.x},
  abstract    = {To investigate the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) derived from endothelial cells in the control of vascular tone in the rat mesenteric vascular bed, the effects of different procedures known to interfere with the NO-cyclic GMP pathway were evaluated both on the basal tone and on the vasodilatory responses to four muscarinic agonists. To this aim, rat isolated mesenteric vascular beds were perfused at constant pressure. Water infusion significantly increased the resting perfusion pressure whereas L-NOARG, L-NAME and methylene blue were devoid of effect. In noradrenaline-preconstricted vascular bed, the perfusion pressure was significantly increased after water or L-NAME infusion. The vasodilator response induced by subsequent addition of acetylcholine in bolus was not significantly modified by pre-treatment with indomethacin but was significantly reduced by water infusion. Responses to acetylcholine and to three other muscarinic agonists--carbachol, oxotremorine or McNeil A 343--were 
assessed. Incubation with L-NAME did not modify the initial peak falls of the agonists except for McNeil A 343, whereas it significantly reduced the area under the pressure trace for all the substances. The latter effect was reversed after a subsequent incubation with L-Arginine. Finally, L-NAME strongly and significantly increased the drop in perfusion pressure and the area under the pressure trace following bolus of glyceryl trinitrate. These results suggest that in the mesenteric arterial bed of the rat, which can be considered as a resistant arteries preparation, basal tone appears to be controlled by a factor other than NO. Moreover, the vasodilator responses of muscarinic agonists are affected by L-NAME in their second late sustained phase only, which probably relies on a de novo synthesis of endothelium derived-NO. Finally, endothelium derived-NO exerts inhibitory effects both on the sensitivity of the vascular smooth muscle to glyceryl trinitrate and on the magnitude of its contraction in the 
presence of noradrenaline, two types of effects which are sensitive to L-NAME.},
  institution = {INSERM U8, Pessac, France.},
  journal     = {Fundam Clin Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Arginine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Drug Interactions; Male; Mesenteric Arteries, drug effects; Methylene Blue, pharmacology; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide, physiology; Nitroarginine; Nitroglycerin, pharmacology; Parasympathomimetics, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vasodilation, drug effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8181796},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Baisden:1979,
  author      = {R. H. Baisden and D. B. Hoover},
  title       = {Cells of origin of the hippocampal afferent projection from the nucleus reuniens thalami. A combined Golgi-HRP study in the rat.},
  year        = {1979},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {203},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {387--391},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00233268},
  abstract    = {Neurons of the nucleus reuniens thalami stained with Golgi methods are compared to cells in this nucleus labelled in retrograde fashion after hippocampal injections of horseradish peroxidase. The cellular morphology ranges from fusiform to multiangular with most cells showing radiating processes characteristic of neurons in the reticular core. Dendrites are long and relatively smooth, with a few sparsely distributed spinous processes. These cells are comparable to the cholinergic cells of the median septal/diagonal band area which also project into the hippocampal formation.},
  journal     = {Cell Tissue Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, cytology; Dendrites, cytology; Hippocampus, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Staining and Labeling; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {93025},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Baisden:1979a,
  author      = {Baisden, R. H. and Hoover, D. B. and Cowie, R. J.},
  title       = {Retrograde demonstration of hippocampal afferents from the interpeduncular and reuniens nuclei.},
  year        = {1979},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {13},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {105--109},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(79)90025-9},
  abstract    = {The origin of hippocampal afferent projections was studied after horseradish peroxidase injections into the hippocampal formation. Labeled cells were found in the dorsal and ventrolateral aspects of the interpeduncular nucleus and in the ipsilateral portion of the nucleus reuniens thalami. In addition, neurons containing HRP were observed in the cortical, hypothalamic and brain stem areas reported by previous investigators.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {530459},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bajetto:2000,
  author      = {Bajetto, A. and Barbero, S. and Bonavia, R. and Chimini, G. and Schettini, G.},
  title       = {Immunofluorescence and biochemical techniques to detect nuclear localization of ciliary neurotrophic factor in glial cells.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {5},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {273--281},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s1385-299x(00)00023-4},
  abstract    = {Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) promotes the survival of several populations of neurons, including sensory and motor neurons. It is mainly produced by Schwann cells and astrocytes and exerts its biological function via a specific membrane receptor. We recently determined the nuclear localization of CNTF in producing cells, after transfection and in the heterologous system of Xenopus oocytes. In the present paper, we describe in detail the techniques for the detection of CNTF in the nucleus of rat astrocytes, transfected cells, isolated nuclei and injected Xenopus oocytes.},
  institution = {Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy. bajetto@sirio.cba.unige.it},
  journal     = {Brain Res Brain Res Protoc},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Astrocytes, chemistry; COS Cells; Cell Nucleus, chemistry; Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor, analysis/immunology; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Glioma; Microinjections; Microscopy, Confocal, methods; Oocytes, physiology; Precipitin Tests, methods; RNA, Messenger; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Transfection, methods; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Xenopus laevis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1385299X00000234},
  pmid        = {10906493},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bajic:1999,
  author      = {Bajic, D. and Proudfit, H. K.},
  title       = {Projections of neurons in the periaqueductal gray to pontine and medullary catecholamine cell groups involved in the modulation of nociception.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {405},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {359--379},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990315)405:3<359::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-w},
  abstract    = {Stimulation of neurons in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces antinociception that is mediated in part by noradrenergic neurons that innervate the spinal cord dorsal horn. Because norepinephrine-containing neurons are not found in the PAG, noncatecholamine neurons in the PAG must project to, and activate, spinally projecting catecholamine neurons located in the pons or medulla. The present studies determined the projections of neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to the A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A7 catecholamine cell groups that are known to contain spinally projecting noradrenergic neurons. The anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the ventrolateral PAG, and labeled axon terminal profiles were identified near noradrenergic neurons that were visualized by processing tissue sections for tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Highly varicose, anterogradely labeled terminal profiles were found apposed to the dendrites and somata of tyrosine-hydroxylase-
immunoreactive neurons and non-tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral pontine tegmentum. These axon terminal profiles were more dense on the side ipsilateral to the BDA deposit, and both A7 and locus coeruleus neurons received a more dense innervation than did the A5 neurons. Although definitive evidence for a direct pathway from PAG neurons to spinally projecting A7 neurons requires ultrastructural studies, the results of the present studies provide presumptive evidence for direct projections from neurons in the PAG to noradrenergic A7 neurons that innervate the spinal cord dorsal horn and modulate pain perception. If neurons in the ventrolateral PAG do form synapses with noradrenergic A7 neurons, these spinally projecting catecholamine neurons may mediate part of the analgesic effect produced by systemic administration of morphine. In contrast, the projections of PAG neurons to the A5 cell group and the locus coeruleus may mediate the cardiovascular and motor 
effects produced by stimulation of sites in the ventrolateral PAG.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Catecholamines, metabolism; Female; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Nociceptors, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/physiology; Pons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-W},
  pmid        = {10076931},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bajic:2013,
  Title                    = {Projections from the rat cuneiform nucleus to the A7, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A5 pontine noradrenergic cell groups.},
  Author                   = {Bajic, Dusica and Proudfit, Herbert K.},
  Journal                  = {J Chem Neuroanat},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = {May},
  Pages                    = {11--20},
  Volume                   = {50-51},

  Abstract                 = {Stimulation of neurons in the cuneiform nucleus (CnF) produces antinociception and cardiovascular responses that could be mediated, in part, by noradrenergic neurons that innervate the spinal cord dorsal horn. The present study determined the projections of neurons in the CnF to the pontine noradrenergic neurons in the A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A7 cell groups that are known to project to the spinal cord. Injections of the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine in the CnF of Sasco Sprague-Dawley rats labeled axons located near noradrenergic neurons that were visualized by processing tissue sections for tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity. Anterogradely labeled axons were more dense on the side ipsilateral to the BDA deposit. Both A7 and A5 cell groups received dense projections from neurons in the CnF, whereas locus coeruleus received only a sparse projection. Highly varicose anterogradely labeled axons from the CnF were found in close apposition to dendrites and 
somata of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in pontine tegmentum. Although definitive evidence for direct pathways from CnF neurons to the pontine noradrenergic cell groups requires ultrastructural analysis, the results of the present studies provide presumptive evidence of direct projections from neurons in the CnF to the pontine noradrenergic neurons of the A7, locus coeruleus, and A5 cell groups. These results support the suggestion that the analgesia and cardiovascular responses produced by stimulation of neurons in the CnF may be mediated, in part, by pontine noradrenergic neurons.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.03.001},
  Institution              = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. dusica.bajic@childrens.harvard.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Adrenergic Neurons, cytology; Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, cytology; Mesencephalon, cytology; Neural Pathways, cytology; Pons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0891-0618(13)00027-6},
  Pmid                     = {23524296},
  Timestamp                = {01.05.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.03.001}
}

@Article{Bajic:2000,
  author      = {D. Bajic and H. K. Proudfit and E. J. Van Bockstaele},
  title       = {Periaqueductal gray neurons monosynaptically innervate extranuclear noradrenergic dendrites in the rat pericoerulear region.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {427},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {649--662},
  doi         = {10.1002/1096-9861(20001127)427:4<649::aid-cne11>3.0.co;2-m},
  abstract    = {Previous reports using light microscopy have provided anatomical evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG) innervate the medial pericoerulear dendrites of noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). The present study used anterograde tracing and electron microscopic analysis to provide more definitive evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral PAG form synapses with the somata or dendrites of noradrenergic LC neurons. Deposits of either biotinylated dextran amine or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the rat ventrolateral PAG labeled a moderate to high number of axons in the region of the medial pericoerulear region and Barrington's nucleus, but a relatively low number were labeled in the nuclear core of the LC. Ultrastructural analysis of anterogradely labeled terminals at the levels of the rostral (n = 233) and caudal (n = 272) subdivisions of the LC indicated that approximately 20\% of these form synapses with tyrosine hydroxylase-
immunoreactive dendrites; most of these were located in the medial pericoerulear region. In rostral sections, about 12\% of these were symmetric synapses, 9\% were asymmetric synapses, and 79\% were membrane appositions without clear synaptic specializations. In caudal sections, about 30\% were symmetric synapses, 11\% were asymmetric synapses, and 59\% were appositions. In both rostral and caudal sections, 60\% of the anterogradely labeled terminals formed synapses with noncatecholamine dendrites, and 20\% formed axoaxonic synapses. These results provide direct evidence for monosynaptic projections from neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to the extranuclear dendrites of noradrenergic LC neurons. This monosynaptic pathway may mediate in part the analgesia, reduced responsiveness to external stimuli, and decreased excitability of somatic motoneurons produced by stimulation of neurons in the ventrolateral PAG.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Female; Locus Coeruleus, physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Norepinephrine, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-M},
  pmid        = {11056470},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bajic:2000a,
  author      = {Bajic, D. and Proudfit, H. K. and {Van Bockstaele}, E. J.},
  title       = {Periaqueductal gray neurons monosynaptically innervate extranuclear noradrenergic dendrites in the rat pericoerulear region.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {427},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {649--662},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1002/1096-9861(20001127)427:4<649::aid-cne11>3.0.co;2-m},
  abstract    = {Previous reports using light microscopy have provided anatomical evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG) innervate the medial pericoerulear dendrites of noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). The present study used anterograde tracing and electron microscopic analysis to provide more definitive evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral PAG form synapses with the somata or dendrites of noradrenergic LC neurons. Deposits of either biotinylated dextran amine or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the rat ventrolateral PAG labeled a moderate to high number of axons in the region of the medial pericoerulear region and Barrington's nucleus, but a relatively low number were labeled in the nuclear core of the LC. Ultrastructural analysis of anterogradely labeled terminals at the levels of the rostral (n = 233) and caudal (n = 272) subdivisions of the LC indicated that approximately 20\% of these form synapses with tyrosine hydroxylase-
immunoreactive dendrites; most of these were located in the medial pericoerulear region. In rostral sections, about 12\% of these were symmetric synapses, 9\% were asymmetric synapses, and 79\% were membrane appositions without clear synaptic specializations. In caudal sections, about 30\% were symmetric synapses, 11\% were asymmetric synapses, and 59\% were appositions. In both rostral and caudal sections, 60\% of the anterogradely labeled terminals formed synapses with noncatecholamine dendrites, and 20\% formed axoaxonic synapses. These results provide direct evidence for monosynaptic projections from neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to the extranuclear dendrites of noradrenergic LC neurons. This monosynaptic pathway may mediate in part the analgesia, reduced responsiveness to external stimuli, and decreased excitability of somatic motoneurons produced by stimulation of neurons in the ventrolateral PAG.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Female; Locus Coeruleus, physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Norepinephrine, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-M},
  pmid        = {11056470},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Bajic:2001,
  author      = {Bajic, D. and {Van Bockstaele}, E. J. and Proudfit, H. K.},
  title       = {Ultrastructural analysis of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray projections to the A7 catecholamine cell group.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {104},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {181--197},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00052-5},
  abstract    = {Stimulation of neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray produces antinociception that is mediated in part by pontine noradrenergic neurons. Previous light microscopic analysis provided suggestive evidence for a direct projection from neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray to noradrenergic neurons in the A7 cell group that innervate the spinal cord dorsal horn. Therefore, the present ultrastructural study used anterograde tracing combined with tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity to provide definitive evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray form synapses with the somata and dendrites of noradrenergic neurons of the A7 cell group. Injections of the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray of Sasco Sprague-Dawley rats yielded a dense innervation in the region of the lateral pons containing the A7 cell group. Electron microscopic analysis of anterogradely labeled 
terminals (n=401) in the region of the A7 cell group indicated that approximately 10\% of these formed plasmalemmal appositions to tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive dendrites with no intervening astrocytic processes. About 23\% of these were asymmetric synapses, 10\% were symmetric synapses, and 67\% did not exhibit clearly differentiated synaptic specializations. The majority of anterogradely labeled terminals (60\%) formed plasmalemmal appositions with dendrites and somata that lacked detectable tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. About 35\% of these were symmetric synapses, 9\% were asymmetric synapses and 56\% did not form synaptic specializations. Approximately 30\% of all anterogradely labeled terminals displayed features characteristic of axo-axonic synapses.The present results provide direct ultrastructural evidence to support the hypothesis that the analgesia produced by stimulation of neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray is mediated, in part, by activation of spinally projecting 
noradrenergic neurons in the A7 catecholamine cell group.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacokinetics; Catecholamines, metabolism; Dendrites, metabolism/ultrastructure; Dextrans, pharmacokinetics; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Pain, pathology/physiopathology; Periaqueductal Gray, metabolism/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins, pharmacokinetics; Pons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(01)00052-5},
  pmid        = {11311541},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bajic:2012,
  Title                    = {Ultrastructural analysis of rat ventrolateral periaqueductal gray projections to the A5 cell group.},
  Author                   = {Bajic, D. and {Van Bockstaele}, E. J. and Proudfit, H. K.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Pages                    = {145--159},
  Volume                   = {224},

  Abstract                 = {Stimulation of neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces antinociception as well as cardiovascular depressor responses that are mediated in part by pontine noradrenergic neurons. A previous report using light microscopy has described a pathway from neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to noradrenergic neurons in the A5 cell group that may mediate these effects. The present study used anterograde tracing and electron microscopic analysis to provide more definitive evidence that neurons in the ventrolateral PAG form synapses with noradrenergic and non-catecholaminergic A5 neurons in Sasco Sprague-Dawley rats. Deposits of anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine, into the rat ventrolateral PAG labeled a significant number of axons in the region of the rostral subdivision of the A5 cell group, and a relatively lower number in the caudal A5 cell group. Electron microscopic analysis of anterogradely-labeled terminals in both rostral (n=127) and caudal (n=70) 
regions of the A5 cell group indicated that approximately 10\% of these form synapses with noradrenergic dendrites. In rostral sections, about 31\% of these were symmetric synapses, 19\% were asymmetric synapses, and 50\% were membrane appositions without clear synaptic specializations. In caudal sections, about 22\% were symmetric synapses, and the remaining 78\% were appositions. In both rostral and caudal subdivisions of the A5, nearly 40\% of the anterogradely-labeled terminals formed synapses with non-catecholaminergic dendrites, and about 45\% formed axoaxonic synapses. These results provide direct evidence for a monosynaptic pathway from neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to noradrenergic and non-catecholaminergic neurons in the A5 cell group. Further studies should evaluate if this established monosynaptic pathway may contribute to the cardiovascular depressor effects or the analgesia produced by the activation of neurons in the ventrolateral PAG.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.021},
  Institution              = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. dusica.bajic@childrens.harvard.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Periaqueductal Gray, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(12)00848-2},
  Pmid                     = {22917613},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.021}
}

@Article{Bajo:1993a,
  author      = {Bajo, V. M. and Merch{\'{a}}n, M. A. and L{\'{o}}pez, D. E. and Rouiller, E. M.},
  title       = {Neuronal morphology and efferent projections of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in the rat.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {334},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {241--262},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903340207},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903340207},
  abstract    = {The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DLL) is the main source of inhibitory influence in the auditory brainstem of mammals. The cytoarchitecture and connectional properties of DLL were established in the cat in contrast to the rat. The goal of the present study was to establish to what extent the anatomical properties of the rat DLL compare to those of the cat, thus providing a basis of interpretation for future functional studies in the rat, an animal model used more and more in the auditory system. DLL of the rat contains four well-differentiated neuronal types, as seen in Nissl-stained material. Type I neurons are large and multipolar with abundant cytoplasm and darkly stained Nissl substance. Type II neurons are large, bipolar and darkly stained in Nissl material. Type III neurons are medium in size and their soma is round or ovoid. Type IV neurons are small and round with scant cytoplasm; they seem to be also the least common neuronal type of the DLL. After Phaseolus vulgaris-
leucoagglutinin or biocytin injections in the DLL, fibers and terminals labeled by orthograde transport were observed in the corresponding region of the contralateral DLL and in the inferior colliculus, bilaterally. A few labeled fibers and terminal fields were seen in the deep layers of the superior colliculus bilaterally, as well as in the medial division of the medial geniculate body and, even more rostrally, in the posterior nucleus of the thalamus. Descending projections from DLL terminated in the periolivary regions of the ipsilateral superior olivary complex. Retrograde tracing based on injections of horseradish peroxidase in the various targets of the DLL confirmed the connections established with orthograde labeling.},
  institution = {Departamento de Biología Celular y Patología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology; Cats, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, cytology; Female; Geniculate Bodies, cytology; Inferior Colliculi, cytology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Neurons, cytology; Olivary Nucleus, cytology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Wistar, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8366195},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Bajo:1993,
  Title                    = {Neuronal morphology and efferent projections of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in the rat.},
  Author                   = {V. M. Bajo and M. A. Merchán and D. E. López and E. M. Rouiller},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {241--262},
  Volume                   = {334},

  Abstract                 = {The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DLL) is the main source of inhibitory influence in the auditory brainstem of mammals. The cytoarchitecture and connectional properties of DLL were established in the cat in contrast to the rat. The goal of the present study was to establish to what extent the anatomical properties of the rat DLL compare to those of the cat, thus providing a basis of interpretation for future functional studies in the rat, an animal model used more and more in the auditory system. DLL of the rat contains four well-differentiated neuronal types, as seen in Nissl-stained material. Type I neurons are large and multipolar with abundant cytoplasm and darkly stained Nissl substance. Type II neurons are large, bipolar and darkly stained in Nissl material. Type III neurons are medium in size and their soma is round or ovoid. Type IV neurons are small and round with scant cytoplasm; they seem to be also the least common neuronal type of the DLL. After Phaseolus 
vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or biocytin injections in the DLL, fibers and terminals labeled by orthograde transport were observed in the corresponding region of the contralateral DLL and in the inferior colliculus, bilaterally. A few labeled fibers and terminal fields were seen in the deep layers of the superior colliculus bilaterally, as well as in the medial division of the medial geniculate body and, even more rostrally, in the posterior nucleus of the thalamus. Descending projections from DLL terminated in the periolivary regions of the ipsilateral superior olivary complex. Retrograde tracing based on injections of horseradish peroxidase in the various targets of the DLL confirmed the connections established with orthograde labeling.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903340207},
  Institution              = {Departamento de Biología Celular y Patología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology; Cats, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, cytology; Female; Geniculate Bodies, cytology; Inferior Colliculi, cytology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Neurons, cytology; Olivary Nucleus, cytology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Wistar, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pmid                     = {8366195},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903340207}
}

@Article{Bak:1992,
  author      = {Bak, B. and Jensen, K. S.},
  title       = {Standardization of tibial fractures in the rat.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {13},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {289--295},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/8756-3282(92)90073-6},
  abstract    = {The influence of the fracture level on the biomechanical properties of healing rat tibial fractures has not been investigated so far, despite the widespread use of rats in fracture healing studies. Fractures were produced in four different zones in the right rat tibia and immobilized with a K-wire. A fifth group of rats was not fractured. After 40 days of healing the fractures and the non-fractured bones were tested in three-point bending. A distinct correlation was found between fracture level and mechanical parameters: maximum load, maximum stiffness, and maximum stress decreased the more distal the fracture was located. In the non-fractured bones, maximum load and maximum stress were constant in all four zones tested, whereas energy absorption increased in the distal part of the tibia. No influence of the healing fracture was found on the contralateral, non-fractured tibia, compared with the animals left undisturbed, and the mechanical properties of the right and the left tibia were found 
to be symmetrical in terms of mean values. Four different methods of determining the area moment of inertia were investigated, and the simple method of approximating the cross section to an elliptical annulus was found to correlate well with the area moment of inertia, determined from computer tracings of bone slices prepared from the test specimens after the bending test. The computer tracings were corrected for the compression of the specimens caused by the mechanical test.},
  institution = {Department of Connective Tissue Biology, University of Aarhus, Denmark.},
  journal     = {Bone},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone and Bones, physiology; Female; Fracture Healing, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Tibial Fractures, physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {8756-3282(92)90073-6},
  pmid        = {1389568},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bak:1977,
  author      = {Bak, I. J. and Markham, C. H. and Cook, M. L. and Stevens, J. G.},
  title       = {Intraaxonal transport of Herpes simplex virus in the rat central nervous system.},
  year        = {1977},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {136},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {415--429},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(77)90067-1},
  abstract    = {Light and electron microscopic observation 3--4 days after microinjection of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) into the left neostriatum of rat demonstrated the following results. (1) Virus labeled nerve cells were found in the ipsilateral substantia nigra; a large number of infected neurons were in the zona compacta and some were in the zona reticulata. No virus infection was evident in the contralateral side. (2) Virus labeled neurons were found in the cortex, a greater number ipsilaterally than contralaterally, and in the dorsal raphé nuclei. Cortical microinjection of HSV led to infection of some cortical cells but no neostriatal cells. We conclude, therefore, that spread of the virus to the cortex, the substantia nigra and the dorsal raphé following neostriatal injection was by retrograde axonal transport. (3) The left neostriatum, where HSV was injected, showed a surprisingly small number of virus infected neurons. The infected neurons were mostly the large neurons; the majority of medium 
sized neurons were well preserved. There was massive degeneration of nerve terminals throughout the neuropil. Most of these degenerating nerve terminals are considered to be afferent fibers.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Caudate Nucleus, microbiology/ultrastructure; Cerebral Cortex, microbiology; Corpus Striatum, microbiology; Frontal Lobe, ultrastructure; Herpes Simplex, physiopathology; Motor Activity; Neurons, microbiology; Putamen, microbiology/ultrastructure; Raphe Nuclei, ultrastructure; Rats; Simplexvirus, isolation /&/ purification; Substantia Nigra, microbiology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {72587},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bak:1978,
  author      = {Bak, I. J. and Markham, C. H. and Cook, M. L. and Stevens, J. G.},
  title       = {Ultrastructural and immunoperoxidase study of striatonigral neurons by means of retrograde axonal transport of herpes simplex virus.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {143},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {361--368},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(78)90576-0},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Corpus Striatum, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, ultrastructure; Herpes Simplex, microbiology/pathology; Histological Techniques; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Simplexvirus, ultrastructure; Substantia Nigra, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(78)90576-0},
  pmid        = {75754},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Baker:1989,
  author      = {Baker, G. E. and Jeffery, G.},
  title       = {Distribution of uncrossed axons along the course of the optic nerve and chiasm of rodents.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {289},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {455--461},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902890309},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902890309},
  abstract    = {The distribution of the ipsilaterally projecting population of retinofugal axons has been analyzed following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the optic tract of adult hamsters and rats to determine whether the topographical segregation of the cells of origin seen in the retina is maintained by their axons throughout the course of the optic nerve and chiasm. Axons are limited to a roughly appropriate topographic location within the intraorbital course of the nerve but this organization changes at levels progressively closer to the optic chiasm. Immediately rostral to the chiasm labelled profiles are found dispersed across most of the cross-sectional area of the nerve. This dispersal is maintained within the region of the optic chiasm where a complex rearrangement of ipsilaterally projecting axons takes place. The results show that axons are not retinotopically organized along the entire length of the optic nerve. The order of axons changes along the course of the nerve and in 
the optic chiasm. The change seen within the intracranial course may indicate a chronotopic re-sorting of axons prior to the optic tract where the organization of axons has previously been interpreted as a map of time of axon arrival.},
  institution = {Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford, England.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cricetinae; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Optic Chiasm, cytology; Optic Nerve, cytology; Rats; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2808779},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Baker:1986,
  author      = {H. Baker and R. F. Spencer},
  title       = {Transneuronal transport of peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) from the olfactory epithelium to the brain of the adult rat.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {63},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {461--473},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00237470},
  abstract    = {The sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium, as a consequence of their odor detection function, contact both the external environment and the central nervous system. The possibility that substances applied to the epithelium might reach the central nervous system was investigated by the intranasal application of peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP). WGA-HRP was transported through olfactory receptor axons to the glomerulus of the olfactory bulb. Reaction product was localized electron microscopically to tubulovesicular profiles and dense bodies in sensory axons. Evidence of transneuronal transport was indicated by reaction product localized in dense bodies in dendrites postsynaptic to receptor cell axons. Periglomerular, tufted and mitral cells in the olfactory bulb also were transneuronally labeled. Anterograde transneuronal labeling occurred in the olfactory tubercle, piriform cortex and surrounding the lateral olfactory tract. Retrograde transneuronal label was found 
in neurons of the basal forebrain with the largest number of perikarya in the lateral nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, a major source of cholinergic afferents to the olfactory bulb. These data suggest that substances, specifically those which bind to receptors, are transported from the olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal epithelium to the brain. Thus, the olfactory system may provide a route of entry for exogenous substances to the basal forebrain.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biological Transport; Diencephalon, metabolism; Male; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Olfactory Bulb, metabolism/ultrastructure; Olfactory Mucosa, metabolism/ultrastructure; Olfactory Nerve, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sensory Receptor Cells, metabolism; Telencephalon, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3758265},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Baker:2011,
  author      = {Baker, John L. and Perez-Rosello, Tamara and Migliore, Michele and Barrionuevo, Germán and Ascoli, Giorgio A.},
  title       = {A computer model of unitary responses from associational/commissural and perforant path synapses in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells.},
  year        = {2011},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {31},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {137--158},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s10827-010-0304-x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10827-010-0304-x},
  abstract    = {Despite the central position of CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampal circuit, the experimental investigation of their synaptic properties has been limited. Recent slice experiments from adult rats characterized AMPA and NMDA receptor unitary synaptic responses in CA3b pyramidal cells. Here, excitatory synaptic activation is modeled to infer biophysical parameters, aid analysis interpretation, explore mechanisms, and formulate predictions by contrasting simulated somatic recordings with experimental data. Reconstructed CA3b pyramidal cells from the public repository NeuroMorpho.Org were used to allow for cell-specific morphological variation. For each cell, synaptic responses were simulated for perforant pathway and associational/commissural synapses. Means and variability for peak amplitude, time-to-peak, and half-height width in these responses were compared with equivalent statistics from experimental recordings. Synaptic responses mediated by AMPA receptors are best fit with properties 
typical of previously characterized glutamatergic receptors where perforant path synapses have conductances twice that of associational/commissural synapses (0.9 vs. 0.5 nS) and more rapid peak times (1.0 vs. 3.3 ms). Reanalysis of passive-cell experimental traces using the model shows no evidence of a CA1-like increase of associational/commissural AMPA receptor conductance with increasing distance from the soma. Synaptic responses mediated by NMDA receptors are best fit with rapid kinetics, suggestive of NR2A subunits as expected in mature animals. Predictions were made for passive-cell current clamp recordings, combined AMPA and NMDA receptor responses, and local dendritic depolarization in response to unitary stimulations. Models of synaptic responses in active cells suggest altered axial resistivity and the presence of synaptically activated potassium channels in spines.},
  institution = {Plasticity, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 2A1, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comput Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; CA3 Region, Hippocampal, physiology; Computer Simulation; Models, Neurological; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Rats; Receptors, AMPA, physiology; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Synapses, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {21191641},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2013},
}

@Article{Baker:2007,
  author      = {Baker, K Adam and Nakashima, Shojiro and Hagg, Theo},
  title       = {Dorsal column sensory axons lack TrkC and are not rescued by local neurotrophin-3 infusions following spinal cord contusion in adult rats.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {205},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {82--91},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.018},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.018},
  abstract    = {By reducing the progressive degeneration and disconnection of axons following spinal cord injury the functional outcome should improve. After direct transection of dorsal column sensory axons, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) treatment can reduce degeneration and promote regeneration of the proximal stumps. Here, we tested in adult rats whether NT-3 infusion at the site of a moderate T9 spinal cord contusion would rescue sensory connections to the gracile nucleus in the medulla. Sensory projections were anterogradely traced bilaterally with injections of cholera toxin B (CTB) into the sciatic nerve 3 days before analysis. Seven days after the contusion plus intrathecal (subarachnoid) vehicle infusion as a control, the CTB-positive innervation of the gracile nucleus was reduced to approximately 25\% of sham-operated rats. Intrathecal infusion of 10 microg/day of NT-3 did not affect this reduced innervation. To ensure good tissue penetration and high concentrations of NT-3 early after the injury, other 
rats received intraparenchymal infusions of vehicle or NT-3 near the injury site starting 2 days before until 7 days after the injury. This NT-3 treatment also did not affect the reduced innervation. This suggests that local NT-3 treatments cannot protect sensory axons from secondary degeneration after a contusive spinal cord injury. These results are likely because TrkC is not present in axons of the dorsal columns or gracile nucleus, or in other dorsal column cell types, even after the contusion. Together with published results, our data suggest that NT-3 is a peripherally--but not centrally--derived neurotrophic factor for sensory neurons.},
  institution = {Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, MDR Building, Room 616, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism/physiopathology; Animals; Axons, drug effects/metabolism; Catheters, Indwelling; Cholera Toxin, administration /&/ dosage; Contusions, complications/metabolism/physiopathology; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Medulla Oblongata, physiopathology; Nerve Degeneration, etiology/prevention /&/ control; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/metabolism; Neuroprotective Agents, pharmacology; Neurotrophin 3, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, trkC, deficiency/metabolism; Sciatic Nerve, physiopathology; Spinal Cord Injuries, complications/metabolism/physiopathology; Spinal Cord, drug effects/metabolism/pathology/physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0014-4886(07)00040-4},
  pmid        = {17316612},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Baker:2001,
  author    = {Baker, MR and Javid, M and Edgley SA},
  title     = {Activation of cerebellar climbing fibres to rat cerebellar posterior lobe from motor cortical output pathways},
  year      = {2001},
  volume    = {536.3},
  pages     = {825-839},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00825.x},
  journal   = {J Physiol},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Baker:1984,
  Title                    = {Anatomical studies of the spinocervical tract of the rat.},
  Author                   = {M. L. Baker and G. J. Giesler},
  Journal                  = {Somatosens Res},
  Year                     = {1984},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {1--18},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Abstract                 = {The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to identify and examine the cells of origin of the spinocervical tract (SCt) in the rat. Initially, precise data on the boundaries of the rat lateral cervical nucleus (LCn) were gathered after injecting HRP into the ventrobasal thalamus. These data indicated that the LCn of the rat is restricted to a region on the extreme lateral edge of the dorsalmost portion of the lateral funiculus (DLf) within spinal segment C2. Following small iontophoretic injections of HRP that were restricted to this area, labeled SCt neurons were found in the ipsilateral nucleus proprius at all levels of the spinal cord but were most numerous in the cervical enlargement. Lesion studies indicated that the overwhelming majority of SCt axons ascend to the LCn within the DLf. In an attempt to determine whether our injection techniques labeled a significant number of cells through axons of passage, HRP injections were made in the DLf ventral 
to the LCn. Such injections labeled, presumably through axons of passage, cells in several areas of the spinal cord gray matter, including a large number in the contralateral marginal zone. Injections in areas immediately rostral to the LCn labeled 20\% or less of the total number of cells within the enlargements that were labeled by injections into the LCn. Thus, the majority of cells labeled by injections of HRP into the LCn were labeled through preterminal fibers or terminals themselves. The cells of origin of the SCt in the rat are similar in location to those in the cat but far fewer in number.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Pain, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiopathology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {6505460},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Baker:1995,
  Title                    = {Arcuate nucleus neurons that project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: neuropeptidergic identity and consequences of adrenalectomy on mRNA levels in the rat.},
  Author                   = {R. A. Baker and M. Herkenham},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {518--530},
  Volume                   = {358},

  Abstract                 = {The possible role that the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus might play in mediating the increase in paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels following adrenalectomy was investigated in two series of experiments. In the first series in situ hybridization histochemistry was used to quantify levels of eight accurate nucleus neuropeptide and neurotransmitter mRNAs in neurons that potentially relay adrenal steroid feedback to the paraventricular nucleus. In the second series of experiments, arcuate neuropeptidergic projections to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus were characterized using retrograde tracing in combination with in situ hybridization histochemistry. Despite an increase in paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone (60\%) and pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels (sixfold), arcuate mRNA levels for proopiomelanocortin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, galanin, dynorphin, tyrosine hydroxylase, glutamate decarboxylase, and the 
glucocorticoid receptor were unchanged 14 days following adrenalectomy. Neuropeptidergic characterization of arcuatoparaventricular projections was achieved by injection of the retrograde tracer fluorogold into the paraventricular nucleus; retrogradely labeled neurons were characterized with polyclonal antisera against fluorogold in combination with oligonucleotide probes directed against neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, or somatostatin. Out of these three arcuate neuropeptide Y mRNA was contained in 18\% of the fluorogold-positive neurons in the arcuate, proopiomelanocortin mRNA was contained in 8\%, and somatostatin mRNA was contained in 6\%. Overall, the results from both experiments suggest that the arcuatoparaventricular neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, and somatostatin projections are not sensitive to a chronic (14 day) lack of adrenal steroids. These projections as well as the other arcuate neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems appear not to contribute to the persistent elevations in 
paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels or pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels found in 14 day adrenalectomized rats.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903580405},
  Institution              = {Section of Functional Neuroanatomy, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Adrenal Glands, physiology; Adrenalectomy; Animals; Arcuate Nucleus, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Corticosterone, physiology; Feedback; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Neurons, chemistry/physiology; Neuropeptides, analysis; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, physiology; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7593746},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903580405}
}

@Article{Baker:2006,
  author      = {Robert E Baker and Michael A Corner and Jaap van Pelt},
  title       = {Spontaneous neuronal discharge patterns in developing organotypic mega-co-cultures of neonatal rat cerebral cortex.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1101},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {29--35},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.028},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.028},
  abstract    = {Sagittal slices of neonatal rat neocortex, extending from the prefrontal to the occipital area, were cultured separately or in pairs, oriented in such a way that axons projecting from the ventricular surface of each explant could innervate the other one. Functional connections were made between as well as within the explants, and spontaneous field potentials and associated action potentials occurred in variable bursts, and with varying degrees of synchrony. Spike-train analysis revealed that the activity patterns seen in these 'mega' co-cultures closely mimic 'tracé alternant' patterns, consisting of trains of burst discharges recurring several times per minute, which are characteristic for the immature intact cerebral cortex during slow-wave sleep. The prefrontal region was consistently less active than the occipital area but the two were qualitatively similar with respect to their patterns of neuronal firing. Isolated mega-cultures, on the other hand, despite their large size, exhibited 
only intermittent brief bursts that closely resembled those observed both in occipital cortex tissue fragments and in dissociated cell cultures. The mega-co-culture preparation thus appears to give the best currently available approximation to intrinsic cerebral discharge patterns in vivo.},
  institution = {Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 33, 1105-AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Cholinergic Antagonists, pharmacology; Coculture Techniques, methods; Electrophysiology; Neurons, physiology; Organ Culture Techniques, methods; Rats; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(06)01406-5},
  pmid        = {16784729},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bakke:1985,
  author      = {Bakke, J. and Struble, C. and Gustafsson, J. A. and Gustafsson, B.},
  title       = {Catabolism of premercapturic acid pathway metabolites of naphthalene to naphthols and methylthio-containing metabolites in rats.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {82},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {668--671},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1073/pnas.82.3.668},
  abstract    = {[14C]Naphthalene was given orally to rats with cannulated bile ducts and to germ-free rats. Bile and urine from the cannulated rats and urine from the germ-free rats contained no radioactive 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-methylthionaphthalene and only trace amounts of radioactive naphthols or naphthol conjugates. Urine of control rats contained 4.6\% of the 14C dose as naphthols and/or naphthol glucuronides. Appreciable quantities of 1- and 2-naphthol (7-20\% of dose) and 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-methylthionaphthalene (1-35\% of dose) were in urine from rats dosed orally or intracecally with 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-S-cysteinylnaphthalene and 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-S-(N-acetyl)cysteinylnaphthalene. Apparently, in vivo, naphthols and methylthio-containing metabolites of naphthalene are formed during enterohepatic circulation of 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-S-cysteinylnaphthalene and 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-S-(N-acetyl)cysteinylnaphthalene in a process dependent upon intestinal microflora. A possible 
pathway for the formation of naphthols is aromatization of the precursor compounds by elimination of the appropriate substituent group from these metabolites. This discovery of the essential role of the intestinal microflora in the formation of naphthols from naphthalene indicates the existence of a novel pathway for hydroxylation of aromatic systems and challenges the current concept of the in vivo relevance of the in vitro production of naphthols from naphthalene 1,2-oxide.},
  journal     = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  keywords    = {Acetylcysteine, metabolism; Animals; Enterohepatic Circulation; Male; Models, Biological; Naphthalenes, metabolism; Naphthols, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3856220},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bakker:2012,
  author      = {Bakker, Rembrandt and Wachtler, Thomas and Diesmann, Markus},
  title       = {CoCoMac 2.0 and the future of tract-tracing databases.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  pages       = {30},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3389/fninf.2012.00030},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2012.00030},
  abstract    = {The CoCoMac database contains the results of several hundred published axonal tract-tracing studies in the macaque monkey brain. The combined results are used for constructing the macaque macro-connectome. Here we discuss the redevelopment of CoCoMac and compare it to six connectome-related projects: two online resources that provide full access to raw tracing data in rodents, a connectome viewer for advanced 3D graphics, a partial but highly detailed rat connectome, a brain data management system that generates custom connectivity matrices, and a software package that covers the complete pipeline from connectivity data to large-scale brain simulations. The second edition of CoCoMac features many enhancements over the original. For example, a search wizard is provided for full access to all tables and their nested dependencies. Connectivity matrices can be computed on demand in a user-selected nomenclature. A new data entry system is available as a preview, and is to become a generic 
solution for community-driven data entry in manually collated databases. We conclude with the question whether neuronal tracing will remain the gold standard to uncover the wiring of brains, thereby highlighting developments in human connectome construction, tracer substances, polarized light imaging, and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy.},
  institution = {artment Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Germany.},
  journal     = {Front Neuroinform},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {23293600},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2013},
}

@Article{Bakst:1986,
  author      = {I. Bakst and C. Avendano and J. H. Morrison and D. G. Amaral},
  title       = {An experimental analysis of the origins of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus of the rat.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {1452--1462},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/6/5/1452.long},
  abstract    = {In previous studies, fibers demonstrating somatostatin-like immunoreactivity were observed in the outer half of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in the rat and monkey. They occupy the same region as those of the perforant pathway that originates in the entorhinal cortex. Numerous somatostatin immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were also observed in the hilar region, though stained axonal profiles could not be followed from these cells into the molecular layer. In the present study, several experimental procedures were employed to determine the origin of the somatostatin-positive fibers in the molecular layer. Transection of the perforant path fibers resulted in such characteristic changes as shrinkage of the molecular layer and sprouting of AChE-positive fibers. There was no apparent decrease, however, in the density of somatostatin-positive fibers. In fact, since the stained fibers occupied a narrower band in the shrunken molecular layer, their density appeared greater. Injections 
of kainic acid into the hilar region produced a lesion of hilar neurons, including those positive for somatostatin. In the region of cell loss, there was a marked reduction of somatostatin-immunoreactive fibers in the ipsilateral molecular layer, with no detectable changes in the homotopic contralateral molecular layer. The distribution of AChE fibers, which presumably have an extrinsic origin, was not altered by the treatment. In a final series of experiments, the retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into the hilar region and sections were prepared for the simultaneous demonstration of the tracer and of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. Somatostatin-positive neurons demonstrating WGA-HRP reaction product were observed primarily in the ipsilateral hilar region, but a few double-labeled cells were also seen in the same area of the contralateral side. These studies indicate that a population of intrinsic neurons located in the polymorphic layer of the dentate 
gyrus projects to the outer half of the ipsilateral molecular layer. A similar, but very much smaller, projection also extends to the contralateral dentate gyrus. Taken together, these projections appear to account for much of the somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Female; Hippocampus, immunology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunochemistry; Kainic Acid, pharmacology; Lectins, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Somatostatin, immunology; Tissue Distribution; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2872280},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Baks-TeBulte:2005,
  author      = {{Baks-Te Bulte}, L. and Wouterlood, F. G. and Vinkenoog, M. and Witter, M. P.},
  title       = {Entorhinal projections terminate onto principal neurons and interneurons in the subiculum: a quantitative electron microscopical analysis in the rat.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {136},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {729--739},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.001},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.001},
  abstract    = {The synaptic organization of projections to the subiculum from superficial layers of the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex was analyzed in the rat, using anterograde neuroanatomical tracing followed by electron microscopical quantification. Our aim was to assess the synaptic organization and whether the two projection components (lateral, medial) within the perforant pathway are qualitatively and quantitatively similar with respect to the types of synapses formed and with respect to the postsynaptic targets of these entorhinal projections. The tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex, respectively, and resulting anterograde labeling in the subiculum was studied. For each of the two projection components, we analyzed in four animals (2 x 2) a total of 100 synapses/animal with respect to features of the synapse type, i.e. asymmetrical or symmetrical, as well as regarding their postsynaptic target, i.e. dendritic shaft or spine. No 
clear differences were observed between the two pathways. The majority of the synapses were of the asymmetrical type, making contact with spines (78\%) or with dendritic shafts (14\%). A low percentage of symmetrical synapses targeted dendritic shafts (4.2\%) or spines (1.3\%). About 2.5\% of the synapses remained undetermined. The findings indicate that the majority of entorhinal fibers reaching the subiculum exert an excitatory influence primarily onto principal neurons, with a much smaller feed forward inhibitory component. Only a small percentage of entorhinal fibers in the subiculum appears to be inhibitory, largely influencing interneurons.},
  institution = {Graduate School of Neurosciences Amsterdam, Research Institute Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, MF-G-102C, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Cell Count, methods; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Dextrans, metabolism; Entorhinal Cortex, cytology; Female; Hippocampus, cytology; Interneurons, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synapses, classification/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(05)00287-3},
  pmid        = {16344147},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Balaban:2004,
  author      = {Balaban, Carey D.},
  title       = {Projections from the parabrachial nucleus to the vestibular nuclei: potential substrates for autonomic and limbic influences on vestibular responses.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {996},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {126--137},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.brainres.2003.10.026},
  abstract    = {Previous anatomical studies in rabbits and rats have shown that the superior vestibular nucleus (SVN), medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and inferior vestibular nucleus (IVN) project to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and Kölliker-Fuse (KF) nucleus. Adult male albino rabbits and Long-Evans rats received iontophoretic injections of biotinylated dextran amine, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, Fluoro-Gold or tetramethylrhodamine dextran amine into either the vestibular nuclei or the PBN and KF nuclei. The results were similar in both rats and rabbits. Injections of retrograde tracers into the vestibular nuclei produced retrogradely labeled neurons bilaterally in caudal third of the medial, external medial, and external lateral PBN in both species, with more variable labeling in KF. Rats also had consistent bilateral (predominantly contralateral) labeling in the ventrolateral PBN. The most prominent labeling was produced from injections that included the SVN, with fewer labeled neurons observed 
from injections in the caudal MVN and the IVN. Anterograde transport of BDA from injections into the PBN and KF nuclei of rabbits revealed prominent projections to the SVN, dorsal aspect of the rostral MVN, caudal MVN, pars beta of the LVN and IVN. These connections appear to contain a component that is reciprocal to the vestibulo-parabrachial pathway and a non-reciprocal component to regions connected with the vestibulocerebellum and vestibulo-motor reflex pathways. These connections support the concept that a synthesis of autonomic, vestibular and limbic information is an integral property of pathways related to balance control in both the brain stem and forebrain. It is suggested that these projections may contribute broadly to both performance tradeoffs in vestibular-related pathways during variations in the behavioral context and affective state and the close association between anxiety and balance function.},
  institution = {Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurobiology, Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. cbalaban@pitt.edu},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Autonomic Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Brain Mapping; Dextrans, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Functional Laterality; Iontophoresis, methods; Male; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Species Specificity; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Vestibular Nuclei, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006899303039106},
  pmid        = {14670639},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Balaban:1994,
  author      = {Balaban, C. D. and Beryozkin, G.},
  title       = {Vestibular nucleus projections to nucleus tractus solitarius and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve: potential substrates for vestibulo-autonomic interactions.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {98},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {200--212},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00228409},
  abstract    = {Autonomic effects of vestibular stimulation are important components of phenomena as diverse as acute vestibular dysfunction and motion sickness. However, the organization of neural circuits mediating these responses is poorly understood. This study presents evidence for direct vestibular nucleus projections to brain stem regions that mediate autonomic function. One group of albino rabbits received injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the vestibular nuclei. The tracer was visualized immunocytochemically with standard techniques. Anterogradely labeled axons from the caudal medial vestibular nucleus (cMVN) and inferior vestibular nucleus (IVN) could be traced bilaterally to nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Fewer axons ended near the somata of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMX). A second group of rabbits received pressure or iontophoretic injections of cholera toxin B-HRP or Fluoro-Gold into a region including NTS and DMX. Retrogradely labeled neurons 
were observed bilaterally in the caudal half of cMVN and ipsilaterally in IVN. The labeled somata were small and they tended to occupy the center of cMVN in transverse sections. These previously unreported vestibular nucleus projections to NTS and DMX are a potential substrate for vestibular influences on autonomic function. In particular, they may contribute to both cardiovascular control during head movements (e.g., orthostatic reflexes) and autonomic manifestions of vestibular dysfunction, motion sickness and exposure to altered gravitational environments.},
  institution = {Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Eye and Ear Institute, PA 15213.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, physiology; Autonomic Pathways, physiology; Axons, physiology; Cholera Toxin; Fluorescent Dyes; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Phytohemagglutinins; Rabbits; Solitary Nucleus, physiology; Stilbamidines; Vagus Nerve, physiology; Vestibular Nuclei, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8050507},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Balaban:2014,
  author      = {Balaban, Carey D. and Ogburn, Sarah W. and Warshafsky, Susan G. and Ahmed, Abdul and Yates, Bill J.},
  title       = {Identification of neural networks that contribute to motion sickness through principal components analysis of fos labeling induced by galvanic vestibular stimulation.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {9},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {e86730},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1371/journal.pone.0086730},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086730},
  abstract    = {Motion sickness is a complex condition that includes both overt signs (e.g., vomiting) and more covert symptoms (e.g., anxiety and foreboding). The neural pathways that mediate these signs and symptoms are yet to identified. This study mapped the distribution of c-fos protein (Fos)-like immunoreactivity elicited during a galvanic vestibular stimulation paradigm that is known to induce motion sickness in felines. A principal components analysis was used to identify networks of neurons activated during this stimulus paradigm from functional correlations between Fos labeling in different nuclei. This analysis identified five principal components (neural networks) that accounted for greater than 95\% of the variance in Fos labeling. Two of the components were correlated with the severity of motion sickness symptoms, and likely participated in generating the overt signs of the condition. One of these networks included neurons in locus coeruleus, medial, inferior and lateral vestibular nuclei, 
lateral nucleus tractus solitarius, medial parabrachial nucleus and periaqueductal gray. The second included neurons in the superior vestibular nucleus, precerebellar nuclei, periaqueductal gray, and parabrachial nuclei, with weaker associations of raphe nuclei. Three additional components (networks) were also identified that were not correlated with the severity of motion sickness symptoms. These networks likely mediated the covert aspects of motion sickness, such as affective components. The identification of five statistically independent component networks associated with the development of motion sickness provides an opportunity to consider, in network activation dimensions, the complex progression of signs and symptoms that are precipitated in provocative environments. Similar methodology can be used to parse the neural networks that mediate other complex responses to environmental stimuli.},
  institution = {Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America ; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.},
  journal     = {PLoS One},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {PONE-D-13-25187},
  pmid        = {24466215},
  timestamp   = {17.06.2014},
}

@Article{Balaban:2000,
  author      = {Balaban, C. D. and Schuerger, R. J. and Porter, J. D.},
  title       = {Zonal organization of flocculo-vestibular connections in rats.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {99},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {669--682},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00232-3},
  abstract    = {Anatomical and electrophysiological evidence has contributed to the hypothesis that microzones in the mammalian flocculus are organized to reflect control of eye movements in the planes of semicircular canals. Adult male Long-Evans rats received iontophoretic injections of FluoroGold and/or tetramethylrhodamine dextran amine (10,000 molecular weight, "FluoroRuby") into the vestibular nuclei. The distribution of retrogradely labeled Purkinje cells revealed that efferent projections from the dorsal surface of the flocculus and the ventral paraflocculus to the superior vestibular nucleus, rostral medial vestibular nucleus, ventral lateral vestibular nucleus, and caudal aspect of the vestibular nuclear complex (caudal medial vestibular nucleus, inferior vestibular nucleus and nucleus prepositus hypoglossi) tended to correspond to previously identified climbing fiber zones [Ruigrok et al. (1992) J. comp. Neurol. 316, 129-150] in a manner consistent with other mammals. However, vestibular nucleus 
projections from the ventral surface of the flocculus did not appear to respect climbing fiber zonal boundaries. Rather, climbing fiber zones each contained interdigitated groups of Purkinje cells that project to different vestibular nuclear regions. It is suggested that this pattern of flocculus efferent organization is a specialization for controlling the activity of primary and accessory extraocular muscle pairs to confine vestibulo-ocular reflexes within semicircular canal planes when the "center of regard" is located at different eccentricities.},
  institution = {Ear Institute, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. cbalaban@pitt.edu},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, cytology; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Neural Pathways; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular, physiology; Rhodamines; Stilbamidines; Vestibular Nuclei, cytology; Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(00)00232-3},
  pmid        = {10974430},
  timestamp   = {25.06.2013},
}

@Article{Balaratnasingam:2007,
  author      = {Balaratnasingam, Chandrakumar and Morgan, William H. and Bass, Louise and Matich, Graeme and Cringle, Stephen J. and Yu, Dao-Yi},
  title       = {Axonal transport and cytoskeletal changes in the laminar regions after elevated intraocular pressure.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {48},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {3632--3644},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1167/iovs.06-1002},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.06-1002},
  abstract    = {To investigate the axonal cytoskeleton changes occurring in the prelaminar region, lamina cribrosa, and postlaminar region of the porcine optic nerve after an acute increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) and whether this corresponds with axonal transport abnormalities.Six white Landrace pigs were used. The left eye IOP was elevated to 40 to 45 mm Hg for 6 hours, and the right eye IOP was maintained between 10 and 15 mm Hg. Rhodamine-beta-isothiocyanate (RITC) was injected into the vitreous of each eye at the beginning of the experiment, to study axonal transport. After euthanasia, optic nerves were removed and prepared for axonal transport and cytoskeleton studies. Antibodies to phosphorylated neurofilament heavy (NFHp), phosphorylation-independent neurofilament heavy (NFH), neurofilament light (NFL), neurofilament medium (NFM), microtubule, and microtubule-associated protein (MAP) were used to study the axonal cytoskeleton. Montages of confocal microscopy images were quantitatively analyzed 
to investigate simultaneous changes in optic nerve axonal transport and cytoskeletal proteins in the high-IOP and control eyes.Axonal transport of RITC was reduced in the prelaminar, lamina cribrosa, and proximal 400 mum of the postlaminar optic nerve regions in the high-IOP eye. NFHp, NFM, and NFH were significantly reduced in the prelaminar, lamina cribrosa, and proximal postlaminar regions in the high-IOP eye. No differences in NFL, MAP, and tubulin staining were detected.Elevated IOP induced both axonal transport and cytoskeleton changes in the optic nerve head. Changes to the cytoskeleton may contribute to the axonal transport abnormalities that occur in elevated IOP.},
  institution = {Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.},
  journal     = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Blood Pressure; Cytoskeleton, metabolism/pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Glaucoma, metabolism/pathology; Intraocular Pressure, physiology; Microtubule-Associated Proteins, metabolism; Models, Biological; Neurofilament Proteins, metabolism; Optic Disk, metabolism/pathology; Oxygen, blood; Phosphorylation; Reproducibility of Results; Staining and Labeling; Sus scrofa; Tubulin, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {48/8/3632},
  pmid        = {17652733},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Balcita-Pedicino:2011,
  Title                    = {The inhibitory influence of the lateral habenula on midbrain dopamine cells: ultrastructural evidence for indirect mediation via the rostromedial mesopontine tegmental nucleus.},
  Author                   = {Judith Joyce Balcita-Pedicino and Natalia Omelchenko and Roland Bell and Susan R Sesack},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1143--1164},
  Volume                   = {519},

  Abstract                 = {The lateral habenula (LHb) provides an important source of negative reinforcement signals to midbrain dopamine (DA) cells in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA). This profound and consistent inhibitory influence involves a disynaptic connection from glutamate neurons in the LHb to some population of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) cells that, in turn, innervates DA neurons. Previous studies demonstrated that the GABA cells intrinsic to the VTA receive insufficient synaptic input from the LHb to serve as the primary source of this intermediate connection. In this investigation, we sought ultrastructural evidence supporting the hypothesis that a newly identified region of the brainstem, the rostromedial mesopontine tegmental nucleus (RMTg), is a more likely candidate for inhibiting midbrain DA cells in response to LHb activation. Electron microscopic examination of rat brain sections containing dual immunoreactivity for an anterograde tracing agent and a phenotypic 
marker revealed that: 1) more than 55\% of the synapses formed by LHb axons in the RMTg were onto GABA-labeled dendrites; 2) more than 80\% of the synapses formed by RMTg axons in the VTA contacted dendrites immunoreactive for the DA synthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase; and 3) nearly all RMTg axons formed symmetric synapses and contained postembedding immunoreactivity for GABA. These findings indicate that the newly identified RMTg region is an intermediate structure in a disynaptic pathway that connects the LHb to VTA DA neurons. The results have important implications for understanding mental disorders characterized by a dysregulation of reward circuitry involving LHb and DA cell populations.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.22561},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Dopamine, metabolism; Habenula, metabolism/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mesencephalon, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tegmentum Mesencephali, metabolism/ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {21344406},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22561}
}

@Article{Balcita-Pedicino:2007,
  Title                    = {Noradrenergic axon terminals contact gastric preautonomic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats.},
  Author                   = {Balcita-Pedicino, J. J. and Rinaman, L.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {608--618},
  Volume                   = {501},

  Abstract                 = {Hypothalamic neural activity is modulated by viscerosensory signals that are carried in large part by noradrenergic (NA) inputs to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). The present study examined the ultrastructural relationship of NA axon varicosities with the somata and dendrites of identified gastric preautonomic PVN neurons in adult male rats. NA varicosities were visualized by immunoperoxidase labeling of dopamine beta hydroxylase (DbH), and gastric preautonomic PVN neurons were identified by immunogold labeling of pseudorabies virus (PRV) transported retrogradely and transneuronally from injection sites in the stomach wall. Among 1,136 DbH-positive varicosities identified within the parvocellular PVN in four rats, approximately 36\% formed either a close apposition or a synaptic contact with a somatic or dendritic profile. The majority of identified contacts between DbH- and PRV-positive profiles were classified as close appositions that lacked clear 
synaptic specializations. Approximately 65\% of identified synaptic contacts between DbH- and PRV-positive profiles were classified as symmetric (Gray's type II) synapses. DbH-positive terminals formed close appositions and synaptic contacts with dendritic and somatic compartments of PRV-positive neurons, although dendrites were contacted nearly five times more often than somata. These findings invite continued work to delineate the functional role of NA signaling pathways in conveying interoceptive signals to preautonomic PVN neurons under normal and pathophysiological conditions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.21267},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stomach, innervation},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {17278138},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21267}
}

@Article{Baldi:2000,
  author      = {A. Baldi and E. Calia and A. Ciampini and M. Riccio and A. Vetuschi and A. M. Persico and F. Keller},
  title       = {Deafferentation-induced apoptosis of neurons in thalamic somatosensory nuclei of the newborn rat: critical period and rescue from cell death by peripherally applied neurotrophins.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {12},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {2281--2290},
  note        = {Descibes induced apoptosis in thalamic nuclei of newborn rats.},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00119.x},
  abstract    = {This study shows that unilateral transection of the infraorbital nerve (ION) in newborn (P0) rats induces apoptosis in the contralateral ventrobasal thalamic (VB) complex, as evidenced by terminal transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL) and electron miscroscopy. Double-labelling experiments using retrograde transport of labelled microspheres injected into the barrel cortex, followed by TUNEL staining, show that TUNEL-positive cells are thalamocortical neurons. The number of TUNEL-positive cells had begun to increase by 24 h postlesion, increased further 48 h after nerve section, and decreased to control levels after 120 h. Lesion-induced apoptosis in the VB complex is less pronounced if ION section is performed at P4, and disappears if the lesion is performed at P7. This time course closely matches the critical period of lesion-induced plasticity in the barrel cortex. Nerve growth factor (NGF) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), applied on 
the ION stump alone or in combination, are able to partially rescue thalamic neurons from apoptosis. Total cell counts in the VB complex of P7 animals that underwent ION section at P0 confirm the rescuing effect of BDNF and NGF. Blockade of axonal transport in the ION mimics the effect of ION section. These data suggest that survival-promoting signals from the periphery, maybe neurotrophins, are required for the survival of higher-order neurons in the somatosensory system during the period of fine-tuning of neuronal connections. We also propose that anterograde transneuronal degeneration in the neonatal rat trigeminal system may represent a new animal model for studying the pathways of programmed cell death in vivo.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Libera Università 'Campus Bio-Medico', Rome, Italy.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic, pharmacology; Apoptosis, drug effects/physiology; Axonal Transport, drug effects; Axotomy; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, pharmacology; Cell Count; Cell Nucleus, ultrastructure; Chromatin, ultrastructure; Critical Period (Psychology); In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Maxillary Nerve, cytology/physiology; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Growth Factor, pharmacology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology; Vinblastine, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {ejn119},
  pmid        = {10947807},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Baldi:2007,
  author      = {Baldi, Elisabetta and Mariottini, Chiara and Bucherelli, Corrado},
  title       = {The role of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis in fear conditioning consolidation in the rat.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {14},
  number      = {12},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {855--860},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1101/lm.675907},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.675907},
  abstract    = {The nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) is known to be involved in the memorization of several conditioned responses. To investigate the role of the NBM in fear conditioning memorization, this neural site was subjected to fully reversible tetrodotoxin (TTX) inactivation during consolidation in adult male Wistar rats that had undergone fear training to acoustic conditioned stimulus (CS) and context. TTX was stereotaxically administered to different groups of rats at increasing intervals after the acquisition session. Memory was assessed as the conditioned freezing duration measured during retention testing, always performed 72 and 96 h after TTX administration. In this way, there was no interference with normal NBM function during either acquisition or retrieval phases, allowing any amnesic effect to be due only to consolidation disruption. The results show that for contextual fear response memory consolidation, NBM functional integrity is necessary up to 24 h post-acquisition. On the other 
hand, NBM functional integrity was shown to be necessary for memory consolidation of the acoustic CS fear response only immediately after acquisition and not 24-h post-acquisition. The present findings help to elucidate the role of the NBM in memory consolidation and better define the neural circuits involved in fear memories.},
  institution = {Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 63, I-50134, Florence, Italy.},
  journal     = {Learn Mem},
  keywords    = {Acoustic Stimulation; Anesthetics, Local, pharmacology; Animals; Basal Nucleus of Meynert, drug effects/physiology; Conditioning (Psychology), drug effects/physiology; Fear, physiology; Male; Memory, drug effects/physiology; Microinjections; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Startle Reaction, drug effects/physiology; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {14/12/855},
  pmid        = {18086829},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Baldissera:1971,
  author      = {Baldissera, F. and Bruggencate, G. T. and Lundberg, A.},
  title       = {Rubrospinal monosynaptic connexion with last-order interneurones of polysynaptic reflex paths.},
  year        = {1971},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {27},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {390--392},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(71)90268-x},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cats; Conditioning (Psychology); Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Interneurons, physiology; Motor Neurons, physiology; Peripheral Nerves, physiology; Red Nucleus, physiology; Reflex; Reflex, Monosynaptic; Spinal Cord, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pmid        = {5552181},
  timestamp   = {14.06.2012},
}

@Article{Balercia:1992,
  author      = {G. Balercia and M. Bentivoglio and L. Kruger},
  title       = {Fine structural organization of the ependymal region of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat thalamus and its relation with projection neurons.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {21},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {105--119},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf01189009},
  abstract    = {The ependymal lining of the diencephalic third ventricle is known to exhibit significant variation in zonal architecture and the relations of neurites to the ventricular surface in different regions remains obscure. The present study explores the fine structural organization of the ependymal region of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus. Methodology was developed for tracing neurites of cells retrogradely labelled with horseradish peroxidase based on our recent observation that paraventricular neurons projecting to the amygdaloid complex cluster near the ventricle and emit numerous dendrites extending toward the ependymal surface. A relatively uniform population of cuboidal 'pale' ependymocytes dominates the ventricular lining of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus, although a few 'dark' ependymocytes are interspersed. The subependymal region displays a variety of glial elements. Dendrites of thalamic paraventricular projection neurons terminate in proximity to the ependymal layer from 
which they are generally separated by thin cytoplasmic processes of putative astrocytes, and few indent the basal portion of ependymal cells. Thin 'terminal' (i.e., serially traced) horseradish peroxidase-labelled dendrites filled with lipid and lysosome-like dense bodies were often enveloped by astrocyte membrane whorls. This feature may constitute a reactive glial response in horseradish peroxidase-labelled dendritic terminals. A distinctive arrangement of tortuous astrocyte leaflets was insinuated between the basal portion of ependymocytes in a zone exhibiting numerous caveolae, apparently isolating neurites from direct contact with the cerebrospinal fluid. These findings indicate that the ependymal region of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus is not characterized by those features of the basal third ventricle suspected to confer neuroendocrine interaction between neurons and cerebrospinal fluid. The structural arrangement between ependymocytes and thalamic paraventricular projection cells indicate a 
specialized relation of these neurons with the ependymal interface, but apparently not directly with the overlying cerebrospinal fluid.},
  institution = {e, University of Verona, Italy.},
  journal     = {J Neurocytol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Ventricles, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Ependyma, ultrastructure; Fluorescent Dyes; Microscopy, Electron; Neuroglia, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, ultrastructure; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pmid        = {1560248},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Balfour:2006,
  Title                    = {Potential contributions of efferents from medial prefrontal cortex to neural activation following sexual behavior in the male rat.},
  Author                   = {M. E. Balfour and J. L. Brown and L. Yu and L. M. Coolen},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1259--1276},
  Volume                   = {137},

  Abstract                 = {The limbic system plays an important role in the regulation of sexual motivation and reward. At the core of this system is an interconnected mesocorticolimbic circuit, comprised of the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex. Previously, our laboratory showed that sexual behavior causes neural activation in the ventral tegmental area of male rats. The main goal of this study is to identify afferent inputs to ventral tegmental area neurons that may contribute to their activation during sexual behavior. Hence, the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine was injected into subregions of the rat medial prefrontal cortex, which is known to project to the ventral tegmental area. Visualization of biotinylated dextran amine-labeled axons was combined with immunostaining for sex-induced Fos expression. Quantitative analysis showed that the majority of sex-activated ventral tegmental area neurons receive putative contacts from the infralimbic and 
prelimbic--but not the anterior cingulate--subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex. Thus, inputs from infralimbic area and prelimbic are in an anatomical position to provide a major source of input during sexual behavior. A second goal of this study was to determine if the medial prefrontal cortex projects to sex-activated neurons in other brain regions important for sexual behavior and motivation. Infralimbic area and prelimbic area sent projections to nucleus accumbens, medial preoptic area, principal nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, basolateral amygdala, and parvocellular subparafasicular thalamic nucleus. Thus, the infralimbic and prelimbic subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex may also influence sexual behavior and motivation via brain regions other than the ventral tegmental area.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.013},
  Institution              = {Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, 3125 Eden Avenue, ML-521, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain Mapping; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Models, Animal; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(05)01281-9},
  Pmid                     = {16388908},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.013}
}

@Article{Balin:1986,
  author      = {B. J. Balin and R. D. Broadwell and M. Salcman and M. el-Kalliny},
  title       = {Avenues for entry of peripherally administered protein to the central nervous system in mouse, rat, and squirrel monkey.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {251},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {260--280},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat. Uncleat sources and target definitions.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902510209},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902510209},
  abstract    = {Pathways traversed by peripherally administered protein tracers for entry to the mammalian brain were investigated by light and electron microscopy. Native horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) conjugated to peroxidase were administered intranasally, intravenously, or intraventricularly to mice; native HRP was delivered intranasally or intravenously to rats and squirrel monkeys. Unlike WGA-HRP, native HRP administered intranasally passed freely through intercellular junctions of the olfactory epithelia to reach the olfactory bulbs of the CNS extracellularly within 45-90 minutes in all species. The olfactory epithelium labeled with intravenously delivered HRP, which readily escaped vasculature supplying this epithelium. Blood-borne peroxidase also exited fenestrated vessels of the dura mater and circumventricular organs. This HRP in the mouse, but not in the other species, passed from the dura mater through patent intercellular junctions within the arachnoid mater; in 
time, peroxidase reaction product in the mouse brain was associated with the pial surface, the Virchow-Robin spaces of vessels penetrating the pial surface, perivascular clefts, and with phagocytic pericytes located on the abluminal surface of superficial and deep cerebral microvasculature. Blood-borne HRP was endocytosed avidly at the luminal face of the cerebral endothelium in all species. WGA-HRP and native HRP delivered intraventricularly to the mouse were not endocytosed appreciably at the abluminal surface of the endothelium; hence, the endocytosis of protein and internalization of cell surface membrane within the cerebral endothelium are vectorial. The low to non-existent endocytic activity and internalization of membrane from the abluminal endothelial surface suggests that vesicular transport through the cerebral endothelium from blood to brain and from brain to blood does not occur. The extracellular pathways through which probe molecules enter the mammalian brain offer potential routes of passage 
for blood-borne and air-borne toxic, carcinogenic, infectious, and neurotoxic agents and addictive drugs, and for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to combat CNS infections and deficiency states. Methodological considerations are discussed for the interpretation of data derived from application of peroxidase to study the blood-brain barrier.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier, drug effects; Brain Mapping, methods; Drug Administration Routes; Endothelium, metabolism/ultrastructure; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Peroxidases, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Saimiri; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3782501},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Balkowiec:2000,
  author      = {Balkowiec, A. and Kunze, D. L. and Katz, D. M.},
  title       = {Brain-derived neurotrophic factor acutely inhibits AMPA-mediated currents in developing sensory relay neurons.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {20},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {1904--1911},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/5/1904.long},
  abstract    = {Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is expressed by many primary sensory neurons that no longer require neurotrophins for survival, indicating that BDNF may be used as a signaling molecule by the afferents themselves. Because many primary afferents also express glutamate, we investigated the possibility that BDNF modulates glutamatergic AMPA responses of newborn second-order sensory relay neurons. Perforated-patch, voltage-clamp recordings were made from dissociated neurons of the brainstem nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS), a region that receives massive primary afferent input from BDNF-containing neurons in the nodose and petrosal cranial sensory ganglia. Electrophysiological analysis was combined in some experiments with anterograde labeling of primary afferent terminals to specifically analyze responses of identified second-order neurons. Our data demonstrate that BDNF strongly inhibits AMPA-mediated currents in a large subset of nTS cells. Specifically, AMPA responses were either 
completely abolished or markedly inhibited by BDNF in 73\% of postnatal day (P0) cells and in 82\% of identified P5 second-order sensory relay neurons. This effect of BDNF is mimicked by NT-4, but not NGF, and blocked by the Trk tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a, consistent with a requirement for TrkB receptor activation. Moreover, analysis of TrkB expression in culture revealed a close correlation between the percentage of nTS neurons in which BDNF inhibits AMPA currents and the percentage of neurons that exhibit TrkB immunoreactivity. These data document a previously undefined mechanism of acute modulation of AMPA responses by BDNF and indicate that BDNF may regulate glutamatergic transmission at primary afferent synapses.},
  institution = {Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biological Transport, drug effects/physiology; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, pharmacology; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Microscopy, Confocal; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/metabolism; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA, physiology; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/growth /&/ development; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10684891},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Ballantyne:2000,
  author      = {Ballantyne, B. and Cawley, T. J.},
  title       = {Acute and repeated vapor exposure toxicology of 3-(methylthio)propionaldehyde.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {42},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {330--336},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Because of its vapor pressure (0.6 torr at 20 C) there is a potential for vapor exposure to 3-(methylthio)propionaldehyde (3-MTP) vapor. Liquid 3-MTP may contain trace amounts of acrolein (up to 0.1\%), and therefore acrolein vapor may also be present. Acute exposure (24 min to 4 h) of rats to substantially saturated atmospheres of 3-MTP generated statically (measured concentrations of 261-951 ppm) resulted in marked ocular and respiratory irritancy followed by death. Deaths occurred either during exposure or a few days postexposure, depending on exposure time. Measured acrolein vapor concentrations in these static studies were 16.7-216 ppm. In contrast, when substantially saturated vapor atmospheres were generated dynamically (277-320 ppm 3-MTP) only minor transient signs of irritancy were present, and only 1/40 exposed animals died. Acrolein vapor concentrations ranged 0-6.8 ppm. These findings indicate that the toxicity associated with acute static exposures to 3-MTP vapor was due to 
accumulated acrolein vapor, and that 3-MTP per se has a low order of acute vapor inhalation toxicity. In a first 9-d repeated vapor exposure study (6 h/d) rats were exposed to 0, 23.6, 96.8 or 246.2 ppm 3-MTP vapor; the mean acrolein concentration was 1.34 ppm (range 1.08-1.72 ppm). There were no mortalities, but exposure concentration-related indications of toxicity were present. These included reduced body weights, hematology (increased lymphocytes), serum chemistry (reduced total protein and globulin), and respiratory tract histopathology. The latter consisted mainly of squamous metaplasia in the anterior nasal passages at all concentrations, being minimal at 23.6 ppm. At the high concentration there was also olfactory atrophy and squamous metaplasia in the larynx, trachea, and larger bronchi; 23.6 ppm was a threshold effect level. The respiratory tract histopathology was compatible with exposure to acrolein vapor. In a second 9-d study, rats were exposed to 0, 0.47, 4.99 or 50.5 ppm (6 h/d); no acrolein 
could be detected in the chamber air samples. There were no differences between the controls (air alone) and 3-MTP exposed animals with respect to signs, body weights, food consumption, hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, and gross and microscopic pathology. Without detectable acrolein vapor, 50.5 ppm 3-MTP was a no observable effects level.},
  institution = {Applied Toxicology Group, Union Carbide Corporation, Danbury, Connecticut 06817-0001, USA.},
  journal     = {Vet Hum Toxicol},
  keywords    = {Acrolein, toxicity; Aldehydes, toxicity; Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Chromatography, Gas; Erythrocyte Count; Female; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins, analysis; Histocytochemistry; Inhalation Exposure, adverse effects; Leukocyte Count; Lung, pathology; Male; Prostaglandin Antagonists, toxicity; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Regression Analysis; Urinalysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11111937},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Ballantyne:1989,
  author      = {Ballantyne, B. and Dodd, D. E. and Pritts, I. M. and Nachreiner, D. J. and Fowler, E. H.},
  title       = {Acute vapour inhalation toxicity of acrolein and its influence as a trace contaminant in 2-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {229--235},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1177/096032718900800305},
  abstract    = {1. The LC50 values for acrolein (AC) vapour to Sprague-Dawley rats (combined sexes) were determined to be 26 ppm (1 h) and 8.3 ppm (4 h). Signs of severe irritancy were present, and death was due to lung injury. 2. Exposure of rats to a 2-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (MDP) saturated vapour atmosphere statistically generated from liquid MDP containing 0.037\% AC, caused severe irritancy and death from accumulation of AC vapour. Sparging the impure material with nitrogen gas before atmosphere generation significantly reduced or abolished lethal toxicity. 3. Dynamically generated MDP vapour atmosphere produced transient respiratory and ocular irritancy, but no mortalities. The intrinsic acute vapour inhalation toxicity of MDP is low. 4. The presence of highly volatile toxic impurities in a material may confer a significant acute inhalation toxicity and hazard under conditions of low air movement. Assessment of potential inhalation hazards from liquid mixtures may require investigation by static 
and dynamic methods for vapour generation.},
  institution = {Applied Toxicology Department, Union Carbide Corporation, Danbury, Connecticut 06817.},
  journal     = {Hum Toxicol},
  keywords    = {Acrolein, analysis/toxicity; Administration, Inhalation; Aldehydes, toxicity; Animals; Body Weight, drug effects; Female; Lethal Dose 50; Lung Diseases, chemically induced/pathology; Lung, pathology; Male; Pyrans, toxicity; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2744780},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Ballatori:1987,
  author      = {Ballatori, N. and Miles, E. and Clarkson, T. W.},
  title       = {Homeostatic control of manganese excretion in the neonatal rat.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {252},
  number      = {5 Pt 2},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {R842--R847},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/ajpregu/252/5/R842.full.pdf},
  abstract    = {Previous studies in neonatal and suckling animals showed that immature animals have a greatly diminished capacity to excrete manganese and therefore were considered to be unable to regulate tissue manganese concentrations. In contrast, the present studies indicate that suckling rats have the capacity to excrete excess manganese at rates nearly comparable to those of adults. Eight- to 10-day-old rats given a tracer dose of 54MnCl2 (essentially carrier free), either via gavage or by intraperitoneal injection showed little elimination of the 54Mn until the 18-19th day of life, when there was an abrupt increase in the rate of the metal's excretion. However, when manganese was given in doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg, the young animals excreted from 30-70\% of the dose in only 4 days, at which time a new rate of excretion was achieved. This enhanced rate of excretion remained constant until the 18-19th day of life, when it was again accelerated. Biliary excretion of manganese, the primary route for the 
elimination of the metal, was only 30-60\% lower in 14-day-old rats compared with adults at doses ranging from tracer to 10 mg 54Mn/kg. For both the 14-day-old and adult rats, an apparent biliary transport maximum was reached at a dose of 10 mg Mn/kg. These studies indicate that the excretory pathways for manganese are well developed in the neonatal rat. The avid retention of tracer quantities of manganese by the neonate may be a consequence of the scarcity of this essential trace metal in its diet.},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Administration, Oral; Animals; Animals, Newborn, growth /&/ development/urine; Animals, Suckling, growth /&/ development/urine; Chlorides; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Homeostasis; Male; Manganese Compounds; Manganese, metabolism/pharmacology/urine; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3578551},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Ballion:2001,
  author      = {Ballion, B. and Morin, D. and Viala, D.},
  title       = {Forelimb locomotor generators and quadrupedal locomotion in the neonatal rat.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {14},
  number      = {10},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1727--1738},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01794.x},
  abstract    = {The spinal localization of the forelimb locomotor generators and their interactions with other spinal segments were investigated on in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparations of new-born rats. Superfusion of the cervicothoracic cord (C1-T4) with high K+/low Mg2+ artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) evoked rhythmic motor root activity that was limited to low cervical (C7, C8) and high thoracic (T1) spinal levels. This activity consisted of synchronous, homolateral bursts and a typical alternating bilateral pattern. Rhythmic activity with similar locomotor-like characteristics could be induced with either serotonin (5-HT, 5 microm), N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA, 5 microm), kainate (10 microm) or a "cocktail" of 5-HT (5 microm) and NMDA (5 microm). During 5-HT/NMDA perfusion of the cervicothoracic cord, induced bursting was no longer restricted to C7-T1 levels, but also occurred at cervical C3-C5 levels and with C5-C8 homolateral alternation. Spinal transections between C6 and C7 cervical 
segments did not abolish rhythmic activity in C7-T1, but suppressed locomotor-like rhythmicity at C3-C5 levels. Reduced regions comprising the C7-C8 or C8-T1 segments maintained rhythmicity. Superfusion of the whole cord with 5-HT/NMDA induced ventral root bursting with similar frequencies at all recorded segments (cervical, thoracic and lumbar). After isolation, the T3-T10 cord was unable to sustain any rhythmic activity while cervical and lumbar segmental levels continued to burst, albeit at different frequencies. We also found that the faster caudal and the slower rostral locomotor generators interact to produce coordinated locomotor-like activity in all segments of the intact spinal cord. In conclusion, C7-T1 spinal levels display a strong motor rhythmogenic ability; with the lumbar generators, they contribute to coordinated rhythmic activity along the entire spinal cord of a quadrupedal locomoting mammal.},
  institution = {CNRS UMR 5816, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence cedex, France.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Stem, drug effects/growth /&/ development/physiology; Cervical Vertebrae; Efferent Pathways, drug effects/growth /&/ development/physiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, pharmacology; Forelimb, innervation/physiology; Locomotion, drug effects/physiology; Magnesium, pharmacology; Motor Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Nerve Net, drug effects/growth /&/ development/physiology; Periodicity; Potassium Deficiency, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin, pharmacology; Spinal Cord, drug effects/growth /&/ development/physiology; Spinal Nerve Roots, drug effects/physiology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {1794},
  pmid        = {11860467},
  timestamp   = {02.04.2013},
}

@Article{Ballsmider:2015,
  author      = {Ballsmider, L. A. and Vaughn, A. C. and David, M. and Hajnal, A. and {Di Lorenzo}, P. M. and Czaja, K.},
  title       = {Sleeve Gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Alter the Gut-Brain Communication.},
  year        = {2015},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {2015},
  pages       = {601985},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1155/2015/601985},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/601985},
  abstract    = {This study investigated the anatomical integrity of vagal innervation of the gastrointestinal tract following vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) operations. The retrograde tracer fast blue (FB) was injected into the stomach to label vagal neurons originating from nodose ganglion (NG) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). Microglia activation was determined by quantifying changes in the fluorescent staining of hindbrain sections against an ionizing calcium adapter binding molecule 1 (Iba1). Reorganization of vagal afferents in the hindbrain was studied by fluorescent staining against isolectin 4 (IB4). The density of Iba1- and IB4-immunoreactivity was analyzed using Nikon Elements software. There was no difference in the number of FB-labeled neurons located in NG and DMV between VSG and VSG-sham rats. RYGB, but not RYGB-sham rats, showed a dramatic reduction in number of FB-labeled neurons located in the NG and DMV. VSG increased, while the RYGB 
operation decreased, the density of vagal afferents in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). The RYGB operation, but not the VSG procedure, significantly activated microglia in the NTS and DMV. Results of this study show that the RYGB, but not the VSG procedure, triggers microglia activation in vagal structures and remodels gut-brain communication.},
  institution = {Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.},
  journal     = {Neural Plast},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {25722893},
  timestamp   = {10.03.2015},
}

@Article{Balthazart:2007,
  author      = {Balthazart, Jacques and Ball, Gregory F.},
  title       = {Topography in the preoptic region: differential regulation of appetitive and consummatory male sexual behaviors.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {28},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {161--178},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.05.003},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.05.003},
  abstract    = {Several studies have suggested dissociations between neural circuits underlying the expression of appetitive (e.g., courtship behavior) and consummatory components (i.e., copulatory behavior) of vertebrate male sexual behavior. The medial preoptic area (mPOA) clearly controls the expression of male copulation but, according to a number of experiments, is not necessarily implicated in the expression of appetitive sexual behavior. In rats for example, lesions to the mPOA eliminate male-typical copulatory behavior but have more subtle or no obvious effects on measures of sexual motivation. Rats with such lesions still pursue and attempt to mount females. They also acquire and perform learned instrumental responses to gain access to females. However, recent lesions studies and measures of the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos demonstrate that, in quail, sub-regions of the mPOA, in particular of its sexually dimorphic component the medial preoptic nucleus, can be specifically linked 
with either the expression of appetitive or consummatory sexual behavior. In particular more rostral regions can be linked to appetitive components while more caudal regions are involved in consummatory behavior. This functional sub-region variation is associated with neurochemical and hodological specializations (i.e., differences in chemical phenotype of the cells or in their connectivity), especially those related to the actions of androgens in relation to the activation of male sexual behavior, that are also present in rodents and other species. It could thus reflect general principles about POA organization and function in the vertebrate brain.},
  institution = {Center for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Research Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, University of Liège, 1 Avenue de 1'Hôpital (Bat. B36), B-4000 Liège 1, Belgium. jbalthazart@ulg.ac.be},
  journal     = {Front Neuroendocrinol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Appetite, physiology; Consummatory Behavior, physiology; Genes, fos; Humans; Male; Mice; Motivation; Nerve Net, physiology; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Quail; Rats; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Sexual Behavior, physiology; Testosterone, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0091-3022(07)00018-0},
  pmid        = {17624413},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Baluk:1993,
  author      = {Baluk, P. and Nadel, J. A. and McDonald, D. M.},
  title       = {Calcitonin gene-related peptide in secretory granules of serous cells in the rat tracheal epithelium.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {446--453},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1165/ajrcmb/8.4.446},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb/8.4.446},
  abstract    = {The tracheal epithelium of pathogen-free rats consists mainly of serous-type secretory cells, ciliated cells, basal cells, and a few neuroendocrine cells. Mucus-containing goblet cells are rare. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is known to exist in the neuroendocrine cells and in sensory nerves of the tracheal mucosa and is released into the airway lumen by sensory nerve stimulation. In this study, we determined whether epithelial serous cells are another source of CGRP. Tracheas of adult male specific pathogen-free F344 rats were immunostained by an avidin-biotin technique either as whole mounts or as cryostat sections using two different polyclonal primary antibodies to rat CGRP. Some specimens were stained for CGRP-like immunofluorescence and examined with a confocal microscope. CGRP immunoreactivity was present in granules of serous cells throughout the trachea. In whole mounts, the stained cells were most abundant between the cartilaginous rings, especially in the rostral trachea, 
where they constituted 56\% of the epithelial cells in contact with the tracheal lumen. Serous cells were easily distinguished from neuroendocrine cells and nerve fibers with CGRP immunoreactivity. In evidence that the CGRP immunoreactivity was specific, the staining of serous cells was abolished by omitting the primary antibody and by absorption with 10 micrograms/ml CGRP. Antibodies to substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and tyrosine hydroxylase did not stain epithelial serous cells. An antibody to protein gene product 9.5 labeled neuroendocrine cells, but not serous cells. Injection of capsaicin (150 micrograms/kg intravenously), a substance known to degranulate epithelial serous cells, reduced the staining of the serous cells for CGRP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0130.},
  journal     = {Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol},
  keywords    = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, analysis; Cell Degranulation; Cytoplasmic Granules, chemistry; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium, chemistry; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Substance P, analysis; Thiolester Hydrolases, analysis; Trachea, chemistry/cytology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7682823},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Ba-M'Hamed:1996,
  Title                    = {Corticospinal collaterals to medullary cardiovascular nuclei in the rat: an anterograde and a retrograde double-labeling study.},
  Author                   = {S. Ba-M'Hamed and J. C. Roy and M. Bennis and P. Poulain and H. Sequeira},
  Journal                  = {J Hirnforsch},
  Year                     = {1996},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {367--375},
  Volume                   = {37},

  Abstract                 = {There is little evidence allowing the hypothesis of the existence of direct pathways from the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) to main cardiovascular medullary nuclei: the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The purpose of this study was to identify in the rat direct SMC-NTS/DMV and-RVLM projections descending through the pyramidal tract (PT) and corticospinal neurones projecting to spinal somatic centers and sending collaterals to the NTS/DMV and the RVLM. The first group of animals (N = 15) received injections of anterograde tracers into the SMC: wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxydase (WGA-HRP) or rhodamine-conjugated dextran (DR). In the second group (n = 35), retrograde tracers were injected: fluorogold (FG) into the NTS/DMV or into the RVLM and DR into the lateral thoracic cord (Th2-Th4). Anterograde transport of WGA-HRP and DR allowed corticofugal fibers to be followed 
inside the PT ipsilaterally to the site of cortical injection and showed bilateral labeled projections to the NTS/DMV and RVLM. After retrograde transport, bilateral FG or DR labeled cells were distributed in the SMC, mainly in the medial (AGm) and lateral (AGl) agranular cortex. After spinal and bulbar injections, double-labeled cells were distributed in same cortical areas. After injections in RVLM, 49\% of labeled cells showed a double-labeling in the frontal cortex (rostral AGm and premotor cortex) while only 24\% were observed in the posterior SMC (caudal AGl). On the contrary, when injections were done in NTS/DMV, double-labeled neurons were respectively of 11\% in the frontal cortex and 4\% in the posterior SMC. In the present work it was shown that the SMC sent direct projections to bulbar cardiovascular nuclei by means of fibers descending through the PT and corticospinal collaterals. The hypothesis which may be drawn from this study is that cortical motor areas probably program cardiovascular 
adjustments, preparatory or concomitant to the control of striate muscles.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Institution              = {Laboratoire de Neurosciences du Comportement, Dpt. de Biologie, UCA-FS Semlalia, Marrakech, Maroc.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Cardiovascular System; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Histocytochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8872559},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Bamber:2001,
  author      = {Bamber, N. I. and Li, H. and Lu, X. and Oudega, M. and Aebischer, P. and Xu, X. M.},
  title       = {Neurotrophins BDNF and NT-3 promote axonal re-entry into the distal host spinal cord through Schwann cell-seeded mini-channels.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {13},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {257--268},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2001.01387.x},
  abstract    = {To promote axonal regeneration in the injured adult spinal cord, a two-phase repair strategy was employed to (i) bridge a spinal cord hemilesion cavity with a grafted Schwann cell (SC)-seeded mini-channel, and (ii) promote axonal re-entry into the distal cord by infusing two neurotrophins, BDNF and/or NT-3, directly into the distal cord parenchyma. Here we report that infusion of two neurotrophins, delivered alone or in combination, effectively promotes axonal outgrowth from SC-seeded mini-channels into the distal host spinal cord. When an anterogradely transported marker, PHA-L or BDA, was injected into the spinal cord 3 mm rostral to the graft, a large number of axons was observed to regenerate from the SC graft into the distal cord in neurotrophin-treated groups. A subpopulation of these axons was found to grow up to 6 mm within the distal spinal cord. These axons, which were confined mainly within the grey matter, arborized and formed structures which resemble terminal boutons. In 
channels containing no SCs, the infusion of neurotrophins did not promote axonal ingrowth from the proximal cord stump. In cases which received SC grafts but no neurotrophin infusion, axonal re-entry into the distal cord was limited. Thus, the present study demonstrates that regenerating axons not only cross a lesion site when a permissive cellular bridge is provided but also penetrate into the distal host spinal cord and elongate for a distance of several cord segments after the infusion of two neurotrophins. The latter event is prerequisite for establishment of appropriate connections between regenerating axons and target neurons and thus, functional recovery.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, St Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63104, USA.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, pharmacology; Female; Infusion Pumps, Implantable; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Regeneration, drug effects/physiology; Neurotrophin 3, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Schwann Cells, physiology/transplantation/ultrastructure; Spinal Cord Injuries, drug therapy/physiopathology/surgery},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {ejn1387},
  pmid        = {11168530},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Ban:2009,
  author      = {Ban, De-Xiang and Kong, Xiao-Hong and Feng, Shi-Qing and Ning, Guang-Zhi and Chen, Jia-Tong and Guo, Shi-Fu},
  title       = {Intraspinal cord graft of autologous activated Schwann cells efficiently promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery after rat's spinal cord injury.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1256},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {149--161},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.098},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.098},
  abstract    = {Basic research in spinal cord injury (SCI) has made great strides in recent years, and some new insights and strategies have been applied in promoting effective axonal regrowth and sprouting. However, a relatively safe and efficient transplantation technique remains undetermined. This study, therefore, was aimed to address a question of how to graft Schwann cells to achieve the best possible therapeutic effects. To clarify the issue, the rats were subjected to spinal cord injury at T10. Autologous activated Schwann cells (AASCs) were obtained by prior ligation of saphenous nerve and subsequently isolated and purified in vitro and then grafted into spinal cord-injured rats via three different routes (group I: intravenous, group II: intrathecal and group III: intraspinal cord). Neurologic function was serially evaluated by Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan locomotor rating scale and footprint analysis. We also evaluated the migration of the transplanted cells at 2 weeks after transplantation. Using 
biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) anterograde tracing, we demonstrated that more regenerative axons of corticospinal tract (CST) surrounding the injured cavity in group III than those in the other two groups, and we also confirmed it further by quantitative analysis. The microenvironment surrounding the injured spinal cord has been improved to the greatest extent in group III, as determined by immunohistological staining. Relatively complete myelin sheaths and more neurofilaments in axons were found in groups II and III than those in group I under electron microscopy. The results showed that intraspinal cord injection of AASCs promoted recovery of hindlimb locomotor function of injured rats more efficiently than the other grafting routes. In addition, intact myelin sheaths and sufficient neurofilaments in axons were not adequate for full functional recovery after SCI, suggesting that reestablishment of normal synaptic connection is indispensable. The findings in this study strongly suggest that 
transplantation of AASCs directly into the spinal cord may be one of the promising candidates for potential scaffold for injured spinal cord, and such strategy of transplantation of AASCs could be hopeful to treat patients with SCI.},
  institution = {Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Heping District Anshan Road 154, Tianjin 300052, PR China.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Cells, Cultured; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Motor Activity; Myelin Sheath, physiology/ultrastructure; Nerve Regeneration; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recovery of Function; Schwann Cells, transplantation; Spinal Cord Injuries, physiopathology/therapy},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(08)02894-1},
  pmid        = {19103176},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Banci:2010,
  author      = {Banci, Lucia and Bertini, Ivano and Ciofi-Baffoni, Simone and Kozyreva, Tatiana and Zovo, Kairit and Palumaa, Peep},
  title       = {Affinity gradients drive copper to cellular destinations.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {465},
  number      = {7298},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {645--648},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/nature09018},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09018},
  abstract    = {Copper is an essential trace element for eukaryotes and most prokaryotes. However, intracellular free copper must be strictly limited because of its toxic side effects. Complex systems for copper trafficking evolved to satisfy cellular requirements while minimizing toxicity. The factors driving the copper transfer between protein partners along cellular copper routes are, however, not fully rationalized. Until now, inconsistent, scattered and incomparable data on the copper-binding affinities of copper proteins have been reported. Here we determine, through a unified electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)-based strategy, in an environment that mimics the cellular redox milieu, the apparent Cu(I)-binding affinities for a representative set of intracellular copper proteins involved in enzymatic redox catalysis, in copper trafficking to and within various cellular compartments, and in copper storage. The resulting thermodynamic data show that copper is drawn to the enzymes that 
require it by passing from one copper protein site to another, exploiting gradients of increasing copper-binding affinity. This result complements the finding that fast copper-transfer pathways require metal-mediated protein-protein interactions and therefore protein-protein specific recognition. Together with Cu,Zn-SOD1, metallothioneins have the highest affinity for copper(I), and may play special roles in the regulation of cellular copper distribution; however, for kinetic reasons they cannot demetallate copper enzymes. Our study provides the thermodynamic basis for the kinetic processes that lead to the distribution of cellular copper.},
  institution = {Magnetic Resonance Center CERM and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.},
  journal     = {Nature},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biocatalysis; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Cations, Monovalent, metabolism; Copper, isolation /&/ purification/metabolism; Cyclooxygenase 2, chemistry/metabolism; Dithiothreitol, metabolism; Glutathione, metabolism; Humans; Intracellular Space, metabolism; Ion Transport; Kinetics; Ligands; Metallothionein, metabolism; Mitochondria, Liver; Oxidation-Reduction; Protein Binding; Rats; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Thermodynamics},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {nature09018},
  pmid        = {20463663},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bancila:2002,
  author      = {Bancila, M. and Giuliano, F. and Rampin, O. and Mailly, P. and Brisorgueil, M-J. and Calas, A. and Vergé, D.},
  title       = {Evidence for a direct projection from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to putative serotoninergic neurons of the nucleus paragigantocellularis involved in the control of erection in rats.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {1240--1248},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02184.x},
  abstract    = {In the male rat, serotoninergic neurons of the ventrolateral medulla send direct projections onto spinal preganglionic neurons that innervate the penis. The role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the control of penile erection is well recognized. Our aim was to demonstrate anatomical relation between paraventricular neurons and medullary serotoninergic neurons innervating the penis. In adult male rats, stereotaxic iontophoretic injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin were performed in the paraventricular nucleus. Neurons in the ventrolateral medulla were retrogradely labelled using transneuronal retrograde transport of pseudorabies virus injected in the corpus cavernosum. Sections of the ventro-lateral medulla were processed for double immunofluorescence to reveal both Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin and pseudorabies virus using specific antibodies. Sections were also processed for the simultaneous detection of pseudorabies virus and serotonin. Pseudorabies 
virus-infected neurons in the ventrolateral medulla were present in the nucleus paragigantocellularis, reticular formation of the medulla, raphe pallidus and raphe magnus. In the nucleus paragigantocellularis, all pseudorabies virus-infected-neurons were immunoreactive for serotonin. Some of them received Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin-labelled varicose fibres that ran along the soma of pseudorabies virus-infected neurons. Confocal microscopy suggested the presence of several close appositions between them, which were demonstrated using three-dimensional reconstruction of serial optical sections. Our results show that paraventricular neurons send direct projections in the nucleus paragigantocellularis onto neurons that innervate the penis. They suggest a possible role of the paraventricular nucleus in penile erection through the control of descending serotoninergic raphe-spinal neurons. The neurotransmitter used in this pathway remains to be determined.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires, CNRS UMR 7101, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Efferent Pathways; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Confocal; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Penile Erection, physiology; Penis, innervation/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin, metabolism; Staining and Labeling},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {2184},
  pmid        = {12405984},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bandle:1984,
  author      = {E. F. Bandle and G. Wendt and U. B. Ranalder and K. H. Trautmann},
  title       = {2-Pyrrolidinone and succinimide endogenously present in several mammalian species.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {35},
  number      = {22},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {2205--2212},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0024-3205(84)90461-2},
  abstract    = {2-Pyrrolidinone and succinimide were identified in blood plasma of man, rat, and mouse. Dog plasma contained only traces of 2-pyrrolidinone not exceeding significantly the detection limit of our GCMS-method. Succinimide but not 2-pyrrolidinone could also be found in the brains of rat and mouse. Evidence is presented for a metabolic pathway leading from 2-pyrrolidinone to succinimide, with 5-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinone as an intermediate.},
  journal     = {Life Sci},
  keywords    = {Adult; Animals; Biotransformation; Brain Chemistry; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dogs; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, methods; Humans; Mice; Pyrrolidinones, analysis/blood; Rats; Succinimides, analysis/blood},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6503611},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bandler:1981a,
  author      = {Bandler, R. and T{\"{o}}rk, I. and Cher, L.},
  title       = {Anatomical demonstration of the involvement of the substantia nigra in contraversive circling elicited by electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in the cat: a retrograde transport study using horseradish peroxidase subsequent to an electrolytic lesion.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {26},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {17--23},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(81)90419-5},
  abstract    = {A method is described for the anatomical identification of groups of neurones likely involved in the elaboration of component acts of a centrally elicited behaviour, when involvement of fibres of passage is suspected. The contraversive circling which accompanied the predatory attack of a cat upon a rat elicited electrical stimulation within the hypothalamic and ventral midbrain trajectory of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) was used as a model because of the established role played by the nigrostriatal dopamine system in the production of the circling. Following horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections, made after electrolytic lesion at such MFB sites, substantial numbers of labelled cells were found in the substantia nigra, pars compacta (SNC). In contrast, many fewer SNC neurones were labelled following:(1) HRP injections made after electrolytic lesion at MFB sites at which the elicited predatory behaviour was not accompanied by contraversive circling; and (2) HRP injections made without a 
prior lesion at MFB sites at which the elicited predatory behaviour was accompanied by contraversive circling.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Cats; Electric Stimulation; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, physiology; Medial Forebrain Bundle, physiology; Motor Activity, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Preoptic Area, physiology; Substantia Nigra, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304-3940(81)90419-5},
  pmid        = {6974837},
  timestamp   = {20.04.2016},
}

@Article{Bandler:1981,
  author      = {R. Bandler and I. Törk and L. Cher},
  title       = {Anatomical demonstration of the involvement of the substantia nigra in contraversive circling elicited by electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in the cat: a retrograde transport study using horseradish peroxidase subsequent to an electrolytic lesion.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {26},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {17--23},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(81)90419-5},
  abstract    = {A method is described for the anatomical identification of groups of neurones likely involved in the elaboration of component acts of a centrally elicited behaviour, when involvement of fibres of passage is suspected. The contraversive circling which accompanied the predatory attack of a cat upon a rat elicited electrical stimulation within the hypothalamic and ventral midbrain trajectory of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) was used as a model because of the established role played by the nigrostriatal dopamine system in the production of the circling. Following horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections, made after electrolytic lesion at such MFB sites, substantial numbers of labelled cells were found in the substantia nigra, pars compacta (SNC). In contrast, many fewer SNC neurones were labelled following:(1) HRP injections made after electrolytic lesion at MFB sites at which the elicited predatory behaviour was not accompanied by contraversive circling; and (2) HRP injections made without a 
prior lesion at MFB sites at which the elicited predatory behaviour was accompanied by contraversive circling.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Cats; Electric Stimulation; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Hypothalamus, physiology; Medial Forebrain Bundle, physiology; Motor Activity, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Preoptic Area, physiology; Substantia Nigra, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304-3940(81)90419-5},
  pmid        = {6974837},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Banerjee:2009,
  Title                    = {Altered expression of P2X3 in vagal and spinal afferents following esophagitis in rats.},
  Author                   = {Banerjee, Banani and Medda, Bidyut K. and Schmidt, Jamie and Zheng, Yue and Zhang, Zhihong and Shaker, Reza and Sengupta, Jyoti N.},
  Journal                  = {Histochem Cell Biol},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {585--597},
  Volume                   = {132},

  Abstract                 = {Purinergic P2X(3) receptors are predominantly expressed in small diameter primary afferent neurons and activation of these receptors by adenosine triphosphate is reported to play an important role in nociceptive signaling. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of P2X(3) receptors in spinal and vagal sensory neurons and esophageal tissues following esophagitis in rats. Two groups of rats were used including 7 days fundus-ligated (7D-ligated) esophagitis and sham-operated controls. Esophagitis was produced by ligating the fundus and partial obstruction of pylorus that initiated reflux of gastric contents. The sham-operated rats underwent midline incision without surgical manipulation of the stomach. Expressions of P2X(3) receptors in thoracic dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), nodose ganglia (NGs), and esophageal tissues were evaluated by RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Esophageal neurons were identified by retrograde transport of Fast Blue from the 
esophagus. There were no significant differences in P2X(3) mRNA expressions in DRGs (T1-T3) and NGs between 7D-ligated and sham-operated rats. However, there was an upregulation of P2X(3) mRNA in DRGs (T6-T12) and in the esophageal muscle. At protein level, P2X(3) exhibited significant upregulation both in DRGs and in NGs of rats having chronic esophagitis. Immunohistochemical analysis exhibited a significant increase in P2X(3) and TRPV1 co-expression in DRGs and NGs in 7D-ligated rats compared to sham-operated rats. The present findings suggest that chronic esophagitis results in upregulation of P2X(3) and its co-localization with TRPV1 receptor in vagal and spinal afferents. Changes in P2X(3) expression in vagal and spinal sensory neurons may contribute to esophageal hypersensitivity following acid reflux-induced esophagitis.},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/s00418-009-0639-4},
  Institution              = { Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. banerjee@mcw.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Esophagitis, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/metabolism; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Receptors, Purinergic P2, analysis/genetics; Receptors, Purinergic P2X3; Spinal Nerves, cytology/metabolism; TRPV Cation Channels, analysis/genetics; Up-Regulation; Vagus Nerve, cytology/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {19784665},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-009-0639-4}
}

@Article{Banerjee:2014,
  author      = {Banerjee, Priyam and Bandyopadhyay, Arun},
  title       = {Cytosolic dynamics of annexin A6 trigger feedback regulation of hypertrophy via atrial natriuretic peptide in cardiomyocytes.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {289},
  number      = {9},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {5371--5385},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1074/jbc.M113.514810},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.514810},
  abstract    = {Malfunctions in regulatory pathways that control cell size are prominent in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Here, we show annexin A6 (Anxa6) to be a crucial regulator of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-mediated counterhypertrophic responses in cardiomyocytes. Adrenergic stimulation of H9c2 cardiomyocytes by phenylephrine (PE) increased the cell size with enhanced expression of biochemical markers of hypertrophy, concomitant with elevated expression and subcellular redistribution of Anxa6. Stable cell lines with controlled increase in Anxa6 levels were protected against PE-induced adverse changes, whereas Anxa6 knockdown augmented the hypertrophic responses. Strikingly, Anxa6 knockdown also abrogated PE-induced juxtanuclear accumulation of secretory granules (SG) containing ANP propeptides (pro-ANP), a signature of maladaptive hypertrophy having counteractive functions. Mechanistically, PE treatment prompted a dynamic association of Anxa6 with pro-ANP-SG, parallel to their participation in 
anterograde traffic, in an isoform-specific fashion. Moreover, Anxa6 mutants that failed to associate with pro-ANP hindered ANP-mediated protection against hypertrophy, which was rescued, at least partially, by WT Anxa6. Additionally, elevated intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) stimulated Anxa6-pro-ANP colocalization and membrane association. It also rescued pro-ANP translocation in cells expressing an Anxa6 mutant (Anxa6(ΔC)). Furthermore, stable overexpression of Anxa6(T356D), a mutant with superior flexibility, provided enhanced protection against PE, compared with WT, presumably due to enhanced membrane-binding capacity. Together, the present study delivers a cooperative mechanism where Anxa6 potentiates ANP-dependent counterhypertrophic responses in cardiomyocytes by facilitating regulated traffic of pro-ANP.},
  institution = {From the Cell Biology and Physiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700 032, West Bengal, India.},
  journal     = {J Biol Chem},
  keywords    = {Animals; Annexin A6, genetics/metabolism; Atrial Natriuretic Factor, genetics/metabolism; Calcium, metabolism; Cardiomegaly, genetics/metabolism/pathology; Cell Line; Cytosol, metabolism/pathology; Mutation; Myocytes, Cardiac, metabolism/pathology; Protein Transport, genetics; Rats; Secretory Vesicles, genetics/metabolism/pathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {M113.514810},
  pmid        = {24403064},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Banerjee:2005,
  author      = {Sunayana B Banerjee and Rajeev Rajendran and Brian G Dias and Uma Ladiwala and Shubha Tole and Vidita A Vaidya},
  title       = {Recruitment of the Sonic hedgehog signalling cascade in electroconvulsive seizure-mediated regulation of adult rat hippocampal neurogenesis.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {22},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {1570--1580},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04317.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04317.x},
  abstract    = {Electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) induces structural remodelling in the adult mammalian brain, including an increase in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. The molecular mechanisms that underlie this increase in the proliferation of adult hippocampal progenitors are at present not well understood. We hypothesized that ECS may recruit the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway to mediate its effects on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, as Shh is known to enhance the proliferation of neuronal progenitors and is expressed in the adult basal forebrain, a region that sends robust projections to the hippocampus. Here we demonstrate that the ECS-induced increase in proliferation of adult hippocampal progenitors was completely blocked in animals treated with cyclopamine, a pharmacological inhibitor of Shh signalling. Our results suggest that both acute and chronic ECS enhance Shh signalling in the adult hippocampus, as we observed a robust upregulation of Patched (Ptc) mRNA, a component of the Shh receptor complex 
and a downstream transcriptional target of Shh signalling. This increase was rapid and restricted to the dentate gyrus, where the adult hippocampal progenitors reside. In addition, both acute and chronic ECS decreased Smoothened (Smo) mRNA, the other component of the Shh receptor complex, selectively within the dentate gyrus. However, ECS did not appear to influence Shh expression within the basal forebrain, the site from which it has been suggested to be anterogradely transported to the hippocampus. Together, our findings demonstrate that ECS regulates the Shh signalling cascade and indicate that the Shh pathway may be an important mechanism through which ECS enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis.},
  institution = {Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography, methods; Bromodeoxyuridine, metabolism; Cell Count, methods; Dizocilpine Maleate, pharmacology; Electroshock, adverse effects; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Gene Expression Regulation, radiation effects; Hedgehog Proteins; Hippocampus, cytology/drug effects/radiation effects; Immunohistochemistry, methods; In Situ Hybridization, methods; Male; Neurons, physiology/radiation effects; Organogenesis, drug effects/radiation effects; Quinoxalines, pharmacology; RNA, Messenger, drug effects/radiation effects; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Cell Surface, metabolism; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, metabolism; Seizures, etiology/metabolism; Signal Transduction, radiation effects; Stem Cells, radiation effects; Time Factors; Trans-Activators, genetics/metabolism/physiology; Veratrum Alkaloids, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {EJN4317},
  pmid        = {16197497},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Banfield:2003,
  author      = {Banfield, Bruce W. and Kaufman, Jessica D. and Randall, Jessica A. and Pickard, Gary E.},
  title       = {Development of pseudorabies virus strains expressing red fluorescent proteins: new tools for multisynaptic labeling applications.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {77},
  number      = {18},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {10106--10112},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1128/jvi.77.18.10106-10112.2003},
  abstract    = {The transsynaptic retrograde transport of the pseudorabies virus Bartha (PRV-Bartha) strain has become an important neuroanatomical tract-tracing technique. Recently, dual viral transneuronal labeling has been introduced by employing recombinant strains of PRV-Bartha engineered to express different reporter proteins. Dual viral transsynaptic tracing has the potential of becoming an extremely powerful method for defining connections of single neurons to multiple neural circuits in the brain. However, the present use of recombinant strains of PRV expressing different reporters that are driven by different promoters, inserted in different regions of the viral genome, and detected by different methods limits the potential of these recombinant virus strains as useful reagents. We previously constructed and characterized PRV152, a PRV-Bartha derivative that expresses the enhanced green fluorescent protein. The development of a strain isogenic to PRV152 and differing only in the fluorescent 
reporter would have great utility for dual transsynaptic tracing. In this report, we describe the construction, characterization, and application of strain PRV614, a PRV-Bartha derivative expressing a novel monomeric red fluorescent protein, mRFP1. In contrast to viruses expressing DsRed and DsRed2, PRV614 displayed robust fluorescence both in cell culture and in vivo following transsynaptic transport through autonomic circuits afferent to the eye. Transneuronal retrograde dual PRV labeling has the potential to be a powerful addition to the neuroanatomical tools for investigation of neuronal circuits; the use of strain PRV614 in combination with strain PRV152 will eliminate many of the pitfalls associated with the presently used pairs of PRV recombinants.},
  institution = {Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Campus Box B175, Denver, CO 80262, USA. bruce.banfield@uchsc.edu},
  journal     = {J Virol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Line; Ganglia, Spinal, virology; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Luminescent Proteins, metabolism; Rats; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, virology; Synapses, virology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12941921},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2013},
}

@Article{Bangasser:2005,
  author      = {Bangasser, Debra A. and Santollo, Jessica and Shors, Tracey J.},
  title       = {The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is critically involved in enhancing associative learning after stressful experience.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {119},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {1459--1466},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1037/0735-7044.119.6.1459},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.119.6.1459},
  abstract    = {Exposure to an acute stressful event enhances trace eyeblink conditioning in male rats, even when rats begin training days after the stressor (Shors, 2001). The authors examined whether the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), an area involved in stress and anxiety, is critically involved in this effect and, if so, when. The authors found that excitotoxic lesions to the BNST prevented the enhanced conditioning after stressor exposure. In addition, temporary inactivation of the BNST during the stressor did not alter enhanced responding, whereas inactivation during training prevented the enhancement. These data indicate that stressful experience induces persistent changes in the BNST that are necessary for enhancing learning well after the stressful event has ceased.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.},
  journal     = {Behav Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Association Learning, drug effects/physiology; Behavior, Animal, drug effects; Corticosterone, metabolism; Male; Muscimol; Radioimmunoassay, methods; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septal Nuclei, drug effects/physiopathology; Stress, Physiological, physiopathology; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {2006-00645-004},
  pmid        = {16420150},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Banihashemi:2010,
  Title                    = {Repeated brief postnatal maternal separation enhances hypothalamic gastric autonomic circuits in juvenile rats.},
  Author                   = {Banihashemi, L. and Rinaman, L.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {265--277},
  Volume                   = {165},

  Abstract                 = {Maternal separation of rat pups for 15 min each day over the first one to two postnatal weeks (MS15) has been shown to increase the active maternal care received by pups and to decrease their later neuroendocrine and behavioral stress reactivity compared to non-separated (NS) controls. Stress responses prominently feature altered gastric secretion and motility, and we previously reported that the developmental assembly of forebrain circuits underlying gastric autonomic control, including gastric responses to stress, is delayed by MS15 in neonatal rats [Card JP, Levitt P, Gluhovsky M, Rinaman L (2005) J Neurosci 25(40):9102-9111]. To determine how this early delay affects the later organization of central gastric autonomic circuits, the present study examined the effects of neonatal MS15 on central pre-gastric circuits assessed in post-weaning, juvenile rats. For this purpose, the retrograde transynaptic viral tracer, pseudorabies virus (PRV), was microinjected into the stomach 
wall of 28-30 day old male rats with an earlier developmental history of either MS15 or NS. Rats were perfused 72 h later and tissue was processed to reveal PRV-positive cells. Transynaptic PRV immunolabeling was quantified in selected preautonomic brainstem and forebrain regions, including the area postrema, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central nucleus of the amygdala, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and visceral cortices. Compared to NS controls, MS15 rats displayed a significantly greater amount of PRV labeling within the PVN, including both the dorsal cap and ventral subnuclei. There were no postnatal group differences in the amount of PRV labeling within any other brain region examined in this study. This effect of MS15 to enhance hypothalamic preautonomic circuit structure indicates a strengthening of this pathway and may provide insight into how early life experience produces differential effects on later stress reactivity, including gastric secretory and motor responses to 
stress.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.081},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. labst94@pitt.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, growth /&/ development/physiology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Hypothalamus, growth /&/ development/physiology; Male; Maternal Deprivation; Microinjections; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stomach, innervation; Time Factors},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(09)01639-X},
  Pmid                     = {19800939},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.081}
}

@Article{Banin:1990,
  author      = {Banin, V. V. and Gasymov, E. K.},
  title       = {[Distribution of proteins in neural membranes as a factor of reabsorption of endoneural (interstitial) fluid].},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {rus},
  volume      = {99},
  number      = {9},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {47--54},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {An investigation on distribution of horseradish peroxidase (HP) product in the sciatic nerve membranes of albino rats, after HP intravenous injection, has been performed. Getting into the interstitial space of epineurium across the microvessel walls, HP spreads as far as the internal layer of the perineural membrane, forming a distinct gradient of concentration of protein at its border. In 60 min after injection of the tracer the value of the perineural-endoneural gradient for proteins is about 70-80\% of the value of the plasma-endoneural gradient. A possible mechanism of the endoneural fluid evacuation, connected with various values of protein concentration in the endoneural space and within the nerve perineural membrane is discussed.},
  journal     = {Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol},
  keywords    = {Absorption; Animals; Capillary Permeability, physiology; Cell Membrane Permeability, physiology; Cell Membrane, metabolism; Diffusion; Extracellular Space, metabolism; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Rats; Sciatic Nerve, blood supply/metabolism/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2275614},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bankoul:1990,
  author      = {S. Bankoul and W. L. Neuhuber},
  title       = {A cervical primary afferent input to vestibular nuclei as demonstrated by retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase in the rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {79},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {405--411},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00608252},
  abstract    = {Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) was microiontophoretically injected into the vestibular nuclear complex of the rat. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in ipsilateral spinal ganglia C2-C3 only if the injection site was in the caudal part of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN). Injections into rostral parts of the MVN, the superior, lateral and descending vestibular nuclei (SVN, LVN, DVN), the nucleus of the solitary tract (STN) and the reticular formation did not result in spinal ganglion labeling. Thus, the caudal part of the MVN appears to be the main vestibular termination site for rostral cervical primary afferents.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich-Irchel, Switzerland.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Vestibular Nuclei, cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1691107},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bankoul:1992,
  author      = {S. Bankoul and W. L. Neuhuber},
  title       = {A direct projection from the medial vestibular nucleus to the cervical spinal dorsal horn of the rat, as demonstrated by anterograde and retrograde tracing.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {185},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {77--85},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00213603},
  abstract    = {Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were iontophoretically injected into different parts of the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) of the rat. Injections centered into the caudal part of the medial vestibular nucleus revealed a vestibulospinal projection predominantly to the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord, besides the expected projection to the intermediate zone (IZ) and ventral horn (VH). While most of the anterogradely labelled fibres could be localized in laminae III to V, some scattered fibres were also seen in laminae I and VI. Lamina II remained free of labelling. The dorsal horn (DH) area with detectable anterograde labelling showed a rostrocaudal extension from C1-C6. Injections into other parts of the VNC labelled fibres and terminals in the IZ and VH while the DH remained almost free of labelling. Additionally, fluorogold and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were pressure- or iontophoretically injected at different 
levels into the spinal cord to confirm the projection to the dorsal horn by means of retrograde tracing. Labelled neurons in the area of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), from which anterograde labelling in the DH was obtained, were only detectable after fluorogold and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase injections into the cervical spinal cord, in particular its DH. This projection from the caudal medial vestibular nucleus to the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord probably enables the VNC to influence sensory processing in the DH, in addition to its well-established influence on posture and locomotion via projections to the intermediate zone and ventral horn.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich-Irchel, Switzerland.},
  journal     = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, administration /&/ dosage; Male; Neurons, chemistry; Phytohemagglutinins, administration /&/ dosage; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology; Vestibular Nuclei, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1736687},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Banks:1992,
  author      = {Banks, M. I. and Smith, P. H.},
  title       = {Intracellular recordings from neurobiotin-labeled cells in brain slices of the rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid body.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {12},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {2819--2837},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/12/7/2819.long},
  abstract    = {Principal cells in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) are believed to be critical components in the circuit subserving sound localization. These cells, located in the superior olivary complex, convert excitatory inputs, arriving from the contralateral cochlear nucleus by way of large somatic synapses (the calyces of Held), to inhibitory projections onto principal cells in the ipsilateral lateral superior olive (LSO). We have characterized a population of cells in the rat MNTB using intracellular recording and labeling techniques in a brain slice preparation. MNTB principal cells had spherical or ellipsoid somata that gave rise to single large-diameter dendrites, which branched extensively and often extended beyond the borders of MNTB. Commonly observed axonal projection targets included LSO, the superior paraolivary nucleus, and the medial superior olive, and occasionally the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body. The projections of individual MNTB cells showed an orderly 
topography that is consistent with the known tonotopic maps of the nuclei. In response to current injection, principal cells exhibited several nonlinearities, including rectification for depolarizing currents and a "sag" in the membrane potential for hyperpolarizing currents. Superthreshold depolarizing currents elicited transient firing behavior. Application of the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine reduced or eliminated the rectification in the current-voltage relationships and caused depolarizing currents to elicit repetitive firing. Stimulation of afferent inputs elicited short-latency spikes, presumably driven by calyceal synaptic inputs; long-latency, presumably polysynaptic, EPSPs; and short- and long-latency IPSPs. The duration of synaptic events was strongly dependent on membrane potential, and this effect was probably due to the intrinsic membrane properties of the cell. In all cases tested, EPSPs were blocked by CNQX or DNQX, and IPSPs were blocked by strychnine. Two injected non-principal 
cells differed from principal cells in their morphologies and physiological characteristics.},
  institution = {Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {4-Aminopyridine, pharmacology; 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cochlear Nerve, cytology/physiology; Electric Conductivity, drug effects; Male; Membrane Potentials, drug effects; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Quinoxalines, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Strychnine, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1351938},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bannatyne:2003,
  author      = {Bannatyne, B Anne and Edgley, Stephen A. and Hammar, Ingela and Jankowska, Elzbieta and Maxwell, David J.},
  title       = {Networks of inhibitory and excitatory commissural interneurons mediating crossed reticulospinal actions.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {18},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {2273--2284},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02973.x},
  abstract    = {Axonal projections and neurotransmitters used by commissural interneurons mediating crossed actions of reticulospinal neurons were investigated in adult cats. Eighteen interneurons, located in or close to lamina VIII in midlumbar segments, that were monosynaptically excited by reticulospinal tract fibres and projected to contralateral motor nuclei were labelled by intracellular injection of tetramethylrhodamine-dextran and Neurobiotin. The nine most completely labelled interneurons were analysed with combined confocal and light microscopy. None of the stem axons gave off ipsilateral axon collaterals. Seven cells had axon collaterals that arborized in the contralateral grey matter in the ventral horn of the same segments. Transmitters were identified by using antibodies raised against vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2, glutamic acid decarboxylase and the glycine transporter 2. The axons of two cells were immunoreactive for the glycine transporter 2 and hence were glycinergic. Three 
cells were immunoreactive for the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 and hence were glutamatergic. None of the axons displayed immunoreactivity for glutamic acid decarboxylase. Electron microscopy of two cells revealed direct synaptic connections with motoneurons and other neurons. Axonal swellings of one neuron formed synapses with profiles in motor nuclei whereas those of the other formed synapses with other structures, including cell bodies in lamina VII. The results show that this population of commissural interneurons includes both excitatory and inhibitory cells that may excite or inhibit contralateral motoneurons directly. They may also influence the activity of motoneurons indirectly by acting through interneurons located outside motor nuclei in the contralateral grey matter but are unlikely to have direct actions on interneurons in the ipsilateral grey matter.},
  institution = {Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasglow, Glasglow G12 8QQ, UK.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral, metabolism; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Cats; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Functional Laterality; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Membrane Transport Proteins; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Electron; Motor Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Nerve Net, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Reaction Time; Reticular Formation, cytology/physiology; Rhodamines, metabolism; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Synapses, ultrastructure; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2; Vesicular Transport Proteins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {2973},
  pmid        = {14622188},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bannykh:1996,
  author      = {Bannykh, S. I. and Rowe, T. and Balch, W. E.},
  title       = {The organization of endoplasmic reticulum export complexes.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {135},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {19--35},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1083/jcb.135.1.19},
  abstract    = {Export of cargo from the ER occurs through the formation of 60-70nm COPII-coated vesicular carriers. We have applied serial-thin sectioning and stereology to quantitatively characterize the three-dimensional organization of ER export sites in vivo and in vitro. We find that ER buds in vivo are nonrandomly distributed, being concentrated in regional foci we refer to as export complexes. The basic organization of an export complex can be divided into an active COPII-containing budding zone on a single ER cisterna, which is adjacent to budding zones found on distantly connected ER cisternae. These budding foci surround and face a central cluster of morphologically independent vesicular-tubular elements that contain COPI coats involved in retrograde transport. Vesicles within these export complexes contain concentrated cargo molecules. The structure of vesicular-tubular clusters in export complexes is particularly striking in replicas generated using a quick-freeze, deep-etch approach to 
visualize for the first time their three-dimensional organization and cargo composition. We conclude that budding from the ER through recruitment of COPII is confined to highly specialized export complexes that topologically restrict anterograde transport to regional foci to facilitate efficient coupling to retrograde recycling by COPI.},
  institution = {Scripps Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology, La Jolla, California 92130, USA.},
  journal     = {J Cell Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biological Transport; Cell Line; Coated Vesicles, chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure; Endoplasmic Reticulum, chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure; Freeze Etching, methods; GTP-Binding Proteins, genetics/physiology; Golgi Apparatus, ultrastructure; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate); Kidney; Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute; Membrane Glycoproteins; Membrane Proteins, analysis; Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins; Mutation; Nuclear Envelope, ultrastructure; Rats; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Vesicular Transport Proteins; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus; Viral Envelope Proteins, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8858160},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@InCollection{Banrezes:2003,
  author    = {Banrezes, B and Andrey, P and Menetrey, A and Mailly, P and Deniau, J-M and Maurin, Y},
  title     = {Distribution of substantia nigra pars compacta neurons with respect to pars reticulata striato-nigral afferences: computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstructions},
  booktitle = {The basal ganglia VI},
  year      = {2003},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {359--367},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4615-0179-4_36},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {29.04.2016},
}

@Article{Bantli:1977,
  author      = {Bantli, H. and Bloedel, J. R.},
  title       = {Spinal input to the lateral cerebellum mediated by infratentorial structures.},
  year        = {1977},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {2},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {555--568},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(77)90051-3},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Cats; Cerebellar Cortex, cytology/physiology; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Cerebellum, physiology; Evoked Potentials; Haplorhini; Purkinje Cells, physiology; Reaction Time; Spinal Cord, physiology; Synaptic Transmission},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(77)90051-3},
  pmid        = {199856},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bantli:1976,
  author      = {Bantli, H. and Bloedel, J. R. and Tolbert, D.},
  title       = {Activation of neurons in the cerebellar nuclei and ascending reticular formation by stimulation of the cerebellar surface.},
  year        = {1976},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {45},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {539--554},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3171/jns.1976.45.5.0539},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1976.45.5.0539},
  abstract    = {Electrical stimulation of the cerebellar surface has been used therapeutically for the control of certain epileptic seizure and motor disorders. Recent hypotheses suggest that the therapeutic results in the treatment of epilepsy might be a consequence of the activation of Purkinje cells which subsequently inhibit the epileptic activity in the cerebrocellular loop. These experiments establish that an anatomical substrate exists whereby the effects of stimulating the cerebellar surface might be mediated by the ascending reticular formation and the non-specific thalamic nuclei. Specifically, the stimulation of the cerebellar surface activates not only Purkinje cells but also cerebellar afferent systems, climbing fibers and mossy fibers, and neurons in the cerebellar nuclei and reticular formation. In addition, recordings from neurons in the ascending reticular formation suggest that stimulation of the cerebellar surface can affect processing of ascending sensory information, thus influencing 
neural integration of non-specific sensory system.},
  journal     = {J Neurosurg},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Cats; Cerebellar Cortex, physiology; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Neurons, physiology; Olivary Nucleus, physiology; Purkinje Cells, physiology; Reaction Time; Reticular Formation, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {972338},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bao:2002,
  author      = {Bao, Lan and Wang, Hui Fredrik and Cai, Hai-Jiang and Tong, Yong-Guang and Jin, Shan-Xue and Lu, Ying-Jin and Grant, Gunnar and Hökfelt, Tomas and Zhang, Xu},
  title       = {Peripheral axotomy induces only very limited sprouting of coarse myelinated afferents into inner lamina II of rat spinal cord.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {175--185},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02080.x},
  abstract    = {Peripheral axotomy-induced sprouting of thick myelinated afferents (A-fibers) from laminae III-IV into laminae I-II of the spinal cord is a well-established hypothesis for the structural basis of neuropathic pain. However, we show here that the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), a neuronal tracer used to demonstrate the sprouting of A-fibers in several earlier studies, also labels unmyelinated afferents (C-fibers) in lamina II and thin myelinated afferents in lamina I, when applied after peripheral nerve transection. The lamina II afferents also contained vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and galanin, two neuropeptides mainly expressed in small dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and C-fibers. In an attempt to label large DRG neurons and A-fibers selectively, CTB was applied four days before axotomy (pre-injury-labelling), and sprouting was monitored after axotomy. We found that only a small number of A-fibers sprouted into inner lamina II, a region normally innervated by C-fibers, but not into 
outer lamina II or lamina I. Such sprouts made synaptic contact with dendrites in inner lamina II. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) was found in these sprouts in inner lamina II, an area very rich in Y1 receptor-positive processes. These results suggest that axotomy-induced sprouting from deeper to superficial layers is much less pronounced than previously assumed, in fact it is only marginal. This limited reorganization involves large NPY immunoreactive DRG neurons sprouting into the Y1 receptor-rich inner lamina II. Even if quantitatively small, it cannot be excluded that this represents a functional circuitry involved in neuropathic pain.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Sensory System, Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Crush; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, physiology/ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated, physiology/ultrastructure; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neurofilament Proteins, metabolism; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Posterior Horn Cells, physiology/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Sciatic Nerve, injuries/physiology/surgery; Spinal Nerve Roots, physiology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {2080},
  pmid        = {12169100},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Barajas:1986,
  author      = {Barajas, L. and Powers, K. and Carretero, O. and Scicli, A. G. and Inagami, T.},
  title       = {Immunocytochemical localization of renin and kallikrein in the rat renal cortex.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {29},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {965--970},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/ki.1986.94},
  abstract    = {Immunocytochemical studies in the past, using alternate serial sections to localize individual antigens, concluded that there was no close relationship between renin- and kallikrein-containing structures in the rat kidney. We have investigated this relationship by simultaneously localizing renin and kallikrein in the same section using immunoperoxidase with two different chromogens. Analysis of serial kidney sections from three rats indicated that kallikrein-containing late distal tubular cells corresponded in their distribution to connecting tubule cells. They were observed in the proximity (less than 3 micrograms) of renin-containing JG cells in 66.6\% of the superficial (N = 30), 46.6\% of the midcortical (N = 15) and 26.7\% of the juxtamedullary (N = 15) afferent arterioles surveyed. When traced through serial sections, 90\% of the afferent arterioles from superficial glomeruli (N = 30), 86.7\% of the afferent arterioles from midcortical glomeruli (N = 15) and 73.3\% of those from 
juxtamedullary glomeruli (N = 15) came within 3 micrograms of a late distal tubule showing some kallikrein-positive cells. These cells were adjacent to the afferent arteriole in 67 to 80\% of the arterioles surveyed. This spatial relationship suggests an anatomical basis for a possible interaction between the afferent arteriole, containing renin-positive JG cells, and kallikrein-positive late distal tubular cells.},
  journal     = {Kidney Int},
  keywords    = {Animals; Arterioles, enzymology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Juxtaglomerular Apparatus, enzymology; Kallikreins, analysis; Kidney Cortex, enzymology; Kidney Glomerulus, enzymology; Kidney Tubules, Distal, enzymology; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Renin, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3523005},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Barajon:1990,
  author      = {Barajon, I. and Vizzotto, L. and Pizzini, G. and Tredici, G.},
  title       = {Different neuronal types in transneuronally WGA-HRP-labeled premotor interneurons of the rat spinal cord.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {38},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {77--81},
  doi         = {10.1016/0166-4328(90)90026-b},
  abstract    = {Interneurons presynaptic to motoneurons were labeled by retrograde transneuronal transport of WGA-HRP. The tracer was injected either into the quadriceps muscles or into the posterior biceps muscles, thus labeling interneurons presynaptic to the quadriceps motoneurons (QINs) or interneurons presynaptic to posterior biceps motoneurons (PBINs). Statistical cluster analysis of area, perimeter, equivalent diameter and form factor of the labeled interneurons permitted the identification of 4 different types of premotor interneurons in the lumbar enlargement of the rat. Type I are small elongated interneurons which prevail in PBINs. Type II are medium-sized ellipsoidal cells prevailing in the QINs. Type 3 are small ellipsoidal neurons, slightly more frequent in PBINs. Type 4 is the smallest group and it is composed of large multipolar neurons. A different distribution of the 4 morphological neuronal types was found between the population of the QINs and the PBINs and in the laminae of ventral horn 
for each group.},
  institution = {Istituto di Anatomia, Università di Milano, Italy.},
  journal     = {Behav Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Cell Count; Horseradish Peroxidase; Interneurons, ultrastructure; Motor Neurons, ultrastructure; Muscles, innervation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0166-4328(90)90026-B},
  pmid        = {1693278},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Barakat:2005,
  author      = {Barakat, D. J. and Gaglani, S. M. and Neravetla, S. R. and Sanchez, A. R. and Andrade, C. M. and Pressman, Y. and Puzis, R. and Garg, M. S. and Bunge, M. B. and Pearse, D. D.},
  title       = {Survival, integration, and axon growth support of glia transplanted into the chronically contused spinal cord.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {14},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {225--240},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3727/000000005783983106},
  abstract    = {Due to an ever-growing population of individuals with chronic spinal cord injury, there is a need for experimental models to translate efficacious regenerative and reparative acute therapies to chronic injury application. The present study assessed the ability of fluid grafts of either Schwann cells (SCs) or olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) to facilitate the growth of supraspinal and afferent axons and promote restitution of hind limb function after transplantation into a 2-month-old, moderate, thoracic (T8) contusion in the rat. The use of cultured glial cells, transduced with lentiviral vectors encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), permitted long-term tracking of the cells following spinal cord transplantation to examine their survival, migration, and axonal association. At 3 months following grafting of 2 million SCs or OEG in 6 microl of DMEM/F12 medium into the injury site, stereological quantification of the three-dimensional reconstructed spinal cords revealed that an 
average of 17.1 +/- 6.8\% of the SCs and 2.3 +/- 1.4\% of the OEG survived from the number transplanted. In the OEG grafted spinal cord, a limited number of glia were unable to prevent central cavitation and were found in patches around the cavity rim. The transplanted SCs, however, formed a substantive graft within the injury site capable of supporting the ingrowth of numerous, densely packed neurofilament-positive axons. The SC grafts were able to support growth of both ascending calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive and supraspinal serotonergic axons and, although no biotinylated dextran amine (BDA)-traced corticospinal axons were present within the center of the grafts, the SC transplants significantly increased corticospinal axon numbers immediately rostral to the injury-graft site compared with injury-only controls. Moreover, SC grafted animals demonstrated modest, though significant, improvements in open field locomotion and exhibited less foot position errors (base of support and foot 
rotation). Whereas these results demonstrate that SC grafts survive, support axon growth, and can improve functional outcome after chronic contusive spinal cord injury, further development of OEG grafting procedures in this model and putative combination strategies with SC grafts need to be further explored to produce substantial improvements in axon growth and function.},
  institution = {The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.},
  journal     = {Cell Transplant},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Cell Survival; Chronic Disease; Female; Genetic Vectors; Graft Survival; Green Fluorescent Proteins, genetics; Hindlimb, physiology; Lentivirus, genetics; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neuroglia, cytology/physiology/transplantation; Olfactory Mucosa, cytology; Phenotype; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Recovery of Function; Schwann Cells, cytology/transplantation; Spinal Cord Injuries, therapy},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {15929557},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Baranowska-Bosiacka:2004,
  author      = {Baranowska-Bosiacka, Irena and Hlynczak, Alina Joanna},
  title       = {Effect of lead ions on rat erythrocyte purine content.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {100},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {259--273},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1385/BTER:100:3:259},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/BTER:100:3:259},
  abstract    = {The influence of short-term exposure to lead on the energetic status of erythrocytes in rats is reported in this study. The male Wistar rats selected for this study drank water containing 1\% lead(II) acetate and/or intraperitoneal injections of 1 or 2 mg/kg body wt every 4 d starting on the eighth of the experiment, over a period of 1 mo. The whole-blood lead concentration measured after 4 wk was 1.51-35.31 microg/dL. The concentrations of adenosine, adenosine triphosphates, diphosphates, and monophosphates (ATP, ADP, and AMP), guanine triphosphates, diphosphates and monophosphates (GTP, GDP, and GMP), guanosine (Guo), inosine (Ino), inosine monophosphate (IMP), hypoxantine (Hyp), and nicotinamide dinucleotide and its phosphate (NAD(+) and NADP(+)) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mean concentrations of ATP, GTP, NAD(+), and NADP(+) and those of adenylate (AEC) and guanylate (GEC) were significantly reduced in erythrocytes from the animals exposed to 
lead when compared to untreated controls. These results suggest that a lead ion disrupts the erythrocyte energy pathways. The decreases of NAD(+) and ATP could be used as an indicator of the extent of exposure to low levels of lead.},
  institution = {Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.},
  journal     = {Biol Trace Elem Res},
  keywords    = {Adenine Nucleotides, blood; Administration, Oral; Animals; Energy Metabolism, drug effects; Erythrocytes, drug effects; Guanine Nucleotides, blood; Hypoxanthine, blood; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Inosine Nucleotides, blood; Male; NAD, blood; NADP, blood; Organometallic Compounds, administration /&/ dosage/blood/pharmacology; Purine Nucleotides, blood; Purines, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {BTER:100:3:259},
  pmid        = {15467108},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Baranowski:1993,
  author      = {Baranowski, A. P. and Priestley, J. V. and McMahon, S.},
  title       = {Substance P in cutaneous primary sensory neurons--a comparison of models of nerve injury that allow varying degrees of regeneration.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {55},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {1025--1036},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(93)90316-8},
  abstract    = {We have studied changes in neuropeptide expression in four different models of nerve injury in adult rats. The models involved the cutaneous sural and saphenous nerves, and were associated with different degrees of regrowth and peripheral target reinnervation. These were: simple crush of the nerve, complete cut and self-anastomosis; cut and ligation, and cut and anastomosis of the nerve to an isolated stump of peripheral nerve. Thus, in the first two models a partial or complete reinnervation of peripheral targets was possible, while in the third and fourth it was not. The last model allowed regenerating fibres to come into contact with Schwann cells in the distal stump. We measured substance P-like immunoreactivity in the manipulated nerves (by radioimmunoassay) and the number of manipulated afferents expressing the peptide in dorsal root ganglion cells (by combined immunohistochemistry and retrograde labelling), at time points up to 12 weeks after the nerve manipulations. The retrograde 
labelling also allowed estimates of cell death. Two weeks after the nerve injuries, when no cell death had occurred, the nerves subjected to a cut lesion (last three models) all showed very low levels of substance P-like immunoreactivity, both in the amounts in peripheral nerve, and in the number of manipulated cell staining positively (P < 0.01). In contrast, the crush model showed no significant change in substance P levels in the nerve (P > 0.05), but a significant increase in the number of immunopositive cells (P < 0.01). Twelve weeks after the nerve manipulations, a variable degree of cell death was seen. Only 9\% of afferents in the crush model were lost (P > 0.05 compared with normal) but a 39 and 45\% loss was seen in tie and resuture models, respectively, (P < 0.05) for both, compared with normal), and a 63\% loss in the stump model (P < 0.01 compared to normal, and P < 0.05 compared to tie and resuture models). An analysis of cell size distributions indicated that cell death affected both large and 
small cells. At 12 weeks, the levels of substance P in the first two models (associated with peripheral reinnervation) had returned towards, but did not reach, normal (P < 0.01), whilst the stump model showed no significant recovery and the tie model was intermediate. Proportionately more manipulated cells were found to express substance P immunoreactivity in the stump model than expected after allowing for cell death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Sherrington School of Physiology, UMDS, London, U.K.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Amputation Stumps; Anastomosis, Surgical; Animals; Cell Death; Disease Models, Animal; Evans Blue, diagnostic use; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Ganglia, Spinal, chemistry; Nerve Crush; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/physiology; Pain Measurement; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Peripheral Nerves, chemistry/physiology; Rats; Skin, innervation; Stilbamidines; Substance P, analysis/physiology; Sural Nerve, chemistry/injuries/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(93)90316-8},
  pmid        = {7694176},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Barasi:1980,
  author      = {Barasi, S. and Pay, S.},
  title       = {Electrophysiological investigation of the connection between the substantia nigra and the amygdala in rat.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {265--269},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(80)90034-8},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Nociceptors, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Synaptic Transmission},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304-3940(80)90034-8},
  pmid        = {6302585},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Baratta:2009,
  Title                    = {Selective activation of dorsal raphe nucleus-projecting neurons in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex by controllable stress.},
  Author                   = {Michael V Baratta and Christina M Zarza and Devan M Gomez and Serge Campeau and Linda R Watkins and Steven F Maier},
  Journal                  = {Eur J Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1111--1116},
  Volume                   = {30},

  Abstract                 = {Exposure to uncontrollable stressors produces a variety of behavioral consequences (e.g. exaggerated fear, reduced social exploration) that do not occur if the stressor is controllable. In addition, an initial experience with a controllable stressor can block the behavioral and neural responses to a later uncontrollable stressor. The serotonergic (5-HT) dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has come to be viewed as a critical structure in mediating the behavioral effects of uncontrollable stress. Recent work suggests that the buffering effects of behavioral control on the DRN-dependent behavioral outcomes of uncontrollable stress require ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFCv) activation at the time of behavioral control. The present studies were conducted to directly determine whether or not controllable stress selectively activates DRN-projecting neurons within the mPFCv. To examine this possibility in the rat, we combined retrograde tracing (fluorogold iontophoresed into the DRN) with 
Fos immunohistochemistry, a marker for neural activation. Exposure to controllable, relative to uncontrollable, stress increased Fos expression in fluorogold-labeled neurons in the prelimbic region (PL) of the mPFCv. Furthermore, in a separate experiment, a prior experience with controllable stress led to potentiation of Fos expression in retrogradely labeled PL neurons in response to an uncontrollable stressor 1 week later. These results suggest that the PL selectively responds to behavioral control and utilizes such information to regulate the brainstem response to ongoing and subsequent stressors.},
  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06867.x},
  Institution              = {Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA. baratta@mit.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Electroshock; Fluorescent Dyes; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism/physiology; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, metabolism/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stress, Physiological, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {EJN6867},
  Pmid                     = {19686468},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06867.x}
}

@Article{Baratz:1987,
  author      = {Baratz, K. H. and Proia, A. D. and Klintworth, G. K. and Lapetina, E. G.},
  title       = {Cholinergic stimulation of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis by rat corneal epithelium in vitro.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {691--701},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3109/02713688709034832},
  abstract    = {Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an obligate intermediate in the phosphatidylinositol (PI) cycle and may serve as a sensitive marker for this pathway of reactions. Previously, we have shown that acetylcholine (ACh) stimulates formation of labeled PA in whole rat corneas whose phospholipids were prelabeled with [14C]arachidonate. To determine which layer of the cornea exhibits the ACh effect, intact epithelium was isolated from the rest of the corneal tissue (designated "stroma/endothelium") by incubating rat corneas with neutral protease and then stripping off the epithelium using forceps. The epithelium was ultrastructurally normal and avidly incorporated [14C]arachidonate into phospholipids; the stroma/endothelium had only trace incorporation. [14C]Arachidonyl-PA formation by the epithelium was significantly increased after a 37 second (+58\%) and was maximal after a 5.0 minute (+188\%) incubation in the presence of 1 mM ACh. The stimulation by ACh was blocked by atropine and scopolamine but not 
by d-tubocurarine. The epithelium also incorporated significant quantities of [3H]inositol into phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol monophosphate (PIP), and phosphatidyl-inositol bisphosphate (PIP 2). When [3H]inositol-labeled epithelia were incubated for 5 minutes with 1 mM ACh, [3H]inositol monophosphate (IP) was increased 200\%, [3H]inositol bisphosphate (IP2) was increased 225\%, and [3H]inositol 2 trisphosphate (IP3) was increased 74\%. These results suggest that muscarinic cholinergic receptors may be an important regulator of the PI cycle in corneal epithelium and thus may affect intracellular calcium mobilization and epithelial proliferation and regeneration.},
  journal     = {Curr Eye Res},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, pharmacology; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids, metabolism; Cornea, metabolism/ultrastructure; Epithelium, metabolism/ultrastructure; Hydrolysis; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Muscarine, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Nicotine, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Parasympathomimetics, pharmacology; Phosphatidic Acids, metabolism; Phosphatidylinositols, metabolism; Phospholipids, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stimulation, Chemical},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3109810},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Barbaresi:2016,
  Title                    = {Connections from the rat dorsal column nuclei (DCN) to the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG).},
  Author                   = {Barbaresi, Paolo and Mens{\`{a}}, Emanuela},
  Journal                  = {Neurosci Res},
  Year                     = {2016},

  Month                    = {Feb},

  Abstract                 = {Electrical stimulation of the dorsal columns (DCs; spinal cord stimulation; SCS) has been proposed to treat chronic neuropathic pain. SCS may activate a dual mechanism that would affect both the spinal cord and supraspinal levels. Stimulation of DCs or DC nuclei (DCN) in animals where neuropathic pain has been induced causes activation of brainstem centers including the periaqueductal gray (PAG), which is involved in the endogenous pain suppression system. Biotinylated dextran-amine (BDA) was iontophoretically injected into the DCN to analyze the ascending projection directed to the PAG. Separate injections into the gracile nucleus (GrN) and the cuneate nucleus (CunN) showed BDA-positive fibers terminating in different regions of the contralateral PAG. GrN-PAG afferents terminated in the caudal and middle portions of PAG-l, whereas CunN-PAG fibers terminated in the middle and rostral portions of PAG-l. Based on the DCN somatotopic map, the GrN sends information to the PAG from 
the contralateral hindlimb and the tail and the CunN from the contralateral forelimb, shoulder, neck and ear. This somatotopic organization is consistent with earlier electrophysiological and PAG stimulation studies. These fibers could form part of the DCs-brainstem-spinal cord loop, which may be involved in the inhibitory effects of SCS on neuropathic pain.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neures.2016.02.003},
  Institution              = {Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/A, Torrette di Ancona, I-60020 Ancona, Italy.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {aheadofprint},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0168-0102(16)00045-6},
  Pmid                     = {26902642},
  Timestamp                = {28.02.2016},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2016.02.003}
}

@Article{Barbaresi:1985,
  author      = {Barbaresi, P. and Rustioni, A. and Cuénod, M.},
  title       = {Retrograde labeling of dorsal root ganglion neurons after injection of tritiated amino acids in the spinal cord of rats and cats.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {3},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {57--74},
  doi         = {10.3109/07367228509144577},
  abstract    = {The present experiments are based upon evidence that neurons may selectively take up at their terminals, and retrogradely transport, the same chemical they use as a neurotransmitter or its analogues. In an attempt to identify dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that use glutamic acid as a neurotransmitter, [3H]D-aspartate ([3H]D-Asp) was chosen as a marker, since it is a metabolically inert amino acid known to be taken up by the same affinity mechanism as L-aspartate and L-glutamate. Adult rats and cats received injections of 50 nl to 1.5 microliter of [3H]D-Asp (500 microCi/microliter) in the dorsal horn of cervical segments (C3 to C6). At 9 to 48 hr after injection, all animals were perfused with 5\% glutaraldehyde. After sections were processed for autoradiography, the DRG neurons situated most closely to the injection site were chosen from representative cases, and the number and cross-sectional area of labeled and unlabeled perikarya with a nucleolus in the plane of the section were 
calculated. In rats, about 4\% of the sampled DRG neurons were autoradiographically labeled, and the mean perikaryal area of these neurons was about twice that of unlabeled perikarya. In cats, the percentage of labeled perikarya ranged between 6.5\% and 13.27\% of the sampled population. The ratio of the mean perikaryal area of labeled neurons to that of unlabeled neurons ranged between 1.6 and 2.5. In a control cat injected with [3H]proline at C7, all perikarya in the C7 DRG were autoradiographically labeled. However, with injection of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) selective retrograde labeling was observed. Quantitative data in rat showed that perikarya labeled at the C6 level after injection of this amino acid constituted about 8\% of the sample population in C6 DRG. The ratio of the size of labeled to unlabeled perikarya was 2.02. In one cat injected with [3H]GABA at caudal C3, the largest number of labeled perikarya were in C4 DRG and comprised up to 5.32\% of the sampled population. The ratio 
of the size of labeled to unlabeled perikarya was 1.57. The results in cases of injection with [3H]D-Asp may be interpreted as consistent with the idea that a fraction of DRG neurons use glutamate and/or aspartate as neurotransmitter(s).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  journal     = {Somatosens Res},
  keywords    = {Amino Acids, metabolism; Animals; Aspartic Acid, metabolism; Autoradiography; Biological Transport; Cats; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism; Proline, metabolism; Rats; Spinal Cord, metabolism/physiology; Synaptic Transmission; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2999943},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Barbaresi:1986,
  author      = {Barbaresi, P. and Spreafico, R. and Frassoni, C. and Rustioni, A.},
  title       = {GABAergic neurons are present in the dorsal column nuclei but not in the ventroposterior complex of rats.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {382},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {305--326},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)91340-5},
  abstract    = {Neurons containing glutamatic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are known to exist in the spinal dorsal horn, dorsal column nuclei (DCN), n. ventralis posterior (VP), and somatosensory cortex of cats. Recent work suggested that species differences exist concerning the presence and/or density of GAD-positive neurons in VP. The present experiments demonstrate that, in contrast with carnivores and primates, the rat's VP contains virtually no GAD-positive neurons and that virtually all neurons in it project to the cortex. This conclusion is supported by the failure to find, in Golgi-impregnated material, neurons with characteristics commonly attributed to Golgi type II neurons in VP of cats. The lack of GAD-positive neurons in VP of rats contrasts also with the presence of such neurons in the DCN in the same species. As in cats, about one third of the neurons in the cuneate n. are GAD-positive; these have mostly small perikarya and they are present throughout the nucleus. It is likely that these are 
intrinsic neurons, i.e. non-projecting beyond the limits of the DCN since a comparable percentage of neurons are unlabeled by simultaneous injections of horseradish peroxidase in multiple targets of the DCN. Like GAD-positive neurons, neurons unlabeled by the retrograde transport of HRP have, for the most part, small perikarya. It is possible that inhibitory mechanisms necessary for basic transfer functions in VP of rats are sustained through projections to this nucleus from the n. reticularis thalami. Extrinsic source of GABAergic input to the DCN seem to be absent or very weak. From this and previous evidence it may be proposed that intrinsic inhibitory interneurons have gradually developed in VP of rabbits, carnivores, and primates in parallel with more elaborate levels of thalamic integration of somatosensation.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, cytology/enzymology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Golgi Apparatus, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immune Sera; Interneurons, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/enzymology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/enzymology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(86)91340-5},
  pmid        = {2428443},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Barbas:1990,
  author      = {Barbas, H. and {De Olmos}, J.},
  title       = {Projections from the amygdala to basoventral and mediodorsal prefrontal regions in the rhesus monkey.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {300},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {549--571},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903000409},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903000409},
  abstract    = {The sources of ipsilateral projections from the amygdala to basoventral and mediodorsal prefrontal cortices were studied with retrograde tracers (horseradish peroxidase or fluorescent dyes) in 13 rhesus monkeys. The basoventral regions injected with tracers included the orbital periallocortex and proisocortex, orbital areas 13, 11, and 12, lateral area 12, and ventral area 46. The mediodorsal regions included portions of medial areas 25, 32, 14, and dorsal area 8. The above sites represent areas within two architectonic series of cortices referred to as basoventral or mediodorsal on the basis of their anatomic location. Each series consists of areas that show a gradual increase in the number of layers and their delineation in a direction from the caudal orbital and medial limbic cortices, which have an incipient laminar organization, towards the eulaminated periarcuate cortices (Barbas and Pandya, J. Comp. Neurol. 286: 353-375, '89). Labeled neurons projecting to the prefrontal cortex were 
found in the basolateral, basomedial (also known as accessory basal), lateral, and ventral cortical nuclei, and in the anterior amygdaloid and amygdalopiriform areas. The distribution of labeled neurons differed both quantitatively and qualitatively depending on whether the injection sites were in basoventral or mediodorsal prefrontal cortices. Cases with caudal orbital injections had the most labeled neurons in the amygdala, followed by cases with injections in cortices situated medioventrally. The latter received a high proportion of their amygdaloid projections from the basomedial nucleus. The lateral amygdaloid nucleus sent a robust projection to the least architectonically differentiated orbital periallocortex, and a weaker projection to the adjoining orbital proisocortical regions, but did not appear to project to either medial proisocortical sites or to the more differentiated ventrolateral or dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. In addition, there were topographical differences in the origin of 
projections from one amygdaloid nucleus directed to various prefrontal cortices. These differences were correlated either with the destination of the axons of afferent amygdaloid neurons to basoventral or to mediodorsal prefrontal cortices and/or with their projection to areas with varying degrees of laminar organization within the basoventral or mediodorsal sector. The clearest topography was observed for projections originating in the basolateral nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Massachusetts 02215.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes; Horseradish Peroxidase; Macaca mulatta, anatomy /&/ histology; Memory, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2273093},
  timestamp   = {25.04.2013},
}

@Article{Barbe:2002,
  author      = {Barbé, Christine and Rochetaing, Annie and Kreher, Paul},
  title       = {Mechanisms underlying the coronary vasodilation in the isolated perfused hearts of rats submitted to one week of high carbon monoxide exposure in vivo.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {14},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {273--285},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1080/08958370252809059},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08958370252809059},
  abstract    = {We examined the possible mechanisms for carbon monoxide (CO)-induced effects in hearts isolated from Wistar rats exposed for 1 wk to 530 ppm CO. They were treated by daily intraperitoneal injections of either methylene blue (10 mg/kg), glibenclamide (3 mg/kg), or apamin (125 nmol/kg), known to inhibit vasodilatory mechanisms. Hearts were excised, cannulated, and retrogradely perfused through the coronary artery, using the Langendorff method with a constant perfusion pressure. After stabilization, we investigated the degree of resistance to an in vitro transient global low-flow ischemia. One-week CO exposure induced a significant increase in hematocrit and a cardiomegaly, which were not affected by any of these drugs. An enhancement of coronary flow was observed concomitantly with a decrease in ischemic contracture after CO exposure. However, no improvement of contractile recovery was noted. Since methylene blue did not interact with the CO effects, a cGMP signaling pathway can be excluded. 
On the contrary, as glibenclamide and to a greater extend apamin blocked the vasodilatory effects of CO, we conclude that K+ channels may be involved in these CO effects.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Préconditionnement et de Remodelage du Myocarde, UFR Sciences, Angers Cedex, France.},
  journal     = {Inhal Toxicol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Carbon Monoxide, pharmacology; Female; Heart, drug effects/physiology; Hematocrit; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardium, pathology; Organ Culture Techniques; Potassium Channels, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vasodilation, drug effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12028817},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Barbelivien:1999,
  author      = {Barbelivien, A. and Noël, C. and MacKenzie, E. T. and Dauphin, F.},
  title       = {Cerebrovascular evidence for a GABAergic modulation of the cholinergic vasodilatatory basalocortical system in the rat.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {834},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {223--227},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01597-8},
  abstract    = {The present work is aimed to study the functional relevance of GABAergic-cholinergic interactions on the modulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) exerted by the basalocortical system. Injections of GABA into the substantia innominata (SI) induce increases in blood flow in several cortical areas and inhibit partly the increases in cortical blood flow induced by cholinergic activation of this structure. Blockade of local GABAergic receptors by picrotoxin induced almost similar effects. These findings suggest that local GABAergic neurones of the SI exert a complex cortical cerebrovascular modulation at a resting and an activated state.},
  institution = {University of Caen, UMR 6551 CNRS, Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074, Caen, Cedex, France.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Carbachol, pharmacology; Carbolines, pharmacology; Cerebrovascular Circulation, drug effects/physiology; Cholinergic Agents, pharmacology; Cholinergic Fibers, physiology; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; GABA-A Receptor Agonists; Injections; Male; Picrotoxin, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Innominata, physiology; Vasodilation, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, pharmacology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(99)01597-8},
  pmid        = {10407121},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Barber:1991,
  author      = {Barber, R. P. and Phelps, P. E. and Vaughn, J. E.},
  title       = {Generation patterns of immunocytochemically identified cholinergic neurons at autonomic levels of the rat spinal cord.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {311},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {509--519},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903110406},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903110406},
  abstract    = {The time at which a neuron is "born" appears to have significant consequences for the cell's subsequent differentiation. As part of a continuing investigation of cholinergic neuronal development, we have combined ChAT immunocytochemistry and [3H]thymidine autoradiography to determine the generation patterns of somatic and autonomic motor neurons at upper thoracic (T1-3), upper lumbar (L1-3), and lumbosacral (L6-S1) levels of the rat spinal cord. Additionally, the generation patterns of two subsets of cholinergic interneurons (partition cells and central canal cluster cells) were compared with those of somatic and autonomic motor neurons. Embryonic day 11 (E11) was the first day of cholinergic neuronal generation at each of the three spinal levels studied, and it also was the peak generation day for somatic and autonomic neurons in the upper thoracic spinal cord. The peak generation of homologous neurons at upper lumbar and lumbosacral spinal levels occurred at E12 and E13, respectively. 
Somatic and autonomic motor neurons were generated synchronously, and their production at each rostrocaudal level was virtually completed within a 2-day period. Cholinergic interneurons were generated 1 or 2 days later than motor neurons at the same rostrocaudal level. In summary, the birthdays of all spinal cholinergic neurons studied followed the general rostrocaudal spatiotemporal gradient of spinal neurogenesis. In addition, the generation of cholinergic interneurons also followed the general ventrodorsal gradient. In contrast, however, autonomic motor neurons disobeyed the rule of a ventral-to-dorsal progression of spinal neuronal generation, thus adding another example in which autonomic motor neurons display unusual developmental patterns.},
  institution = {Division of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, physiology; Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, cytology; Autoradiography; Cell Cycle, physiology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Female; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Interneurons, chemistry/cytology; Male; Motor Neurons, chemistry/cytology; Phenotype; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1757600},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Barber:1993,
  author      = {Barber, R. P. and Phelps, P. E. and Vaughn, J. E.},
  title       = {Preganglionic autonomic motor neurons display normal translocation patterns in slice cultures of embryonic rat spinal cord.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {13},
  number      = {11},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {4898--4907},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/13/11/4898.long},
  abstract    = {Phenotypic differences between somatic and autonomic motor neurons (SMNs and AMNs, respectively) may be modulated by epigenetic factors during the histogenic migrations of these cells. In order to study this problem experimentally, we have developed an in vitro, organotypic slice preparation of embryonic rat spinal cord. Our main objectives for this preparation were to determine whether in vivo patterns of motor neuronal translocations were mimicked in vitro, and, if they were, to begin to analyze such movements with experimental procedures that cannot be applied to the study of mammalian spinal cord development in vivo. Using a modification of existing organotypic slice procedures, we have shown that ChAT, an axonal surface glycoprotein and a low-molecular-weight neurofilament protein are expressed in slices cultured for up to 21 d, thus indicating that spinal neurons remained viable in vitro for relatively long periods. Most importantly, retrograde labeling and subsequent confocal 
microscopy have shown that the SMNs and AMNs of the slice preparations become segregated ventrodorsally into two distinct subcolumns as seen in vivo. The formation of separate AMN and SMN subcolumns appears to result from a dorsal translocation of AMNs. The fact that this cellular movement occurs in the slice preparation has allowed us to follow this phenomenon directly within the same specimen over a period of days. In addition, we have been able to observe the translocation of AMNs following the removal of their peripheral synaptic targets. The results of these experiments provide further evidence that AMNs undergo a dorsal translocation during the course of spinal cord development, and that this cellular movement may be due to an active migration. They also indicate that AMN movement is not dependent upon continual connection of these neurons with the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.},
  institution = {Division of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Durate, California 91010.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biological Markers, analysis; Cell Movement; Cells, Cultured; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; Ganglia, Autonomic, cytology/embryology/physiology; Gestational Age; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology; Neurofilament Proteins, analysis; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology/embryology/physiology; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8229204},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Barbosa:2012,
  author      = {Barbosa, Flávio Freitas and Pontes, Isabella Maria de Oliveira and Ribeiro, Sidarta and Ribeiro, Alessandra Mussi and Silva, Regina Helena},
  title       = {Differential roles of the dorsal hippocampal regions in the acquisition of spatial and temporal aspects of episodic-like memory.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {232},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {269--277},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.022},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.022},
  abstract    = {Episodic memory refers to the recollection of what, where and when an event occurred. Computational models suggest that the dentate gyrus (DG) and the CA3 hippocampal subregions are involved in pattern separation and the rapid acquisition of episodes, while CA1 is involved in the formation of a temporal context. Most of the studies performed to test this hypothesis failed to simultaneously address the aspects of episodic memory. Recently, a new task of object recognition was validated in rats. In the first sample trial, the rat is exposed to four copies of an object. In second sample, the rat is exposed to four copies of a different object. In the test trial, two copies of each of the previous objects are presented. One copy of the object used in sample trial one is located in a different place, and it is expected to be the most explored. Our goal was to evaluate whether the pharmacological inactivation of the dorsal DG/CA3 and CA1 subregions could differentially impair the acquisition of 
the task. Inactivation of the DG/CA3 subregions impaired the spatial discrimination, while the temporal discrimination was preserved. Rats treated with muscimol in CA1 explored all the objects equally well, irrespective of place or presentation time. Our results are consistent with computational models that postulate a role for DG/CA3 in rapid encoding and in spatial pattern separation, and a role for CA1 in the in the formation of the temporal context of events and as well as in detecting spatial novelty.},
  institution = {Memory Studies Laboratory, Physiology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Behav Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal, physiology; CA1 Region, Hippocampal, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; CA3 Region, Hippocampal, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Exploratory Behavior, physiology; GABA Agonists, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Injections; Male; Memory, Episodic; Muscimol, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Rats, Wistar; Space Perception, drug effects/physiology; Stereotaxic Techniques; Time Perception, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0166-4328(12)00283-5},
  pmid        = {22546523},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Barbour:2013,
  author      = {Barbour, Helen R. and Plant, Christine D. and Harvey, Alan R. and Plant, Giles W.},
  title       = {Tissue sparing, behavioral recovery, supraspinal axonal sparing/regeneration following sub-acute glial transplantation in a model of spinal cord contusion.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {14},
  pages       = {106},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1186/1471-2202-14-106},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-14-106},
  abstract    = {It has been shown that olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) and Schwann cell (SCs) transplantation are beneficial as cellular treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI), especially acute and sub-acute time points. In this study, we transplanted DsRED transduced adult OEG and SCs sub-acutely (14 days) following a T10 moderate spinal cord contusion injury in the rat. Behaviour was measured by open field (BBB) and horizontal ladder walking tests to ascertain improvements in locomotor function. Fluorogold staining was injected into the distal spinal cord to determine the extent of supraspinal and propriospinal axonal sparing/regeneration at 4 months post injection time point. The purpose of this study was to investigate if OEG and SCs cells injected sub acutely (14 days after injury) could: (i) improve behavioral outcomes, (ii) induce sparing/regeneration of propriospinal and supraspinal projections, and (iii) reduce tissue loss.OEG and SCs transplanted rats showed significant increased locomotion when 
compared to control injury only in the open field tests (BBB). However, the ladder walk test did not show statistically significant differences between treatment and control groups. Fluorogold retrograde tracing showed a statistically significant increase in the number of supraspinal nuclei projecting into the distal spinal cord in both OEG and SCs transplanted rats. These included the raphe, reticular and vestibular systems. Further pairwise multiple comparison tests also showed a statistically significant increase in raphe projecting neurons in OEG transplanted rats when compared to SCs transplanted animals. Immunohistochemistry of spinal cord sections short term (2 weeks) and long term (4 months) showed differences in host glial activity, migration and proteoglycan deposits between the two cell types. Histochemical staining revealed that the volume of tissue remaining at the lesion site had increased in all OEG and SCs treated groups. Significant tissue sparing was observed at both time points following 
glial SCs transplantation. In addition, OEG transplants showed significantly decreased chondroitin proteoglycan synthesis in the lesion site, suggesting a more CNS tolerant graft.These results show that transplantation of OEG and SCs in a sub-acute phase can improve anatomical outcomes after a contusion injury to the spinal cord, by increasing the number of spared/regenerated supraspinal fibers, reducing cavitation and enhancing tissue integrity. This provides important information on the time window of glial transplantation for the repair of the spinal cord.},
  institution = {Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Stanford University, Lorry I Lokey Stem Cell Research Building, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. gplant@stanford.edu.},
  journal     = {BMC Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Nerve Regeneration; Neuroglia, transplantation; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Recovery of Function; Spinal Cord Injuries, pathology/surgery},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {1471-2202-14-106},
  pmid        = {24070030},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Barbour:1983,
  author      = {Barbour, W. M. and Hopwood, D.},
  title       = {Uptake of cationized ferritin by colonic epithelium.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {139},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {167--178},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/path.1711390208},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.1711390208},
  abstract    = {Guinea-pig, rat and mouse were used in this electron microscopic study to demonstrate endocytosis in absorptive and goblet cells of the surface epithelium of the colon. Cationised ferritin was used as the electron dense tracer which attached in vivo to negatively charged membrane components. Both coated and uncoated vesicles entered the cells. The major pathway for the vesicles was to the secondary lysosomes and occurred within 10-30 min. This demonstrates a new pathway of absorption in the adult rodent colon with potential for the uptake of macromolecules. It may provide new clues to the immunology, physiology and pathology of the tissue.},
  journal     = {J Pathol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Colon, metabolism; Endocytosis; Epithelium, metabolism; Ferritins, metabolism; Guinea Pigs; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa, ultrastructure; Lysosomes, ultrastructure; Male; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Microvilli, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6827401},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Barcelo:2010,
  author      = {Barceló, Ana C. and Fillipini, B. and Pazo, Jorge Horacio},
  title       = {Study of the neural basis of striatal modulation of the jaw-opening reflex.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {117},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {171--181},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s00702-009-0348-0},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-009-0348-0},
  abstract    = {Previous experimental data from this laboratory demonstrated the participation of the striatum and dopaminergic pathways in central nociceptive processing. The objective of this study was to examine the possible pathways and neural structures associated with the analgesic action of the striatum. The experiments were carried out in rats anesthetized with urethane. The jaw-opening reflex (JOR) was evoked by electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp of lower incisors and recorded in the anterior belly of the digastric muscles. Intrastriatal microinjection of apomorphine, a nonspecific dopamine agonist, reduced or abolished the JOR amplitude. Electrolytic or kainic acid lesions, unilateral to the apomorphine-injected striatum, of the globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, subthalamic nucleus and bilateral lesion the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM), blocked the inhibition of the JOR by striatal stimulation. These findings suggest that the main output nuclei of the striatum and the RVM 
may be critical elements in the neural pathways mediating the inhibition of the reflex response, evoked in jaw muscles by noxious stimulation of dental pulp.},
  institution = {Cátedra de Fisiología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.},
  journal     = {J Neural Transm},
  keywords    = {Animals; Apomorphine, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Brain, drug effects/physiology; Corpus Striatum, drug effects/physiology; Dental Pulp, physiology; Dopamine Agonists, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Electric Stimulation; Electromyography; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, toxicity; Jaw, physiology; Kainic Acid, toxicity; Male; Microinjections; Muscles, physiology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reflex, drug effects/physiology; Time Factors; Urethane},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {20012111},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bareyre:2004,
  author      = {Bareyre, Florence M. and Kerschensteiner, Martin and Raineteau, Olivier and Mettenleiter, Thomas C. and Weinmann, Oliver and Schwab, Martin E.},
  title       = {The injured spinal cord spontaneously forms a new intraspinal circuit in adult rats.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {269--277},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/nn1195},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1195},
  abstract    = {In contrast to peripheral nerves, central axons do not regenerate. Partial injuries to the spinal cord, however, are followed by functional recovery. We investigated the anatomical basis of this recovery and found that after incomplete spinal cord injury in rats, transected hindlimb corticospinal tract (CST) axons sprouted into the cervical gray matter to contact short and long propriospinal neurons (PSNs). Over 12 weeks, contacts with long PSNs that bridged the lesion were maintained, whereas contacts with short PSNs that did not bridge the lesion were lost. In turn, long PSNs arborize on lumbar motor neurons, creating a new intraspinal circuit relaying cortical input to its original spinal targets. We confirmed the functionality of this circuit by electrophysiological and behavioral testing before and after CST re-lesion. Retrograde transynaptic tracing confirmed its integrity, and revealed changes of cortical representation. Hence, after incomplete spinal cord injury, spontaneous 
extensive remodeling occurs, based on axonal sprout formation and removal. Such remodeling may be crucial for rehabilitation in humans.},
  institution = {Department of Neuromorphology, Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich, Switzerland. florence@pcg.wustl.edu},
  journal     = {Nat Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Axotomy; Cell Differentiation, physiology; Electromyography; Female; Growth Cones, physiology/ultrastructure; Hindlimb, innervation; Interneurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Motor Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neural Conduction, physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology/growth /&/ development; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Recovery of Function, physiology; Spinal Cord Injuries, physiopathology/therapy; Spinal Cord, cytology/growth /&/ development},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {nn1195},
  pmid        = {14966523},
  timestamp   = {02.04.2013},
}

@Article{Barger:2015,
  author      = {Barger, Zeke and Easton, Curtis R. and Neuzil, Kevin E. and Moody, William J.},
  title       = {Early network activity propagates bidirectionally between hippocampus and cortex.},
  year        = {2015},
  language    = {eng},
  month       = {Sep},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/dneu.22351},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22351},
  abstract    = {Spontaneous activity in the developing brain helps refine neuronal connections before the arrival of sensory-driven neuronal activity. In mouse neocortex during the first postnatal week, waves of spontaneous activity originating from pacemaker regions in the septal nucleus and piriform cortex propagate through the neocortex. Using high-speed Ca(2+) imaging to resolve the spatiotemporal dynamics of wave propagation in parasagittal mouse brain slices, we show that the hippocampus can act as an additional source of neocortical waves. Some waves that originate in the hippocampus remain restricted to that structure, while others pause at the hippocampus-neocortex boundary and then propagate into the neocortex. Blocking GABAergic neurotransmission decreases the likelihood of wave propagation into neocortex, whereas blocking glutamatergic neurotransmission eliminates spontaneous and evoked hippocampal waves. A subset of hippocampal and cortical waves trigger Ca(2+) waves in astrocytic networks 
after a brief delay. Hippocampal waves accompanied by Ca(2+) elevation in astrocytes are more likely to propagate into the neocortex. Finally, we show that two structures in our preparation that initiate waves-the hippocampus and the piriform cortex-can be electrically stimulated to initiate propagating waves at lower thresholds than the neocortex, indicating that the intrinsic circuit properties of those regions are responsible for their pacemaker function. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
  institution = {Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195.},
  journal     = {Dev Neurobiol},
  medline-pst = {aheadofprint},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {26385616},
  timestamp   = {22.09.2015},
}

@Article{Barja:1984,
  author      = {Barja, F. and Mathison, R.},
  title       = {Sensory innervation of the rat portal vein and the hepatic artery.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {10},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {117--125},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-1838(84)90050-x},
  abstract    = {Several neuroanatomical and neurophysiological experiments suggest that the hepatic portal vein is not only richly innervated with sympathetic efferents, but also it is an important source of afferent information. By combining retrograde tracing (with True Blue as a marker) and immunological techniques, the cell bodies for the substance P-containing nerves that surround the portal vein and the hepatic artery of the rat have been localized to the spinal sensory ganglia (T8-T13). Since dorsal root rhizotomy abolished all substance P immunoreactive material from nerve fibres that surround these blood vessels, and since no double-labelled cells were detected in the nodose ganglia, an exclusive spinal origin for the substance P-containing sensory nerves is suggested.},
  journal     = {J Auton Nerv Syst},
  keywords    = {Animals; Catecholamines, metabolism; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Hepatic Artery, innervation; Male; Portal Vein, innervation; Rats; Spinal Nerves, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Substance P, metabolism; Sympathetic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6205041},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Barkats:1998,
  author      = {Barkats, M. and Bilang-Bleuel, A. and Buc-Caron, M. H. and Castel-Barthe, M. N. and Corti, O. and Finiels, F. and Horellou, P. and Revah, F. and Sabate, O. and Mallet, J.},
  title       = {Adenovirus in the brain: recent advances of gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {55},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {333--341},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00028-8},
  abstract    = {Adenovirus is an efficient vector for neuronal gene therapy due to its ability to infect post-mitotic cells, its high efficacy of cell transduction and its low pathogenicity. Recombinant adenoviruses encoding for therapeutical agents can be delivered in vivo after direct intracerebral injection into specific brain areas. They can be transported in a retrograde manner from the injection site to the projection cell bodies offering promising applications for the specific targeting of selected neuronal populations not easily accessible by direct injection, such as the motor neurons in the spinal cord. Adenoviral vectors are also efficient tools for the ex vivo gene therapy, that is, the genetical modification of cells prior to their transplantation into the nervous system. Recently, the efficacy of the adenovirus as a gene vector system has been demonstrated in several models of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD) and motor neuron diseases. In rat models of PD, 
adenoviruses encoding for either tyrosine hydroxylase, superoxide dismutase or glial-derived neurotrophic factor improved the survival and the functional efficacy of dopaminergic cells. Similarly, the intramuscular injection of an adenovirus encoding for neurotrophin-3 had substantial therapeutic effects in a mutant mouse model of motor neuron degenerative disease. However, although adenoviruses are highly attractive for neuronal gene transfer, they can trigger a strong inflammatory reaction leading in particular to the destruction of infected cells. The recent development of new generations of adenoviral vectors could shed light on the nature of the immune reaction caused by adenoviral vectors in the brain. The use of these new vectors, combined with that of neurospecific and regulatable promoters, should improve adenovirus gene transfer into the central nervous system.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, UMR CNRS C9923, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Prog Neurobiol},
  keywords    = {Adenoviridae; Animals; Brain Diseases, therapy; Genetic Therapy, trends; Humans; Neurodegenerative Diseases, therapy},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0301-0082(98)00028-8},
  pmid        = {9654383},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Barker:2009,
  Title                    = {Serotonergic projections from the caudal raphe nuclei to the hypoglossal nucleus in male and female rats.},
  Author                   = {Barker, Jessica R. and Thomas, Cathy F. and Behan, Mary},
  Journal                  = {Respir Physiol Neurobiol},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {2-3},
  Pages                    = {175--184},
  Volume                   = {165},

  Abstract                 = {The respiratory control system is sexually dimorphic. In many brain regions, including respiratory motor nuclei, serotonin (5HT) levels are higher in females than in males. We hypothesized that there could be sex differences in 5HT input to the hypoglossal nucleus, a region of the brainstem involved in upper airway control. Adult Fischer 344 rats were anesthetized and a retrograde transsynaptic neuroanatomical tracer, Bartha pseudorabies virus (PRV), was injected into the tongue. Sections through the medulla were reacted immunocytochemically for the presence of (i) PRV, (ii) tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH; marker of 5HT neurons), (iii) PRV combined with TPH, and (iv) 5HT. Sex hormone levels were measured in female rats and correlated with TPH immunoreactivity, as hypoglossal 5HT levels vary with the estrous cycle. The number of PRV neurons was comparable in male and female rats. The number and distribution of TPH immunoreactive neurons in the caudal raphe nuclei were similar in 
male and female rats. The subset of 5HT neurons that innervate hypoglossal motoneurons was also similar in male and female rats. With the exception of the ventrolateral region of the hypoglossal nucleus, 5HT immunoreactivity was similar in male and female rats. These data suggest that sex differences in 5HT modulation of hypoglossal motoneurons in male and female rats are not the result of sex differences in TPH or 5HT, but may result from differences in neurotransmitter release and reuptake, location of 5HT synaptic terminals on hypoglossal motoneurons, pre- and postsynaptic 5HT receptor expression, or the distribution of sex hormone receptors on hypoglossal or caudal raphe neurons.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.resp.2008.11.008},
  Institution              = {Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1102, United States.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Cell Count; Estradiol, blood; Estrous Cycle, physiology; Female; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Hypoglossal Nerve, cytology/physiology; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways; Progesterone, blood; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Respiratory Mechanics, physiology; Serotonin, metabolism; Sex Characteristics; Tryptophan Hydroxylase, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S1569-9048(08)00320-0},
  Pmid                     = {19073285},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2008.11.008}
}

@Article{Barker:2009a,
  author      = {Barker, Matthew and Billups, Brian and Hamann, Martine},
  title       = {Focal macromolecule delivery in neuronal tissue using simultaneous pressure ejection and local electroporation.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {177},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {273--284},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.10.021},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.10.021},
  abstract    = {Electroporation creates transient pores in the plasma membrane to introduce macromolecules within a cell or cell population. Generally, electrical pulses are delivered between two electrodes separated from each other, making electroporation less likely to be localised. We have developed a new device combining local pressure ejection with local electroporation through a double-barrelled glass micropipette to transfer impermeable macromolecules in brain slices or in cultured HEK293 cells. The design achieves better targeting of the site of pressure ejection with that of electroporation. With this technique, we have been able to limit the delivery of propidium iodide or dextran amine within areas of 100-200 micrometer. We confirm that local electroporation is transient and show that when combined with pressure ejection, it allows local transfection of EGFP plasmids within HEK293 cells or within cerebellar and hippocampal slice cultures. We further show that local electroporation is less 
damaging when compared to global electroporation using two separate electrodes. Focal delivery of dextran amine dyes within trapezoid body fibres allowed tracing axonal tracts within brainstem slices, enabling the study of identified calyx of Held presynaptic terminals in living brain tissue. This labelling method can be used to target small nuclei in neuronal tissue and is generally applicable to the study of functional synaptic connectivity, or live axonal tracing in a variety of brain areas.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, Leicester University, Medical Sciences Building, P.O. Box 138, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology; Brain Stem, cytology; Cell Line; Cell Membrane, drug effects; Coloring Agents; Dextrans; Electronics, Medical, instrumentation/methods; Electroporation, instrumentation/methods; Fluorescent Dyes; Humans; Microelectrodes; Microinjections, instrumentation/methods; Neuroanatomy, instrumentation/methods; Organ Culture Techniques; Pressure; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Propidium; Rats; Staining and Labeling, instrumentation/methods},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0165-0270(08)00627-4},
  pmid        = {19014970},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Barker:2012,
  author      = {Barker, Matthew and Solinski, Hans Jürgen and Hashimoto, Haruka and Tagoe, Thomas and Pilati, Nadia and Hamann, Martine},
  title       = {Acoustic overexposure increases the expression of VGLUT-2 mediated projections from the lateral vestibular nucleus to the dorsal cochlear nucleus.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {5},
  pages       = {e35955},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1371/journal.pone.0035955},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035955},
  abstract    = {The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) is a first relay of the central auditory system as well as a site for integration of multimodal information. Vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT-1 and VGLUT-2 selectively package glutamate into synaptic vesicles and are found to have different patterns of organization in the DCN. Whereas auditory nerve fibers predominantly co-label with VGLUT-1, somatosensory inputs predominantly co-label with VGLUT-2. Here, we used retrograde and anterograde transport of fluorescent conjugated dextran amine (DA) to demonstrate that the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) exhibits ipsilateral projections to both fusiform and deep layers of the rat DCN. Stimulating the LVN induced glutamatergic synaptic currents in fusiform cells and granule cell interneurones. We combined the dextran amine neuronal tracing method with immunohistochemistry and showed that labeled projections from the LVN are co-labeled with VGLUT-2 by contrast to VGLUT-1. Wistar rats were exposed to a loud 
single tone (15 kHz, 110 dB SPL) for 6 hours. Five days after acoustic overexposure, the level of expression of VGLUT-1 in the DCN was decreased whereas the level of expression of VGLUT-2 in the DCN was increased including terminals originating from the LVN. VGLUT-2 mediated projections from the LVN to the DCN are likely to play a role in the head position in response to sound. Amplification of VGLUT-2 expression after acoustic overexposure could be a compensatory mechanism from vestibular inputs in response to hearing loss and to a decrease of VGLUT-1 expression from auditory nerve fibers.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, Leicester University, Leicester, United Kingdom.},
  journal     = {PLoS One},
  keywords    = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Cell Surface Extensions, genetics/metabolism; Cochlear Nucleus, metabolism; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Regulation; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synapses, genetics/metabolism; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1, genetics/metabolism; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, genetics/metabolism; Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {PONE-D-11-18058},
  pmid        = {22570693},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2013},
}

@Article{Barkhimer:2008,
  author      = {Barkhimer, Tatyana V. and Kirchhoff, Jon R. and Hudson, Richard A. and Messer, Jr, William S and {Viranga Tillekeratne}, L. M.},
  title       = {Electrochemical detection of acetylcholine and choline: application to the quantitative nonradiochemical evaluation of choline transport.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {392},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {651--662},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s00216-008-2307-2},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2307-2},
  abstract    = {The development of analytical methods for determining the cholinergic biomarkers acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) is important for assessing their role in neurological and cognitive functions. In this review, electrochemical (EC) strategies to detect ACh and Ch are summarized and compared to other analysis methods. Recent research focusing on the development of a versatile nonradiochemical in vitro assay to evaluate Ch transport is also described. The assay coupled to analysis by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with indirect EC detection at an enzyme-modified microelectrode affords exceptional selectivity and sensitivity. Femtomole or lower mass detection limits for ACh (1 fmol) and Ch (100 amol) have been readily achieved, opening up a new range of possible experiments for investigating transport or turnover of Ch and ACh in neurobiological systems. The value of this method is illustrated through the evaluation of the pharmacological efficacy and mode of inhibition of a new class of 
quaternary ammonium alkyl-substituted catechol-based inhibitors of high-affinity choline transport (CHT). This microanalytical approach is particularly useful when knowledge of endogenous concentrations of Ch or ACh is desired or when the amount of available compounds or the sample size is limited. A brief description of the principles of CE is also provided.},
  institution = {Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.},
  journal     = {Anal Bioanal Chem},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, analysis/chemistry/metabolism; Animals; Choline, analysis/chemistry/metabolism; Electrochemistry; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Isotopes; Kinetics},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {18773199},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Barmack:1992a,
  author      = {Barmack, N. H. and Baughman, R. W. and Eckenstein, F. P.},
  title       = {Cholinergic innervation of the cerebellum of the rat by secondary vestibular afferents.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {656},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {566--579},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25236.x},
  abstract    = {The cholinergic innervation of the cerebellar cortex of the rat was studied by immunohistochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase, radiochemical measurement of ChAT activity, and double labeling of ChAT-positive neurons with HRP injected into the cerebellum. ChAT immunohistochemistry revealed large mossy fiber rosettes as well as finely beaded terminals with different morphological characterization, laminar distribution within the cerebellar cortex, and regional differences within the cerebellum. Large "grapelike" ChAT-positive mossy fiber rosettes that were distributed primarily in the granule cell layer were concentrated, but not exclusively located, in three separate regions of the cerebellum: (1) the uvula-nodulus (lobules 9 and 10); (2) the flocculus, and (3) the anterior lobe vermis (lobules 1 and 2). Regional differences in ChAT-positive afferent terminations in the cerebellar cortex demonstrated by immunohistochemistry were confirmed by regional biochemical measurements of 
ChAT activity. Using ChAT immunohistochemistry in combination with HRP injections into the uvula-nodulus, we have studied the origin of the cholinergic projection. The caudal medial vestibular nucleus and to a lesser extent the nucleus prepositus hypglossus contain ChAT-positive neurons that were double labeled following HRP injections into the uvula-nodulus. We conclude that (1) there is a prominent cholinergic mossy fiber pathway to the vestibulocerebellum, (2) this pathway originates primarily in the caudal third of the medial vestibular nucleus, and (3) this cholinergic pathway likely mediates secondary vestibular information related to postural adjustment.},
  institution = {Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97209.},
  journal     = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, enzymology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebellar Cortex, enzymology/physiology; Cerebellar Nuclei, enzymology/physiology; Cerebellum, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Organ Specificity; Rats; Vestibular Nuclei, enzymology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1376098},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Barmack:1992,
  Title                    = {Secondary vestibular cholinergic projection to the cerebellum of rabbit and rat as revealed by choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry, retrograde and orthograde tracers.},
  Author                   = {N. H. Barmack and R. W. Baughman and F. P. Eckenstein and H. Shojaku},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {250-270},
  Volume                   = {317},

  Abstract                 = {Previously we have shown that four regions of the cerebellum, the uvula-nodulus, flocculus, ventral paraflocculus, and anterior lobe 1, receive extensive, but not exclusive, cholinergic mossy fiber projections. In the present experiment we have studied the origin of three of these projections in the rat and rabbit (uvula-nodulus, flocculus, ventral paraflocculus), using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry in combination with a double label, retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP). We have demonstrated that in both the rat and rabbit the caudal medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and to a lesser extent the nucleus prepositus hypoglossus (NPH) contain ChAT-positive neurons. Neurons of the caudal MVN are double-labeled following HRP injections into the uvula-nodulus. HRP injections into the uvula-nodulus also labeled less than 5\% of the neurons in the cholinergic vestibular efferent complex. Fewer ChAT-positive neurons in the MVN and some ChAT-positive 
neurons in the NPH are double-labeled following HRP injections into the flocculus. Almost no ChAT-positive neurons in the MVN and some ChAT-positive neurons in the NPH are double-labeled following HRP injections into the ventral paraflocculus. Injections of Phaseolus leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into the caudal MVN of both the rat and rabbit demonstrated projection patterns to the uvula-nodulus and flocculus that were qualitatively similar to those observed using ChAT immunohistochemistry. We conclude that the cholinergic mossy fiber pathway to the cerebellum in general and the uvula-nodulus in particular is likely to mediate secondary vestibular information related to postural adjustments.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903170304},
  Institution              = { Medical Center Portland, Oregon 97209.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology/physiology; Cerebellar Cortex, cytology/physiology; Cerebellum, cytology/physiology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypoglossal Nerve, cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, cytology/physiology; Uvula, innervation; Vestibular Nuclei, metabolism/physiology; Vestibule, Labyrinth, innervation},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Morawska, Pauline},
  Pmid                     = {1577999},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903170304}
}

@Article{Barmack:1993,
  Title                    = {Cholinergic projection to the dorsal cap of the inferior olive of the rat, rabbit, and monkey.},
  Author                   = {N. H. Barmack and M. Fagerson and P. Errico},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {263--281},
  Volume                   = {328},

  Abstract                 = {The inferior olive is divided into several subnuclei that receive specific sensory information. The caudal dorsal cap of the medial accessory subdivision of the inferior olive receives horizontal optokinetic information from the nucleus of the optic tract. The immediately subjacent beta-nucleus receives vertical vestibular information mediated by a GABAergic pathway originating from the ipsilateral descending and medial vestibular nuclei. None of the transmitters to the dorsal cap have been identified. Using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry, we have identified a cholinergic pathway that terminates exclusively in the dorsal cap of rats and monkeys. No other division of the inferior olive received a significant cholinergic innervation. In the rabbit, immunostaining for ChAT reveals a weaker and more diffuse cholinergic innervation of both the dorsal cap and the subjacent beta-nucleus. In rats and rabbits we injected iontophoretically the orthograde tracer 
Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into the medial and descending vestibular nuclei (MVN, DVN) as well as the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH) in order to trace the possible origin of the cholinergic projection. PHA-L injections into the NPH and medial aspect of the MVN labeled terminals within the contralateral dorsal cap. PHA-L injections in the central and lateral aspects of the MVN as well as the DVN labeled the ipsilateral beta-nucleus. Pressure injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the caudal dorsal cap of the rabbit inferior olive demonstrated a predominantly contralateral projection to the dorsal cap from the lateral aspect of the NPH. However, pressure injections of HRP into the caudal dorsal cap combined with ChAT immunohistochemistry in the rabbit demonstrated that most of the neurons of the NPH that projected to the dorsal cap were not cholinergic, and that most of the ChAT-positive neurons within the NPH occupied a more ventral location than the 
neurons within the NPH that were retrogradely labeled from the HRP injection into the contralateral dorsal cap. In the rat, we made lesions in the MVN, DVN and NPH by injection of ibotenic acid (0.3-0.5 microliter), in an attempt to deplete the dorsal cap of the inferior olive of its cholinergic input. Lesions confined to the NPH and medial aspect of the MVN of the rat caused a loss of ChAT staining in the contralateral dorsal cap. Lesions placed more laterally within the MVN or DVN failed to deplete ChAT-positive terminals in the contralateral or ipsilateral dorsal caps. The dorsal cap of the rat and monkey receives a discrete cholinergic projection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903280208},
  Institution              = { Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97209.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Stem, ultrastructure; Cerebellum, chemistry/ultrastructure; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, chemistry; Haplorhini, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, chemistry/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rabbits, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Vestibular Nuclei, chemistry/ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8423244},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903280208}
}

@Article{Barmack:1998,
  author      = {N. H. Barmack and B. J. Fredette and E. Mugnaini},
  title       = {Parasolitary nucleus: a source of GABAergic vestibular information to the inferior olive of rat and rabbit.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {392},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {352-372},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980316)392:3<352::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-0},
  abstract    = {At least two subnuclei of the inferior olive, the beta-nucleus, and the dorsomedial cell column (dmcc), contain vestibularly responsive neurons that receive a dense descending projection that uses gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as the transmitter. In contrast to the GABAergic innervation of other olivary subnuclei, the terminal boutons that terminate on neurons in the beta-nucleus and the dorsomedial cell column remain intact after cerebellectomy, ruling out both the cerebellum and the cerebellar nuclei as afferent sources. By using both immunohistochemical as well as orthograde and retrograde tracer methods, we have identified the source of the GABAergic pathway to the beta-nucleus and dmcc in both rat and rabbit. Under physiologic recording of single olivary neurons to guide electrode placement, we injected the bidirectional tracer, wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the beta-nucleus and dmcc of the inferior olive. These injections retrogradely labeled 
neurons in the parasolitary nucleus (Psol) near the vestibular complex. Psol neurons were identified as GABAergic with an antibody to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). In the rat, Psol neurons are small (5-7 microm in diameter) and number approximately 1,800. In the rabbit, they are slightly larger (6-9 microm in diameter) and number approximately 2,200. WGA-HRP injections in conjunction with GAD immunohistochemistry double labeled a high percentage of neurons in both the rat and rabbit Psol. Injection of the orthograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin into the area of the Psol revealed a projection from this region to both the beta-nucleus and dmcc. Subtotal electrolytic lesions of this division of the Psol caused a substantial reduction in GAD-positive synaptic terminals in both the ipsilateral beta-nucleus and dmcc. The location of these GABAergic neurons, bordering both the nucleus solitarius and caudal vestibular complex, emphasizes the importance of the Psol in the processing of both 
vestibular and autonomic information pertinent to postural control.},
  institution = {R.S. Dow Neurological Sciences Institute, Legacy Good Samaritan Hospital, Portland, Oregon 97209, USA. barmackn@ohsu.edu},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Glutamate Decarboxylase, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways; Neurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, chemistry/cytology; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, chemistry; Rabbits; Rats; Vestibular Nuclei, chemistry/cytology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-0},
  pmid        = {9511923},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Barman:1988,
  author      = {Barman, S. M. and Gebber, G. L.},
  title       = {The axons of raphespinal sympathoinhibitory neurons branch in the cervical spinal cord.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {441},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {371--376},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(88)91417-5},
  abstract    = {This study shows that the axons of some raphespinal sympathoinhibitory neurons projecting to the third thoracic spinal segment emit branches in the third-fourth cervical spinal segments of cats. This was demonstrated by using time-controlled collision of neuronal action potentials initiated by stimuli applied at these spinal levels. Antidromic mapping revealed that the cervical branches of these neurons likely terminated in Rexed's lamina VII. In contrast to these raphe neurons, the axons of ventrolateral medullospinal sympathoexcitatory neurons did not emit cervical branches.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Cats; Electric Stimulation; Neurons, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(88)91417-5},
  pmid        = {3359240},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Barna:2014,
  Title                    = {Acute exercise-induced activation of Phox2b-expressing neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in rats may involve the hypothalamus.},
  Author                   = {Barna, B. F. and Takakura, A. C. and Moreira, T. S.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Pages                    = {355--363},
  Volume                   = {258},

  Abstract                 = {The rat retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains neurons that have a well-defined phenotype characterized by the presence of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) mRNA and a paired-like homeobox 2b (Phox2b)-immunoreactive (ir) nucleus and the absence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). These neurons are important to chemoreception. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the chemically-coded RTN neurons (ccRTN) (Phox2b(+)/TH(-)) are activated during an acute episode of running exercise. Since most RTN neurons are excited by the activation of perifornical and lateral hypothalamus (PeF/LH), a region that regulates breathing during exercise, we also tested the hypothesis that PeF/LH projections to RTN neurons contribute to their activation during acute exercise. In adult male Wistar rats that underwent an acute episode of treadmill exercise, there was a significant increase in c-Fos immunoreactive (c-Fos-ir) in PeF/LH neurons and RTN neurons that were Phox2b(+)TH(-) (p<0.05)
 compared to rats that did not exercise. Also the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold that was injected into RTN was detected in c-Fos-ir PeF/LH (p<0.05). In summary, the ccRTN neurons (Phox2b(+)TH(-)) are excited by running exercise. Thus, ccRTN neurons may contribute to both the chemical drive to breath and the feed-forward control of breathing associated with exercise.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.031},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: tmoreira@icb.usp.br.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(13)00978-0},
  Pmid                     = {24286756},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.031}
}

@Article{Barna:1997,
  Title                    = {Effects of anterolateral and posterolateral cuts around the medial hypothalamus on the immunoreactive ACTH and beta-endorphin levels in selected brain regions of the rat.},
  Author                   = {I. Barna and J. I. Koenig and G. B. Makara},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res Bull},
  Year                     = {1997},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {353--357},
  Volume                   = {42},

  Abstract                 = {To evaluate the relative weight of the ACTH-ergic and beta-endorphin-ergic pathway(s) leaving the medial hypothalamus (MH) in anterior or posterior directions immunoreactive ACTH and beta-endorphin (ir-ACTH and ir-betaE) were quantified in selected brain regions of the rat 7-8 days after placing anterolateral (ALC) or posterolateral (PLC) cut around the MH. Retrograde accumulation of both peptides was observed in the MH after ALC, but not after PLC. ALC resulted in dramatic decrease in ir-ACTH/ir-betaE concentrations in all extra-MH brain regions tested (extra-MH hypothalamus, septum, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and medulla oblongata). In contrast, ir-ACTH and ir-betaE levels decreased only in the thalamus and in the medulla oblongata after PLC. The present data indicate (a) ACTH- and betaE-like substances synthesized in the arcuate region of the hypothalamus are axonally transported to extrahypothalamic brain regions by neuronal pathways leaving the MH primarily 
anterolateral, anterodorsal, or anteromedial direction (even the fibers of certain posteromedial or posterolateral projections leave the MH some anterior directions); (b) the posterior ACTH-/betaE-ergic projections seem to be of minor importance except for the thalamus and the medulla oblongata where it contributes to about one-third of the peptide content. Our biochemical study provide quantitative complementary data to the detailed immunohistochemical picture of the ACTH/betaE-ergic projections in the rat brain described by Khachaturian et al.},
  Institution              = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.},
  Keywords                 = {Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, metabolism; Amygdala, metabolism; Animals; Brain, metabolism; Hippocampus, metabolism; Hypothalamus, Middle, physiology; Hypothalamus, metabolism; Male; Medulla Oblongata, metabolism; Organ Specificity; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thalamus, metabolism; beta-Endorphin, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  Pii                      = {S0361-9230(96)00298-5},
  Pmid                     = {9092876},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Barnes:1988,
  author      = {Barnes, K. L. and Chernicky, C. L. and Block, C. H. and Ferrario, C. M.},
  title       = {Distribution of catecholaminergic neuronal systems in the canine medulla oblongata and pons.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {274},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {127--141},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902740112},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902740112},
  abstract    = {The distribution of catecholamine-containing neurons, fibers, and varicosities in the brainstem of both adult and juvenile dogs was mapped in detail with glyoxylic acid histofluorescence. Four separate groups of catecholamine-fluorescent neurons were identified within the canine medulla and pons in locations comparable to the A1, A2, A5, and A6 regions reported in other species. However, aspects of the pattern and density of the catecholaminergic neuronal systems appeared to be unique to the dog. The A1 neurons of the caudal ventrolateral medulla were much more scattered than in rats or rabbits, but relatively similar to cats. In the A2 region of the dorsomedial medulla, catecholaminergic cells and fibers were uniquely distributed compared to other species: fluorescent neurons were scattered only within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and a distinctive pattern of fibers and varicosities outlined the nucleus of the solitary tract and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The A5 neurons of 
the rostral ventrolateral medulla appeared at the rostral limit of the A1 region. Fluorescent A5 cells were more sparse than in rats or primates, and were patterned similarly to cats and rabbits. The canine A6 region contained the most extensive and dense grouping of catecholamine neurons and was similar in pattern to the rabbits but less extensive than that seen in cats or primates. An ascending catecholaminergic fiber pathway was traced through the central tegmental field of the canine medulla and pons, with features similar to the primate. The present study provides the first description of the catecholaminergic neuronal systems of the canine medulla.},
  institution = {Department of Brain and Vascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Catecholamines, analysis; Dogs, anatomy /&/ histology; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, cytology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3417906},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Barnes:1994,
  author      = {K. L. Barnes and A. J. McQueeney and W. R. Barrett and W. D. Knowles},
  title       = {Morphology and projections of neurobiotin-labeled nucleus tractus solitarii neurons recorded in vitro.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {34},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {339--348},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(94)90027-2},
  abstract    = {The suitability of the anterograde tracer neurobiotin to provide information about the morphology and projections of extracellularly or intracellularly recorded medial nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS) neurons was evaluated in horizontally oriented rat dorsal medulla in vitro slices. After responsiveness to angiotensin (Ang) II, substance P (SP), and L-glutamate was evaluated, neurons were labeled by electrophoresis of neurobiotin at the recording site. Extracellular application (2 microA for 2 min) produced discrete injection sites (40-70 microns) with a small group of labeled neurons. Ejections into the solitary tract documented that the tracer was not taken up by axons traversing the injection site. Neuronal perikarya, primary and secondary dendrites, and axons exhibited a dense Golgi-like appearance, with well-defined dendritic spines and axonal varicosities. Dendritic or axonal processes could be followed for more than 1 mm from the cell soma in a 50 microns thick section, documenting the 
horizontal architecture of the medial nTS. Intracellular electrophoresis filled the soma, primary and secondary dendrites, and axons of neurons characterized for responsiveness to peptides, L-glutamate and solitary tract stimulation. The location within the nTS and axonal projections of neurons responsive to Ang II and SP appeared to differ from those of cells responsive to Ang II and L-glutamate. Thus, either extracellular or intracellular application of neurobiotin in the in vitro slice can reveal differences in axonal or dendritic targets of neuronal subgroups responsive to different neurotransmitters or peptides and provide evidence for the likely autonomic significance of the neurons.},
  institution = {Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195-5286.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Angiotensin II, immunology/metabolism; Animals; Biotin; Electrophoresis; Electrophysiology; Extracellular Space, metabolism; Glutamates, immunology/metabolism; Glutamic Acid; Histocytochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Substance P, immunology/metabolism; Vagus Nerve, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0361-9230(94)90027-2},
  pmid        = {7521778},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Barnett:1995,
  author      = {Barnett, E. M. and Evans, G. D. and Sun, N. and Perlman, S. and Cassell, M. D.},
  title       = {Anterograde tracing of trigeminal afferent pathways from the murine tooth pulp to cortex using herpes simplex virus type 1.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {15},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {2972--2984},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/15/4/2972.long},
  abstract    = {Due to its predominantly nociceptive innervation, viral tracing from the tooth pulp provides a potential means for tracing central pain pathways. The neural pathways from the tooth pulp to cortex were determined using in situ hybridization to detect the anterograde transneuronal spread of herpes simplex virus type 1 strain H129 following inoculation into the murine mandibular incisor pulp. Virus first appeared in the brain at day 3 in the dorsomedial region of all three subnuclei of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the principal sensory nucleus. By days 5-6 virus had spread to the contralateral medial nucleus of the medial geniculate complex, posterior thalamus, and ventroposteromedial thalamus. At days 7-8 virus was detected in laminae IV and Va of the primary somatosensory cortex and lamina IV of the secondary somatosensory cortex in regions previously shown to receive input from the lower jaw. Several mice also showed infection of laminae II/III of the ipsilateral dysgranular insular 
cortex, along with labeling for virus in the ipsilateral external lateral parabrachial nucleus, posterior thalamus, and posterior basolateral amygdala. Our results are highly consistent with previous tracing and electrophysiological studies utilizing the tooth pulp and with studies implicating the infected structures in nociception. Viral spread appeared to define two separate afferent systems with infection of structures which have been implicated in the sensory-discriminative aspects of pain, such as the ventroposteromedial thalamus and somatosensory cortex, as well as in the dysgranular insular cortex and related subcortical nuclei which may have a role in the affective-motivational aspects of pain.},
  institution = {Neuroscience Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology/virology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/virology; Dental Pulp, innervation/virology; Functional Laterality; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology/virology; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Incisor, innervation/virology; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Organ Specificity; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology/virology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7536824},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Baron:1991,
  Title                    = {Afferent and sympathetic neurons projecting into lumbar visceral nerves of the male rat.},
  Author                   = {Baron, R. and Jänig, W.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1991},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {429--436},
  Volume                   = {314},

  Abstract                 = {The cell bodies of thoracolumbar sensory and sympathetic pre- and postganglionic neurons that project to the colon and pelvic organs of the male rat were labeled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in order to study numbers, segmental distribution, and location of the somata of these neurons quantitatively. HRP was applied to one hypogastric nerve (HGN), to the lumbar colonic nerves (LCN) and to the intermesenteric nerve (IMN). In order to estimate the significance of the branching of one axon into both hypogastric nerves a double-labeling technique with fluorogold and HRP was used. About 2640 neurons project into the two HGN added together (800 afferent, 1320 pre-, and 520 postganglionic), 4650 neurons into the LCN (360 afferent, 0 pre- and 4290 postganglionic), and 5990 into the IMN (1500 afferent, 1250 pre-, and 3240 postganglionic). About 4190 sympathetic postganglionic prevertebral neurons innervate the colon and pelvic organs, 1900 are located in the inferior 
mesenteric ganglion and 2290 in ganglia of the IMN. Considering the efferent component, the HGN mainly are preganglionic and the LCN exclusively postganglionic nerves. Branching of one axon into both HGN is a rare event and quantitatively negligible (less than 3\%). Afferent neurons of all three nerves were found in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) T12-L2 with the maximum in L1 and L2. The distribution of afferent neurons projecting into the LCN is shifted slightly more rostrally compared to neurons projecting into the HGN. The IMN distribution is located in a position in between. Preganglionic neurons projecting into the IMN are located in the spinal cord segments T12-L3 with the maximum in L1 and L2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903140302},
  Institution              = {Physiologisches Institut, Christan-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Colon, innervation; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Sympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Stilbamidines; Stomach, innervation; Sympathetic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1726105},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903140302}
}

@Article{Baron:1988,
  Title                    = {Sympathetic and afferent somata projecting in hindlimb nerves and the anatomical organization of the lumbar sympathetic nervous system of the rat.},
  Author                   = {Baron, R. and Jänig, W. and Kollmann, W.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1988},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {460--468},
  Volume                   = {275},

  Abstract                 = {The anatomy of the sympathetic pathways from the spinal cord to the lumbar sympathetic trunk and the inferior mesenteric ganglion was studied systematically in the rat. Details of the arrangements of white and gray rami communicantes, sympathetic trunk ganglia, the intermesenteric nerve, and the lumbar splanchnic nerves are summarized. A modified nomenclature for the segmental ganglia of the paravertebral sympathetic chain is proposed. Cell bodies of sensory and sympathetic axons projecting to the skin and skeletal muscle of the rat hindlimb were labeled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in order to study numbers, segmental distribution, and location of the somata of these neurons quantitatively. HRP was applied to the nerves supplying skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius-soleus, GS), hairy skin (sural, SU; saphenous, SA) and to a mixed nerve (tibial, TI). All sensory somata and 96.4\% of the sympathetic cell bodies were located ipsilaterally. Sensory somata were commonly 
restricted to two adjacent dorsal root ganglia (usually L3-4 for SA; L4-5 for GS, TI; L5-6 for SU). Although the sympathetic somata were more widely distributed rostrocaudally (four to six segments), their maximum was always located one or two segments more cranially than the sensory outflow, i.e., corresponding to the rami communicantes grisei. From the data, it is estimated that 420 sympathetic and 530 afferent neurons project into GS, 590 and 3,610 into SU, 920 and 3,750 into SA, and 1,070 and 5,760 into TI. These absolute neuron numbers are compared with electron microscopic fiber counts from the literature.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902750310},
  Institution              = {Physiologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany.},
  Keywords                 = {Adrenergic Fibers, cytology/physiology; Animals; Cell Count; Hindlimb, innervation/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {3225349},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902750310}
}

@Article{Baron:1995,
  author      = {Baron, R. and Jänig, W. and With, H.},
  title       = {Sympathetic and afferent neurones projecting into forelimb and trunk nerves and the anatomical organization of the thoracic sympathetic outflow of the rat.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {53},
  number      = {2-3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {205--214},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-1838(94)00171-f},
  abstract    = {The anatomy of the cervicothoracic sympathetic nerves was studied in the rat. Details of the arrangements of white and grey rami communicantes and superior cervical, middle cervical and stellate ganglia are given. Dorsal root and sympathetic ganglion neurones projecting to skin and muscle of the forelimb and trunk were labelled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in order to study their number, segmental distribution and location. HRP was applied to forelimb nerves supplying skeletal muscles (Ramus profundus of radial nerve, RP) or hairy skin (N. cutaneus brachii lateralis superior of axillary nerve, CB), to mixed nerves (median nerve, ME; ulnar nerve, UL; radial nerve, RA) and to segmental thoracic nerves supplying hairy skin of the back (dorsal cutaneous nerve, CD) and to mixed internal intercostal nerves (IC). All sensory and sympathetic neurones were located ipsilaterally. In the forelimb nerves sensory somata were commonly restricted to two or three adjacent dorsal root 
ganglia (usually C6-7 for CB; C7-8 for ME; C7-Th1 for RA and RP; C8-Th1 for UL). Nearly all of the sympathetic somata were located in the middle cervical and stellate ganglia (fusion of C6-Th3). Some 0-0.4\% lay in Th4 and Th5, none in the superior cervical ganglia. In the trunk nerves sensory somata were strictly segmentally organized. Sympathetic somata were distributed more widely over 4-5 segments with 50-55\% in the segmental ganglion and up to 41\% in the next caudal segment. From the data, it is estimated that 400 sympathetic (28\%) and 1050 afferent neurones project into CB, 1660 (29\%) and 4050 into RA, 540 (42\%) and 760 into RP, 1010 (22\%) and 3670 into ME, 880 (22\%) and 3040 into UL, 350 (25\%) and 1040 into IC and 500 (27\%) and 1370 into CD.},
  institution = {Klinik für Neurologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Germany.},
  journal     = {J Auton Nerv Syst},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autonomic Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Axons, physiology; Cell Count; Forelimb, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Ganglia, Sympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sympathetic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Thorax, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7560757},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Baron:1994,
  author      = {Baron, R. and Saguer, M.},
  title       = {Axon-reflex reactions in affected and homologous contralateral skin after unilateral peripheral injury of thoracic segmental nerves in humans.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {165},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {97--100},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(94)90718-8},
  abstract    = {Transection and regeneration of a rat peripheral nerve on one side reduces the ability of the contralateral nerve to evoke plasma extravasation after antidromic excitation of afferent C-fibers induced by electrical nerve stimulation (afferent axon reflex). An unknown transneuronal signalling substance was postulated. In humans, axon-reflex vasodilatation was studied using cutaneous iontophoresis of histamine for C-fiber stimulation and laser Doppler flowmetry for measuring vasodilatation. As a model of peripheral nerve lesion with regeneration, patients with severe unilateral zoster neuropathy of thoracic segmental nerves were examined. Axon-reflex reactions were considerably impaired within the affected dermatome compared with the unaffected side and compared with controls. In contrast, no significant differences could be found between the unaffected corresponding sites of patients and similar dermatomes of healthy controls, indicating that this type of nerve injury does not influence the 
ability of the contralateral nerve to evoke axon-reflex vasodilatation.},
  institution = {Klinik für Neurologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Germany.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Aged; Electric Stimulation; Female; Herpes Zoster, physiopathology; Histamine, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Humans; Injections, Intradermal; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neuralgia, physiopathology; Nociceptors, drug effects/physiology; Peripheral Nerves, physiology; Reflex, physiology; Regional Blood Flow, physiology; Retrograde Degeneration, physiology; Skin, blood supply/injuries/innervation; Vasodilation, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8015746},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Barone:1994,
  author      = {F. C. Barone and J. T. Cheng and M. J. Wayner},
  title       = {Reticular thalamic inhibitory input to lateral hypothalamic neurons: a functional and histochemical determination.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {33},
  number      = {5},
  pages       = {575--582},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(94)90083-3},
  abstract    = {Both the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and reticular thalamus (RT) have been implicated in the integration of a variety of vital functions. To determine relevant connections more specifically between cells of these two regions in the rat, functional neurophysiological and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemical techniques were utilized. Single pulse electrical stimulation of the RT modified the discharge frequency of the majority of LH neurons tested. LH neuronal responses to RT stimulation included; inhibition (66.32\%), excitation followed by inhibition (6.12\%), and excitation (7.14\%). Because RT stimulation resulted primarily in the inhibition of LH neuronal activity with a relative short mean latency of 1.87 +/- 0.23 ms, the existence of a possible direct inhibitory pathway from the RT to LH also was evaluated using HRP histochemistry. Retrogradely HPR labeled soma were identified in the RT after HRP was ejected extracellularly onto LH neurons, which exhibited a decrease in spontaneous 
activity in response to RT stimulation. These data demonstrate direct projections from the RT to the LH. In addition, HRP labeling of neurons and axons in the zona incerta-LH area following LH HRP ejections suggest this route as a synaptic pathway from RT to LH.},
  institution = {Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Smith Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, cytology/physiology; Iontophoresis; Male; Microelectrodes; Neurons, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology; Rats; Reticular Formation, physiology; Thalamus, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {8187000},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Barone:1995,
  author      = {F. C. Barone and I. Zarco de Coronado and M. J. Wayner},
  title       = {Gastric distension modulates hypothalamic neurons via a sympathetic afferent path through the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {38},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {239--251},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(95)00096-w},
  abstract    = {The effects of gastric distension on extracellularly recorded single neuronal activity in the lateral hypothalamuslateral preoptic area-medial forebrain bundle (LPA-LH-MFB), other areas of the hypothalamus, mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG), and other areas associated with the mesencephalic reticular formation were determined in the anesthetized rat. Gastric distension was produced by filling a gastric balloon with water using a calibrated infusion pump. Experimental conditions were based on previous studies that simulated gastric distension during fluid consumption in the rat. The effects of stomach distension using water at body temperature and room temperature were compared. Neurons in both the hypothalamus and mesencephalon were modulated by gastric distension. Hypothalamic neurons exhibited responses associated with gastric distension and exhibited interactions between distension and temperature stimulation of the stomach. Neurons in the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) and 
associated reticular formation also were modulated by these gastric stimuli. When the PAG was electrically stimulated, similar responses to gastric distension and PAG stimulation were observed for hypothalamic neurons. The effects of gastric distension on hypothalamic neurons were reduced or eliminated when the PAG stimulating electrode site was destroyed by electrocoagulation. In addition, the microiontophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase at hypothalamic neuronal recording sites where gastric distension effects were observed resulted in the retrograde labeling of neurons in the PAG. These gastric stimulation-induced effects on hypothalamic and mesencephalic neuronal activity were attenuated but were not permanently eliminated by bilateral cervical vagotomy. However, these effects were significantly reduced or eliminated by bilateral transection of the cervical sympathetic chain or spinal transection at the first cervical level. Because the filling of balloons placed into the abdominal cavity 
close to the stomach had no similar effects on neural activity, these results can be attributed primarily to the activation of gastric mechano-and temperature-sensitive receptors. These results indicate that the effects of gastric temperature/distension stimulation under these conditions are mediated to a large degree by sympathetic afferents. The PAG is clearly involved as one of the mesencephalic relays for gastric afferent input to the hypothalamus.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Adrenergic Fibers; Afferent Pathways, physiopathology; Animals; Gastric Balloon; Hypothalamus, physiopathology; Mesencephalon, physiopathology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stomach Diseases, physiopathology; Time Factors; Vagus Nerve, physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {036192309500096W},
  pmid        = {7496818},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Barone:1981,
  author      = {F. C. Barone and M. J. Wayner and S. L. Scharoun and R. Guevara-Aguilar and H. U. Aguilar-Baturoni},
  title       = {Afferent connections to the lateral hypothalamus: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {75--88},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(81)90101-5},
  abstract    = {Horseradish peroxidase, 13\% Sigma Type VI, was administered iontophoretically to the mid lateral hypothalamus (LH) of male hooded rats. Animals were perfused intracardially on the following day and brains were removed and sliced in the coronal or sagittal planes into 30-50 micrometer sections. Sections were processed with DAB and BDH for the brown and blue reaction products and later examined by bright and dark field microscopy for the presence and location of retrogradely labeled neurons. Results indicate that a significant number of afferent connections to the LH originate in the olfactory and accumbens nuclei, pyriform cortex, olfactory tracts, magnocellular and medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic regions, stria terminalis, stria hypothalamic tract, diagonal tract of Broca, caudate-putamen and globus pallidus, internal capsule, lateral septal nuclei, lateral preoptic area and anterior medial forebrain bundle, the various amygdaloid nuclei, zona incerta, perifornical region, dorsal 
and ventral medial hypothalamic areas, supraoptic, paraventricular and periventricular nuclei, posterior hypothalamus and medial forebrain bundle, ventral thalamic nuclei, the fields of Forel, arcuate and mammillary nuclei, adjacent to the fasciculus retroflexus, in the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, mesencephalic reticular formation, periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus and parabrachial region. Results are discussed in terms of previous anatomical and neurophysiological data, probable pathways, and the function of LH neurons.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medial Forebrain Bundle, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6974034},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Barone:1995b,
  author      = {Barone, F. C. and {Zarco de Coronado}, I. and Wayner, M. J.},
  title       = {Gastric distension modulates hypothalamic neurons via a sympathetic afferent path through the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {38},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {239--251},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(95)00096-w},
  abstract    = {The effects of gastric distension on extracellularly recorded single neuronal activity in the lateral hypothalamuslateral preoptic area-medial forebrain bundle (LPA-LH-MFB), other areas of the hypothalamus, mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG), and other areas associated with the mesencephalic reticular formation were determined in the anesthetized rat. Gastric distension was produced by filling a gastric balloon with water using a calibrated infusion pump. Experimental conditions were based on previous studies that simulated gastric distension during fluid consumption in the rat. The effects of stomach distension using water at body temperature and room temperature were compared. Neurons in both the hypothalamus and mesencephalon were modulated by gastric distension. Hypothalamic neurons exhibited responses associated with gastric distension and exhibited interactions between distension and temperature stimulation of the stomach. Neurons in the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) and 
associated reticular formation also were modulated by these gastric stimuli. When the PAG was electrically stimulated, similar responses to gastric distension and PAG stimulation were observed for hypothalamic neurons. The effects of gastric distension on hypothalamic neurons were reduced or eliminated when the PAG stimulating electrode site was destroyed by electrocoagulation. In addition, the microiontophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase at hypothalamic neuronal recording sites where gastric distension effects were observed resulted in the retrograde labeling of neurons in the PAG. These gastric stimulation-induced effects on hypothalamic and mesencephalic neuronal activity were attenuated but were not permanently eliminated by bilateral cervical vagotomy. However, these effects were significantly reduced or eliminated by bilateral transection of the cervical sympathetic chain or spinal transection at the first cervical level. Because the filling of balloons placed into the abdominal cavity 
close to the stomach had no similar effects on neural activity, these results can be attributed primarily to the activation of gastric mechano-and temperature-sensitive receptors. These results indicate that the effects of gastric temperature/distension stimulation under these conditions are mediated to a large degree by sympathetic afferents. The PAG is clearly involved as one of the mesencephalic relays for gastric afferent input to the hypothalamus.},
  institution = {Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Adrenergic Fibers; Afferent Pathways, physiopathology; Animals; Gastric Balloon; Hypothalamus, physiopathology; Mesencephalon, physiopathology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stomach Diseases, physiopathology; Time Factors; Vagus Nerve, physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {036192309500096W},
  pmid        = {7496818},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Barone:1995a,
  author      = {Barone, P. and Dehay, C. and Berland, M. and Bullier, J. and Kennedy, H.},
  title       = {Developmental remodeling of primate visual cortical pathways.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {5},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {22--38},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1093/cercor/5.1.22},
  abstract    = {The pre- and postnatal developmental changes of the cortical afferents to area 17 were studied in the macaque monkey. Paired injections of the retrograde tracers fast blue and diamidino yellow were made in area 17. Quantitative techniques were used to examine the spatial patterns of labeling in three distinct locations of the extrastriate cortex that correspond to known visual areas. In the adult, each cortical region has a characteristic laminar distribution. In the fetus the proportion of supragranular layer neurons in all cortical regions was much higher than in the adult. The present study shows that despite the very high levels of labeled supragranular layer neurons, there is some early areal specialization so that the adult configuration does not emerge from a uniform distribution. The developmental decline in the proportion of labeled supragranular neurons is complete by 1 month after birth. Each injection of tracer gave rise in each cortical area to dense labeling in a restricted 
region (projection zone). Areal measurements of projection zones in the supra- and infragranular layers showed that the developmental decrease in the proportion of labeled supragranular layer neurons is accompanied by a relative change of the dimensions of supra- and infragranular projection zones: the supragranular projection zone in the fetus is larger than the infragranular projection zone and vice versa in the adult. In the fetus, the two projection zones corresponding to each of the two tracers overlap in the supragranular layers whereas they are largely separated in the infragranular layers. During development there is a progressive decrease in the overlap of the supragranular projection zones and an increase in the overlap in the infragranular layers. Again, the adult configuration is achieved 1 month after birth. This developmental inversion of the areal dimensions of the projection zones in supra- and infragranular layers is accompanied by a drastic decrease in the proportion of double-labeled 
neurons located in supragranular layers. These results clearly show that early in development, axonal projections to area V1 are modified in very different ways according to whether they originate from supra- or infragranular layers. This developmental process lasts for about 80 d. These findings show that in the primate there is a prolonged remodeling of axonal projections that is a highly characteristic feature of this species.},
  institution = {Cerveau et Vision, INSERM U371, Bron, France.},
  journal     = {Cereb Cortex},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Animals; Animals, Newborn, physiology; Axons, metabolism/physiology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Macaca fascicularis; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Pregnancy; Visual Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development; Visual Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7719128},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Barrera:2006,
  Title                    = {Galanin-mediated anxiolytic effect in rat central amygdala is not a result of corelease from noradrenergic terminals.},
  Author                   = {Gabe Barrera and Angelica Hernandez and Jean-Francois Poulin and Sylvie Laforest and Guy Drolet and David A Morilak},
  Journal                  = {Synapse},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {27--40},
  Volume                   = {59},

  Abstract                 = {Galanin is colocalized extensively with norepinephrine in brain. Although this suggests possible activity-dependent neurotransmitter interactions, the functional significance of such colocalization remains elusive. Previously, we showed that enhancing stress-activation of the noradrenergic system by yohimbine pretreatment released galanin in central amygdala, attenuating the anxiety-like behavioral response to stress on the elevated plus-maze. The present study was conducted to determine, in this context, whether galanin was indeed coreleased from noradrenergic terminals, or instead from another galanin afferent or local stress-responsive galanin neurons in the amygdala. In experiment 1, galanin-mediated anxiolytic effects on the plus-maze following yohimbine + stress were unaltered by lesioning the noradrenergic innervation of central amygdala. In experiment 2, combining immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, galanin neurons specifically activated by yohimbine + stress 
treatment were found only in the locus coeruleus and intraamygdalar bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, adjacent to central amygdala. In experiment 3, retrograde tracing combined with in situ hybridization revealed few if any galanin cells projecting to central amygdala in locus coeruleus or nucleus tractus solitarius, sources of noradrenergic innervation. Indeed, few retrogradely-labeled galanin neurons were observed anywhere in the brain, including a small number in the intraamygdalar bed nucleus. Together, these results suggest that stress following yohimbine may have induced galanin release from an afferent to central amygdala originating in the bed nucleus, or from local neurons in the intraamygdalar bed nucleus, but that anxiolytic effects exerted by galanin in this context of elevated noradrenergic activity were not the result of corelease from noradrenergic terminals innervating central amygdala.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/syn.20208},
  Institution              = {Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, 78229, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Adrenergic Agents, toxicity; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists, pharmacology; Amygdala, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Autoradiography, methods; Behavior, Animal, drug effects; Cell Count, methods; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Drug Interactions; Fluoxetine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacokinetics; Galanin, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, drug effects; Immunohistochemistry, methods; In Situ Hybridization, methods; Locus Coeruleus, drug effects/physiology; Male; Maze Learning, drug effects; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Oncogene Proteins v-fos, metabolism; Oxidopamine, toxicity; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Restraint, Physical, methods; Septal Nuclei, drug effects/physiology; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Stress, Physiological, drug therapy/etiology/metabolism; Tritium, pharmacokinetics; Yohimbine, pharmacology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {16237681},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.20208}
}

@Article{Barret:2014,
  author      = {Barret, Olivier and Thomae, David and Tavares, Adriana and Alagille, David and Papin, Caroline and Waterhouse, Rikki and McCarthy, Timothy and Jennings, Danna and Marek, Ken and Russell, David and Seibyl, John and Tamagnan, Gilles},
  title       = {In vivo assessment and dosimetry of 2 novel PDE10A PET radiotracers in humans: 18F-MNI-659 and 18F-MNI-654.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {55},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {1297--1304},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.2967/jnumed.113.122895},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.113.122895},
  abstract    = {Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 10A is an enzyme involved in the regulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate and is highly expressed in medium-sized spiny neurons of the striatum, making it an attractive target for novel therapies for a variety of neurologic and psychiatric disorders that involve striatal function. Potential ligands for PET imaging of PDE10A have been reported. Here, we report the first-in-human characterization of 2 new PDE10A radioligands, 2-(2-(3-(1-(2-fluoroethyl)-1H-indazol-6-yl)-7-methyl-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)ethyl)-4-isopropoxyisoindoline-1,3-dione ((18)F-MNI-654) and 2-(2-(3-(4-(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl)-7-methyl-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)ethyl)-4-isopropoxyisoindoline-1,3-dione ((18)F-MNI-659), with the goal of selecting the best one for use in future studies interrogating pathophysiologic changes in neuropsychiatric disorders and aiding pharmaceutical development targeting PDE10A.Eleven healthy volunteers participated in 
this study ((18)F-MNI-654 test-retest, 2 men; (18)F-MNI-659 test-retest, 4 men and 1 woman; (18)F-MNI-659 dosimetry, 2 men and 2 women). Brain PET images were acquired over 5.5 h for (18)F-MNI-654 and over 3.5 h for (18)F-MNI-659, and pharmacokinetic modeling with plasma- and reference-region (cerebellar cortex)-based methods was performed. Whole-body PET images were acquired over 6 h for (18)F-MNI-659 and radiation dosimetry estimated with OLINDA.Both radiotracers were similarly metabolized, with about 20\% of intact parent remaining at 120 min after injection. PET time-activity data demonstrated that (18)F-MNI-654 kinetics were much slower than (18)F-MNI-659 kinetics. For (18)F-MNI-659, there was good agreement between the Logan and simplified reference tissue models for nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND), supporting noninvasive quantification, with test-retest variability less than 10\% and intraclass correlation greater than 0.9. The (18)F-MNI-659 effective dose was estimated at 0.024 mSv/MBq.PET 
imaging in the human brain with 2 novel PDE10A (18)F tracers is being reported. Noninvasive quantification of (18)F-MNI-659 with the simplified reference tissue model using the cerebellum as a reference is possible. In addition, (18)F-MNI-659 kinetics are fast enough for a good estimate of BPND with 90 min of data, with values around 3.0 in the basal ganglia. Finally, (18)F-MNI-659 dosimetry is favorable and consistent with values reported for other PET radiotracers currently used in humans.},
  institution = {Molecular NeuroImaging, LLC, New Haven, Connecticut; and.},
  journal     = {J Nucl Med},
  keywords    = {Adult; Animals; Brain, metabolism/radionuclide imaging; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Indoles, metabolism; Kinetics; Male; Models, Biological; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases, metabolism; Phthalimides, metabolism; Positron-Emission Tomography, methods; Quinazolinones, metabolism; Radioactive Tracers; Radiometry; Rats; Whole Body Imaging},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {jnumed.113.122895},
  pmid        = {24898025},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Barrett:1994,
  author      = {Barrett, R. T. and Bao, X. and Miselis, R. R. and Altschuler, S. M.},
  title       = {Brain stem localization of rodent esophageal premotor neurons revealed by transneuronal passage of pseudorabies virus.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {107},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {728--737},
  doi         = {10.1016/0016-5085(94)90120-1},
  abstract    = {Brain stem premotor neurons control swallowing through contacts with both afferent neurons and motoneurons. The location and connectivity of premotor neurons innervating the esophagus was determined using pseudorabies virus.In 30 rats, viral injections were made into either the cervical or subdiaphragmatic esophagus, cricothyroid muscle, or stomach. After a 48-62-hour survival, brain sections were processed immunocytochemically for the virus.Neuronal labeling was limited to the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus for survivals of 48-54 hours. At 57-62-hour survivals, virus-labeled second-order neurons (premotor neurons) were localized to the central subnucleus of nucleus of the solitary tract. Injections in the cricothyroid muscle and stomach resulted in distinct patterns of motoneuronal labeling in the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus and premotor neuronal labeling in the nucleus of the solitary tract.Virus-labeled premotor neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract 
occurred as a result of retrograde transport of the virus from the nucleus ambiguus because no viral antigen was present in the tractus solitarius. The esophagus is controlled by a central circuit whereby esophageal vagal afferents terminate on premotor neurons in the central subnucleus that in turn innervate esophageal motoneurons in the nucleus ambiguus.},
  institution = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.},
  journal     = {Gastroenterology},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Brain Stem, cytology/microbiology; Esophagus, cytology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, isolation /&/ purification/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology; Neurons, microbiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stem Cells, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0016508594002672},
  pmid        = {8076758},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Barriere:2004,
  author      = {Barrière, Grégory and Mellen, Nicholas and Cazalets, Jean-René},
  title       = {Neuromodulation of the locomotor network by dopamine in the isolated spinal cord of newborn rat.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {19},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {1325--1335},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03210.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03210.x},
  abstract    = {We have analysed the action of the neuromodulatory catecholamine, dopamine (DA), on the lumbar locomotor network using an isolated in vitro newborn rat spinal cord preparation. We have also attempted to determine the respective contribution of the D1- and D2-like receptors on the dopamine-mediated effects. Bath application of DA-induced slow locomotor-like rhythmic activity (cycle-period 20-30 s) in ventral motor roots. Bursts were alternating between segmental right and left side and between ipsilateral flexor and extensor units. This rhythm was blocked by D1 (SCH-23390) and D2 (raclopride, sulpiride) receptor antagonists, but was unaffected by the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase blocker, fusaric acid, thereby ruling out indirect noradrenaline-mediated effects. The D1 agonist, SKF-81297 induced prolonged slow rhythmic bursting, while the selective D2 agonists, quinpirole and quinelorane, had no effect. DA and the D1 agonist, SKF-81297 also increased the period and burst amplitude of N-methyl-d-l-
aspartate-induced locomotor activity. The effects of dopamine and SKF-81297 on the N-methyl-d-l-aspartate-induced rhythm were long-lasting; persisting for 1 hour after washout. The DA action was blocked by MDL-12 330 A, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, suggesting the involvement of cAMP. Together these results indicate that dopamine can exert neuromodulatory actions on mammalian motor networks via short-lasting permissive influences and a newly reported, long-lasting modulation of motor network activity.},
  institution = {CNRS UMR 5543, Physiologie et Physiopathologie de la Signalisation Cellulaire, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Benzazepines, pharmacology; Dopamine, pharmacology/physiology; Female; Male; Motor Activity, drug effects/physiology; Nerve Net, drug effects/physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents, pharmacology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Dopamine, physiology; Spinal Cord, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {EJN3210},
  pmid        = {15016090},
  timestamp   = {02.04.2013},
}

@Article{Barrington-Ward:1984,
  author    = {Barrington-Ward, S.J. and Kilpatrick, I.C. and Phillipson, O.T. and Pycock, C.J.},
  title     = {Evidence that thalamic efferent neurones are non-cholinergic: a study in the rat with special reference to the thalamostriatal pathway},
  year      = {1984},
  volume    = {299(1)},
  pages     = {146-51},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi       = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90797-2},
  journal   = {Brain Res},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Barrio:2006,
  author      = {Barrio, D. A. and Etcheverry, S. B.},
  title       = {Vanadium and bone development: putative signaling pathways.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {84},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {677--686},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1139/y06-022},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y06-022},
  abstract    = {Vanadium is a trace element present in practically all cells in plants and animals. It exerts interesting actions in living systems. At pharmacological doses, vanadium compounds display relevant biological actions such as mimicking insulin and growth factors as well as having osteogenic activity. Some vanadium compounds also show antitumoral properties. The importance of vanadium in bone arises from the studies developed to establish the essentiality of this element in animals and humans. Bone tissue, where the element seems to play an important role, accumulates great amounts of vanadium. This paper reviews the physiology of osteoblasts, the involvement of different growth factors on bone development, and the effects of vanadium derivatives on the skeletal system of animal models and bone-related cells. Two cellular lines are discussed in particular; one derived from a rat osteosarcoma (UMR106) and the other is a nontransformed osteoblast cell line (MC3T3-E1). The effects of different 
growth factors and their mechanisms of action in these cellular lines are reviewed. These models of osteoblasts are especially useful in understanding the intracellular signaling pathways of vanadium derivatives in hard tissues. Vanadium uses an intricate interplay of intracellular mechanisms to exert different biochemical and pharmacological actions. The effects of vanadium derivatives on some cellular signaling pathways related to insulin are compiled in this review. The comprehension of these intracellular signaling pathways may facilitate the design of vanadium compounds with promising therapeutic applications as well as the understanding of secondary side effects derived from the use of vanadium as a therapeutic agent.},
  institution = {Cátedra de Bioquímica Patológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, 47 y 115 (1900) La Plata, Argentina.},
  journal     = {Can J Physiol Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Bone Development, drug effects/physiology; Humans; Osteoblasts, drug effects/metabolism; Osteogenesis, drug effects; Signal Transduction; Vanadium Compounds, metabolism/pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {y06-022},
  pmid        = {16998531},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Barrio:2010,
  author      = {Barrio, D. A. and Etcheverry, S. B.},
  title       = {Potential use of vanadium compounds in therapeutics.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {31},
  pages       = {3632--3642},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.2174/092986710793213805},
  abstract    = {Vanadium is a trace element present in practically all cells in plants and animals. While the essentiality of vanadium for human beings remains to be well established, vanadium has become an increasingly important environmental metal. Vanadium compounds exert a variety of biological activities and responses. At pharmacological doses, vanadium compounds display relevant biological actions such as insulin and growth factor mimetic or enhancing effects, as well as osteogenic and cardioprotective activity. On the other hand, depending on the nature of compounds and their concentrations, toxicological actions and adverse side effects may also be shown. Nevertheless, the toxic effects may be useful to develop new antitumoral drugs. In this review, the authors summarize current knowledge and new advances on in vitro and in vivo effects of inorganic and organically-chelated vanadium compounds. The effects of vanadium derivatives on some cellular signaling pathways related to different diseases are 
compiled. In particular, the pathways relevant to the insulin mimetic, osteogenic, cadioprotective and antitumoral actions of vanadium compounds have been comprehensively reviewed. The knowledge of these intracellular signaling pathways may facilitate the rational design of new vanadium compounds with promising therapeutic applications as well as the understanding of secondary side effects derived from the use of vanadium as a therapeutic agent.},
  institution = {Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. 47 y 115 (1900) La Plata, Argentina.},
  journal     = {Curr Med Chem},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use; Blood Glucose, metabolism; Cardiotonic Agents, metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use; Chelating Agents; Female; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Insulin, metabolism; Osteogenesis, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction, drug effects; Vanadium Compounds, metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use; Vanadium, pharmacology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {BSP/CMC/E-Pub/ 235},
  pmid        = {20846114},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Barron:1975,
  author      = {K. D. Barron},
  title       = {Ultrastructural changes in dendrites of central neurons during axon reaction.},
  year        = {1975},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {12},
  pages       = {381--399},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the rat (corticectomy, funiculotomy).},
  abstract    = {Retrograde atrophy of rat thalamus is marked by the appearance of profound alterations in dendrites. Concurrently, similar changes occur in parent cell somata. Electron-dense and abnormally electron-lucent dendritic profiles appear and are removed over different time courses. The morphologic features of the abnormal dendrites are detailed. Electron-dense and electron-lucent dendritic profiles are not observed in cat red nucleus after rubrospinal tractotomy. Rather, neurofilamentous hyperplasia and proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum appear in affected dendrites and are identical to changes observable at the same time in the reacting parent nerve cells. The literature is reviewed and discussion is developed on the similarities of perikaryal and dendritic changes that occur in axon reaction and transneuronal degeneration.},
  journal     = {Adv Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cats; Cerebral Decortication; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Endoplasmic Reticulum, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, ultrastructure; Nerve Degeneration; Neural Pathways; Neurofibrils, ultrastructure; Rats; Red Nucleus, ultrastructure; Spinal Cord, ultrastructure; Synapses, ultrastructure; Thalamic Nuclei, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {1155268},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Barroso-Chinea:2008,
  Title                    = {Expression of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 in the cells of origin of the rat thalamostriatal pathway.},
  Author                   = {Pedro Barroso-Chinea and María Castle and María S Aymerich and José L Lanciego},
  Journal                  = {J Chem Neuroanat},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {101--107},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Abstract                 = {The present study is focused on the analysis of the vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 (VGLUT1 and VGLUT2) used by thalamic neurons giving rise to the thalamostriatal system. Instead of studying the distribution of VGLUT proteins at the level of thalamostriatal terminals, this report is focused on identifying the expression of the VGLUT mRNAs within the parent cell bodies of thalamic neurons innervating the striatum. For this purpose, we have combined dual in situ hybridization to detect both VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 mRNAs together with retrograde tracing with cholera toxin. Our results show that VGLUT2 is the only vesicular glutamate transporter expressed in thalamostriatal-projecting neurons located in the midline and intralaminar nuclei, whereas all neurons from the ventral thalamic nuclei innervating the striatum express both VGLUTs, at least at the mRNA level. Indeed, the mRNAs encoding for VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 displayed a sharp complementary subcellular distribution within 
neurons from the ventral thalamic nuclei giving rise to thalamostriatal projections. The differential distribution of VGLUT mRNAs lead us to conclude that the thalamostriatal pathway is a dual system, composed by a preponderant projection arising from the midline and intralaminar nuclei using VGLUT2 as the glutamate transporter, together with another important source of striatal afferents arising from neurons in the ventral thalamic relay nuclei containing both kinds of vesicular glutamate transporters.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.08.001},
  Institution              = {Area de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA) and Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Spain.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Corpus Striatum, cytology/metabolism; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Male; Midline Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; RNA, Messenger, analysis/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Staining and Labeling; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Thalamus, cytology/metabolism; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1, genetics; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, genetics},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pii                      = {S0891-0618(07)00126-3},
  Pmid                     = {17826944},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.08.001}
}

@Article{Barroso-Chinea:2011,
  Title                    = {Glutamatergic and cholinergic pedunculopontine neurons innervate the thalamic parafascicular nucleus in rats: changes following experimental parkinsonism.},
  Author                   = {Barroso-Chinea, Pedro and Rico, Alberto J. and Conte-Perales, Lorena and Gómez-Bautista, Virginia and Luquin, Natasha and Sierra, Salvador and Roda, Elvira and Lanciego, José L.},
  Journal                  = {Brain Struct Funct},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {319--330},
  Volume                   = {216},

  Abstract                 = {The tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a basal ganglia-related structure that has recently gained renewed interest as a potential surgical target for the treatment of several aspects of Parkinson's disease. However, the underlying anatomical substrates sustaining the choice of the PPN nucleus as a surgical candidate remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized the chemical phenotypes of different subtypes of PPN efferent neurons innervating the rat parafascicular (PF) nucleus. Emphasis was placed on elucidating the impact of unilateral nigrostriatal denervation on the expression patterns of the mRNA coding the vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 (vGlut2 mRNA). We found a bilateral projection from the PPN nucleus to the PF nucleus arising from cholinergic and glutamatergic efferent neurons, with a small fraction of projection neurons co-expressing both cholinergic and glutamatergic markers. Furthermore, the unilateral nigrostriatal depletion induced a bilateral 
twofold increase in the expression levels of vGlut2 mRNA within the PPN nucleus. Our results support the view that heterogeneous chemical profiles account for PPN efferent neurons innervating thalamic targets. Moreover, a bilateral enhancement of glutamatergic transmission arising from the PPN nucleus occurs following unilateral dopaminergic denervation, therefore sustaining the well-known hyperactivity of the PF nucleus in parkinsonian-like conditions. In conclusion, our data suggest that the ascending projections from the PPN that reach basal ganglia-related targets could play an important role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/s00429-011-0317-x},
  Institution              = {Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA and CIBERNED), University of Navarra, Pio XII Ave 55, Edificio CIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cholinergic Neurons, metabolism; DNA Primers, genetics; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Histological Techniques; Immunoenzyme Techniques; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, cytology; Microdissection; Neurons, Efferent, metabolism; Parkinsonian Disorders, physiopathology; Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus, cytology; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Stilbamidines; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {21499800},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-011-0317-x}
}

@Article{Barrot:2000,
  author      = {Barrot, M. and Calza, L. and Pozza, M. and {Le Moal}, M. and Piazza, P. V.},
  title       = {Differential calbindin-immunoreactivity in dopamine neurons projecting to the rat striatal complex.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {12},
  number      = {12},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {4578--4582},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2000.01349.x},
  abstract    = {The calcium-binding protein calbindin-D28K is an anatomical marker that has been associated with resistance to neurodegeneration and with the electrophysiological characteristics of neurons. In this study, we compared the presence of calbindin in dopamine neurons projecting to three distinct functional regions of the striatal complex: the striatum, and the core and the shell of the nucleus accumbens. After iontophoretic injections of Fluoro-Gold in the dopaminergic terminal fields, the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase and calbindin were immunohistochemically assessed in the mesencephalon. It was found that the proportion of cells expressing calbindin was highest in the dopamine cells projecting to the core (72\%), intermediate in the cells projecting to the shell (51\%) and lowest in the cells projecting to the dorsolateral striatum (2.6\%). These results do not support the idea that calbindin is a sufficient condition to confer resistance to neurodegeneration because shell-projecting 
neurons seem the most resistant to it. The present data also raise the question of the role of calbindin in the differences in firing characteristics among dopamine neurons projecting to the striatal complex.},
  institution = {Psychobiologie des Comportements Adaptatifs, INSERM U259, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis; Corpus Striatum, cytology/physiology; Dopamine, analysis; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {ejn1349},
  pmid        = {11122372},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Barski:1997a,
  author      = {Barski, J. J. and Lewin-Kowalik, J. and Krause, M. and G{\'{o}}rka, D. and Larysz-Brysz, M. and Go{\l}ka, B. and Swiech-Sabuda, E.},
  title       = {Autologous connective tissue bars as vehicles for the administration of growth-influencing substances to the brain.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {27--32},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/s1385-299x(96)00005-0},
  abstract    = {One of the main problems in the introduction of growth factors or other substances into the CNS is that most of these do not pass the blood-brain barrier, and so they have to be delivered directly to the target cells. Recently, different methods of intracerebral administration have been introduced such as release of drugs from polymer matrix or hollow polymer fibres, implantation of solution-soaked gel foam pieces or genetically modified cells secreting growth factors. In our studies on regeneration in CNS, the problem of introducing active substances into the brain arose. For this reason we elaborated a new method for the administration of soluble factor by means of autologous connective tissue chambers filled with fibrin. This method is particularly suitable in studies in which the visualization of the regrowth of nerve fibres is one of the main purposes. Presence of an active substance inside the chamber fibres to grow in the direction of the chamber and such fibres can be visualized here.
 Such visualization is impossible while using other methods of trophic substance delivery into the CNS, e.g. intraventricular steel cannula connected to an osmotic minipump, because there is neither space nor appropriate milieu to allow the fibres' ingrowth. Retrograde tracing methods allow to establish the cells of origin of these fibres. This method is inexpensive, simple and adaptable to histological procedures.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, Silesian Medical School, Katowice, Poland.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Brain Res Protoc},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, drug effects; Connective Tissue; Diffusion Chambers, Culture; Fibrin, administration /&/ dosage; Growth Substances, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Nerve Regeneration; Pharmaceutical Vehicles; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1385-299X(96)00005-0},
  pmid        = {9385044},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Barski:1997,
  author      = {Barski, J. J. and Lewin-Kowalik, J. and Krause, M. and Górka, D. and Larysz-Brysz, M. and Gołka, B. and Swiech-Sabuda, E.},
  title       = {Autologous connective tissue bars as vehicles for the administration of growth-influencing substances to the brain.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {27--32},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s1385-299x(96)00005-0},
  abstract    = {One of the main problems in the introduction of growth factors or other substances into the CNS is that most of these do not pass the blood-brain barrier, and so they have to be delivered directly to the target cells. Recently, different methods of intracerebral administration have been introduced such as release of drugs from polymer matrix or hollow polymer fibres, implantation of solution-soaked gel foam pieces or genetically modified cells secreting growth factors. In our studies on regeneration in CNS, the problem of introducing active substances into the brain arose. For this reason we elaborated a new method for the administration of soluble factor by means of autologous connective tissue chambers filled with fibrin. This method is particularly suitable in studies in which the visualization of the regrowth of nerve fibres is one of the main purposes. Presence of an active substance inside the chamber fibres to grow in the direction of the chamber and such fibres can be visualized here.
 Such visualization is impossible while using other methods of trophic substance delivery into the CNS, e.g. intraventricular steel cannula connected to an osmotic minipump, because there is neither space nor appropriate milieu to allow the fibres' ingrowth. Retrograde tracing methods allow to establish the cells of origin of these fibres. This method is inexpensive, simple and adaptable to histological procedures.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, Silesian Medical School, Katowice, Poland.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Brain Res Protoc},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, drug effects; Connective Tissue; Diffusion Chambers, Culture; Fibrin, administration /&/ dosage; Growth Substances, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Nerve Regeneration; Pharmaceutical Vehicles; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1385-299X(96)00005-0},
  pmid        = {9385044},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bartels:1988,
  author      = {Bartels, H. and Vogt, B. and Jungermann, K.},
  title       = {Glycogen synthesis via the indirect gluconeogenic pathway in the periportal and via the direct glucose utilizing pathway in the perivenous zone of perfused rat liver.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {89},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {253--260},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00493149},
  abstract    = {The isolated liver from 24 h fasted rats was perfused in a non-recirculating manner in the ortho- and retrograde direction with erythrocyte-containing (20\% v/v) media to provide adequate oxygenation of the liver. Glucose and/or gluconeogenic precursors were added as substrates. Glycogen formation was determined biochemically and demonstrated histochemically. With glucose as the sole exogenous substrate glycogen was deposited in the perivenous area, with gluconeogenic precursors it was formed in the periportal zone during ortho- and retrograde flow. When glucose and gluconeogenic compounds were offered together, glycogen was deposited in both zones. The results corroborate the model of metabolic zonation predicting that periportal glycogen is synthesized indirectly from gluconeogenic precursors while perivenous glycogen is formed directly from glucose.},
  institution = {Institut für Biochemie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany.},
  journal     = {Histochemistry},
  keywords    = {Animals; Gluconeogenesis; Glucose, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Liver Glycogen, biosynthesis; Liver, metabolism; Male; Oxygen Consumption; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tissue Distribution},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3403300},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bartesaghi:1989,
  author      = {Bartesaghi, R. and Gessi, T. and Sperti, L.},
  title       = {Electrophysiological analysis of the hippocampal projections to the entorhinal area.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {51--62},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(89)90352-7},
  abstract    = {Responses evoked in the entorhinal area by impulse volleys originating in the ipsilateral hippocampus were analysed in the guinea-pig by means of field potential analysis. Perforant path volleys, synaptically elicited by stimulation of the dorsal psalterium of one side, were used to activate the hippocampal lamellar circuit of the same side and, through interhippocampal impulses, the hippocampal pyramidal neurons of the contralateral side. Discharge of the hippocampal pyramidal neurons was followed by a response, a fast negative deflection preceded and followed by slow waves, in the dorsal third of the ipsilateral entorhinal area. Laminar distribution of the fast negative deflection and of the time-locked unit activity suggested that excitatory synaptic effects followed by neuron discharge were generated in neurons of layers VI-II of the entorhinal area. The increasing latency of the fast negative deflection and of unit firing over the cortical depth suggested that these synaptic effects 
were generated in temporal sequence, going from layer VI to layer II. The entorhinal response disappeared after a lesion at the caudal border of the hippocampus interrupting the caudally-directed hippocampal efferents. The anatomy of the hippocampal and subicular projections to the entorhinal area in the guinea-pig, together with electrophysiological data obtained in recordings from the ipsilateral subiculum, suggested that the hippocampal impulses were relayed to layers VI-V of the entorhinal area by the subiculum. The delayed activation of layers IV-II was possibly mediated by intracortical connections. Double-shock experiments showed that impulses of hippocampal origin inhibited the response to dorsal psalterium volleys of entorhinal neurons giving origin to perforant path fibers. The data show that the hippocampal output activates the deep layers of the entorhinal area from which it is possibly relayed to numerous cortical and subcortical regions. Moreover, the inhibitory effects exerted on neurons 
originating perforant path fibers give evidence of a negative feedback control system operating in the hippocampal region.},
  institution = {Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Bologna, Italy.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Female; Guinea Pigs; Hippocampus, physiology; Reaction Time},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2747915},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Barth:1995,
  author      = {D. S. Barth and N. Goldberg and B. Brett and S. Di},
  title       = {The spatiotemporal organization of auditory, visual, and auditory-visual evoked potentials in rat cortex.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {678},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {177--190},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)00182-p},
  abstract    = {Four placements of an 8 x 8 channel microelectrode array were used to map auditory, visual, and combined auditory-visual evoked potentials (AEP, VEP, AVEP) from a total of 256 electrode sites over a 7 x 7 mm2 area including most of somatosensory, auditory, and visual cortex in the right hemisphere of the rat. The unimodal AEP and VEP consisted of an archetypal response sequence representing a systematic spatial and temporal activation of primary and secondary sensory cortex. Spatiotemporal analysis of these waveforms indicated that they could be decomposed into a small number of spatial and temporal components; components that are related to patterns of specific and non-specific thalamocortical projections connecting the auditory and visual nuclei of the thalamus with primary and secondary auditory and visual cortex. These data suggest that the AEP and VEP complex are the cortical reflection of asynchronous activation of parallel thalamocortical projection systems. The areal distribution of 
the AEP and VEP also overlapped, primarily in secondary auditory and visual cortex, indicating that these regions contain populations of cells responding to either modality. Polymodal auditory-visual stimulation resulted in unique activation of two isolated populations of neurons positioned in secondary auditory and secondary visual cortex which were revealed by difference waveforms, computed by subtracting the sum of the AEP and VEP from the AVEP complex. Retrograde labeling of the polymodal zones indicated that they receive parallel thalamocortical projections primarily from non-specific auditory and visual thalamic nuclei including the medial and dorsal divisions of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGm and MGd), the suprageniculate nucleus (SGN), and the lateral posterior nucleus (LP). The polymodal zone in visual cortex also receives specific projections from the dorsal division of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd). These data conform to a general model of thalamocortical organization in which specific 
thalamic nuclei with a high degree of modality specificity make restricted projections to primary sensory cortex and parts of secondary sensory cortex, and association thalamic nuclei with a high degree of sensory convergence make more divergent cortical projections. Primary and secondary sensory cortex, as well as distinct zones of polysensory cortex appear to be activated in tandem via parallel thalamocortical projections. Thus, the cerebral cortex must have simultaneous access to both unimodal and polymodal sensory information.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0345, USA.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, physiology; Evoked Potentials, Visual, physiology; Models, Neurological; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Visual Cortex, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {0006-8993(95)00182-P},
  pmid        = {7620886},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Barth:1992,
  author      = {Barth, K. N. and Onesti, S. T. and Krauss, W. E. and Solomon, R. A.},
  title       = {A simple and reliable technique to monitor intracranial pressure in the rat: technical note.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {138--140},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1227/00006123-199201000-00028},
  abstract    = {A technique for intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring in the rat that uses a permanent cisterna magna cannula is described. The cannula is placed into the subarachnoid space through the atlanto-occipital membrane with the operating microscope and is secured with cement. The distal end is connected to a pressure transducer and a polygraph recorder. To study the consistency of this technique, 12 anesthetized adult rats were subjected to baseline ICP measurements 2 days after placement of the cannula. Baseline pressures ranged between 1.0 and 10.0 cm H2O, with a mean of 5.6 cm H2O. Respiratory variations were detected in all tracings, and manual abdominal compressions (Valsalva maneuver) correlated with immediate transient rises in ICP in all rats. While CSF pressure was being continuously monitored, rats were subjected to subarachnoid hemorrhage induced by transclival basilar artery puncture. Of the 12 rats, 10 showed a moderate transient rise in cerebrospinal fluid pressure, which peaked 
approximately 2 minutes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (mean peak change, 10.5 cm H2O; range, 0-32.5 cm H2O). Reliable pressure tracings were obtained in three of five animals examined 3 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage (ICP range, 4.0-4.5 cm H2O; mean, 4.2 cm H2O). We conclude that this cannula is easy and inexpensive to construct and that it provides reliable ICP tracings during experimental procedures in the rat.},
  institution = {Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York.},
  journal     = {Neurosurgery},
  keywords    = {Animals; Basilar Artery; Catheterization; Catheters, Indwelling; Intracranial Pressure; Male; Monitoring, Physiologic, instrumentation/methods; Punctures; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1738446},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bartlett:2000,
  author      = {E. L. Bartlett and J. M. Stark and R. W. Guillery and P. H. Smith},
  title       = {Comparison of the fine structure of cortical and collicular terminals in the rat medial geniculate body.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {100},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {811--828},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00340-7},
  abstract    = {Neurons throughout the rat medial geniculate body, including the dorsal and ventral divisions, display a variety of responses to auditory stimuli. To investigate possible structural determinants of this variability, measurements of axon terminal profile area and postsynaptic dendrite diameter were made on inferior colliculus and corticothalamic terminal profiles in the medial geniculate body identified by anterograde tracer labeling following injections into the inferior colliculus or cortex. Over 90\% of the synapses observed were axodendritic, with few axosomatic synapses. Small (<0.5 microm(2)) and large (>1.0 microm(2)) collicular profiles were found throughout the medial geniculate, but were smaller on average in the dorsal division (0.49+/-0.49 microm(2)) than in the ventral division (0.70+/-0.64 microm(2)). Almost all corticothalamic profiles were small and ended on small-caliber dendrites (0.57+/-0.25 microm diameter) throughout the medial geniculate. A few very large (>2.0 microm(2))
 corticothalamic profiles were found in the dorsal division and in the marginal zone of the medial geniculate. GABA immunostaining demonstrated the presence of GABAergic profiles arising from cells in the inferior colliculus. These profiles were compared with GABAergic profiles not labeled with anterograde tracer, which were presumed to be unlabeled inferior colliculus profiles or thalamic reticular nucleus profiles. The distributions of dendritic diameters postsynaptic to collicular, cortical and unlabeled GABAergic profiles were compared with dendritic diameters of intracellularly labeled medial geniculate neurons from rat brain slices. Our results demonstrate a corticothalamic projection to medial geniculate body that is similar to other sensory corticothalamic projections. However, the heterogeneous distributions of excitatory inferior collicular terminal sizes and postsynaptic dendritic diameters, along with the presence of a GABAergic inferior collicular projection to dendrites in the medial geniculate 
body, suggest a colliculogeniculate projection that is more complex than the ascending projections to other sensory thalamic nuclei. These findings may be useful in understanding some of the differences in the response characteristics of medial geniculate neurons in vivo.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin Medical School, WI, Madison, 53706, USA.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Cortex; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cerebral Cortex, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Female; Geniculate Bodies, ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi, metabolism/ultrastructure; Injections; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Staining and Labeling; Synaptic Transmission; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {S0306452200003407},
  pmid        = {11036215},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bartlett:2001,
  author      = {Bartlett, S. E. and Reynolds, A. J. and Weible, 2nd, M and Noakes, P. G. and Hendry, I. A.},
  title       = {Transport of endosomal early antigen 1 in the rat sciatic nerve and location in cultured neurons.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {12},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {281--284},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1097/00001756-200102120-00020},
  abstract    = {Early endosomal antigen 1 (EEA1) is known to be a marker of early endosomes and in cultured hippocampal neurons it preferentially localizes to the dendritic but not the axonal compartment. We show in cultured dorsal root ganglia and superior cervical ganglia neurons that EEA1 localizes to the cell bodies and the neurites of both sensory and sympathetic neurons. We then show in vivo using a ligated rat sciatic nerve that EEA1 significantly accumulates on the proximal side and not on the distal side of the ligation. This suggests that EEA1 is transported in the anterograde direction in axons either as part of the homeostatic process or to the nerve ligation site in response to nerve injury.},
  institution = {Division of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT.},
  journal     = {Neuroreport},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axonal Transport, physiology; Axons, chemistry/metabolism; Endosomes, metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Homeostasis, physiology; Ligation; Male; Membrane Proteins, analysis/metabolism; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sciatic Nerve, cytology/injuries/metabolism; Superior Cervical Ganglion, cytology; Vesicular Transport Proteins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11209935},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bartness:2002,
  author      = {Bartness, Timothy J.},
  title       = {Dual innervation of white adipose tissue: some evidence for parasympathetic nervous system involvement.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {110},
  number      = {9},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1235--1237},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1172/JCI17047},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI17047},
  institution = {Neurobiology and Behavior Program, Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-3088, USA. bartness@gsu.edu},
  journal     = {J Clin Invest},
  keywords    = {Adipose Tissue, innervation; Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Humans; Neural Pathways, physiology; Parasympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12417560},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bartol:1997,
  author      = {Bartol, I. and Skorupa, A. L. and Scialfa, J. H. and Cipolla-Neto, J.},
  title       = {Pineal metabolic reaction to retinal photostimulation in ganglionectomized rats.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {744},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {77--82},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01081-5},
  abstract    = {The aim of the present work was to test the pineal gland metabolic reactivity to nocturnal retinal short term photic stimulation in superior cervical ganglionectomized rats. The experimental support for this work is the appearance of a transitory post synaptic hyperactivity in the pineal gland, during the anterograde degenerating process of the conarii sympathetic nerve fibers after surgical removal of the cell body. In this situation the pineal gland is deafferented from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system keeping intact, however, the direct central connections to the deep pineal/lamina intercalaris region (DP). The results show a blockade of the pineal noradrenergic stimulatory process due to the retinal photostimulation. The inactivation of N-acetyltransferase led to a true metabolic shift to the oxidative pathway resulting in a decrease of the amount of N-acetylserotonin and an increase of the amount of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 5-hydroxytryptophan. This inhibitory 
process brought into action by retinal illumination is dependent on the direct central neural connections to the pineal gland, since rats that were lesioned in the DP, previously to ganglionectomy, did not show any alteration on the indolic content of the pineal gland when subjected to nocturnal retinal photostimulation.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Sâo Paulo, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {5-Hydroxytryptophan, analysis/metabolism; Animals; Darkness; Electrophysiology; Ganglionectomy; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid, analysis/metabolism; Light; Male; Photic Stimulation; Pineal Gland, chemistry/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retina, physiology; Serotonin, analogs /&/ derivatives/analysis/metabolism; Superior Cervical Ganglion, surgery; Tryptophan, analysis/metabolism; Visual Pathways, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(96)01081-5},
  pmid        = {9030415},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bartoletti:2004,
  author      = {Alessandro Bartoletti and Paolo Medini and Nicoletta Berardi and Lamberto Maffei},
  title       = {Environmental enrichment prevents effects of dark-rearing in the rat visual cortex.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {215--216},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/nn1201},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1201},
  abstract    = {Environmental enrichment potentiates neural plasticity, enhancing acquisition and consolidation of memory traces. In the sensory cortices, after cortical circuit maturation and sensory function acquisition are completed, neural plasticity declines and the critical period 'closes'. In the visual cortex, this process can be prevented by dark-rearing, and here we show that environmental enrichment can promote physiological maturation and consolidation of visual cortical connections in dark-reared rats, leading to critical period closure.},
  institution = {Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, Pisa, Italy.},
  journal     = {Nat Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biological Markers; Cell Differentiation, physiology; Critical Period (Psychology); Dark Adaptation, physiology; Environment, Controlled; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Isoenzymes, metabolism; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Photic Stimulation; Rats; Sensory Deprivation, physiology; Visual Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development; Visual Perception, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, biosynthesis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {nn1201},
  pmid        = {14966527},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bartolome:2005,
  author      = {Bartolomé, M Visitación and Gil-Loyzaga, Pablo},
  title       = {Serotonergic innervation of the inner ear: is it involved in the general physiological control of the auditory receptor?},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {119--125},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {The auditory pathway of mammals is composed of two complementary ascending afferent and descending efferent independent systems. The brainstem nuclei and cochlear projections for these systems are now well-known. In addition, a highly conspicuous distribution for serotonergic fibers was recently reported. This study focused on these serotonergic fibers and their neurons of origin. We identified several different types of serotonergic brainstem neurons surrounding the superior olivary complex and around the periolivary nuclei. Even though the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) efferent cochlear innervation originates in the periolivary area of the superior olivary complex system projecting to the cochlea, it is not involved in the transduction of pure tones during auditory processing. However, recent findings, after cochlear blockade of serotonin transporters, strongly suggested that this neuroactive substance has an important turnover within the auditory receptor. The presence of a conspicuous 
peripheral nerve distribution together with a particular brainstem origin could define a complex role for this innervation. Therefore, 5-HT fibers projecting to the cochlea might be involved, as in other parts of the auditory pathway, in alertness, attention, control of sleep or wakefulness cycles, and state of urgency prior to the transduction processing at the auditory receptor. A lack, or reduction, of the function of these fibers could result in pathological alterations.},
  institution = {Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain.},
  journal     = {Int Tinnitus J},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, physiology; Brain Stem, cytology/physiology; Dopamine, analysis/physiology; Ear, Inner, chemistry/innervation/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Mammals; Neurons, physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents, analysis/physiology; Organ of Corti, physiology; Serotonin, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {16639911},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bartsch:2002,
  author      = {Bartsch, T. and Akerman, S. and Goadsby, P. J.},
  title       = {The ORL-1 (NOP1) receptor ligand nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) inhibits neurogenic dural vasodilatation in the rat.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {43},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {991--998},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0028-3908(02)00148-x},
  abstract    = {The effects of the ORL-1 (NOP(1)) receptor ligand nociceptin (N/OFQ) and the nociceptin antagonists [Nphe(1)]N/OFQ-(1-13)-NH(2) (Nphe) and nocistatin (NST) on neurogenic dural vasodilatation (NDV) in the rat dura mater evoked by electrical stimulation of a closed cranial window were studied. The middle meningeal artery was visualised using intravital microscopy, and the vessel diameter analysed using a video dimension analyser. N/OFQ (1, 10, 100 nmol kg(-1); i.v., n=10) significantly and dose-dependently suppressed NDV maximally by 65\% (P<0.01). Neither Nphe (100 nmol kg(-1); n=5) nor NST (100 nmol kg(-1); n=4) alone had an effect on NDV (P>0.05). Baseline vessel diameter was not significantly affected by application of N/OFQ, NST or Nphe. Application of the selective N/OFQ antagonist Nphe (10, 100 nmol kg(-1) i.v., n=8) dose-dependently and significantly (P<0.01) reversed the inhibition of NDV induced by application of N/OFQ (10 nmol kg(-1)). NST (10, 100 nmol kg(-1); n=7) failed to 
reverse the effects elicited by N/OFQ. Application of N/OFQ elicited a dose-dependent transient decrease in arterial blood pressure (P<0.01). Nphe dose-dependently reversed the cardiovascular effects induced by application of N/OFQ (10 nmol kg(-1)) (P<0.01),while NST did not alter the blood pressure reaction elicited by N/OFQ. The results show that N/OFQ inhibits NDV, an effect which is antagonised by Nphe, but not by NST. ORL-1 (NOP(1)) receptors located on trigeminal sensory fibres may be involved in the regulation of dural vessel diameter and hence may play a role in migraine pathophysiology.},
  institution = {Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.},
  journal     = {Neuropharmacology},
  keywords    = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Blood Pressure, drug effects/physiology; Dilatation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Electric Stimulation; Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-, pharmacology; Male; Narcotic Antagonists, pharmacology; Opioid Peptides, pharmacology; Peptide Fragments, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Opioid, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/drug effects/physiology; Vasodilation, drug effects/physiology; Vasodilator Agents, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S002839080200148X},
  pmid        = {12423668},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bartsch:2002a,
  author      = {Bartsch, Thorsten and Goadsby, Peter J.},
  title       = {Stimulation of the greater occipital nerve induces increased central excitability of dural afferent input.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {125},
  number      = {Pt 7},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {1496--1509},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1093/brain/awf166},
  abstract    = {Patients with primary headaches often report pain that involves not only the front of the head, innervated by the first (ophthalmic) division of the trigeminal nerve, but also the back of the head, innervated by the greater occipital nerve (GON) that is a branch of the C(2) spinal root. The aim of this work was to study the physiology of trigeminocervical input in a model of cranial nociception by describing a population of nociceptive neurones that receive convergent input from the supratentorial dura and the GON. Rats were anaesthetized with pentobarbital, paralysed and ventilated. The parietal dura above the middle meningeal artery was stimulated through a closed cranial window. The GON was exposed in the neck and stimulated. Recordings were made from 67 neurones (52 wide dynamic range neurones/15 nociceptive-specific-neurones) in the C(2) spinal dorsal horn, which responded to stimulation of the dura and the GON. Most neurones showed receptive fields corresponding to the first trigeminal 
division as well as input from C(2) skin and muscle. Neurones were recorded in superficial and deep layers of the dorsal horn. All neurones tested received input from the ipsilateral and contralateral GON (n = 5). The responses to dural stimulation were analysed before and after stimulation of the GON. Supramaximal electrical stimulation of the GON (20 s to 5 min) enhanced afferent dural input in 8/20 neurones. Application of the C-fibre activator mustard oil (MO) to the cutaneous receptive field or suboccipital muscles innervated by the GON induced an increased excitability of dural responses in 8/12 and 9/10 neurones, respectively. Stimulation of muscle afferents had a significant longer facilitatory effect than cutaneous stimulation (P < 0.05). These results show that a considerable population of neurones show convergent input from both dura as well as cervical cutaneous and muscle territories, which supports the view of a functional continuum between the caudal trigeminal nucleus and upper cervical 
segments involved in cranial nociception. The facilitatory effect of GON stimulation on dural stimulation suggests a central mechanism at the second order neurone level. This mechanism may be important in pain referral from cervical structures to the head and therefore have implications for most forms of primary headache.},
  institution = {Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, London, UK.},
  journal     = {Brain},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Central Nervous System, physiology; Dura Mater, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Head, innervation; Headache, etiology; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation; Mustard Plant; Neck; Nerve Fibers, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/physiology; Peripheral Nerves, physiology; Plant Extracts, pharmacology; Plant Oils; Posterior Horn Cells, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12077000},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bartsch:2004,
  author      = {Bartsch, T. and Levy, M. J. and Knight, Y. E. and Goadsby, P. J.},
  title       = {Differential modulation of nociceptive dural input to [hypocretin] orexin A and B receptor activation in the posterior hypothalamic area.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {109},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {367--378},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.pain.2004.02.005},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2004.02.005},
  abstract    = {The novel neuropeptides orexin A and B are selectively synthesised in the lateral and posterior hypothalamus and are involved in hypothalamic regulation of autonomic and neuroendocrine functions. Recent findings point also to a role in nociception. As the posterior hypothalamus is involved in the central modulation of nociception we studied the effects of hypocretin/orexin receptor activation in the posterior hypothalamic area (PH) of the rat on dural nociceptive input. Orexins were microinjected into the PH and the effects on responses of neurones in the caudal trigeminal nucleus studied. Injection of orexin A decreased the A- and C-fibre responses to dural electrical stimulation as well as spontaneous activity. Responses to noxious thermal stimulation of the facial skin were also decreased by orexin A. Injection of orexin B into the PH, however, elicited increased responses to dural stimulation in A- and C-fibre responses and resulted in increased spontaneous activity. Responses to facial 
thermal stimulation were also increased by orexin B. Control injection of saline into the PH had no significant effect. The results show a differential modulation of dural nociceptive input by orexin A and B receptor activation in the PH. The results support the role of the PH in the nociceptive processing of meningeal input. As both peptides are also involved in hypothalamic regulation of neuroendocrine and autonomic functions, orexinergic mechanisms in the PH may provide a link for endocrine and autonomic changes as well as nociceptive phenomena seen in primary headache disorders.},
  institution = {Headache Group, Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.},
  journal     = {Pain},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Carrier Proteins, metabolism/pharmacology; Dura Mater, physiopathology; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Headache, physiopathology; Hypothalamus, Posterior, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Male; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, drug effects/physiology; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated, drug effects/physiology; Neural Inhibition, drug effects/physiology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Neuropeptides, metabolism/pharmacology; Nociceptors, physiology; Orexin Receptors; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Receptors, Neuropeptide, agonists/metabolism; Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Trigeminal Nerve, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0304395904000697},
  pmid        = {15157698},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@InCollection{Basbaum:1981,
  author    = {Basbaum, Allan I},
  title     = {Descending control of pain transmission: possible serotonergic-enkephalinergic interactions},
  booktitle = {Serotonin},
  year      = {1981},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {177--189},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4684-3860-4_9},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {29.04.2016},
}

@Article{Basbaum:1978,
  author      = {Basbaum, A. I. and Fields, H. L.},
  title       = {Endogenous pain control mechanisms: review and hypothesis.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {4},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {451--462},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/ana.410040511},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410040511},
  abstract    = {The anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology of an intrinsic neural network that monitors and modulates the activity of pain-transmitting neurons is reviewed. This system can be activated by opiate administration or by electrical stimulation of discrete brainstem sites. Evidence is presented that its pain-suppressing action is mediated in part by endogenous opiatelike compounds (endorphins). This pain suppression system is organized at three levels of the neuraxis: midbrain, medulla, and spinal cord. Activation of neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter (by electrical stimulation, opiates, and possibly psychological factors) excites neurons of the rostral medulla, some of which contain serotonin. The medullary neurons, in turn, project to and specifically inhibit the firing of trigeminal and spinal pain-transmission neurons. As part of a negative feedback loop, the output of the pain transmission neurons, i.e., pain itself, is an important factor in activating the pain-suppression 
system. A neural model which incorporates the experimental findings is proposed, and the clinical implications of the model are discussed.},
  journal     = {Ann Neurol},
  keywords    = {Analgesia; Animals; Biogenic Amines, physiology; Brain Stem, physiology; Brain, physiology; Cats; Electric Stimulation; Enkephalins, physiology; Humans; Models, Neurological; Naloxone, physiology; Narcotics, pharmacology; Neural Inhibition; Neural Pathways, physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Raphe Nuclei, physiology; Rats; Serotonin, physiology; Spinal Cord Diseases, physiopathology; Spinal Cord, physiology; Synaptic Transmission},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {216303},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Basbaum:1979,
  Title                    = {The origin of descending pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord of the cat and rat: further studies on the anatomy of pain modulation.},
  Author                   = {Basbaum, A. I. and Fields, H. L.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1979},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {513--531},
  Volume                   = {187},

  Abstract                 = {There is considerable evidence that the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) of the spinal cord contains descending pathways critical for both opiate and brainstem stimulation-produced analgesia. To obtain a comprehensive map of brainstem neurons projecting to the spinal cord via the DLF, large injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made into the lumbosacral spinal cord of cat and rat. These injections were made caudal to midthoracic lesions which spared only a single DLF or ventral quadrant (VQ); thus only those neurons whose axons descended in the spared funiculus would be labelled. Cells with descending axons in the VQ were concentrated in the medullary nucleus raphe pallidus and obscurus, nucleus retroambiguus and in various subregions of the reticular formation including the nucleus reticularis ventralis, gigantocellularis, magnocellularis, pontis caudalis and pontis oralis. Significant numbers of neurons were also found in medial and lateral vestibular nuclei and in 
several presumed catecholamine-containing neurons of the dorsolateral pons. In the rat, but not in the cat, considerable numbers of cells are present in the mesencephalic reticular formation just lateral to the periaqueductal gray. In both species, some cells were found in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brainstem cells projecting in the DLF were concentrated in the nucleus raphe magnus and in the adjacent nucleus reticularis magnocellularis, ipsilateral to the spared funiculus. Significant numbers of cells were found in the dorsolateral pons, differing somewhat in their distribution from those projecting in the VQ. DLF-projecting cells were also present in the ipsilateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus and periaqueductal grey contralateral red nucleus of the midbrain and in the ipsilateral hypothalamus. Smaller projections from other sites are described. These results are discussed in terms of the differential contribution of several brainstem neuronal groups, including the serotonergic nucleus, 
raphe magnus, the ventromedial reticular formation of the medulla, and various catecholamine-containing neurons of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the analgesia produced by opiates and electrical brain stimulation.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.901870304},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cats; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiopathology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Pain, physiopathology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {489790},
  Timestamp                = {29.11.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901870304}
}

@Article{Basbaum:1984,
  author      = {Basbaum, A. I. and Fields, H. L.},
  title       = {Endogenous pain control systems: brainstem spinal pathways and endorphin circuitry.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  pages       = {309--338},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1146/annurev.ne.07.030184.001521},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.07.030184.001521},
  journal     = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, physiology; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Analgesics; Animals; Brain Stem, physiology; Dynorphins; Endorphins, physiology; Enkephalins, metabolism/physiology; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Models, Biological; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, physiology; Neurotensin, physiology; Norepinephrine, physiology; Pain; Peptide Fragments, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior, metabolism; Pro-Opiomelanocortin; Protein Precursors, metabolism; Spinal Cord, physiology; Stress, Physiological, physiopathology; beta-Endorphin},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6143527},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Basbaum:1983,
  author      = {Basbaum, A. I. and Glazer, E. J.},
  title       = {Immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is concentrated in the sacral spinal cord: a possible marker for pelvic visceral afferent fibers.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {69--82},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3109/07367228309144541},
  abstract    = {Previous descriptions of immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in small-diameter dorsal root ganglion cells in the superficial dorsal horn implicated this 28 amino acid peptide in nociceptive transmission. In this study, we examined the distribution of immunoreactive VIP in the spinal cord and caudal medulla of cats and rats. The PAP method was used on paraffin and frozen sections of 4\% paraformaldehyde-fixed tissue, using antibodies to VIP that were raised in rabbits. The distribution of immunoreactive VIP, while similar to that of substance P (SP), a putative primary afferent peptide neurotransmitter, is more restricted. VIP staining is found in sacral dorsal roots and densely in the Lissauer tract. Dorsal horn staining is concentrated in lamina I. In contrast to SP, lamina II is almost devoid of staining. Labeled VIP axons course along the lateral curvature of the dorsal horn and arborize across lamina V and around the central canal. A collateral branch of these fibers 
distributes to the sacral autonomic nucleus. A few fibers could be traced from the root entry zone to the contralateral central gray. VIP axons also terminate between ependymal cells of the central canal. Unlike SP, immunoreactive VIP was restricted, almost exclusively, to the sacral cord. The few fibers in the lumbar enlargement and in the coccygeal cord apparently derive from ascending and descending sacral primary afferents. In fact, the VIP pattern is almost identical to that reported for afferents from the pelvic viscera, including a discontinuous rostrocaudal distribution. Since the staining pattern is also very similar to that of A-delta high-threshold mechanoreceptors, the possibility is discussed that whereas VIP is not a general "somatic" primary afferent transmitter, it may transmit nociceptive input from the pelvic viscera.},
  journal     = {Somatosens Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axons, analysis; Cats; Ganglia, Spinal, analysis; Nerve Fibers, analysis; Neurons, Afferent, analysis; Nociceptors, physiology; Pelvis, innervation; Rats; Spinal Cord, analysis; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6679914},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Basbaum:1987,
  Title                    = {Wheat germ agglutinin-apoHRP gold: a new retrograde tracer for light- and electron-microscopic single- and double-label studies.},
  Author                   = {Basbaum, A. I. and Menetrey, D.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1987},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {306--318},
  Volume                   = {261},

  Abstract                 = {In this report, we describe a new colloidal-gold-labelled retrograde tracer, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) conjugated to enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase (apoHRP). This protein gold complex (WGAapoHRP-Au) is a sensitive marker for retrograde tracing of the projections of CNS neurons at the light-microscopic (LM) level when a silver-enhancement procedure is used to detect the gold in the tracer. For electron-microscopic (EM) analysis, the silver-enhanced sections undergo a further gold-toning step. This protects against rapid oxidation and dissolution of the silver precipitate during the osmication procedure. A major advantage of WGAapoHRP-Au is that it can be used in a variety of multiple-labelling studies. When the retrograde transport of the new tracer is combined with that of the fluorescent dye, True Blue, neurons that have bifurcating axons can be readily demonstrated. Simultaneous immunofluorescent detection of the cytochemistry of the double-retrogradely 
labelled neurons is also possible. In contrast to a WGA-HRP gold complex, the new complex has no enzymatic activity. Thus HRP-based techniques (e.g., anterograde transport of WGA-HRP or peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry) can be performed on tissue that contains retrogradely labelled neurons marked with WGAapoHRP-Au without having to pretreat tissue so as to destroy endogenous HRP enzyme activity. At the EM level, the gold is readily distinguished from DAB immunoreaction product. This makes both LM and EM double-labelling studies possible. The great sensitivity of the new tracer, its compatibility with a variety of aldehyde fixatives, its ease of detection, and the fact that it can be simultaneously used with several fluorescent and HRP-based immunocytochemical and tracing techniques make WGAapoHRP-Au a valuable tool for LM and EM characterization of CNS cytochemistry and connectivity.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902610211},
  Keywords                 = {3,3'-Diaminobenzidine; Animals; Benzofurans; Central Nervous System, analysis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gold; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Neuroanatomy, methods; Peroxidases; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Silver; Staining and Labeling, methods; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2442205},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902610211}
}

@Article{Baseer:2014a,
  Title                    = {Selective innervation of NK1 receptor-lacking lamina I spinoparabrachial neurons by presumed nonpeptidergic Aδ nociceptors in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Baseer, Najma and Al-Baloushi, Abdullah S. and Watanabe, Masahiko and Shehab, Safa A S. and Todd, Andrew J.},
  Journal                  = {Pain},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {2291--2300},
  Volume                   = {155},

  Abstract                 = {Fine myelinated (Aδ) nociceptors are responsible for fast, well-localised pain, but relatively little is known about their postsynaptic targets in the spinal cord, and therefore about their roles in the neuronal circuits that process nociceptive information. Here we show that transganglionically transported cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) labels a distinct set of afferents in lamina I that are likely to correspond to Aδ nociceptors, and that most of these lack neuropeptides. The vast majority of lamina I projection neurons can be retrogradely labelled from the lateral parabrachial area, and these can be divided into 2 major groups based on expression of the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r). We show that CTb-labelled afferents form contacts on 43\% of the spinoparabrachial lamina I neurons that lack the NK1r, but on a significantly smaller proportion (26\%) of those that express the receptor. We also confirm with electron microscopy that these contacts are associated with synapses. 
Among the spinoparabrachial neurons that received contacts from CTb-labelled axons, contact density was considerably higher on NK1r-lacking cells than on those with the NK1r. By comparing the density of CTb contacts with those from other types of glutamatergic bouton, we estimate that nonpeptidergic Aδ nociceptors may provide over half of the excitatory synapses on some NK1r-lacking spinoparabrachial cells. These results provide further evidence that synaptic inputs to dorsal horn projection neurons are organised in a specific way. Taken together with previous studies, they suggest that both NK1r(+) and NK1r-lacking lamina I projection neurons are directly innervated by Aδ nociceptive afferents.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.pain.2014.08.023},
  Institution              = {Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Electronic address: andrew.todd@glasgow.ac.uk.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0304-3959(14)00382-0},
  Pmid                     = {25168670},
  Timestamp                = {10.03.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2014.08.023}
}

@Article{Baseer:2012,
  author      = {Baseer, Najma and Polgár, Erika and Watanabe, Masahiko and Furuta, Takahiro and Kaneko, Takeshi and Todd, Andrew J.},
  title       = {Projection neurons in lamina III of the rat spinal cord are selectively innervated by local dynorphin-containing excitatory neurons.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {32},
  number      = {34},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {11854--11863},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2707-12.2012},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2707-12.2012},
  abstract    = {Large projection neurons in lamina III of the rat spinal cord that express the neurokinin 1 receptor are densely innervated by peptidergic primary afferent nociceptors and more sparsely by low-threshold myelinated afferents. However, we know little about their input from other glutamatergic neurons. Here we show that these cells receive numerous contacts from nonprimary boutons that express the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2), and form asymmetrical synapses on their dendrites and cell bodies. These synapses are significantly smaller than those formed by peptidergic afferents, but provide a substantial proportion of the glutamatergic synapses that the cells receive (over a third of those in laminae I-II and half of those in deeper laminae). Surprisingly, although the dynorphin precursor preprodynorphin (PPD) was only present in 4-7\% of VGLUT2 boutons in laminae I-IV, it was found in 58\% of the VGLUT2 boutons that contacted these cells. This indicates a highly selective targeting 
of the lamina III projection cells by glutamatergic neurons that express PPD, and these are likely to correspond to local neurons (interneurons and possibly projection cells). Since many PPD-expressing dorsal horn neurons respond to noxious stimulation, this suggests that the lamina III projection cells receive powerful monosynaptic and polysynaptic nociceptive input. Excitatory interneurons in the dorsal horn have been shown to possess I(A) currents, which limit their excitability and can underlie a form of activity-dependent intrinsic plasticity. It is therefore likely that polysynaptic inputs to the lamina III projection neurons are recruited during the development of chronic pain states.},
  institution = {Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Dynorphins, metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Nerve Net, cytology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, classification/cytology/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Protein Precursors, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, metabolism; Spinal Cord, cytology; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {32/34/11854},
  pmid        = {22915126},
  timestamp   = {21.05.2015},
}

@Article{Baskerville:1993,
  Title                    = {Topography of cholinergic afferents from the nucleus basalis of Meynert to representational areas of sensorimotor cortices in the rat.},
  Author                   = {K. A. Baskerville and H. T. Chang and P. Herron},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {552--562},
  Volume                   = {335},

  Abstract                 = {We investigated (1) the topography of projection neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) with efferents to restricted regions of the primary somatosensory (SI), the second somatosensory (SII), and the primary motor (MI) cortices in the rat; (2) the percentage of these NBM projection neurons that were cholinergic; and (3) the collateralization, if any, of single NBM neurons to different subdivisions within SI, to homotopic areas of SI and SII, and to homotopic areas of SI and MI. Retrograde single- and double-labeling techniques were used to study NBM projections to electrophysiologically identified subdivisions of SI and to homotopic representational areas of SI and SII, and of SI and MI. Choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry was done to identify cholinergic NBM neurons. Of the retrogradely labeled NBM neurons that projected to selective subdivisions of SI, SII, and MI, 89\%, 87\%, and 88\%, respectively, were cholinergic. We found a rostral-to-caudal progression 
of retrogradely labeled NBM neurons following a medial-to-lateral sequence of injections into subdivisions of SI. Overlapping groups of single-labeled NBM neurons were observed after injections of different tracers into adjacent subdivisions within SI or homotopic areas of SI and SII, and of SI and MI. We conclude that NBM innervation to SI, SII, and MI is mostly cholinergic in the rat, that each cortical area receives cholinergic afferents from neurons widely distributed within the NBM, and that each NBM neuron projects to a restricted cortical area without significant collateralization to adjacent subdivisions within SI or to homotopic areas of SI and SII, or SI and MI.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903350407},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Medicine, Memphis 38163.},
  Keywords                 = {Acetylcholine, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cholera Toxin; Fluorescent Dyes; Forelimb, innervation; Male; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, physiology; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology; Substantia Innominata, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8227535},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350407}
}

@Article{Bassant:1993,
  author    = {Bassant, MH and Dutar, P and Lamour, Y},
  title     = {Cholinergic pathways in the central nervous system: in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological studies},
  year      = {1993},
  volume    = {2},
  pages     = {19},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  journal   = {Acetylcholine, Sigma Receptors, CCK and Eicosanoids, Neurotoxins},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  timestamp = {02.05.2016},
}

@Article{Basset:1988,
  author      = {Basset, G. and Bouchonnet, F. and Crone, C. and Saumon, G.},
  title       = {Potassium transport across rat alveolar epithelium: evidence for an apical Na+-K+ pump.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {400},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {529--543},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017135},
  abstract    = {1. Experiments were performed on rat lungs into which various solutions were instilled whilst the lungs were perfused with either whole blood or Ringer solution. Instillation of ion-free glucose solution led to a net flux of fluid and ions into the alveolar spaces. K+ ions entered faster than Na+ ions and reached a concentration about twice that in the perfusate. Ouabain in the perfusate (basolateral side) prevented the rise in alveolar K+ concentration above that in the perfusate, indicating a transcellular pathway. Ba2+ in the instillate (apical side) hindered the entry of K+ into alveoli, suggesting the presence of apical K+ channels. 2. When Ringer solution was instilled, K+ was continuously removed from the alveoli and the K+ concentration in the instillate remained constant or decreased slightly depending on the rate of fluid absorption. The net K+ efflux from alveoli to blood was 0.23 pmol/(cm2 s). When Ba2+ was added to the instillate the net K+ efflux increased to 0.36 pmol/(cm2 s). 
Apical ouabain reversed the K+ flux resulting in a net K+ flux of 0.19 pmol/(cm2 s) into the alveoli. This suggests the presence of an Na+-K+-ATPase located in the apical membrane of some alveolar cells. 3. The K+ transport from instillate (Ringer solution) to perfusate was traced by means of 86Rb which was added to the instillate. Ouabain in the instillate did not affect fluid absorption but reduced the apparent 86Rb permeability by 50\% although the paracellular permeability (estimated with [3H]mannitol) was unaffected. This also indicates the presence of an apical Na+-K+-ATPase. When ouabain was added to the perfusate, the apparent 86Rb permeability doubled. These findings indicate that recirculation of 86Rb (and K+) occurs due to the activity of both apical and basolateral Na+-K+-ATPases. 4. When ouabain was placed on both sides of the epithelium, preventing transcellular transport, the passive 86Rb permeability was 10.3 x 10(-8) cm/s (assuming an alveolar surface area of 5000 cm2). This value agrees 
with the passive permeabilities for mannitol, Na+ and Cl- suggesting that the paracellular pathway acts as a water-filled neutral channel. 5. We conclude that K+ is 'secreted' into the alveoli and is also removed from the alveoli, both processes being energized by Na+-K+-ATPases placed on the basolateral and apical sides, respectively. It is likely that two functionally different cell types exist in the alveolar membrane. One type ('B cell') has a Na+-K+-ATPase located at the basolateral membrane and K+ channels situated luminally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {INSERM U82, Faculté Xavier-Bichat, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Absorption; Animals; Biological Transport, Active, drug effects; Bumetanide, pharmacology; Cell Membrane Permeability; Ouabain, pharmacology; Potassium, pharmacokinetics; Pulmonary Alveoli, metabolism; Rats; Rubidium Radioisotopes, diagnostic use; Sodium, pharmacokinetics},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3418536},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bast:2001,
  author      = {T. Bast and W. N. Zhang and J. Feldon},
  title       = {The ventral hippocampus and fear conditioning in rats. Different anterograde amnesias of fear after tetrodotoxin inactivation and infusion of the GABA(A) agonist muscimol.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {139},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {39--52},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Studies on the involvement of the rat hippocampus in classical fear conditioning have focused mainly on the dorsal hippocampus and conditioning to a context. However, the ventral hippocampus has intimate connections with the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens, which are involved in classical fear conditioning to explicit and contextual cues. Consistently, a few recent lesion studies have indicated a role for the ventral hippocampus in classical fear conditioning to explicit and contextual cues. The present study examined whether neuronal activity within the ventral hippocampus is important for the formation of fear memory to explicit and contextual cues by classical fear conditioning. Tetrodotoxin (TTX; 10 ng/side), which completely blocks neuronal activity, or muscimol (1 microg/side), which increases GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition, were bilaterally infused into the ventral hippocampus of Wistar rats before the conditioning session of a classical fear-conditioning experiment. 
Conditioning to a tone and the context were assessed using freezing as a measure of conditioned fear. TTX blocked fear conditioning to both tone and context. Muscimol only blocked fear conditioning to the context. The data of the present study indicate that activity of neurons in the ventral hippocampus is necessary for the formation of fear memory to both explicit and contextual cues and that neurons in the ventral hippocampus that bear the GABA(A) receptor are important for the formation of fear conditioning to a context. In addition, both bilateral muscimol (0.5 microg/side and 1 microg/side) and TTX (5 ng/side and 10 ng/side) infusion into the ventral hippocampus dose-dependently decreased locomotor activity in an open-field experiment.},
  institution = {Behavioral Neurobiology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Schwerzenbach.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Acoustic Stimulation; Amnesia, Anterograde, chemically induced/metabolism/physiopathology; Animals; Conditioning (Psychology), drug effects/physiology; Cues; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Stimulation; Fear, drug effects/physiology; GABA Agonists, pharmacology; Hippocampus, drug effects/physiology; Male; Memory, drug effects/physiology; Motor Activity, drug effects/physiology; Muscimol, pharmacology; Neural Inhibition, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reaction Time, drug effects/physiology; Receptors, GABA-A, drug effects/metabolism; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pmid        = {11482842},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bastmeyer:1998,
  author      = {Bastmeyer, M. and Daston, M. M. and Possel, H. and O'Leary, D. D.},
  title       = {Collateral branch formation related to cellular structures in the axon tract during corticopontine target recognition.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {392},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {1--18},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980302)392:1<1::aid-cne1>3.0.co;2-6},
  abstract    = {The corticopontine projection develops exclusively by collateral branches that form along the length of corticospinal axons days after they have passed their hindbrain target, the basilar pons. In vitro evidence suggests that the basilar pons releases a diffusible activity that initiates and directs the growth of collateral branches. This study investigates whether contact-dependent mechanisms may also influence the formation of collateral branches. By using immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, and neuronal tracing techniques, we examined the region of the axon tract, the cerebral peduncle, overlying the basilar pons for cellular structures that correlate spatially and temporally with collateral branch formation. We found that radial glia are excluded from the tract. Oligodendrocyte precursors are found only at low density. Although mature astrocytes are absent, immature astrocytes are present throughout the tract. However, our evidence does not suggest a direct role for glial cell 
types in collateral branch formation. In contrast, dendrites of basilar pontine neurons are transiently present in the tract during the time of collateral branch formation. Although collateral branches are observed in regions of the tract devoid of dendrites, the orientation and location of most collateral branches correlates at the light microscopic level with dendrites. Electron microscopy reveals sites of increased collateral branch formation near neuronal cell bodies or dendrites. However, cell processes, whether dendritic or otherwise, are rarely found in direct contact with collateral branch points. A common and unexpected feature is the bundles of corticopontine collateral branches, oriented transversely to their parent corticospinal axons and directed across the tract to the basilar pons. Dendrites were often apposed to or embedded within the transverse bundles. These findings suggest that dendrites are not essential for collateral branch formation but that they may enhance this process and define 
discrete preferred locations for collateral branch initiation and elongation within the cerebral peduncle.},
  institution = {Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Astrocytes, physiology; Axons, physiology; Carbocyanines; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Dendrites, physiology; Female; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Neuroglia, physiology; Pons, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-6},
  pmid        = {9482229},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bastos:1999,
  author      = {Bastos, E. F. and Marcelino, J. L. and Amaral, A. R. and Serfaty, C. A.},
  title       = {Fluoxetine-induced plasticity in the rodent visual system.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {824},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {28--35},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01184-1},
  abstract    = {We studied the effect of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in the development and lesion-induced plasticity of retinotectal axons in pigmented rats. Neonatal rats received a daily injection of either fluoxetine or vehicle from postnatal day 1 (PND 1) to PND 10 or from PND 14 to PND 28 (fluoxetine, 7.5 and 10.0 mg/kg, respectively). In the latter group, some animals received a single lesion at the temporal periphery of the left retina at PND 21. Unoperated animals were use as the control. At the end of the treatment, the animals received an intraocular injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the right (intact) eye to trace the uncrossed retinotectal pathway. Chronic fluoxetine treatment, induced, in unoperated rats, an expansion of the retinal terminal fields along the rostro-caudal axis of the tectum both in the PND 10 and PND 28 groups. Following a retinal lesion in the left eye at PND 21, the vehicle-treated group showed a small reorganization of the intact 
uncrossed projection. In this group only a few terminals were labeled invading the denervated tectal surface one-week after the lesion. Fluoxetine-treated animals on the other hand, showed a great amplification of plasticity with a conspicuous sprouting of the uncrossed retinal axons into denervated areas. The data suggest that fluoxetine induces extensive axonal rearrangements in neonatal and juvenile central nervous system and amplifies neuroplasticity following retinal lesions late in development.},
  institution = {Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Caixa Postal 100180, Niteroi, CEP 24001-970, RJ, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Aging, physiology; Animals; Axons, drug effects/physiology; Fluoxetine, pharmacology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retina, drug effects/physiology; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors, pharmacology; Superior Colliculi, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects; Visual Pathways, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(99)01184-1},
  pmid        = {10095039},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bates:1984,
  author      = {Bates, C. A. and Killackey, H. P.},
  title       = {The emergence of a discretely distributed pattern of corticospinal projection neurons.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {315},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {265--273},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-3806(84)90161-5},
  abstract    = {The distribution of cortical neurons which project to the spinal cord was investigated in the developing and adult rat using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following injections of HRP into the cervical spinal cord of a postnatal day 4 rat, retrogradely labeled neurons are located in layer Vb throughout the neocortex. Gradually, over the first two postnatal weeks, labeled cells can no longer be found laterally or caudally in the neocortex. By the end of the second postnatal week, cortical neurons which project to the spinal cord are located in essentially their adult positions. These consist of: (1) a dorsomedial band of cells in layer V of frontal cortex, (2) a dorsomedial band in layer Vb of posterior frontal/anterior parietal cortex, and (3) a small group of cells located laterally in an area corresponding to SII. This change in the regional distribution of cortical neurons projecting to the spinal cord is interpreted as an economically adaptive way for the 
cortex to interconnect highly organized sensory and motor systems.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn, growth /&/ development; Corpus Callosum, growth /&/ development; Cricetinae; Frontal Lobe, growth /&/ development; Parietal Lobe, growth /&/ development; Pyramidal Tracts, growth /&/ development; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6722590},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bates:1985,
  author      = {Bates, C. A. and Killackey, H. P.},
  title       = {The organization of the neonatal rat's brainstem trigeminal complex and its role in the formation of central trigeminal patterns.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {240},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {265--287},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902400305},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902400305},
  abstract    = {The present study delimits the relationship of primary trigeminal afferents to their targets, the brainstem trigeminal nuclei of the neonatal rat. Previously, the brainstem trigeminal complex of the rat has been subdivided on the basis of either cytoarchitectonics or patterns of succinic dehydrogenase activity into the principal sensory nucleus and the three subnuclei of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, oralis, interpolaris, and caudalis. In this paper, we demonstrate that each of these subdivisions can also be identified by its pattern of primary trigeminal afferents. In addition, we demonstrate that the terminations of these afferents are distributed in a punctate fashion which correlates with vibrissae-related patterns of histochemical staining. Further, vibrissae removal in the neonatal rat at any age studied results in a corresponding deafferentation of both the principal sensory nucleus and all subnuclei of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. This same procedure has a graded, age-dependent 
effect on the vibrissae-related pattern of cytochrome oxidase staining in somatosensory cortex. On this basis, we conclude that vibrissae-related pattern formation in the central trigeminal system can be best understood in terms of a single "sensitive" period for the entire system. We hypothesize that this is the period during which an interaction normally occurs between primary trigeminal afferents and target neurons of the principal sensory nucleus.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Animals, Newborn, anatomy /&/ histology; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Brain, enzymology; Electron Transport Complex IV, analysis; Hair; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Nose, cytology; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Succinate Dehydrogenase, analysis; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2999198},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Bates:1993,
  Title                    = {Extension and regeneration of corticospinal axons after early spinal injury and the maintenance of corticospinal topography.},
  Author                   = {C. A. Bates and D. J. Stelzner},
  Journal                  = {Exp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {106--117},
  Volume                   = {123},

  Abstract                 = {It has been established that neonatal corticospinal (CS) axons are able to grow around lesions of the spinal cord early in neonacy (Bernstein and Stelzner, J. Comp. Neurol. 221:382-400; Firkins, Bates, and Stelzner, Exp. Neurol., 120:1-15). To determine if these corticospinal axons include regenerating as well as late developing axons a double-labeling paradigm is used in which CS neurons are retrogradely labeled from the cervical spinal cord by injections of fast blue (FB) on Postnatal Day (PND) 2, 4, or 10. Two days later, the FB is aspirated along with the left dorsal funiculus and the right hemicord (CHR). As adults, the animals receive an injection of diamidino yellow (DY) or rhodamine into the spinal cord caudal to the lesion site. Thus, FB neurons are those that originally projected to the spinal cord before the lesion and which survived axotomy, DY neurons are those whose axons reached the spinal cord after the lesion, and double-labeled neurons (FB/DY) are cells which 
projected to the spinal cord prior to the lesion and regenerated a spinal axon postlesion. Animals FB injected on PND 2 have a widespread distribution of FB-labeled neurons in cortex, including areas outside of sensorimotor cortex. These animals also had both DY- and FB/DY-labeled cells within sensorimotor cortex, indicating that the population of axons growing caudal to neonatal spinal lesions consists of both late growing and regenerating axons. In animals FB injected on PND 10, the FB neurons were all located in sensorimotor cortex. Very few DY and no FB/DY neurons were present. We have also looked at the topography of the CS neurons which project caudal to early spinal lesions. Rat pups received a CHR on PND 0, 3, 6, or 12. As adults, horseradish peroxidase was injected into the cervical or lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord and the distribution of labeled cells in the cerebral cortex was plotted and compared to normal and lesioned adult controls. In all experimental animals, the distribution of 
retrogradely labeled cells was restricted to the area containing CS projection neurons in the normal animal. This is despite the fact that the number of CS projection neurons is greatly reduced from normal and the normal pathway for CS axonal outgrowth has been completely disrupted by the neonatal lesion.},
  Doi                      = {10.1006/exnr.1993.1144},
  Institution              = {California at Irvine 92717.},
  Keywords                 = {Amidines; Animals; Animals, Newborn, physiology; Axons, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, physiopathology/ultrastructure; Fluorescent Dyes; Nerve Regeneration; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines; Spinal Cord Injuries, physiopathology; Spinal Cord, physiopathology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0014-4886(83)71144-1},
  Pmid                     = {8405271},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1993.1144}
}

@Article{Batini:1989,
  author      = {C. Batini and C. Buisseret-Delmas and C. Compoint and H. Daniel},
  title       = {The GABAergic neurones of the cerebellar nuclei in the rat: projections to the cerebellar cortex.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {99},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {251-256},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(89)90455-2},
  abstract    = {The presence of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the neurones of the cerebellar nucleocortical pathway is here reported. The pathway was identified by retrograde tracer and the GABA content was revealed immunohistochemically. It was found that most of the neurones giving rise to the reciprocal, non-reciprocal and symmetrical projections are indeed GABA-immunoreactive. They were observed in all the subdivisions of the nucleus medialis, of the nucleus interpositus and of the nucleus lateralis sending axons respectively to the sagittal zones A, C1-3 and D of the cerebellar cortex. The nucleus vestibularis lateralis and the related sagittal zone B were devoid of such projections.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie de la motricité, URA-CNRS 185, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {2471118},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Batini:1978,
  author      = {Batini, C. and Buisseret-Delmas, C. and Corvisier, J. and Hardy, O. and Jassik-Gerschenfeld, D.},
  title       = {Brain stem nuclei giving fibers to lobules VI and VII of the cerebellar vermis.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {153},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {241--261},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(78)90405-5},
  abstract    = {The HRP method has been used to identify all the brain stem nuclei, which may project to lobule VI and/or VII of the posterior cerebellar vermis. Three tentative degrees of labeling of the different structures have been assigned: 'massive', 'clear' and 'discrete'. (1) Massive projections have been found to reach lobule VI and VII from the inferior olive and lobule VII only from the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. (2) Clear projections have been found to reach lobule VI only from the pontine nuclei, the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, the nucleus reticularis lateralis and the reticularis paramedianus; lobule VII only from the raphe nuclei, and both VI and VII from the perihypoglossal and vestibular nuclei. (3) Discrete projections have been found to reach lobule VI and VII from the deep cerebellar nuclei; lobule VI only from the nucleus tracti solitarii and nucleus cuneatus externus; lobule VII only from the nucleus lemnisci lateralis pars ventralis, the nuclei parabrachiales and 
the nucleus subcoeruleus.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cats; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(78)90405-5},
  pmid        = {80249},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Batini:1992,
  Title                    = {Cerebellar nuclei and the nucleocortical projections in the rat: retrograde tracing coupled to GABA and glutamate immunohistochemistry.},
  Author                   = {C. Batini and C. Compoint and C. Buisseret-Delmas and H. Daniel and M. Guegan},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {74-84},
  Volume                   = {315},

  Abstract                 = {The amino acids GABA and glutamate (Glu) are thought to be the principal substances in the central nervous system responsible for neuronal inhibition and excitation. Their distributions among the different neurons in a defined pathway may thus be indicative of the contributions of the cells to pathway function. Examples of such neurons are those of the cerebellar nuclei which, while regulating output from the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex, are also found to project back to the cerebellar cortex. Immunohistochemical experiments were done to identify GABA and glutamate (Glu) containing cells in the adult rat cerebellar nuclei. Consecutive semithin and serial vibratome sections were incubated with antisera raised in rabbit against GABA and Glu. In semithin sections, only small neurons were intensely GABA immunoreactive (GABA-IR) (31.7\%), and the majority (80.5\%) were Glu immunoreactive (Glu-IR) of different sizes. Consistent with Glu being a metabolic precursor for GABA,
 75.4\% of the GABA-IR population colocalized Glu. In vibratome sections GABA-IR neurons showed some local differences in number, whereas the Glu-IR were uniformly distributed in the three nuclei studied. Measured mean diameters for these neurons showed a distinct size difference for the GABA- and Glu-IR with little overlap. Cerebellar nuclei neurons projecting to the cortex (nucleocortical neurons, NCN) were identified by locally preinjecting the retrograde transported WGA-apoHRP-colloidal gold complex in the cerebellar cortex. Vibratome sections of these cerebellar were silver intensified for the retrograde tracer and double labeled for GABA and Glu. Of the total number of identified NCN, 8.7\% were GABA-IR (10 animals) and 47.7\% Glu-IR (5 animals). Many retrograde labeled NCN in the core of the thick sections were immunonegative for both amino acids due to poor antibody penetration, thus underestimating the proportions of cells containing GABA and Glu. The size distributions for the GABA-IR and Glu-IR 
NCN were similar to those measured in non-retrograde labeled nuclei in thick sections. The conclusions reached are that GABA-IR neurons of the cerebellar nuclei, including the NCN, use GABA as the presumed inhibitory neurotransmitter and that Glu-IR neurons may use Glu or another excitatory neurotransmitter.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903150106},
  Institution              = {CNRS URA 385, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CHU Pitié-Salpetrière, Paris, France.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Cell Count; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Feedback; Glutamates, analysis; Glutamic Acid; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Purkinje Cells, chemistry/ultrastructure; Rats; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Morawska, Pauline},
  Pmid                     = {1371781},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903150106}
}

@Article{Batra:2002,
  author      = {Batra, Ranjan and Fitzpatrick, Douglas C.},
  title       = {Monaural and binaural processing in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus: a major source of inhibition to the inferior colliculus.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {168},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {90--97},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0378-5955(02)00368-4},
  abstract    = {The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) is a major source of input to the inferior colliculus. This paper reviews recent studies of neural responses in the VNLL of the unanesthetized rabbit. The VNLL has generally been viewed as a monaural nucleus, with its neurons responding primarily to stimulation of the contralateral ear. In the rabbit, the VNLL is divided into a medial division (VNLLm) comprising neurons intercalated in the medial limb of the lemniscus, a compact lateral division (VNLLl), and a dorsal division. The VNLLm contains an abundance of neurons sensitive to interaural temporal disparities (ITDs), one of the major binaural cues for sound localization. These neurons respond only at the onset of tones, and therefore appear to encode the ITDs of transients. Even in the VNLLl, many neurons are sensitive to binaural stimulation. The VNLLl contains a variety of neurons with different discharge patterns, the two most common of which are sustained and onset. The discharge 
patterns, frequency-tuning and dynamic ranges of VNLLl neurons indicate that this division is able to supply the inferior colliculus with a variety of inputs, each serving a different function in the analysis of sound.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA. ranjan@neuron.uchc.edu},
  journal     = {Hear Res},
  keywords    = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Auditory Perception, physiology; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Inferior Colliculi, physiology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rabbits},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0378595502003684},
  pmid        = {12117512},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Battaglia:2004,
  author      = {Battaglia, Francesco P. and Sutherland, Gary R. and McNaughton, Bruce L.},
  title       = {Hippocampal sharp wave bursts coincide with neocortical "up-state" transitions.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {6},
  pages       = {697--704},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1101/lm.73504},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.73504},
  abstract    = {The sleeping neocortex shows nested oscillatory activity in different frequency ranges, characterized by fluctuations between "up-states" and "down-states." High-density neuronal ensemble recordings in rats now reveal the interaction between synchronized activity in the hippocampus and neocortex: Electroencephalographic sharp waves in the hippocampus were more probable during down-states than during up-states, and tended to coincide with transitions from down-states to up-states. The form of cortical activity fluctuations and their interactions with sharp waves depend on sleep depth: In deeper sleep stages, characterized by strong neocortical oscillation in the delta range or slower (approximately 0.8-4 Hz), sharp-wave-triggered peri-event time histograms (PETH) are consistent with a longer duration for down-states than for up-states. In lighter sleep, the sharp-wave-triggered PETH suggested longer up-states than down-states. These results highlight the interplay in the hippocampal/
neocortical loop: Decreased neocortical input during down-states may be a factor in generation of sharp waves. In turn, sharp waves may facilitate down-to-up transitions. This interplay may reflect joint memory trace reactivation in the hippocampus and in the neocortex, possibly contributing to consolidation of long-term memory: Off-line reactivation of recent neural activity patterns in the hippocampus occurs during 50-100-msec electroencephalographic sharp waves, corresponding to pyramidal-cell population bursts. The neocortical up-states starting in correspondence with sharp waves may be influenced by the reactivated information carried by the hippocampal sharp wave.},
  institution = {Arizona Research Laboratories--Division of Neural Systems, Memory, and Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.},
  journal     = {Learn Mem},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cortical Synchronization; Electroencephalography; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Neocortex, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Sleep, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {11/6/697},
  pmid        = {15576887},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Battaglia:1994,
  Title                    = {A reticuloreticular commissural pathway in the rat thalamus.},
  Author                   = {G. Battaglia and C. Lizier and C. Colacitti and A. Princivalle and R. Spreafico},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {127--138},
  Volume                   = {347},

  Abstract                 = {To further characterize the communication between the thalami of the two hemispheres, a connection linking the rostral reticular nuclei of the two thalamic sides was investigated in the rat by retrograde and anterograde tracing. The rostral reticular nucleus can be divided into a medial region, with densely packed fusiform neurons, and a lateral region, with less densely packed, polymorphic neurons. After injections of Fluorogold (FG) in the medial region, retrogradely labeled, small fusiform neurons were found in the corresponding contralateral region. The retrograde labeling data were confirmed by the anterograde-tracing experiments. Thin, beaded axons, anterogradely labeled after injection of biocytin or biotinylated dextranamine in the medial region, innervate the corresponding region in the contralateral reticular nucleus. The present data suggest the existence of a commissural pathway specifically devoted to the crosstalk between the rostral reticular nuclei of the two 
thalamic sides. The commissural gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic input on the GABAergic neurons of the rostral reticular nucleus could modulate the generation of sleep spindles. The reticuloreticular pathway may, moreover, synchronize the diffuse modulatory effect of the rostral reticular nucleus on nonprimary cortical areas through the bilateral projections of the nucleus to the ventromedial, intralaminar, and anterior thalamic nuclei.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903470110},
  Institution              = {Department of Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Functional Laterality, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pmid                     = {7798377},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903470110}
}

@Article{Battaglia:1992,
  Title                    = {Substance P innervation of the rat and cat thalamus. II. Cells of origin in the spinal cord.},
  Author                   = {G. Battaglia and A. Rustioni},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {473--486},
  Volume                   = {315},

  Abstract                 = {Evidence in the preceding paper suggests that fibers and terminals immunopositive for substance P (SP) in somatosensory thalamic nuclei are part of the spinothalamic tract (STT). In this paper, more direct evidence on this point is provided by immunocytochemistry for SP on the cervical spinal cord, alone or combined with the retrograde transport of colloidal gold-labeled wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase (WGAapoHRP-Au). In cats and rats pretreated with colchicine and/or anterolateral chordotomy (to increase SP content in cell bodies), many small to large cell bodies are SP-immunopositive especially in laminae I and V, but also in more ventral laminae of the upper cervical cord. SP neurons are also present in the dorsolateral funiculus (in the lateral spinal nucleus, LSN, in rats) but not in the lateral cervical nucleus or in the internal basilar nucleus. In both species there is a considerable degree of overlap in the distribution 
of SP-positive neurons and that of STT neurons. SP immunocytochemistry in rats after WGAapoHRP-Au injection in the somatosensory thalamus reveals SP-positive STT neurons in LSN, in lamina I and in lamina V, and, to a lesser extent, in more ventral laminae. These results demonstrate that SP is a marker and/or neuromediator for some STT neurons. Together with the evidence discussed in the preceding paper, the results also suggest that SP-positive neurons may be involved in the transmission of nociceptive input.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903150409},
  Institution              = {Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cats; Colchicine, pharmacology; Cordotomy; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Substance P, immunology/physiology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pmid                     = {1373160},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903150409}
}

@Article{Battaglia:1992a,
  author      = {Battaglia, G. and Spreafico, R. and Rustioni, A.},
  title       = {Substance P innervation of the rat and cat thalamus. I. Distribution and relation to ascending spinal pathways.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {315},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {457--472},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903150408},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903150408},
  abstract    = {An antiserum for substance P (SP) with minimal cross-reactivity for other tachykinins was employed to map the distribution of SP-positive nerve fibers and terminals in the thalamus of cats and rats with special emphasis on the innervation by these fibers of nuclei related to the somatosensory system. In both species SP innervation is predominantly along the midline, in medial and posterior thalamic regions, and sparser in sensory relays for specific modalities. Among the most densely innervated nuclei are the parafascicular, paraventricular, rhomboid, central medial and parts of mediodorsal, lateral posterior, and ventral lateral geniculate. SP innervation of somatosensory-related nuclei is also evident in central lateral nucleus, posterior complex (PO), and in ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus of both cats and rats. In VPL of cats SP fibers and terminals are present along its ventral and lateral border, a paralaminar area in which spinothalamic fibers have been shown to terminate and where 
neurons responsive to noxious stimuli have been reported. Also in rats the SP innervation of VPL is similar to that of spinothalamic tract fibers. The SP innervation of somatosensory thalamic nuclei may be supplied, at least in part, by spinothalamic afferent as suggested by the depletion of SP after anterolateral chordotomy but not after ablation of the dorsal column nuclei. The presence of SP-positive spinothalamic neurons in the spinal cord is reported in the following paper.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Molecular Sequence Data; Nerve Endings, immunology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Substance P, immunology/physiology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1373159},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Battaglia:1990,
  author      = {Battaglia, R. and Pianezzola, E. and Salgarollo, G. and Zini, G. and {Strolin Benedetti}, M.},
  title       = {Absorption, disposition and preliminary metabolic pathway of 14C-rifabutin in animals and man.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {26},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {813--822},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1093/jac/26.6.813},
  abstract    = {14C-Rifabutin was given orally to rats, rabbits and monkeys at a dose of 25 mg/kg and to healthy volunteers at a dose of 270 mg. Radioactivity was eliminated by both the renal and faecal routes in all species, with a predominance of the renal route in man and monkeys (50.19\% and 46.73\% of the dose, respectively, in urine at 96 h), whereas in rats and rabbits a slight predominance of faecal excretion was observed (48.09\% and 45.01\% of the dose, respectively, at 96 h in faeces; 42.22\% and 36.37\% in urine). Radioactivity as expired 14CO2 was detected in the rat and accounted for less than 0.5\% of the dose within 96 h. The drug was rapidly absorbed and peak plasma radioactivity levels were reached from 1 to 4 h after dosing. Rifabutin was the predominant compound circulating in plasma at the first sampling times, but significant levels of 31-OH rifabutin were detected up to 8-24 h in all species studied. 25-O-deacetyl rifabutin was detected only in rat and man. Polar metabolites were also 
present, particularly at the later sampling times. The urinary metabolism was studied by radio-HPLC. Rifabutin accounted for 8.5\% and 4.6\% of the dose in 0-24 h urine of rats and man respectively, whereas in rabbit and monkey urine only traces of this compound were detected. The main known metabolite in all animal species was 31-OH rifabutin; 25-O-deacetyl rifabutin was detected only in rat and man. The remaining urinary radioactivity was mainly due to polar compounds.},
  institution = {D-Erbamont Group, Milan, Italy.},
  journal     = {J Antimicrob Chemother},
  keywords    = {Adult; Animals; Antitubercular Agents, metabolism/pharmacokinetics/urine; Biotransformation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Feces, chemistry; Female; Humans; Hydrolysis; Intestinal Absorption; Macaca fascicularis; Male; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rifabutin; Rifamycins, metabolism/pharmacokinetics/urine; Species Specificity},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1964448},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Batten:2002,
  author      = {Batten, Trevor F C. and Gamboa-Esteves, Filomena O. and Saha, Sikha},
  title       = {Evidence for peptide co-transmission in retrograde- and anterograde-labelled central nucleus of amygdala neurones projecting to NTS.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {98},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {28--32},
  doi         = {10.1016/s1566-0702(02)00026-7},
  abstract    = {Synaptic terminals in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) from axons originating in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) are known to contain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivity. Here, we have investigated whether such projections contain neuropeptides as putative co-transmitters. Somata in the medial and lateral CeA that were retrogradely labelled with cholera toxin B (CTb) injected into the commissural NTS were found to be immunoreactive for GABA, somatostatin (SOM), neurotensin (NT), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Subpopulations of fibres in the NTS that were anterogradely labelled with biotin dextran amine (BDA) injected into the CeA and examined using both fluorescence and electron microscopy appeared to colocalise somatostatin, but not other neuropeptides. Their varicosities were observed in proximity to NTS neurones that were immunoreactive for the somatostatin receptor sst2A subtype, substance P (SP) NK1 receptor, and the 
GABAA receptor alpha3, beta1 and gamma2 subunits. This morphological evidence is consistent with the possibility of GABA-somatostatin co-transmission at synapses of some of the CeA projection neurones to NTS that might inhibit cardiovascular reflex responses in response to fear or emotion-related stimuli.},
  institution = {Institute for Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK. cvstfcb@leeds.ac.uk},
  journal     = {Auton Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Cholera Toxin; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, physiology; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1566-0702(02)00026-7},
  pmid        = {12144035},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Batulevicius:2004,
  author      = {Batulevicius, Darius and Pauziene, Neringa and Pauza, Dainius H.},
  title       = {Key anatomic data for the use of rat heart in electrophysiological studies of the intracardiac nervous system.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {40},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {253--259},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {The aim of the present study was to elucidate both the topography and architecture of the rat intrinsic cardiac nerve plexus, as this species becomes a frequent mammalian model for electrophysiological investigations of the intracardiac nervous system. Fifteen adult rats were examined employing histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase to visualize the intracardiac nerve plexus in hearts. Extracardiac nerves entering the rat heart were found amid aorta and pulmonary trunk as well as along both right and left cranial veins. The nerves from the arterial part of the heart hilum extended directly to the ventricles but the nerves from the venous part of the hilum interconnected among themselves forming a nerve plexus of the cardiac hilum on the heart base. Within the rat epicardium, intrinsic nerves clustered into six routes by which they selectively projected to different rat heart regions. Ventral wall of the ventricles was supplied by three neural subplexuses, dorsal ventricular wall--by one 
subplexus; each atrium received nerves from two distinct subplexuses. In conclusion, this morphological study demonstrates that rat intracardiac nerve plexus compounds to anatomical scheme of the same plexus in human, therefore rat is a usable model for electrophysiological experiments of the intracardiac nervous system.},
  institution = {Institute for Biomedical Research, Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania.},
  journal     = {Medicina (Kaunas)},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, analysis; Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electrophysiology; Female; Heart Atria, innervation; Heart Conduction System, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Heart Ventricles, innervation; Heart, innervation/physiology; Histocytochemistry; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Staining and Labeling; Ventricular Function},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0403-09},
  pmid        = {15064547},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bauchet:2001,
  author      = {Bauchet, L. and Mille-Hamard, L. and Baillet-Derbin, C. and Horvat, J. C.},
  title       = {Transplantation of autologous dorsal root ganglia into the peroneal nerve of adult rats: uni- and bidirectional axonal regrowth from the grafted DRG neurons.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {167},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {312--320},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1006/exnr.2000.7579},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.2000.7579},
  abstract    = {Previous studies have demonstrated that transplanted dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs) can survive and differentiate in a variety of orthotopic and heterotopic locations. In order to develop strategies aimed at restoring the sensory function following traumatic injury to the spinal cord and to its peripheral sensory connections, we have transplanted adult autologous dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) into the peroneal nerve of adult rats. Twelve female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. A segment of the peroneal nerve was isolated by double transection and ligature to prevent undesirable reinnervation. The left fifth cervical (C5) DRG was removed from its normal location and inserted into the midportion of the isolated nerve segment. One month after the grafting procedure, a morphological study included axonal retrograde labeling with True Blue (TB) and/or Diamidino Yellow (DY) applied on each cut end of the nerve segment, cell counting, and cell measurement after staining with cresyl violet. 
Compared to the C5 ganglion maintained in situ, the mean number of surviving DRGNs in the transplant was 1381, corresponding to a survival rate of 20\%. Both singly (TB or DY) and doubly (TB + DY) stained DRGNs were encountered. The proportion of surviving neurons that appeared to be doubly labeled was 23\%. These neurons were considered as having grown two opposite axonal projections, one into the "central" part of the nerve segment and a second one into its "peripheral" part. The present results give new insights and interesting prospects concerning the possibilities of reconstructing the sensory circuitry after central and/or peripheral injuries.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Université René Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270 Paris cedex 06, France.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Benzofurans; Cell Count; Cell Size, physiology; Cell Survival, physiology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/transplantation; Graft Survival, physiology; Neurons, cytology/transplantation; Peroneal Nerve, cytology/surgery; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Transplantation, Autologous},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0014-4886(00)97579-4},
  pmid        = {11161619},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bauer:2014a,
  author      = {Bauer, Anja and Nolden, Tobias and Schröter, Josephine and Römer-Oberdörfer, Angela and Gluska, Shani and Perlson, Eran and Finke, Stefan},
  title       = {Anterograde glycoprotein-dependent transport of newly generated rabies virus in dorsal root ganglion neurons.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {88},
  number      = {24},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {14172--14183},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1128/JVI.02254-14},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02254-14},
  abstract    = {Rabies virus (RABV) spread is widely accepted to occur only by retrograde axonal transport. However, examples of anterograde RABV spread in peripheral neurons such as dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons indicated a possible bidirectional transport by an uncharacterized mechanism. Here, we analyzed the axonal transport of fluorescence-labeled RABV in DRG neurons by live-cell microscopy. Both entry-related retrograde transport of RABV after infection at axon endings and postreplicative transport of newly formed virus were visualized in compartmentalized DRG neuron cultures. Whereas entry-related transport at 1.5 μm/s occurred only retrogradely, after 2 days of infection, multiple particles were observed in axons moving in both the anterograde and retrograde directions. The dynamics of postreplicative retrograde transport (1.6 μm/s) were similar to those of entry-related retrograde transport. In contrast, anterograde particle transport at 3.4 μm/s was faster, indicating active particle transport.
 Interestingly, RABV missing the glycoproteins did not move anterogradely within the axon. Thus, anterograde RABV particle transport depended on the RABV glycoprotein. Moreover, colocalization of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) and glycoprotein in distal axonal regions as well as cotransport of labeled RNPs with membrane-anchored mCherry reporter confirmed that either complete enveloped virus particles or vesicle associated RNPs were transported. Our data show that anterograde RABV movement in peripheral DRG neurons occurs by active motor protein-dependent transport. We propose two models for postreplicative long-distance transport in peripheral neurons: either transport of complete virus particles or cotransport of RNPs and G-containing vesicles through axons to release virus at distal sites of infected DRG neurons.Rabies virus retrograde axonal transport by dynein motors supports virus spread over long distances and lethal infection of the central nervous system. Though 
active rabies virus transport has been widely accepted to be unidirectional, evidence for anterograde spread in peripheral neurons supports the hypothesis that in some neurons RABV also enters the anterograde pathway by so-far unknown mechanisms. By live microscopy we visualized fast anterograde axonal transport of rabies virus. The velocities exceeded those of retrograde movements, suggesting that active, most likely kinesin-dependent transport machineries are involved. Dependency of anterograde transport on the expression of virus glycoprotein G and cotransport with vesicles further suggest that complete enveloped virus particles or cotransport of virus ribonucleoprotein and G-containing vesicles occurred. These data provide the first insight in the mechanism of anterograde rabies virus transport and substantially contribute to the understanding of RABV replication and spread of newly formed virus in peripheral neurons.},
  institution = {Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany stefan.finke@fli.bund.de.},
  journal     = {J Virol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cells, Cultured; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, virology; Glycoproteins, metabolism; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Microscopy, Video; Neurons, virology; Rabies virus, physiology; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staining and Labeling; Virion, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {JVI.02254-14},
  pmid        = {25275124},
  timestamp   = {10.03.2015},
}

@Article{Bauer:2014,
  author      = {Bauer, David J. and Peterson, Todd C. and Swain, Rodney A.},
  title       = {Cerebellar dentate nuclei lesions alter prefrontal cortex dendritic spine morphology.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1544},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {15--24},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.032},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.032},
  abstract    = {Anatomical tracing studies in primates have revealed neural tracts from the cerebellar dentate nuclei to prefrontal cortex, implicating a cerebellar role in nonmotor processes. Experiments in rats examining the functional role of this cerebellothalamocortical pathway have demonstrated the development of visuospatial and motivational deficits following lesions of the dentate nuclei, in the absence of motor impairment. These behavioral deficits possibly occur due to structural modifications of the cerebral cortex secondary to loss of cerebellar input. The current study characterized morphological alterations in prefrontal cortex important for visuospatial and motivational processes following bilateral cerebellar dentate nuclei lesions. Rats received either bilateral electrolytic cerebellar dentate nuclei lesions or sham surgery followed by a 30-day recovery. Randomly selected Golgi-impregnated neurons in prefrontal cortex were examined for analysis. Measures of branch length and spine density 
revealed no differences between lesioned and sham rats in either apical or basilar arbors; however, the proportion of immature to mature spines significantly decreased in lesioned rats as compared to sham controls, with reductions of 33\% in the basilar arbor and 28\% in the apical arbor. Although expected pruning of branches and spines did not occur, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that cerebellar lesions influence prefrontal morphology and support the possibility that functional deficits following cerebellar dentate nuclei lesions are related to prefrontal morphological alteration.},
  institution = {University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA. Electronic address: rswain@uwm.edu.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(13)01528-X},
  pmid        = {24321616},
  timestamp   = {01.05.2014},
}

@Article{Baufreton:2009,
  Title                    = {Sparse but selective and potent synaptic transmission from the globus pallidus to the subthalamic nucleus.},
  Author                   = {Baufreton, Jérôme and Kirkham, Erin and Atherton, Jeremy F. and Menard, Ariane and Magill, Peter J. and Bolam, J Paul and Bevan, Mark D.},
  Journal                  = {J Neurophysiol},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {532--545},
  Volume                   = {102},

  Abstract                 = {The reciprocally connected GABAergic globus pallidus (GP)-glutamatergic subthalamic nucleus (STN) network is critical for voluntary movement and an important site of dysfunction in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Although the GP is a key determinant of STN activity, correlated GP-STN activity is rare under normal conditions. Here we define fundamental features of the GP-STN connection that contribute to poorly correlated GP-STN activity. Juxtacellular labeling of single GP neurons in vivo and stereological estimation of the total number of GABAergic GP-STN synapses suggest that the GP-STN connection is surprisingly sparse: single GP neurons maximally contact only 2\% of STN neurons and single STN neurons maximally receive input from 2\% of GP neurons. However, GP-STN connectivity may be considerably more selective than even these estimates imply. Light and electron microscopic analyses revealed that single GP axons give rise to sparsely distributed terminal 
clusters, many of which correspond to multiple synapses with individual STN neurons. Application of the minimal stimulation technique in brain slices confirmed that STN neurons receive multisynaptic unitary inputs and that these inputs largely arise from different sets of GABAergic axons. Finally, the dynamic-clamp technique was applied to quantify the impact of GP-STN inputs on STN activity. Small fractions of GP-STN input were sufficiently powerful to inhibit and synchronize the autonomous activity of STN neurons. Together these data are consistent with the conclusion that the rarity of correlated GP-STN activity in vivo is due to the sparsity and selectivity, rather than the potency, of GP-STN synaptic connections.},
  Doi                      = {10.1152/jn.00305.2009},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, Il 60611, USA. jerome.baufreton@u-bordeaux2.fr},
  Keywords                 = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Cell Count, methods; Computer Simulation; Electric Stimulation; Globus Pallidus, cytology/physiology; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, methods; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Reaction Time, drug effects/physiology; Sodium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Subthalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {00305.2009},
  Pmid                     = {19458148},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00305.2009}
}

@Article{Baughman:1981,
  author      = {R. W. Baughman and C. D. Gilbert},
  title       = {Aspartate and glutamate as possible neurotransmitters in the visual cortex.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {427--439},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/1/4/427.long},
  abstract    = {To identify possible neurotransmitters in the visual cortex, high pressure liquid chromatography was used to measure the release of endogenous compounds from a tissue slice preparation of the visual cortex of the rat. When synaptic release was induced, either by raising the K+ concentration in the medium or by adding veratridine, of the compounds measured, marked increases (6- to 35- fold) in release rate were observed for aspartate, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This increased release was blocked either with a low Ca2+/high Mg2+ or a tetrodotoxin-containing medium. To label possible aspartate or glutamate pathways, D-[3H]aspartate and D-[3H]glutamate were injected in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), superior colliculus, and visual cortex. Following injections in the LGN, labeling was observed in the pyramidal cells in cortical layer 6 and in a diffuse band in layer 4, whereas no cortical cells were labeled after injections in the superior colliculus. When D-[3H]
aspartate was injected in the cortex, the uptake again was concentrated in the layer 6 cells, but not labeled cell bodies were seen in the LGN, confirming the specificity of the uptake and retrograde filling process. Diffuse labeling was present in the LGN, however, presumably produced by anterograde filling process. Diffuse labeling was present in the LGN, however, presumably produced by anterograde transport from the layer 6 cells. These results suggest that layer 6 cells in the cortex, which are the source of the recurrent projection to the thalamus, may use aspartate or glutamate as their transmitter. Analysis of the function of the corticothalamic pathway may be facilitated by these findings.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Amino Acids, metabolism; Animals; Aspartic Acid, physiology; Biological Transport; Calcium, pharmacology; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Glutamates, physiology; Magnesium, pharmacology; Neurotransmitter Agents; Potassium, pharmacology; Rats; Synapses, drug effects/physiology; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology; Veratridine, pharmacology; Visual Cortex, drug effects/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {6114999},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Baum:1992,
  author      = {Baum, M. J. and Everitt, B. J.},
  title       = {Increased expression of c-fos in the medial preoptic area after mating in male rats: role of afferent inputs from the medial amygdala and midbrain central tegmental field.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {50},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {627--646},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(92)90452-8},
  abstract    = {Immunocytochemical methods were used to localize the protein product of the immediate-early gene, c-fos, in male rats after exposure to, or direct physical interaction with, oestrous females. Increasing amounts of physical contact with a female, with resultant olfactory-vomeronasal and/or genital-somatosensory inputs, caused corresponding increments in c-fos expression in the medial preoptic area, the caudal part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the medial amygdala, and the midbrain central tegmental field. Males bearing unilateral electrothermal lesions of the olfactory peduncle showed a significant reduction in c-fos expression in the ipsilateral medial amygdala, but not in other structures, provided their coital interaction with oestrous females was restricted to mount-thrust and occasional intromissive patterns due to repeated application of lidocaine anaesthetic to the penis. No such lateralization of c-fos expression occurred in other males with unilateral olfactory lesions 
which were allowed to intromit and ejaculate with a female. These results suggest that olfactory inputs, possibly of vomeronasal origin, contribute to the activation of c-fos in the medial amygdala. However, lesion-induced deficits in this type of afferent input to the nervous system appear to be readily compensated for by the genital somatosensory input derived from repeated intromissions. Unilateral excitotoxic lesions of the medial preoptic area, made by infusing quinolinic acid, failed to reduce c-fos expression in the ipsilateral or contralateral medial amygdala or central tegmental field following ejaculation. By contrast, combined, unilateral excitotoxic lesions of the medial amygdala and the central tegmental field significantly reduced c-fos expression in the ipsilateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial preoptic area after mating; no such asymmetry in c-fos expression occurred when lesions were restricted to either the medial amygdala or central tegmental field. This suggests that 
afferent inputs from the central tegmental field (probably of genital-somatosensory origin) and from the medial amygdala (probably of olfactory-vomeronasal origin) interact to promote cellular activity, and the resultant induction of c-fos, in the ipsilateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial preoptic area. The monitoring of neuronal c-fos expression provides an effective means of studying the role of sensory factors in governing the activity of integrated neural structures which control the expression of a complex social behaviour.},
  institution = {Department of Biology, Boston University, MA 02215.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, cytology/physiology; Animals; Copulation, physiology; Gene Expression Regulation, physiology; Genes, fos, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Preoptic Area, metabolism; Rats; Stereotaxic Techniques; Tegmentum Mesencephali, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(92)90452-8},
  pmid        = {1436507},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Baumann:2011,
  author      = {Baumann, Anne and Faust, Andreas and Law, Marylin P. and Kuhlmann, Michael T. and Kopka, Klaus and Schäfers, Michael and Karst, Uwe},
  title       = {Metabolite identification of a radiotracer by electrochemistry coupled to liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric and radioactivity detection.},
  year        = {2011},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {83},
  number      = {13},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {5415--5421},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1021/ac2002092},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac2002092},
  abstract    = {Radioligands, which specifically bind to a receptor or enzyme (target), enable molecular imaging of the target expression by positron emission tomography (PET). One very promising PET tracer is (S)-1-(4-(2-[(18)F]-fluoroethoxy)benzyl)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin (isatin), a caspase-3 inhibitor, which has been developed at the University Hospital of Münster to image cell death (apoptosis). The translation of this novel tracer from preclinical evaluation to clinical examinations requires biodistribution studies, which characterize the pharmakodynamics and metabolic fate of the compound. This information is used to further optimize the radioligands and to interpret radioactive signals from tissues upon injection of the radioligand in vivo with respect to their specificity. The analysis of the metabolism of radioligands is hampered by the low amount of the compound being typically injected (nano/picomolar amount per injection). In the present study, electrochemistry (EC) 
is applied to elucidate the oxidative metabolism pathway of the radiotracer. Previous studies have demonstrated that EC can be utilized as a complementary tool to conventional in vitro approaches in drug metabolism studies. Thereby, potential oxidative metabolites of the isatin are determined by EC coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EC/ESI-MS). Moreover, using EC/liquid chromatography (LC) and ESI-ion trap MS(n), structural elucidation of the oxidation products is performed. Comparatively to EC, in vitro metabolism studies with rat liver microsomes are conducted. Finally, the developed LC/ESI-MS method is applied to determine metabolites in body fluids and cell extracts from in vivo studies with the nonradioactive ((19)F) and radioactive isatin ((18)F). On the basis of the electrochemically generated oxidation products of the radioligand, the major radioactive metabolite occurring in vivo was successfully identified.},
  institution = {Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany.},
  journal     = {Anal Chem},
  keywords    = {Animals; Chromatography, Liquid, methods; Electrochemistry, methods; Microsomes, Liver, metabolism; Radiometry; Rats; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, methods},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {21615156},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@InCollection{Baumgarten:2000,
  author    = {Baumgarten, HG and Grozdanovic, Z},
  title     = {Anatomy of central serotoninergic projection systems},
  booktitle = {Serotoninergic Neurons and 5-HT Receptors in the CNS},
  year      = {2000},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {41--89},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-642-60921-3_2},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Baumgartner:1997,
  author      = {Baumgartner, B. J. and Shine, H. D.},
  title       = {Targeted transduction of CNS neurons with adenoviral vectors carrying neurotrophic factor genes confers neuroprotection that exceeds the transduced population.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {17},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {6504--6511},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/17/17/6504.long},
  abstract    = {Application of neurotrophic factors (NFs) to the cut stump of motor nerves of neonatal rats confers neuroprotection from trauma-induced neuronal death. To test whether motoneurons are capable of responding to endogenously produced NFs, facial motoneurons were genetically modified in vivo to express several NFs and then tested for their response to peripheral nerve damage. Replication-defective adenoviral vectors [Adv. Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-nf] representing three families of NFs were constructed that carried genes for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and nerve growth factor. Media from cultured cells transduced with Adv. RSV-nf contained NFs that supported the survival of cultured chick sensory neurons in the same manner as recombinant NF standards. When Adv.RSV-nf or an adenoviral vector containing the beta-galactosidase gene (Adv.RSV-beta-gal) were injected into the facial muscles of neonatal rats 
the vectors were retrogradely transported to the facial nucleus where the NFs or beta-gal were expressed. A fraction (approximately 10\%) of the neurons were transduced as demonstrated by reverse transcriptase-PCR, histochemistry, and immunocytochemistry. In the case of Adv.RSV-BDNF, Adv.RSV-CNTF, and Adv.RSV-GDNF, a significant portion of the facial nucleus neurons was protected, 16.5, 18.2, and 53.3\%, respectively, from death after axotomy, showing that neurons are capable of transporting the Adv. RSV-nf, expressing the recombinant NF genes, and responding to the NFs. In the case of Adv.RSV-GDNF, a greater number of facial nucleus motoneurons survived than were transduced, indicating that neighboring untransduced neurons were protected by the GDNF expressed by the transduced neurons by a paracrine mechanism.},
  institution = {Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Adenoviridae, genetics; Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Cell Survival, drug effects; Central Nervous System, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Chick Embryo; Culture Media, Conditioned; Facial Muscles, innervation; Facial Nerve, physiology; Gene Expression; Genetic Vectors; HeLa Cells, metabolism; Humans; Nerve Growth Factors; Nerve Tissue Proteins, genetics/metabolism/pharmacology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Neuroprotective Agents, pharmacology; Pons, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Transduction, Genetic},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9254662},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Baumgartner:2001,
  author      = {Baumgartner, U. and Baier, P. and Mappes, H. J. and Farthmann, E. H.},
  title       = {Pericentral hepatocytes translocate hydrophilic bile acids more rapidly than hydrophobic ones.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {46},
  number      = {10},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {2098--2103},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {The aim of this study was to analyze whether velocity of periportal and pericentral translocation is different for bile acids differing in their physicochemical properties. Isolated livers of male Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused antegradely or retrogradely, in single pass arrangement with labeled taurodehydrocholate, cholate, taurocholate, glycocholate, or taurodeoxycholate (inflow rate: 32 nmol/min/g liver). Bile was collected at 2-min intervals; aliquots were counted in a liquid scintillation spectrophotometer to trace uptake rate and biliary excretion profile. Biliary excretion patterns of all bile acids tested were almost identical in periportal cells; in contrast, it differed greatly in pericentral cells. Pericentral cells excreted taurodehydrocholate as fast as periportal cells, while periportal cells eliminated taurodeoxycholate about four times as fast and cholate, taurocholate and cholate about two times as fast as pericentral cells. It is concluded that, in contrast to periportal 
translocation, the velocity of pericentral translocation depends upon the hydrophilicity of the respective bile acid. Therefore, different or additional translocation pathways for bile acids may be involved in periportal versus pericentral cells.},
  institution = {Department of Surgery, University of Freiburg, Germany.},
  journal     = {Dig Dis Sci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Bile Acids and Salts, metabolism; Biological Transport; Cholates, metabolism; Hepatocytes, metabolism; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Taurocholic Acid, metabolism; Taurodeoxycholic Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11680582},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Baumgartner:2001a,
  author      = {Baumgartner, U. and Baier, P. and Schöffel, U. and Farthmann, E. H.},
  title       = {Colchicine inhibits taurodeoxycholate transport in pericentral but not in periportal hepatocytes.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1539},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {218--224},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0167-4889(01)00108-2},
  abstract    = {Indirect evidence for a microtubule-dependent vesicular hepatocellular transport of bile acids has accumulated. Since inhibition of this transport by colchicine can be achieved only at high but not at low bile acid infusion rates we were wondering whether this transport pathway shows a hepatic zonation or not. To answer this question we perfused isolated rat livers antegradely or retrogradely, respectively, with unlabeled and labeled taurocholate or taurodeoxycholate. Inhibition of microtubule-dependent bile acid transport was aimed at co-infusion of colchicine. Periportal cells eliminated the likewise hydrophobic taurodeoxycholate as fast as the more hydrophilic taurocholate. In contrast, pericentral cells excreted taurodeoxycholate much slower than taurocholate. Colchicine did not change the biliary taurocholate excretion profile in periportal and pericentral cells. However, colchicine reduced significantly taurodeoxycholate excretion in pericentral but not in periportal cells. It is 
concluded that a microtubule-dependent vesicular, colchicine-sensitive transport pathway seems to be involved in the translocation of taurodeoxycholate in pericentral but not in periportal cells. Since such a vesicular bile acid transport is regarded to be much slower than transcellular transport by diffusion, this observation may explain the much slower excretion of hydrophobic bile acids like taurodeoxycholate in pericentral than in periportal cells under physiological conditions.},
  institution = {Department of Surgery, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. baumgart@ch11.ukl.uni-freiburg.de},
  journal     = {Biochim Biophys Acta},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biological Transport, drug effects; Colchicine, pharmacology; Detergents, pharmacokinetics; Drug Interactions; Hepatocytes, drug effects/metabolism; Liver, drug effects/metabolism; Male; Microtubules, metabolism; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Taurodeoxycholic Acid, pharmacokinetics},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0167-4889(01)00108-2},
  pmid        = {11420119},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Baxter:2013,
  author      = {Baxter, Mark G. and Bucci, David J. and Gorman, Linda K. and Wiley, Ronald G. and Gallagher, Michela},
  title       = {Selective immunotoxic lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic cells: effects on learning and memory in rats.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {127},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {619--627},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult brain.},
  doi         = {10.1037/a0033939},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0033939},
  abstract    = {Male Long-Evans rats were given injections of either 192 IgG-saporin, an apparently selective toxin for basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (LES), or vehicle (CON) into either the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band (MS/VDB) or bilaterally into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis and substantia innominata (nBM/SI). Place discrimination in the Morris water maze assessed spatial learning, and a trial-unique matching-to-place task in the water maze assessed memory for place information over varying delays. MS/VDB-LES and nBM/SI-LES rats were not impaired relative to CON rats in acquisition of the place discrimination, but were mildly impaired relative to CON rats in performance of the memory task even at the shortest delay, suggesting a nonmnemonic deficit. These results contrast with effects of less selective lesions, which have been taken to support a role for basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in learning and memory.},
  institution = {Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.},
  journal     = {Behav Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal, history/toxicity; Cholinergic Agents, history/toxicity; Cholinergic Neurons, drug effects/physiology; History, 20th Century; Immunotoxins, history/toxicity; Learning, drug effects/physiology; Male; Memory, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1, history/toxicity},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {2013-36104-002},
  pmid        = {24128351},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bay:2013,
  Title                    = {Regional connections of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Bay, Hüsniye Hacıoğlu and Cavdar, Safiye},
  Journal                  = {J Integr Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {201--219},
  Volume                   = {12},

  Abstract                 = {Thalamic nuclei are classified as first- and higher-order relays. The first-order relays receive their driving afferents from ascending pathways and transmit messages to cortex that cortex has not seen before. The higher-order relays receive driver messages from layer-5 cortical cells for transmission from one cortical area to another. The present study used the retrograde tracer, fluoro-gold, to define the afferents to the three regions of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, to distinguish which parts contain first- or higher-order relays. The results show that the main inputs to the medial region of the nucleus come from olfactory and visceral structures, those to the central region come from limbic structures and those to the lateral region come from motor centers of the central nervous system. The medial and central regions receive both modulatory (layer 6) and driver (layer 5) afferent inputs from the orbitofrontal and medial frontal areas of the prefrontal cortex whereas the 
lateral region receives no layer-5 inputs from its cortical connections. Further, the inhibitory modulation of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus shows regional differences. The medial region receives inhibitory afferents from the striatum (globus pallidus, caudate-putamen), the lateral region from the substantia nigra pars reticulata and the zona incerta, and all segments of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus receive inhibitory afferents from the thalamic reticular nucleus. The results of the present study show that each region of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus has distinct afferent connections allowing each region of mediodorsal thalamic nucleus to be considered relatively independent subnuclei that may subserve independent functions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1142/S021963521350012X},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cell Count; Functional Laterality; Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Nerve Net, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stilbamidines, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {23869861},
  Timestamp                = {01.05.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S021963521350012X}
}

@Article{Bayat:2005,
  Title                    = {The effect of low protein diet on thalamic projections of hippocampus in rat},
  Author                   = {Bayat, Mohammad and Hasanzadeh, Gholam Reza and BarzroodIpour, Mitra and Javadi, Maryam},
  Journal                  = {Neuroanatomy},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Pages                    = {43--48},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://www.neuroanatomy.org/2005/043_048.pdf}
}

@Article{Bayer:2002,
  author      = {Bayer, Laurence and Eggermann, Emmanuel and Saint-Mleux, Benoît and Machard, Danièle and Jones, Barbara E. and Mühlethaler, Michel and Serafin, Mauro},
  title       = {Selective action of orexin (hypocretin) on nonspecific thalamocortical projection neurons.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {22},
  number      = {18},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {7835--7839},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/22/18/7835.long},
  abstract    = {As is evident from the pathological consequences of its absence in narcolepsy, orexin (hypocretin) appears to be critical for the maintenance of wakefulness. Via diffuse projections through the brain, orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may act on a number of wake-promoting systems. Among these are the intralaminar and midline thalamic nuclei, which project in turn in a widespread manner to the cerebral cortex within the nonspecific thalamocortical projection system. Testing the effect of orexin in rat brain slices, in two nuclei of this system, centromedial (CM) nuclei and rhomboid nuclei, we found that it depolarized and excited all neurons tested through a direct postsynaptic action. An additional analysis of this effect in CM neurons indicates that it results from the decrease of a potassium conductance. By a detailed comparison of the effects of orexin A and B, we established that orexin B was more potent than orexin A, indicating the probable mediation by orexin type 2 
receptors. In contrast to its effect on the nonspecific thalamocortical projection neurons, orexin had no effect on the specific sensory relay neurons of the somatic, ventral posterolateral, and visual dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei. Orexin differs in this regard from norepinephrine and acetylcholine, to which neurons in the specific and nonspecific systems are sensitive. Orexin may thus act in the thalamus to promote wakefulness by exciting neurons of the nonspecific thalamocortical projection system, which, through widespread projections to the cerebral cortex, stimulate and maintain cortical activation.},
  institution = {Département de Physiologie, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Carrier Proteins, pharmacology; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Neuropeptides, pharmacology; Neurotransmitter Agents, pharmacology; Orexin Receptors; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Potassium Channels, metabolism; Rats; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Receptors, Neuropeptide, metabolism; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Thalamus, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Wakefulness, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {22/18/7835},
  pmid        = {12223534},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bayer:2001,
  Title                    = {Orexins (hypocretins) directly excite tuberomammillary},
  Author                   = {Bayer,L. and Eggermann, E. and Sera, M. and Saint-Mieux, B. and Machard, D. and Jones, B. and Mühlethaler, M.},
  Journal                  = {Europ J Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2001},
  Pages                    = {1571-1575},
  Volume                   = {14},

  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Bayer:1999,
  author      = {L. Bayer and P. Y. Risold and B. Griffond and D. Fellmann},
  title       = {Rat diencephalic neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone are influenced by ascending cholinergic projections.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {91},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {1087--1101},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00678-2},
  abstract    = {Innervation of diencephalic neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone by choline acetyltransferase-containing axons was examined using double immunohistochemistry. In the rostromedial zona incerta and perifornical regions of the lateral hypothalamic area, many choline acetyltransferase-positive fibers were detected in the immediate vicinity of melanin-concentrating hormone perikarya and their proximal dendrites. Putative contact sites were less abundant in the far lateral hypothalamus, and only scattered close to the third ventricle. After injections of the retrograde tracer FluoroGold, most of these projections appeared to originate in the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei. Finally, to determine the putative effect of acetylcholine on the melanin-concentrating hormone neuron population, the cholinergic agonist carbachol was added to the medium of hypothalamic slices in culture. Using competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, carbachol was found to 
induce a rapid increase in the melanin-concentrating hormone messenger RNA expression. This response was abolished by both atropine, a muscarinic antagonist, and hexamethonium, a nicotinic antagonist. Thus, the bulk of these results indicates that the diencephalic melanin-concentrating hormone neurons are targeted by activating ascending cholinergic projections.},
  institution = {CNRS ESA 6025, Laboratoire d'Histologie, Embryologie, Cytogénétique, CNRS FR 51 Institut d'Etude et de Transfert de Gènes, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Besançon, France.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Cholinergic Agents, pharmacology; Cholinergic Fibers, physiology; Diencephalon, cytology/drug effects/enzymology/metabolism; Hypothalamic Hormones, biosynthesis/genetics; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Melanins, biosynthesis/genetics; Neurons, enzymology/metabolism; Pituitary Hormones, biosynthesis/genetics; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Tissue Distribution, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(98)00678-2},
  pmid        = {10391486},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bayer:2004,
  author    = {Bayer, L. and Serafin, M. and Eggermann, E. and Saint-Mieux, B. and Machard, D. and Jones, B.E. and Mühlethaler, M.},
  title     = {Exclusive postsynaptic action of Hypocretin?Orexin on sublayer 6b cortical neurons},
  year      = {2004},
  volume    = {24},
  pages     = {6760-6764},
  doi       = {10.1523/jneurosci.1783-04.2004},
  journal   = {J Neurosci},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bayer:1980,
  author      = {Bayer, S. A.},
  title       = {Quantitative 3H-thymidine radiographic analyses of neurogenesis in the rat amygdala.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {194},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {845--875},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.901940409},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901940409},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping; Cell Differentiation; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Morphogenesis; Neuroglia, cytology; Neurons, cytology; Olfactory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Thymidine, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7204644},
  timestamp   = {25.04.2013},
}

@Article{Bayer:1980a,
  author      = {Bayer, S. A.},
  title       = {Development of the hippocampal region in the rat. I. Neurogenesis examined with 3H-thymidine autoradiography.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {190},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {87--114},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.901900107},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901900107},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping, methods; Cell Differentiation; Female; Hippocampus, embryology/growth /&/ development; Limbic System, embryology/growth /&/ development; Morphogenesis; Neural Pathways, growth /&/ development; Neurons, physiology; Pregnancy; Rats; Septal Nuclei, growth /&/ development; Thalamic Nuclei, growth /&/ development; Thymidine, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7381056},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bayer:1984,
  author      = {Bayer, S. A.},
  title       = {Neurogenesis in the rat neostriatum.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {2},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {163--175},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0736-5748(84)90008-X},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0736-5748(84)90008-X},
  abstract    = {Neurogenesis in the rat neostriatum was examined with [(3)H]thymidine autoradiography. For the animals in the prenatal groups, the initial [(3)H]thymidine exposures were separated by 24 h; they were the offspring of pregnant females given two injections on consecutive embryonic (E) days (E13-E14, E14-E15, … E21-E22). For the animals in the postnatal (P) groups, the initial [(3)H]thymidine exposures were separated by 48 h, each group receiving four consecutive injections (P0-P3, P2-P5, P4-P7). On P60, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells originating during either 24 or 48 h periods were quantified at several anatomical levels for both the large and medium-sized neurons. Neurogenesis of the large neurons occurs mainly between E13 and E16 in a strong caudal-to-rostral gradient. The medium-sized neurons throughout the neostriatum are generated in a prominent ventrolateral-to-dorsomedial gradient so that ventrolateral cells originate mainly between E14 and E18, dorsomedial 
cells between E18 and E21-22 (fewer than 10\% originate between P0 and P4). Medium-sized neurons also show two other gradients. First, there is a superficial-to-deep gradient in the anterior part of the caudoputamen, while more posterior levels have a deep-to-superficial gradient. Second, anterior parts have a caudal-to-rostral gradient while posterior parts have a gradient in the opposite direction. This shift in neurogenetic gradients along both superficial-deep and rostrocaudal directions is developmental evidence that an anterior 'caudate' can be separated from a posterior 'putamen' in the rat. Finally, neurogenetic gradients in the medium-sized caudoputamen neurons can be linked to the patterns of their anatomical interconnections with the substantia nigra.},
  institution = {Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, 1125 East 38th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46223, U.S.A.},
  journal     = {Int J Dev Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0736-5748(84)90008-X},
  pmid        = {24873960},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bayer:1985,
  author    = {Bayer, SHIRLEY A},
  title     = {Hippocampal region},
  year      = {1985},
  volume    = {1},
  pages     = {335--352},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  journal   = {The rat nervous system},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Academic Press: Australia},
  timestamp = {04.05.2016},
}

@Article{Bayer:1986,
  author      = {Bayer, S. A.},
  title       = {Neurogenesis in the rat primary olfactory cortex.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {4},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {251--271},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0736-5748(86)90063-8},
  abstract    = {Neurogenesis in the rat primary olfactory cortex was examined with [3H]thymidine autoradiography. The experimental animals were the offspring of pregnant females given an injection of [3H]thymidine on two consecutive gestation days. Nine groups of embryos were exposed to [3H]thymidine on E13-E14, E14-E15....E21-E22, respectively. On P60, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells originating during 24 hr periods were quantified at selected anatomical levels of the anterior and posterior piriform cortex, dorsal lateral peduncular cortex, and posterior two-thirds of the ventral agranular insular cortex. Throughout most of the primary olfactory cortex, deep cells are generated earlier than superficial cells: the 'inside-out' pattern. Neurons in the anterior (prepiriform) cortex are located lateral to the caudal anterior olfactory nucleus and olfactory tubercle, and are generated mainly between E14 and E18 in a caudal (older) to rostral (younger) neurogenetic gradient. Neurons 
in the posterior (periamygdaloid) cortex are located lateral to the caudal olfactory tubercle and amygdala, and are generated mainly between E14 and E17 simultaneously along the rostrocaudal plane. Superficial cells in the piriform cortex have some additional neurogenetic gradients; ventromedial cells forming transition zones with either the olfactory tubercle or amygdala originate earlier than cells located dorsally and laterally. In the posterior piriform cortex, younger neurons are located at middle dorsoventral levels while older neurons lie above and below. Neurons in the dorsolateral peduncular cortex originate between E14 and E20 in a caudal to rostral gradient of neurogenesis; caudal parts also have a lateral to medial neurogenetic gradient. The most lateral part of the dorsolateral peduncular cortex is unique and does not have the typical 'inside-out' cortical neurogenetic gradient. Neurons in the ventral agranular insular cortex (area 13) originate mainly between E15 and E17 in combined caudal to 
rostral and ventral to dorsal neurogenetic gradients. The neurogenetic gradients in the primary olfactory cortex, along with patterns of neurogenesis throughout the olfactory projection field are related to the termination patterns of afferents from the main olfactory bulb.},
  institution = {Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46223.},
  journal     = {Int J Dev Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Cell Differentiation; Central Nervous System, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/embryology; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Gestational Age; Olfactory Pathways, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thymidine, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3455589},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bayer:1986a,
  author      = {Bayer, S. A.},
  title       = {Neurogenesis in the anterior olfactory nucleus and its associated transition areas in the rat brain.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {4},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {225--249},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0736-5748(86)90062-6},
  abstract    = {Neurogenesis in the rat olfactory peduncle was examined with [3H]thymidine autoradiography. Animals in the prenatal groups were the offspring of pregnant females given an injection of [3H]thymidine on two consecutive gestation days. Nine groups of embryos were exposed to [3H]thymidine on embryonic days (E) E13-E14, E14-E15,...E21-E22, respectively. One group of postnatal animals was given four consecutive injections of [3H]thymidine on postnatal days (P) P0-P3. On P60, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells originating during either 24 or 48 hr periods were quantified at seven anatomical levels through both the anterior olfactory nucleus and the transition areas. A caudal (older) to rostral (younger) neurogenetic gradient is found both within and between structures in the olfactory peduncle. Neurons in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral-lateral transition areas are generated mainly between E14 and E19, those in the anterior olfactory nucleus mainly between E15 and E21. 
Only 3-4\% of the neurons in the most anterior pars lateralis and pars dorsalis originate after birth. All parts of the anterior olfactory nucleus show a strong superficial (older) to deep (younger) neurogenetic gradient (the 'outside-in' pattern). In contrast, neurons in the ventral-lateral transition area and in the dorsal transition area originate in a deep to superficial neurogenetic gradient (the 'inside-out' pattern), suggesting that these areas are, in reality, primary olfactory cortex. The lateral transition area is truly 'transitional', showing no neurogenetic gradient along the superficial-deep plane. The medial transition area originates between E15 and E19 in a center (older) to edge (younger) 'sandwich' neurogenetic gradient along the rostrocaudal plane, a pattern apparently unrelated to neurogenetic gradients in other olfactory peduncle structures. These data suggest that characteristic patterns of neurogenesis, namely the 'inside-out' vs the 'outside-in' gradients, permit the assignment of 
different structures to cortical vs ganglionic cytoarchitectonic components of the olfactory relay system.},
  institution = {Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46223.},
  journal     = {Int J Dev Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Cell Differentiation; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Gestational Age; Olfactory Bulb, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thymidine, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3455588},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bayer:1987,
  author      = {Bayer, S. A.},
  title       = {Neurogenetic and morphogenetic heterogeneity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {265},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {47--64},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902650105},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902650105},
  abstract    = {Neurogenesis and morphogenesis in the rat bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (strial bed nucleus) were examined with [3H]thymidine autoradiography. For neurogenesis, the experimental animals were the offspring of pregnant females given an injection of [3H]thymidine on 2 consecutive gestational days. Nine groups of embryos were exposed to [3H]thymidine on E13-E14, E14-E15,... E21-E22, respectively. On P60, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells originating during 24-hour periods were quantified at six anteroposterior levels in the strial bed nucleus. On the basis of neurogenetic gradients, the strial bed nucleus was divided into anterior and posterior parts. The anterior strial bed nucleus shows a caudal (older) to rostral (younger) neurogenetic gradient. Cells in the vicinity of the anterior commissural decussation are generated mainly between E13 and E16, cells just posterior to the nucleus accumbens mainly between E15 and E17. Within each rostrocaudal level, neurons 
originate in combined dorsal to ventral and medial to lateral neurogenetic gradients so that the oldest cells are located ventromedially and the youngest cells dorsolaterally. The most caudal level has some small neurons adjacent to the internal capsule that originate between E17 and E20. In the posterior strial bed nucleus, neurons extend ventromedially into the posterior preoptic area. Cells are generated simultaneously along the rostrocaudal plane in a modified lateral (older) to medial (younger) neurogenetic gradient. Ventrolateral neurons originate mainly between E13 and E16, dorsolateral neurons mainly between E15 and E16, and medial neurons mainly between E15 and E17. The youngest neurons are clumped into a medial "core" area just ventral to the fornix. For morphogenesis, pregnant females were given a single injection of [3H]thymidine during gestation, and their embryos were removed either 2 hours later (short survival) or in successive 24-hour periods (sequential survival). The embryonic brains were 
examined to locate areas of intensely labeled cells in the putative neuroepithelium of the strial bed nucleus, to trace migratory waves of young neurons, and to establish their final settling locations. Two different neuroepithelial sources produce neurons for the strial bed nucleus. The anterior strial bed nucleus is generated by a neuroepithelial zone at the base of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle from the anterior commissural decussation area forward to the primordium of the nucleus accumbens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46223.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, cytology/embryology; Animals; Autoradiography; Cell Survival; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, embryology; Thymidine, diagnostic use; Tritium, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3693604},
  timestamp   = {25.04.2013},
}

@Article{Bayer:1990,
  author      = {Bayer, S. A.},
  title       = {Neurogenetic patterns in the medial limbic cortex of the rat related to anatomical connections with the thalamus and striatum.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {107},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {132--142},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0014-4886(90)90151-h},
  abstract    = {[3H]Thymidine autoradiography was used to investigate neurogenesis in all areas of the limbic cortex in the medial wall of the hemisphere. The experimental animals were the offspring of pregnant females injected with [3H]thymidine on 2 consecutive days: Embryonic Day (E)13-E14, E14-E15, ...E21-E22, respectively. On Postnatal Day (P)60, the proportion of neurons originating during 24-h periods were quantified at nine anteroposterior levels. Three types of neurogenetic gradients are found. (i) Deep cells are older than superficial cells: layer VI is generated mainly on E15-E16, layer V on E16-E18, and layers IV-II on E18-E20. (ii) There is a ventral/older to dorsal/younger gradient between the dorsal peduncular, infralimbic, and anterior cingulate areas rostral to the genu of the corpus callosum. A ventral/older to dorsal/younger gradient is also found between superficial cells (layers II-IV) in anterior cingulate (CG3/CG1), posterior cingulate (CG2/CG1), and retrosplenial areas (RSG/RSA). (
iii) An anterior/older to posterior/younger gradient is found between areas throughout the medial limbic cortex. Some of these neurogenetic patterns correlate with anatomical interconnections between the supracallosal medial limbic cortex (posterior cingulate and retrosplenial areas) and the anteroventral/anteromedial thalamic nuclei: older thalamic cells have longer axons that terminate in cortical areas containing younger cells, while younger thalamic cells have shorter axons that terminate in cortical areas containing older cells. Projections from the medial limbic cortex to the striatum also correlate with neurogenetic gradients: older cortical source cells in the infralimbic area project to the older striatal cells in the enkephalin-rich patches, while younger cortical source cells in the cingulate areas project to younger striatal cells in the surrounding matrix.},
  institution = {Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46205.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Count; Corpus Striatum, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Limbic System, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamus, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0014-4886(90)90151-H},
  pmid        = {2303123},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bayer:1987a,
  author      = {Bayer, S. A. and Altman, J.},
  title       = {Directions in neurogenetic gradients and patterns of anatomical connections in the telencephalon.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {29},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {57--106},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0301-0082(87)90015-3},
  journal     = {Prog Neurobiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cats; Cricetinae; Humans; Mice; Mitosis; Neurons, cytology; Rabbits; Rats; Telencephalon, embryology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0301-0082(87)90015-3},
  pmid        = {3295998},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bayer:1987b,
  author      = {Bayer, S. A. and Altman, J.},
  title       = {Development of the preoptic area: time and site of origin, migratory routes, and settling patterns of its neurons.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {265},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {65--95},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902650106},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902650106},
  abstract    = {Neurogenesis and morphogenesis in the rat preoptic area were examined with [3H]thymidine autoradiography. For neurogenesis, the experimental animals were the offspring of pregnant females given an injection of [3H]thymidine on two consecutive gestational days. Nine groups were exposed to [3H]thymidine on embryonic days E13-E14, E14-E15, E21-E22, respectively. On postnatal day P5, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells originating during 24-hr periods were quantified at four anteroposterior levels in the preoptic area. Throughout most of the preoptic area there is a lateral to medial neurogenetic gradient. Neurons originate between E12-E15 in the lateral preoptic area, between E13-E16 in the medial preoptic area, between E14-E17 in the medial preoptic nucleus, and between E15-E18 in the periventricular nucleus. These structures also have intrinsic dorsal to ventral neurogenetic gradients. There are two atypical structures: (1) the sexually dimorphic nucleus originates 
exceptionally late (E15-E19) and is located more lateral to the ventricle than older neurons; (2) in the median preoptic nucleus, where older neurons (E13-E14) are located closer to the third ventricle than younger neurons (E14-E17). For an autoradiographic study of morphogenesis, pregnant females were given a single injection of [3H]thymidine during gestation, and their embryos were removed either two hrs later (short survival) or in successive 24-hr periods (sequential survival). Short-survival autoradiography was used to locate the putative neuroepithelial sources of preoptic nuclei, and sequential survival autoradiography was used to trace the migratory waves of young neurons and their final settling locations. The preoptic neuroepithelium is located anterior to and in the front wall of the optic recess. The neuroepithelium lining the third ventricle is postulated to contain a mosaic of spatiotemporally defined neuroepithelial zones, each containing precursor cells for a specific structure. The 
neuroepithelial zones and the migratory waves originating from them are illustrated. Throughout most of the preoptic area, neurons migrate predominantly laterally. The older neurons in the lateral preoptic area migrate earlier and settle adjacent to the telencephalon. Younger neurons migrate in successively later waves and accumulate medially. The sexually dimorphic neurons are exceptional since they migrate past older cells to settle in the core of the medial preoptic nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Biology, Indiana-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46223.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium, embryology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Preoptic Area, cytology/embryology; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, embryology; Sex Characteristics; Thymidine, diagnostic use; Time Factors; Tritium, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3693605},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bayer:1991b,
  author      = {Bayer, S. A. and Altman, J.},
  title       = {Development of the endopiriform nucleus and the claustrum in the rat brain.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {45},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {391--412},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(91)90236-h},
  abstract    = {Long-survival [3H]thymidine autoradiography was used to quantitatively determine the time of origin of neurons in the endopiriform nucleus and the claustrum in rats killed on postnatal day 60 after their dams received two consecutive daily injections of [3H]thymidine on embryonic day E13 and E14, E14 and E15, ... E21 and E22. The claustrum originates late, on E15 and E16, and has a strong gradient in the longitudinal direction, posterior (older) to anterior (younger). In contrast, the endopiriform nucleus originates early, on E14 and E15, and lacks a longitudinal gradient but has a strong one in the vertical direction, ventral (older) to dorsal (younger). Sequential-survival [3H]thymidine autoradiography was used to qualitatively determine the germinal sources and settling sites of endopiriform and claustral neurons in embryonic rats. The dams received a single injection of [3H]thymidine on either E14 (to heavily label older endopiriform neurons) or E16 (to heavily label younger claustral 
neurons) and were killed in sequential 24-h intervals. Neurons in the presumptive endopiriform nucleus settle within two to three days after their peak time of neurogenesis while those in the presumptive claustrum take approximately five days to settle after their peak. It is postulated that endopiriform neurons are generated in the palliostriatal ventricular angle, the neuroepithelium that forms a wedge between the primordia of the neocortex and the basal ganglia, and that claustral neurons are generated in the neocortical neuroepithelium. Divergent developmental patterns between the endopiriform nucleus and the claustrum support the anatomical evidence that these nuclei have different connections. Furthermore, neurogenetic gradients in the claustrum correlate with the pattern of anatomical connections between the claustrum and the neocortex.},
  institution = {Department of Biology, Indian-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46202.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, embryology/growth /&/ development; Corpus Striatum, embryology/growth /&/ development; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Gestational Age; Morphogenesis; Neurons; Rats, embryology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(91)90236-H},
  pmid        = {1762685},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bayer:1991,
  author      = {Bayer, V. E. and Towle, A. C. and Pickel, V. M.},
  title       = {Vesicular and cytoplasmic localization of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) in neurons postsynaptic to terminals containing NTLI and/or tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {398--413},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/jnr.490300216},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490300216},
  abstract    = {Neurotensin and catecholamines in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) have both been implicated in the integration of autonomic responses to stress. We examined whether there might be a cellular substrate for interactions involving these putative neurotransmitters in the CNA. Sections of acrolein-fixed rat brain were processed either (1) for the ultrastructural localization of a rat antiserum against neurotensin using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method, or (2) for the dual localization of rat neurotensin antiserum and rabbit antiserum against the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), using the PAP method and immunoautoradiography. The rat polyclonal antiserum against neurotensin was shown in immunoblots to recognize neuromedin N and Lys-Arg-neurotensin (LANT-6) in addition to neurotensin. In single and dual labeling studies, the neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) was detected in perikarya and processes. The NTLI was localized predominantly to dense 
core vesicles in one group of perikarya and dendrites, while a second group had labeling both in dense core vesicles and more diffusely throughout the cytoplasm. Terminals also showed NTLI, particularly in association with dense core vesicles. The labeled terminals formed primarily symmetric junctions with both cell bodies and dendrites. In the dual labeling study, perikarya contained only NTLI while terminals contained TH and/or NTLI. Terminals containing TH or NTLI separately innervated cell bodies and dendrites displaying NTLI, and formed separate or convergent inputs onto unlabeled neuronal targets. Terminals colocalizing both TH and NTLI formed junctions only on unlabeled dendrites. These findings show that in the rat CNA two populations of neurons differ with respect to their distribution of NTLI, and that the output from neurons containing NTLI is modulated by direct synaptic input from terminals containing neurotensin and/or catecholamines. Release of neurotensin and catecholamines, most likely 
dopamine, from the same or separate terminals on common targets in the CNA may account for certain similarities in their stress-related functions.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Res},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, cytology/enzymology/metabolism; Animals; Astrocytes, enzymology; Autoradiography; Cytoplasm, metabolism; Dendrites, enzymology/metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurotensin, immunology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Subcellular Fractions, enzymology/metabolism; Synapses, metabolism; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, immunology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1686786},
  timestamp   = {25.04.2013},
}

@Article{Bayer:1991a,
  author      = {Bayer, V. E. and Towle, A. C. and Pickel, V. M.},
  title       = {Ultrastructural localization of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity within dense core vesicles in perikarya, but not terminals, colocalizing tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat ventral tegmental area.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {311},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {179--196},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903110202},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903110202},
  abstract    = {Within the rat ventral tegmental area (VTA), the parabrachial pigmentosus and paranigral subdivisions are known to differ in their functional responses to injected neurotensin. These subdivisions also vary in their connections with other brain regions and in their number of neurotensin-containing perikarya as seen by light microscopy. In both subdivisions, there may be intracellular as well as synaptic relations between dopamine and neurotensin. Dopaminergic neurons are known to be physiologically activated by neurotensin (NT) and may also contain this peptide. To characterize further the cellular relationships in each subdivision, we examined the ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of a rat antiserum against NT and a rabbit antiserum against the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in single sections. The NT antiserum was raised against the entire peptide sequence. Immunoblots showed that the antiserum recognized the original antigen as well as the related 
peptides neuromedin N and lysine 8- arginine 9- neurotensin 10-13 (LANT-6). In both the parabrachial pigmentosus and paranigral subdivisions, neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) was localized predominantly in the large (80-100 nm) dense core vesicles using the peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) method. In tissue labeled for NT by the PAP method and for TH by immunoautoradiography, serial section analysis revealed that all perikarya containing NTLI (n = 19) were also TH-positive. Three times as many perikarya colocalized NTLI and TH in the parabrachial pigmentosus subdivision (n = 15) as in the paranigral subdivision (n = 4). Occasionally, a perikaryon containing TH and NTLI could be found in direct apposition to a TH-labeled perikaryon without glial separation. In contrast to perikarya and dendrites, terminals showing NTLI (38 in parabrachial pigmentosus, 29 in paranigral) lacked detectable TH labeling. Of the terminals containing NTLI whose synaptic junctions could be identified, 48\% were symmetric and 
10\% were asymmetric. The targets of these terminals included perikarya and dendrites lacking detectable immunoreactivity (69\% in parabrachial pigmentosus, 55\% in paranigral), immunolabeled for TH (26\% in parabrachial pigmentosus, 38\% in paranigral) or containing both NTLI and TH (5\% in parabrachial pigmentosus, 7\% in paranigral). Single terminals containing NTLI sometimes contacted more than one neuronal target, some of which were apposed to each other without glial separation. TH-labeled terminals synapsed onto double-labeled perikarya in the paranigral subdivision, but were not observed to do so in the parabrachial pigmentosus subdivision.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Cholecystokinin, immunology; Dendrites, enzymology/ultrastructure; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Endings, enzymology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurons, enzymology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurotensin, immunology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tegmentum Mesencephali, metabolism/ultrastructure; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, immunology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1684367},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bayless:2015,
  Title                    = {Sex differences in myelin-associated protein levels within and density of projections between the orbital frontal cortex and dorsal striatum of adult rats: implications for inhibitory control.},
  Author                   = {Bayless, D. W. and Daniel, J. M.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Pages                    = {286--296},
  Volume                   = {300},

  Abstract                 = {Impulsive actions and decisions often lead to undesirable outcomes. Lesion and neuroimaging studies have revealed that the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) and dorsal striatum (dSTR) play key roles in inhibitory control. It has been proposed that greater OFC input into the dSTR reflects enhanced top-down cognitive control and less impulsive responding. We previously reported a sex difference in inhibitory control, such that female rats make fewer impulsive errors than do male rats. The goal of the present study was to investigate differences in the OFC and dSTR of young adult male and female rats. In Experiment 1, we measured levels of two myelin-associated proteins, myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), in the OFC and dSTR. Western blot data revealed that females had significantly higher levels of both MBP and PLP in the OFC but similar levels in the dSTR as compared to males. In Experiment 2, we infused the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (
BDA), into the OFC and measured the density of BDA in the dSTR. BDA was visualized using histochemistry followed by light microscopy imaging and densitometry analysis. Density of BDA in the dSTR was significantly greater in females as compared to males indicating that the projections from the OFC to dSTR may be greater in females as compared to males. Our results suggest a potential neuroanatomical sex difference that may contribute to the reported differences in inhibitory control levels of male and female rats.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.029},
  Institution              = {Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA. Electronic address: jmdaniel@tulane.edu.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Blotting, Western; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Dextrans; Executive Function, physiology; Female; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Inhibition (Psychology); Male; Microscopy; Myelin Basic Protein, metabolism; Myelin Proteolipid Protein, metabolism; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Rats, Long-Evans; Sex Characteristics},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(15)00471-6},
  Pmid                     = {26002313},
  Timestamp                = {21.04.2016},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.029}
}

@Article{Bayly:2008,
  author      = {Bayly, Simon R. and King, Robert C. and Honess, Davina J. and Barnard, Peter J. and Betts, Helen M. and Holland, Jason P. and Hueting, Rebekka and Bonnitcha, Paul D. and Dilworth, Jonathan R. and Aigbirhio, Franklin I. and Christlieb, Martin},
  title       = {In vitro and in vivo evaluations of a hydrophilic 64Cu-bis(thiosemicarbazonato)-glucose conjugate for hypoxia imaging.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {49},
  number      = {11},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1862--1868},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.2967/jnumed.108.054015},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.108.054015},
  abstract    = {A water-soluble glucose conjugate of the hypoxia tracer 64Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (64Cu-ATSM) was synthesized and radiolabeled (64Cu-ATSE/A-G). Here we report our initial biological experiments with 64Cu-ATSE/A-G and compare the results with those obtained for 64Cu-ATSM and 18F-FDG.The uptake of 64Cu-ATSE/A-G and 64Cu-ATSM into HeLa cells in vitro was investigated at a range of dissolved oxygen concentrations representing normoxia, hypoxia, and anoxia. Small-animal PET with 64Cu-ATSE/A-G was performed in male BDIX rats implanted with P22 syngeneic carcinosarcomas. Images of 64Cu-ATSM and 18F-FDG were obtained in the same model for comparison.64CuATSE/A-G showed oxygen concentration-dependent uptake in vitro and, under anoxic conditions, showed slightly lower levels of cellular uptake than 64Cu-ATSM; uptake levels under hypoxic conditions were also lower. Whereas the normoxic uptake of 64Cu-ATSM increased linearly over time, 64Cu-ATSE/A-G uptake remained at low levels over 
the entire time course. In the PET study, 64CuATSE/A-G showed good tumor uptake and a biodistribution pattern substantially different from that of each of the controls. In marked contrast to the findings for 64Cu-ATSM, renal clearance and accumulation in the bladder were observed. 64Cu-ATSE/A-G did not display the characteristic brain and heart uptake of 18F-FDG.The in vitro cell uptake studies demonstrated that 64Cu-ATSE/A-G retained hypoxia selectivity and had improved characteristics when compared with 64Cu-ATSM. The in vivo PET results indicated a difference in the excretion pathways, with a shift from primarily hepatointestinal for 64Cu-ATSM to partially renal with 64Cu-ATSE/A-G. This finding is consistent with the hydrophilic nature of the glucose conjugate. A comparison with 18F-FDG PET results revealed that 64Cu-ATSE/A-G was not a surrogate for glucose metabolism. We have demonstrated that our method for the modification of Cu-bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes allows their biodistribution to be 
modified without negating their hypoxia selectivity or tumor uptake properties.},
  institution = {Siemens Oxford Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.},
  journal     = {J Nucl Med},
  keywords    = {Animals; Anoxia, metabolism/radionuclide imaging; Carcinosarcoma, radionuclide imaging; Copper Radioisotopes, chemistry/diagnostic use; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, diagnostic use; Glucose, chemistry; HeLa Cells; Humans; Male; Oxygen, metabolism; Positron-Emission Tomography; Rats; Thiosemicarbazones, blood/chemistry/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {jnumed.108.054015},
  pmid        = {18927340},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bayraktar:2000,
  author      = {Bayraktar, T. and Welker, E. and Freund, T. F. and Zilles, K. and Staiger, J. F.},
  title       = {Neurons immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the rat primary somatosensory cortex: morphology and spatial relationship to barrel-related columns.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {420},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {291--304},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000508)420:3<291::aid-cne2>3.3.co;2-8},
  abstract    = {Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in neocortex affects neuronal excitability as well as cortical blood flow and metabolism. Interneurons immunoreactive for VIP (VIP-IR neurons) are characterized by their predominantly bipolar appearance and the radial orientation of their main dendrites. In order to determine whether the morphology of VIP-IR neurons is related to the functional organization of the cortex into vertical columns, we combined both immunostaining of neurons containing VIP and cytochrome oxidase histochemistry for visualizing barrels, morphological layer IV correlates of functional columns, in the primary somatosensory (barrel) cortex of rats. VIP-IR neurons were localized in supragranular (48\%), granular (16\%), and infragranular layers (36\%) as well as in the white matter. In the granular layer, a clear trend that more neurons were located in interbarrel septa rather than in barrels could be observed, resulting in a neuronal density which was about one-third higher in 
the septal area. VIP-IR neurons from the different cortical layers were three-dimensionally reconstructed from serial sections by using a computer microscope system. The neurons were mostly bipolar. Striking morphological differences in both axonal and dendritic trees were found between neurons whose cell bodies were located in supragranular, granular, and the upper part of infragranular layers, and those whose cell bodies were located in the area below. The former had dendrites which often reached layer I, where they bifurcated several times, and axonal trees which were particularly oriented vertically, with a tangential extent smaller than the width of barrels. Therefore, these neurons were mostly confined to either a barrel- or septum-related column. By contrast, the dendrites of neurons of the latter group did not reach the granular layer. Furthermore, these neurons had axons with sometimes very long horizontal collaterals, which often spanned two, in one case three, barrel columns. It is proposed that 
the differential morphology of neurons with different locations as stated above parallels to some extent the divergence of input streaming into the corresponding layer-defined areas. As a possible consequence of this, VIP-IR neurons may be capable of adapting the excitability and metabolism of cortical compartments either in a spatially limited or more extensive way.},
  institution = {O. Vogt-Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40001 Düsseldorf, Germany.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Count; Cell Size; Electron Transport Complex IV, analysis; Male; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-H},
  pmid        = {10754503},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Be:2007,
  author      = {Jean-Vincent Le Bé and Gilad Silberberg and Yun Wang and Henry Markram},
  title       = {Morphological, electrophysiological, and synaptic properties of corticocallosal pyramidal cells in the neonatal rat neocortex.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {9},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {2204--2213},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1093/cercor/bhl127},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl127},
  abstract    = {Neocortical pyramidal cells (PCs) project to various cortical and subcortical targets. In layer V, the population of thick tufted PCs (TTCs) projects to subcortical targets such as the tectum, brainstem, and spinal cord. Another population of layer V PCs projects via the corpus callosum to the contralateral neocortical hemisphere mediating information transfer between the hemispheres. This subpopulation (corticocallosally projecting cells [CCPs]) has been previously described in terms of their morphological properties, but less is known about their electrophysiological properties, and their synaptic connectivity is unknown. We studied the morphological, electrophysiological, and synaptic properties of CCPs by retrograde labeling with fluorescent microbeads in P13-P16 Wistar rats. CCPs were characterized by shorter, untufted apical dendrites, which reached only up to layers II/III, confirming previous reports. Synaptic connections between CCPs were different from those observed between TTCs, 
both in probability of occurrence and dynamic properties. We found that the CCP network is about 4 times less interconnected than the TTC network and the probability of release is 24\% smaller, resulting in a more linear synaptic transmission. The study shows that layer V pyramidal neurons projecting to different targets form subnetworks with specialized connectivity profiles, in addition to the specialized morphological and electrophysiological intrinsic properties.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.},
  journal     = {Cereb Cortex},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Corpus Callosum, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Electrophysiology; Fluorescence; Fluorescent Dyes; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Infrared Rays; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neocortex, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {bhl127},
  pmid        = {17124287},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beak:2010,
  Title                    = {Collateral projection from the forebrain and mesopontine cholinergic neurons to whisker-related, sensory and motor regions of the rat.},
  Author                   = {Suk K Beak and Eun Y Hong and Hyun S Lee},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Pages                    = {30--45},
  Volume                   = {1336},

  Abstract                 = {The primary goal of this anatomical study was to examine in the rat whether cholinergic neurons provide axon collaterals to whisker-related, sensorimotor regions at cortical, thalamic, and brainstem levels, using a combined method of retrograde tracing and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostaining. First, when injections were made at primary sensory (S1) barrel field/primary whisker motor (M1) cortices, cholinergic neurons with dual projections were observed in the basal nucleus of Meynert (BM), mainly at middle level; the projection was almost exclusively ipsilateral (99\%+/-0.7\%, n=6). Second, following unilateral injections of tracers into ventroposteromedial (VPM) barreloids/ventrolateral (VL) thalamic nucleus, dual-projecting cells were observed in the mesopontine tegmental complex including the pedunculopontine tegmental (PTg) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDTg) nuclei, mainly at rostral to middle levels; the projection exhibited ipsilateral dominance, i.e., 67\%+/-1.
3\% (n=6) for the PTg and 64\%+/-1.2\% (n=6) for the LDTg. Finally, when injections were made at whisker-related, principal sensory trigeminal (Pr5)/facial motor (Mo7) nuclei, a relatively small number of labeled neurons were observed in the PTg and the LDTg at middle to caudal levels; within LDTg, labeled cells occupied the ventral portion of the dorsal LDTg as well as the ventral LDTg (LDTgV). This projection exhibited contralateral preponderance, i.e., 67\%+/-2.0\% (n=6) for the PTg and 69\%+/-3.2\% (n=6) for the LDTg. Taken together, the present observations demonstrated that each division of the BM, PTg, and LDTg possessed a differential functional organization with respect to its collateral projection to whisker-related sensorimotor targets, suggesting that the cholinergic projection might play a modulatory role in vibrissal sensorimotor integration, which allows the guidance of behavioral action essential for the survival of the animal.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.100},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea.},
  Keywords                 = {Acetylcholine, metabolism; Animals; Brain, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vibrissae, innervation/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pii                      = {S0006-8993(10)00763-8},
  Pmid                     = {20381464},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.100}
}

@Article{Beal:1983,
  author      = {Beal, J. A.},
  title       = {Identification of presumptive long axon neurons in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat lumbosacral spinal cord: a Golgi study.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {41},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {9--14},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(83)90215-x},
  abstract    = {The present Golgi study identifies and describes 3 types of presumptive long axon neurons in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat lumbosacral spinal cord. These neurons were traced from prenatal stages to adulthood and were found to correspond to the 'limitrophe' and two variations of the 'centrale' cell originally described by Ramón y Cajal in fetal and newborn animals. These neurons can be distinguished from intrinsic, non-projection neurons of the substantia gelatinosa.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Golgi Apparatus, ultrastructure; Lumbosacral Region; Neurons, classification/ultrastructure; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology/ultrastructure; Substantia Gelatinosa, cytology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304-3940(83)90215-X},
  pmid        = {6646522},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Beal:1994,
  author      = {J. A. Beal and T. N. Bice},
  title       = {Neurogenesis of spinothalamic and spinocerebellar tract neurons in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {78},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {49--56},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-3806(94)90008-6},
  abstract    = {The temporal and spatial neurogenic patterns of spinothalamic and spinocerebellar neurons were determined in spinal cord segment L1 of the rat. Neurogenic patterns were demonstrated with [3H]thymidine administered to fetal rats during the period when neurons with supraspinal projections are known to be generated, i.e. on one of embryonic (E) days E13, E14, or E15. The animals were allowed to survive 50 to 100 days postpartum, then neurons with spinothalamic and spinocerebellar projections were retrogradely filled with fluorescent axonal tracers, Fluoro-Gold or True blue, which were pressure injected into the dorsal thalamus and cerebellum in various combinations in the same and in separate animals. Neurons labeled with each retrograde tracer and [3H]thymidine and neurons labeled with retrograde tracers alone were counted in spinal cord segment L1 in each of the animals. Spinothalamic and spinocerebellar neurons were found to be separate and distinct populations. Statistical analysis of the 
data showed that spinothalamic and spinocerebellar neurons also have distinctly different patterns of neurogenesis which suggest early determination in each cell line. The temporal neurogenic pattern followed a projection-distance gradient, such that spinothalamic neurons, which have longer axons than spinocerebellar neurons, completed neurogenesis prior to spinocerebellar neurons in each region of the spinal gray.},
  institution = {Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport 71130-3932.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Benzofurans; Cerebellum, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Neurons, physiology; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Stilbamidines; Thalamus, cytology/embryology/growth /&/ development; Thymidine, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {8004773},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beal:1990,
  author      = {J. A. Beal and D. S. Knight and K. N. Nandi},
  title       = {Nerve cell bodies in the dorsal funiculus of the rat spinal cord.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {81},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {372-376},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00228128},
  abstract    = {Nerve cell bodies located within the white matter of the dorsal funiculus (DF neurons) have been previously observed but not described in detail. The present study examines the morphology, ontogeny, and projection of DF neurons utilizing Fluoro-Gold as a retrograde tracer, alone, and in combination with tritiated thymidine autoradiography in the spinal cord of the rat. DF neurons were consistently labelled in spinal segments T13 through L2 following injections of Fluoro-Gold into the cerebellum. The cell bodies of DF neurons were small to medium in size, fusiform to multipolar in shape, and were located on the side ipsilateral to the injection site. Cell counts revealed approximately five labelled cells per millimeter along the longitudinal axis. An examination of neurogenesis using tritiated thymidine combined with Fluoro-Gold showed that DF neurons have relatively late birthdates as do other spinocerebellar neurons of the dorsal horn. Retrograde axon tracing studies in the spinal cord 
using Fluoro-Gold showed that DF neurons project rostrally via the ipsilateral lateral funiculus. The significance of the presence of nerve cells in the dorsal funiculus is unclear, but judging from their location, ontogeny, and projection, DF neurons are probably derived from the same pool of neurons as those in the Nucleus dorsalis.},
  institution = {Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport 71130-3932.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Gestational Age; Neurons, cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology; Thymidine, metabolism; Tritium},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {1697810},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@InCollection{Beal:1989,
  author    = {Beal, John A and Nandi, Kailas N and Knight, David S},
  title     = {Characterization of long ascending tract projection neurons and non-tract neurons in the superficial dorsal horn (SDH)},
  booktitle = {Processing of Sensory Information in the Superficial Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord},
  year      = {1989},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {181--197},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4613-0825-6_22},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {02.05.2016},
}

@Article{Beart:1988,
  author      = {P. M. Beart and L. S. Nicolopoulos and D. C. West and P. M. Headley},
  title       = {An excitatory amino acid projection from ventromedial hypothalamus to periaqueductal gray in the rat: autoradiographic and electrophysiological evidence.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {85},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {205--211},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(88)90352-7},
  abstract    = {The projection from ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) to periaqueductal gray (PAG) has been implicated in various physiological processes in the rat, but the neurotransmitter mediating the excitatory response in PAG has not been identified. This pathway has been studied using a combination of anatomical and electrophysiological techniques. The retrograde labelling by D-[3H]aspartate in VMH, following injections into PAG, was particularly dense, suggesting that an excitatory amino acid may be the transmitter. This postulate is strengthened since VMH-evoked synaptic responses in PAG were reduced by microelectrophoretically administered antagonists of excitatory amino acids. Receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate types appear to have a functional role in this projection.},
  institution = {University of Melbourne, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Action Potentials, drug effects; Animals; Aspartic Acid, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism/pharmacology/physiology; Autoradiography; Electric Stimulation; Kainic Acid, pharmacology; Male; N-Methylaspartate; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reaction Time; Valine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2897646},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beart:1994,
  author      = {P. M. Beart and R. J. Summers and J. A. Stephenson and M. J. Christie},
  title       = {Excitatory amino acid projections to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the rat: a retrograde transport study utilizing D-[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {50},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {109--122},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-1838(94)90128-7},
  abstract    = {Afferents to the nucleus tractus solitarius utilizing excitatory amino acid transmitters were described in rat brain by autoradiography following microinfusion and retrograde transport of D-[3H]aspartate. Parallel experiments with the injection of [3H]GABA were employed to establish the transmitter-selective nature of the retrograde labelling found with D-[3H]aspartate. Following infusion of D-[3H]aspartate, perikaryal labelling was heaviest in myencephalon, where at least 16 discrete nuclei were labelled. Heaviest labelling was localized bilaterally in the trigeminal nucleus with cells extending through its subdivisions and the entire rostrocaudal axis. Intense labelling was also obtained in the inferior olive, predominantly contralaterally, and non-perikaryal labelling noted. Vestibular, reticular and raphe nuclei contained heavily labelled perikarya. In cervical spinal cord, a moderate density of labelled cells was found in dorsal horn, adjoining the central canal (lamina X) and in the 
central cervical nucleus, along with appreciable labelling of processes and non-perikaryal labelling. The relative density of labelled perikarya in mesencephalic nuclei was much lower than found in myencephalon, although D-[3H]aspartate produced topographic and precise labelling of a small number of cells in the periaqueductal gray, medial parabrachial nucleus and Koelliker-Fuse nucleus. Only weak labelling was found in cortex and hypothalamus. Labelled cells were not consistently observed in other regions (stria terminalis, amygdala, fastigial nucleus, locus coeruleus and rostral ventrolateral medulla) known to innervate the nucleus tractus solitarius. Lower densities of labelled perikarya were found after the microinjection of [3H]GABA, and the only regions in which a small number of cells were labelled by both D-[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA were trigeminal nucleus, reticular nuclei and raphe obscurus. An exception was the ventrolateral medulla, where [3H]GABA produced precise labelling in the nucleus 
ambiguus and facial nucleus consistent with previous evidence for a GABAergic pathway from this area to the nucleus tractus solitarius. Our findings confirm the selectivity of the retrograde transport of D-[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA. Overall, the transport of D-[3H]aspartate revealed a complex topographic and convergent network of afferent pathways to the nucleus tractus solitarius likely to utilize an excitatory amino acid transmitter.},
  institution = {University of Melbourne, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.},
  journal     = {J Auton Nerv Syst},
  keywords    = {Amino Acids, physiology; Animals; Aspartic Acid, metabolism; Autoradiography; Biological Transport; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission; Tissue Distribution; Tritium; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pmid        = {7844309},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beart:1990,
  author      = {P. M. Beart and R. J. Summers and J. A. Stephenson and C. J. Cook and M. J. Christie},
  title       = {Excitatory amino acid projections to the periaqueductal gray in the rat: a retrograde transport study utilizing D[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {34},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {163--176},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90310-z},
  abstract    = {The afferents to the periaqueductal gray utilizing excitatory amino acid transmitters have been described in rat brain by autoradiography following microinfusion and retrograde transport of D[3H]aspartate. Parallel experiments employing injections of [3H]GABA established that the retrograde labelling found with D[3H]aspartate was transmitter-selective. Following infusion of D[3H]aspartate, perikaryal labelling was found in nine subcortical areas, particularly infralimbic and cingulate cortices, with a predominance of ipsilateral labelled perikarya. Heaviest cortical labelling was localized in perirhinal cortex, in an extensive band of cells adjoining the rhinal sulcus. The hypothalamus contained the heaviest perikaryal labelling within brain: D[3H]aspartate labelled cells in 11 hypothalamic and mammillary nuclei. Intense bilateral labelling was obtained in ventromedial hypothalamus, although the number of perikarya was lower contralaterally. D[3H]Aspartate also produced heavy ipsilateral 
labelling of perikarya in posterior hypothalamus. Labelling patterns in cortex and hypothalamus were precise and topographic, and [3H]GABA never labelled cells in these regions. Other telencephalic and diencephalic areas containing prominent, retrogradely labelled cells were the lateral septum, amygdala, zona incerta and lateral habenula. The relative density of labelled cells in mesencephalic areas was much lower than that found in cortex and hypothalamus, although D[3H]aspartate labelled a moderate number of perikarya in the inferior colliculus and cuneiform nucleus. A smaller number of heavily labelled cells was found in the parabrachial nuclei, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. Only occasional labelled perikarya were observed in the myencephalon. Low densities of labelled cells were found after the injection of [3H]GABA into the periaqueductal gray, and the only regions in which a small number of perikarya were labelled by both [3H]GABA and D[3H]aspartate were the dorsal raphe and 
parabrachial nuclei. Overall, the retrograde transport of D[3H]aspartate revealed a complex topographic and convergent network of afferent pathways to the periaqueductal gray likely to utilize an excitatory amino acid transmitter. Our findings confirm the selectivity of this neurochemical mapping technique and provide evidence that hypothalamic, habenular, subthalamic and cuneiform afferents to the periaqueductal gray utilize an acidic amino acid as their transmitter. They also confirm that corticofugal afferents to periaqueductal gray utilize an excitatory amino acid.},
  institution = {University of Melbourne, Australia.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Animals; Aspartic Acid, pharmacokinetics/physiology; Brain Mapping; Male; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, pharmacokinetics/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {2325847},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beato:2008,
  author      = {Beato, Marco},
  title       = {The time course of transmitter at glycinergic synapses onto motoneurons.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {28},
  number      = {29},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {7412--7425},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0581-08.2008},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0581-08.2008},
  abstract    = {The concentration of transmitter in the synaptic cleft and its clearance time are one of the main determinants of synaptic strength. We estimated the time course of glycine at rat lumbar motoneurons synapses in spinal cord slices by recording synaptic currents in the presence of a low-affinity competitive antagonist at glycine receptors [2-(3-carboxypropyl)-3-amino-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridazinium (SR-95531)]. Data were analyzed by using the established activation mechanism for glycine receptors and our measurements of SR-95531 binding rates. We show that this technique alone is not sufficient to determine simultaneously the peak concentration of transmitter and its clearance time. However, we found that block of the glial glycine transporter prolongs the glycine transient. This observation puts additional constraints on the range of possible values of the time course of glycine, indicating that glycine reaches a peak concentration of 2.2-3.5 mM and is cleared from the cleft with a time 
constant of 0.6-0.9 ms.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom. m.beato@ucl.ac.uk},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism/physiology; Glycine, metabolism/secretion; Lumbosacral Region; Motor Neurons, drug effects/metabolism/secretion; Neuroglia, drug effects/metabolism; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism/physiology/secretion; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Protein Binding, drug effects/physiology; Pyridazines, pharmacology; Rats; Receptors, Glycine, metabolism; Synapses, drug effects/metabolism/secretion; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {28/29/7412},
  pmid        = {18632945},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Beattie:2000,
  author      = {Beattie, J. H. and Wood, A. M. and Trayhurn, P. and Jasani, B. and Vincent, A. and McCormack, G. and West, A. K.},
  title       = {Metallothionein is expressed in adipocytes of brown fat and is induced by catecholamines and zinc.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {278},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {R1082--R1089},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/278/4/R1082.long},
  abstract    = {Metallothionein (MT) is thought to have an antioxidant function and is strongly expressed during activation of thermogenesis and increased oxidative stress in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Localization and regulation of MT expression in BAT was therefore investigated in rats and mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of BAT from rats exposed to 4 degrees C for 24 h showed that MT and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) were coexpressed in differentiated adipocytes, and both cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of MT was observed. Cold induction of MT-1 expression in BAT was also observed in mice. Administration of norepinephrine to rats and isoproterenol to mice stimulated MT and UCP1 expression in BAT, implying a sympathetically mediated pathway for MT induction. In mice, zinc, and particularly dexamethasone, induced MT-2 expression in BAT and liver. Surprisingly, zinc also induced UCP1 in BAT, suggesting that elevated zinc may induce thermogenesis. We conclude that expression of MT in mature brown 
adipocytes upon beta-adrenoceptor activation is consistent with a role in protecting against physiological oxidative stress or in facilitating the mobilization or utilization of energy reserves.},
  institution = {Trace Element and Gene Expression Group, United Kingdom. J.Beattie@rri.sari.ac.uk},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol},
  keywords    = {Adaptation, Physiological, physiology; Adipocytes, chemistry/drug effects/metabolism; Adipose Tissue, Brown, chemistry/cytology/metabolism; Animals; Body Temperature Regulation, physiology; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Cold Temperature; Dexamethasone, pharmacology; Female; Gene Expression, drug effects/physiology; Glucocorticoids, pharmacology; Ion Channels; Liver, metabolism; Male; Membrane Proteins, metabolism; Metallothionein, analysis/genetics; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mitochondrial Proteins; Norepinephrine, pharmacology; Oxidative Stress, physiology; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sympathomimetics, pharmacology; Zinc, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10749798},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Beatty:2009,
  Title                    = {Two distinct populations of projection neurons in the rat lateral parafascicular thalamic nucleus and their cholinergic responsiveness.},
  Author                   = {J. A. Beatty and E. L. Sylwestrak and C. L. Cox},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {155--173},
  Volume                   = {162},

  Abstract                 = {The lateral parafascicular nucleus (lPf) is a member of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, a collection of nuclei that characteristically provides widespread projections to the neocortex and basal ganglia and is associated with arousal, sensory, and motor functions. Recently, lPf neurons have been shown to possess different characteristics than other cortical-projecting thalamic relay neurons. We performed whole cell recordings from lPf neurons using an in vitro rat slice preparation and found two distinct neuronal subtypes that were differentiated by distinct morphological and physiological characteristics: diffuse and bushy. Diffuse neurons, which had been previously described, were the predominant neuronal subtype (66\%). These neurons had few, poorly-branching, extended dendrites, and rarely displayed burst-like action potential discharge, a ubiquitous feature of thalamocortical relay neurons. Interestingly, we discovered a smaller population of bushy neurons (34\%) that 
shared similar morphological and physiological characteristics with thalamocortical relay neurons of primary sensory thalamic nuclei. In contrast to other thalamocortical relay neurons, activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors produced a membrane hyperpolarization via activation of M(2) receptors in most lPf neurons (60\%). In a minority of lPf neurons (33\%), muscarinic agonists produced a membrane depolarization via activation of predominantly M(3) receptors. The muscarinic receptor-mediated actions were independent of lPf neuronal subtype (i.e. diffuse or bushy neurons); however the cholinergic actions were correlated with lPf neurons with different efferent targets. Retrogradely-labeled lPf neurons from frontal cortical fluorescent bead injections primarily consisted of bushy type lPf neurons (78\%), but more importantly, all of these neurons were depolarized by muscarinic agonists. On the other hand, lPf neurons labeled by striatal injections were predominantly hyperpolarized by muscarinic 
agonists (63\%). Our results indicate two distinct subpopulations of lPf projection neurons, and interestingly lPf neurons respond differentially to muscarinic receptor activation based on their axonal target.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.043},
  Institution              = {Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Action Potentials, drug effects; Animals; Calcium, metabolism; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Corpus Striatum, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Membrane Potentials, drug effects; Muscarinic Agonists, administration /&/ dosage; Muscarinic Antagonists, administration /&/ dosage; Neural Pathways, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Potassium, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Muscarinic M2, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Receptor, Muscarinic M3, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Receptors, Muscarinic, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(09)00650-2},
  Pmid                     = {19393292},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.043}
}

@Article{Beaudet:1976,
  author      = {A. Beaudet and L. Descarries},
  title       = {Quantitative data on serotonin nerve terminals in adult rat neocortex.},
  year        = {1976},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {111},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {301--309},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(76)90775-7},
  abstract    = {Serotonin (5-HT) nerve terminals, specifically labeled with [3H]5-HT have been counted in light microscope radioautographs from the fronto-parietal neocortex of adult rats, following prolonged superfusions with relatively high concentrations of tracer (10(-5) M or 10(-4) M), and after 15 or 30 days of radioautographic exposure. Comparative analysis of the results indicated that all 5-HT varicosities did not possess the same capacity to accumulate the exogenous amine. Nevertheless, superfusions with 10(-4) M[3H]5-HT provided a sufficient loading of 5-HT boutons to allow their complete detection within any given layer of the neocortex. The labeled varicosities were found to be present within all cortical layers, except layer VI. Their total number was extrapolated to be approximately 1 X 10(6)/cu.mm of cortex. This figure represented a mean incidence of one 5-HT nerve terminal/850-1400 cortical synapses (0.07-0.12\%). The intralaminar density of 5-HT innervation increased progressively from 
layer V to layer I, in a distribution pattern suggestive of unspecific afferents. Based on endogenous 5-HT levels of 346 +/- 32 ng/g for the fronto-parietal neocortex, the mean 5-HT content per varicosity could be estimated to be 0.35 X 10(-3) pg, and the concentration 1900 ng/g wet weight of terminal or 0.2\%. In view of their particular ultrastructural features7, ubiquitous repartition and endogenous amine content, 5-HT nerve endings may be considered as capable of exerting a rather widespread influence in the neocortex.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism; Male; Rats; Serotonin, metabolism; Synaptosomes, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(76)90775-7},
  pmid        = {949604},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beaudet:1998,
  author      = {Beaudet, M. M. and Braas, K. M. and May, V.},
  title       = {Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) expression in sympathetic preganglionic projection neurons to the superior cervical ganglion.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {36},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {325--336},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(19980905)36:3<325::aid-neu2>3.3.co;2-b},
  abstract    = {Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptides (PACAP27 and PACAP38) are members of the VIP/secretin/glucagon family of peptides and have diverse neuroregulatory effects in sympathoadrenal cell development and function. PACAP peptides regulate rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neuron catecholamine and neuropeptide Y content and secretion, and promote sympathoneuroblast survival through activation of specific PACAP1 receptor isoforms. In examining the potential sources of PACAP regulating the SCG, PACAP expression was identified in rat preganglionic neurons in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the thoracic spinal cord which provide primary afferent projections to this sympathetic ganglion. Thoracic spinal cord segments (T1-4) contained approximately 17 pmol PACAP38 immunoreactivity/g tissue wet weight. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction of cDNA from microdissected thoracic spinal cord using primers specific for rat neuronal proPACAP identified proPACAP mRNA 
expression in the IML; the results correlated with neurons labeled for proPACAP mRNA by in situ hybridization histochemistry and implicated PACAP biosynthesis in IML neurons. To demonstrate directly proPACAP transcript expression in preganglionic projection neurons to the SCG, the ganglion was decentralized and the sympathetic trunk immersed in fluorogold to identify sympathetic preganglionic neurons by retrograde labeling. Cryosections of spinal cord segments containing preganglionic neuron fluorogold labeled neurons were processed subsequently for in situ hybridization histochemical localization of proPACAP mRNA using a digoxigenin-labeled riboprobe; IML neurons were examined for fluorogold and digoxigenin/alkaline phosphatase product dual labeling. More than half of the preganglionic projection neurons to the SCG expressed PACAP mRNA, consistent with the postulate that PACAP peptides released from a subpopulation of thoracic IML preganglionic neurons may be physiological anterograde modulators of 
sympathetic SCG function.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurobiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, metabolism; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Neuropeptides, biosynthesis; Neurotransmitter Agents, biosynthesis; Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism; Superior Cervical Ganglion, cytology/metabolism; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-Y},
  pmid        = {9733069},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Beaulieu:1996,
  author      = {Beaulieu, J. and Champagne, D. and Drolet, G.},
  title       = {Enkephalin innervation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: distribution of fibers and origins of input.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {10},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {79--92},
  doi         = {10.1016/0891-0618(95)00105-0},
  abstract    = {The opioid peptide enkephalin emerges as a major neuromodulator in the regulation and integration of the physiologic response in stressful conditions. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is a coordinating center of neuroendocrine and autonomic functions. However, the detailed distribution of the enkephalin fibers and terminals in the paraventricular nucleus and the sources of enkephalinergic innervation are not well defined. In the present study, we used immunocytochemistry for the proenkephalin-derived octapeptide met-arg6-gly7-leu8 enkephalin to determine the distribution of enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers and somata within paraventricular nucleus. Without colchicine pretreatment, enkephalinergic fibers were prominent mainly in the ventromedial part of the parvicellular subdivision of the paraventricular nucleus, appearing in coronal sections as a dense collection of short segments of enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers. In the periventricular portion of the paraventricular 
nucleus, enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers produced a moderate plexus of short enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers dorsoventrally oriented. With colchicine treatment, a dense cluster of enkephalin-immunoreactive cell bodies was located in the dorsomedial and the dorsal parts of the parvicellular subdivisions. These enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons were small (< 10 microns) to medium sized (10-15 microns), with round and elongated shapes. Retrograde transport of wheat germ-conjugated gold particles, WGA-apoHRP-Au, from the paraventricular nucleus, combined with immunocytochemistry for enkephalin revealed that the major sources of extrahypothalamic enkephalin afferents to the paraventricular nucleus are provided by enkephalin neurons in the lateral reticular nucleus and the paragigantocellularis reticular nucleus of the medulla (approximately 20\% of retrogradely labeled neurons within this nucleus were double labeled) and in the nucleus solitary tract (approximately 10\% of retrogradely labeled neurons within 
this nucleus were double labeled). Retrogradely labeled enkephalin neurons were also observed in the medial preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, lateral septum and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. These enkephalinergic pathways from the medulla and the forebrain could represent an anatomical substrate underlying the opioid effects on paraventricular neurons during physiological processes, such as cardiovascular regulation, feeding or stress responses.},
  institution = {Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Unité de Recherche sur l'Hypertension, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada.},
  journal     = {J Chem Neuroanat},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Brain Stem, chemistry/cytology; Enkephalins, analysis; Hypothalamus, chemistry/cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Fibers, chemistry; Neurons, chemistry; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, chemistry/cytology; Preoptic Area, chemistry/cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Septal Nuclei, chemistry/cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0891-0618(95)00105-0},
  pmid        = {8783038},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Beauvillain:1991,
  author      = {Beauvillain, J. C. and Mitchell, V. and Tramu, G. and Mazzuca, M.},
  title       = {GABA and enkephalin in the lateral septum of the guinea pig: light and electron microscopic evidence for interrelations.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {308},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {103--114},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903080110},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903080110},
  abstract    = {Tract tracing techniques combined with immunohistochemistry in rats and guinea pigs have demonstrated the existence of a hypothalamo-lateral septum enkephalinergic pathway. Numerous enkephalinergic nerve endings encompass cell bodies located in the lateral septum. The present immunocytochemical study, at light and electron microscopic levels, was undertaken in the guinea pig brain to determine whether the contacted perikarya contain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The antisera against GABA revealed the presence of immunoreactive cell bodies throughout the lateral septum. At the light microscopic level, most GABA neurons appeared round while others were oval with one or two emerging dendrites. Ultrastructurally, cell bodies displayed a moderate number of organelles and a pale nucleus with frequent indentations of the nuclear envelope. The precise relationship between GABA neurons and enkephalinergic terminals was examined by means of a double-immunostaining method showing that 60\% of cell 
bodies receiving synaptic inputs from enkephalinergic afferents contained GABA. These results show that the hypothalamo-septal enkephalinergic pathway prominently innervates GABA-containing neurons and also provide anatomical basis suggesting a disinhibitory role for this enkephalinergic tract.},
  institution = {U 156 INSERM, Université de Lille II, France.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antibody Specificity; Brain Chemistry, physiology; Brain, ultrastructure; Enkephalin, Methionine, immunology/metabolism; Enkephalins, physiology; Guinea Pigs; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1874977},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bechmann:1997,
  author      = {Bechmann, I. and Nitsch, R.},
  title       = {Identification of phagocytic glial cells after lesion-induced anterograde degeneration using double-fluorescence labeling: combination of axonal tracing and lectin or immunostaining.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {107},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {391--397},
  doi         = {10.1007/s004180050125},
  abstract    = {Retrograde and anterograde degeneration have been reported to be sufficient stimuli to activate glial cells, which, in turn, are involved in phagocytosis of degenerating material. Here we describe a double-fluorescence technique which allows for direct and simultaneous visualization of both labeled incorporated axonal debris and incorporating glial cells in the course of anterograde degeneration. Stereotaxic application of small crystals of biotinylated and tetramethylrhodamine (TRITC)-conjugated dextran amine Mini Ruby into the medial entorhinal cortex resulted in a stable rhodamine fluorescence confined to fibers and terminals in the middle molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, the stratum lacunosum-moleculare, and the crossed temporo-hippocampal pathway. Subsequent stereotaxic lesion of the entorhinal cortex induced transformation of rhodamine-fluorescent fibers and terminals into small granules. Incorporation of these granules by microglial cells [labeled by fluorescein isothiocyanate (
FITC)-coupled Bandeiraea simplicifolia isolectin B4] or astrocytes (labeled by FITC-coupled glial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies) resulted in phagocytosis-dependent labeling of these non-neuronal cells, which could be identified by double-fluorescence microscopy. Electron microscopical analysis revealed that, following lesion, the tracer remained confined to entorhinal axons which were found to be incorporated by glial cells. Our data show that TRITC- and biotin-conjugated dextran amines are versatile tracers leading to Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin-like axonal staining. Lesion-induced phagocytosis of anterogradely degenerating axons by immunocytochemically identified glial cells can be directly observed by this technique on the light and electron microscopical levels.},
  institution = {Humboldt University Clinic Charité, Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany.},
  journal     = {Histochem Cell Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Biotin; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Degeneration; Neuroglia, cytology/metabolism; Phagocytes, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhodamines},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9208330},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Beck:1981a,
  author      = {Beck, C. H.},
  title       = {Mapping of forelimb afferents to the cuneate nuclei of the rat.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {503--516},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0361-9230(81)80025-1},
  abstract    = {Stumps of rat forelimb peripheral nerves were soaked in horseradish peroxidase solution. Impregnation of the median, ulnar, radial, and musculocutaneous nerves revealed that each nerve had definite projection zones in the cuneate nuclei. The radial nerve projected quite heavily to the lateral cuneate nucleus and to a narrow band along the dorsal edge of the main cuneate nucleus. Staining of the deep radial and superficial radial nerves showed that they projected heavily to the lateral and main cuneate respectively. The ulnar and median nerves projected primarily to medial and lateral portions of the main cuneate nucleus, ventral to the terminal field of the radial nerve. The rostral and caudal portions of the main cuneate nucleus were discriminable by cytoarchitectural characteristics and by terminal fibre orientation.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Female; Forelimb, innervation; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Muscles, innervation; Peripheral Nerves, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Skin, innervation; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7248814},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Beck:1981,
  author      = {O. Beck and G. Jonsson},
  title       = {In vivo formation of 5-methoxytryptamine from melatonin in rat.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {36},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {2013--2018},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb10827.x},
  abstract    = {Deacetylation of melatonin to 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) in vitro and in vivo was investigated in rat liver and brain tissue, using a gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric 5-MT assay method. In vitro incubation of liver but not brain (hypothalamic, Mesencephalic) slices with melatonin led to a concentration-dependent formation of small amounts of 5-MT; the conversion being 0.3--0.8\%. In vivo administration of melatonin resulted in a dose-dependent formation of 5-MT in small quantities in the liver. The time course showed a peak maximum within 0.5 h, with a rapid decline; the half-life being about 1 h. 5-MT could be detected in both the blood and the hypothalamus after in vivo injection of melatonin. The time course of 5-MT in the blood was similar to that in the liver, but 5-MT could only be detected in the hypothalamus after large doses shortly after the melatonin injection. MAO had to be inhibited both in the in vitro and in vivo experiments in order to recover 5-MT, indicating that 
formed 5-MT is normally rapidly metabolised by MAO. It is concluded that a small fraction of melatonin can be converted to 5-MT by deacetylation (by aryl acylamidase) in the liver in vivo, constituting a minor pathway. Such a pathway could not be demonstrated in the brain. Trace amounts of 5-MT previously reported to be present in various tissues could originate from deacetylation of melatonin in the liver and possibly some other peripheral organs known to contain the deacetylating enzyme. The present results indicate that peripherally formed 5-MT, a psychoactive compound, is unlikely to have any effect on brain function under normal circumstances.},
  journal     = {J Neurochem},
  keywords    = {5-Methoxytryptamine, blood/metabolism; Animals; Brain Chemistry; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Liver, analysis/metabolism; Melatonin, metabolism; Pargyline, pharmacology; Pineal Gland, analysis; Rats; Tryptamines, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6940950},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Becker:2005,
  author      = {Becker, Suzanna},
  title       = {A computational principle for hippocampal learning and neurogenesis.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {15},
  number      = {6},
  pages       = {722--738},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/hipo.20095},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20095},
  abstract    = {In the three decades since Marr put forward his computational theory of hippocampal coding, many computational models have been built on the same key principles proposed by Marr: sparse representations, rapid Hebbian storage, associative recall and consolidation. Most of these models have focused on either the CA3 or CA1 fields, using "off-the-shelf" learning algorithms such as competitive learning or Hebbian pattern association. Here, we propose a novel coding principle that is common to all hippocampal regions, and from this one principal, we derive learning rules for each of the major pathways within the hippocampus. The learning rules turn out to have much in common with several models of CA3 and CA1 in the literature, and provide a unifying framework in which to view these models. Simulations of the complete circuit confirm that both recognition memory and recall are superior relative to a hippocampally lesioned model, consistent with human data. Further, we propose a functional role 
for neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG), namely, to create distinct memory traces for highly similar items. Our simulation results support our prediction that memory capacity increases with the number of dentate granule cells, while neuronal turnover with a fixed dentate layer size improves recall, by minimizing interference between highly similar items.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behavior, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada. becker@mcmaster.ca},
  journal     = {Hippocampus},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Algorithms; Animals; Cell Proliferation; Dentate Gyrus, physiology; Hippocampus, physiology; Humans; Learning, physiology; Memory, physiology; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Synaptic Transmission, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {15986407},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Beckers:1994,
  author      = {Beckers, H. and Klooster, J. and Vrensen, G. and Lamers, W.},
  title       = {Sympathetic innervation of the rat's eye and peripheral ganglia: an electron microscopic autoradiographic tracing study.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {232},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {57--65},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00176438},
  abstract    = {The sympathetic innervation of the rat anterior eye segment and related peripheral ganglia was studied using light and electron microscopic autoradiography after anterograde tracing with 3H-leucine from the superior cervical ganglion. In the trigeminal and pterygopalatine ganglia, unmyelinated nerve fibers were labeled. Some fibers contained accumulations of small vesicles. Close apposition of these labeled sympathetic fibers with other unmyelinated fibers was common, and was also observed at sites where accumulations of vesicles were found. In the iris, ciliary body and trabeculum, numerous fibers and vesicle-containing varicosities were labeled, which all had a similar morphology. No labeling was found in the cornea. Sympathetic fibers traversing the trigeminal and pterygopalatine ganglion closely appose other unmyelinated fibers and contain clusters of vesicles without forming classical synaptic contacts. However, non-synaptic information transfer needs further investigation. The anterior 
eye segment, except for the cornea, is densely innervated by sympathetic nerve terminals.},
  institution = {Department of Morphology, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam.},
  journal     = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Anterior Eye Segment, innervation/ultrastructure; Autoradiography; Ganglia, Sensory, ultrastructure; Ganglia, Sympathetic, ultrastructure; Male; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neural Pathways; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sympathetic Nervous System, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8119602},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Beckers:1991,
  author      = {Beckers, H. J. and Klooster, J. and Vrensen, G. F. and Lamers, W. P.},
  title       = {Ultrastructural identification of trigeminal nerve terminals in the pterygopalatine ganglion of rats: an anterograde tracing and immunohistochemical study.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {557},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {22--30},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)90111-8},
  abstract    = {Trigeminal nerve terminals in the rat pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) were ultrastructurally identified using anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry was used to demonstrate the presence of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in nerve terminals of the PPG. Adjacent to the rostral part of the PPG an additional minor area was described. Perikarya in this minor rostral part were more spherical and had irregular outlines. Ultrastructurally, the glial enwrapment of the nerve terminals seemed to be more loosely arranged in comparison to that in the major rostral part of the PPG. With PHA-L, numerous labelled nerve fibres and terminals were found in all parts of the PPG. The ultrastructure of these terminals was uniform, many of them showing synaptic contacts. Numerous terminals in the PPG were SP-positive, whereas only a few were CGRP-positive. Fibres stained positive for both neuropeptides. The PPG is 
shown to be synaptically innervated by sensory fibres arising in the trigeminal ganglion, with the strong suggestion of SP and CGRP acting as neurotransmitters. A modulatory interaction between the autonomic and sensory system, resembling an axon reflex mechanism in the peripheral nervous system is endorsed.},
  institution = {The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Department of Morphology, Amsterdam.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism/physiology; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substance P, metabolism/physiology; Trigeminal Nerve, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(91)90111-8},
  pmid        = {1720994},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Beckers:1992,
  Title                    = {Ultrastructural identification of trigeminal nerve endings in the rat cornea and iris.},
  Author                   = {Beckers, H. J. and Klooster, J. and Vrensen, G. F. and Lamers, W. P.},
  Journal                  = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1979--1986},
  Volume                   = {33},

  Abstract                 = {Trigeminal nerve terminals in the rat cornea and iris were ultrastructurally identified using anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leukoagglutinin (PHA-L). Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry was used to demonstrate the presence and localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in cornea and iris. In the cornea and iris, nerve fibers were labelled with PHA-L throughout the stroma. Labelling was most obvious within varicosities, densely packed with mainly clear and a few granular vesicles and containing dark mitochondria. Numerous fibers in the stroma of cornea and iris were CGRP-positive. CGRP-positive staining was most intense within varicosities, containing mainly clear and incidentally granular vesicles and dark mitochondria, similar to the structures labelled with PHA-L. CGRP-positive varicosities packed with mainly clear and few granular vesicles also were demonstrated in fibers adjacent to the sphincter and dilator muscles of the iris. In the corneal 
epithelium, small terminals containing vesicles were CGRP-positive. Trigeminal nerve fibers innervating the rat cornea and iris contained numerous varicosities packed with vesicles. These areas are CGRP-positive, so it can be implied that CGRP is released from these varicosities as a response to triggering impulses. This agrees with the hypothesis that in addition to their afferent function, sensory fibers also exert an efferent modulating function.},
  Institution              = {Department of Morphology, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Cornea, innervation/metabolism/ultrastructure; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Iris, innervation/metabolism/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, metabolism/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Nerve, ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1374745},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014}
}

@Article{Beckers:1993,
  Title                    = {Facial parasympathetic innervation of the rat choroid, lacrimal glands and ciliary ganglion. An ultrastructural pterygopalatine tracing and immunohistochemical study.},
  Author                   = {Beckers, H. J. and Klooster, J. and Vrensen, G. F. and Lamers, W. P.},
  Journal                  = {Ophthalmic Res},
  Year                     = {1993},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {319--330},
  Volume                   = {25},

  Abstract                 = {The pterygopalatine parasympathetic innervation of the rat choroid, lacrimal glands and ciliary ganglion was ultrastructurally studied by anterograde 3H-leucine tracing. Numerous unmyelinated fibers and vesicle-containing terminals were labeled in these structures. No direct synaptic contacts were found. In the choroid, similar terminals were immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). A regulatory feedback loop within the eye-related peripheral nervous system is endorsed by the present results. The finding of fibers and terminals of pterygopalatine origin in the lacrimal glands agrees with earlier studies in cats and monkeys. In the ciliary ganglion, pterygopalatine terminals most likely influence the ganglion cells by nonsynaptic release of neurotransmitters or neuromodulators including VIP.},
  Institution              = {Department of Morphology, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autoradiography; Choroid, innervation/metabolism/ultrastructure; Ciliary Body, innervation/metabolism/ultrastructure; Facial Nerve, metabolism/ultrastructure; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, metabolism/ultrastructure; Ganglia, metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lacrimal Apparatus, innervation/metabolism/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Fibers, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8259266},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014}
}

@Article{Beckstead:1979,
  author    = {Beckstead, R.M.},
  title     = {An autoradiographic examination of corticocortical and subcortical projections of the mediodorsal-projection (prefrontal) cortex in the rat},
  year      = {1979},
  volume    = {184(1)},
  pages     = {43-62},
  doi       = {10.1002/cne.901840104},
  journal   = {J Comp Neurol},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beckstead:1979a,
  author    = {Beckstead, R.M. and Domesick, V.B. and Nauta, W.J.},
  title     = {Efferent connections of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat.},
  year      = {1979},
  volume    = {175},
  pages     = {191-217},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4684-7920-1_22},
  journal   = {Brain Res},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beckstead:1976,
  Title                    = {Convergent thalamic and mesencephalic projections to the anterior medial cortex in the rat.},
  Author                   = {R. M. Beckstead},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1976},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {403--416},
  Volume                   = {166},

  Abstract                 = {Small microelectrophoretic deposits of horseradish-peroxidase (HRP) were placed at various loci within the gray matter of the rat's anterior medial cortex. A comparison of the patterns of retrograde cell-labeling charted in 26 such cases confirmed earlier findings in fiber-degeneration studies according to which the respective thalamocortical projections of the mediodorsal (MD) and anteromedial nucleus (AM) overlap each other over a wide region of the anterior medial cortex. This region of thalamocortical convergence, extending from pregenual levels caudalward as far as the anterior border of the retrosplenial cortex, corresponds almost exactly to the cortical region from which locally deposited HRP was found to be transported so as to label cells in one or both of two mesencephalic cell groups: the ventral tegmental area (AVT) dorsal and lateral to the interpeduncular nucleus, and the medial one-quarter of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra (SNC).},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.901660403},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects; Female; Hydroxydopamines, pharmacology; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent; Rats; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1270614},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901660403}
}

@Article{Beckstead:1978,
  author      = {R. M. Beckstead},
  title       = {Afferent connections of the entorhinal area in the rat as demonstrated by retrograde cell-labeling with horseradish peroxidase.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {152},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {249--264},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(78)90254-8},
  abstract    = {The entorhinal cortex (EC) of the rat has been divided into medial (MEA) and lateral (LEA) subdivisions. In order to analyze its afferent connections, small deposits of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were placed at various loci within EC. The patterns of retrograde cell-labeling charted in 18 such cases suggested that EC is projected upon by several allocortical and subcortical structures and that there are differences in the afferent connections of the two subdivisions. Thus, although HRP injection of either division of EC led to cell-labeling in the hippocampal formation, most in ammonic field CA1 and the subiculum, several cells of the presubiculum were preferentially labeled by injection of MEA. Injections of LEA, but not those in MEA, resulted in substantial cell-labeling in the anterior piriform cortex of both hemispheres. Regardless of the location of its injection site within EC, the enzyme labeled cells in the diagonal band nucleus of Broca, amygdala and claustrum. The pattern of cell-
labeling in the diagonal band nucleus extended into the ventrolaterally contiguous nucleus basalis after injection of LEA and into the dorsally contiguous medial septal nucleus after injection of MEA Whereas HRP deposits in either division of EC resulted in cell-labeling in the cortical and medial nuclei of the amygdala, only those deposits which involved LEA led to cell-labeling in the posterior part of the lateral nucleus. In the thalamus, labeled cells were found in the rostral part of the paratenial, periventricular and reuniens nuclei. Finally, at midbrain levels, numerous labeled cells appeared in the dorsal raphe nucleus, a few in the median raphe and locus coeruleus, and, only after rostral EC injection, in the ventral tegmental area.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axons; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Peroxidases; Rats; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(78)90254-8},
  pmid        = {679029},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beckstead:1983a,
  author      = {Beckstead, R. M.},
  title       = {A reciprocal axonal connection between the subthalamic nucleus and the neostriatum in the cat.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {275},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {137--142},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)90425-0},
  abstract    = {Injections of wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into several small regions of the head and body of the caudate nucleus and the putamen of the cat result in retrograde cell-labeling of neurons in the ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus. A mediolateral but no rostrocaudal or dorsoventral topography is apparent in the subthalamostriatal projection. Anterograde transport of WGA-HRP and autoradiography after [3H]amino acid injection of the caudate suggest also a reciprocal striatosubthalamic projection.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Caudate Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Putamen, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(83)90425-0},
  pmid        = {6626972},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@InCollection{Beckstead:1993b,
  author    = {Beckstead, Robert M and Domesick, Valerie B and Nauta, Walle JH},
  title     = {Efferent connections of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat},
  booktitle = {Neuroanatomy},
  year      = {1993},
  note      = {Duplicate!},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {449--475},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4684-7920-1_22},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {02.05.2016},
}

@Article{Beckstead:1981,
  author      = {R. M. Beckstead and S. B. Edwards and A. Frankfurter},
  title       = {A comparison of the intranigral distribution of nigrotectal neurons labeled with horseradish peroxidase in the monkey, cat, and rat.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {121--125},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/1/2/121.long},
  abstract    = {The location of neurons in the substantia nigra's pars reticulata (SNR) that send their axons to the superior colliculus was compared in the monkey, cat, and rat using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde cell-labeling method. Although several cases of large, unilateral HRP deposits in the superior colliculus show that in all three species, the nigrotectal cells are confined, for the most part, to the rostral one-half of SNR, the following differences were noted in the precise location of the nigrotectal neurons and in the degree of bilaterality of the nigrotectal projection. In the monkey, labeled nigrotectal cells were particularly numerous in the extreme rostrolateral portion of SNR. From this region of high concentration, a progressively decreasing number of cells spreads medially in a ventral stratum immediately dorsal to the pes pedunculi. No labeled cells were found in the extreme medial part of SNR. A substantial number of HRP-positive cells were present in the contralateral 
SNR in a similar distribution. In the cat, labeled cells were less selectively localized in SNR's mediolateral expanse, being distributed more or less randomly in its middle portion with a scattering of cells in both medial and lateral parts of SNR. Although some cell labeling occurred in the contralateral SNR, it was less substantial than in the monkey. In the rat, the HRP-positive cells were especially concentrated throughout the mediolateral extent of a ventral stratum of SNR immediately dorsal to the pes pedunculi. Although some cells were located more dorsally, they were far fewer in number and consistently less heavily labeled. Only one or two labeled cells could be detected in the contralateral SNR of the rat. These anatomical differences suggest that the influence of the corpus striatum on the tectal control of orienting responses may vary considerably from one mammalian species to the next.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology; Cats; Horseradish Peroxidase; Macaca fascicularis; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Saimiri; Species Specificity; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Superior Colliculi, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6167690},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beckstead:1983,
  author      = {R. M. Beckstead and A. Frankfurter},
  title       = {A direct projection from the retina to the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus demonstrated by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in monkey, cat and rat.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {52},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {261--268},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00236635},
  abstract    = {The anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to re-examine the retinal projection to the superior colliculus in the monkey, cat and rat. By a somewhat novel application of the HRP in which the enzyme is deposited intravitreally in two or three sequential installments at 24 h intervals and by modifications that increase the sensitivity of the tetramethylbenzidine reaction procedure, we have successfully mapped the distribution of a significant number of retinal ganglion cell axons below the stratum opticum in the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus. Although the deep retinotectal axons project to the contralateral colliculus in all animals used, such axons can be followed as well, but in lesser numbers, to the ipsilateral intermediate gray layer in the cat and even more so in the monkey. The deep retinotectal axons here demonstrated may mediate the short latency responses of deep tectal neurons observed in earlier physiological studies and can no longer be 
considered as inconsequential to the visuo-oculomotor functions of the deep collicular layers.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Macaca fascicularis, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Retina, anatomy /&/ histology; Saimiri, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6641887},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beconi:2003,
  author      = {Beconi, Maria G. and Mao, Ann and Liu, David Q. and Kochansky, Christopher and Pereira, Tony and Raab, Conrad and Pearson, Paul and {Lee Chiu}, Shuet-Hing},
  title       = {Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor in rats, dogs, and monkeys with selective carbamoyl glucuronidation of the primary amine in dogs.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {31},
  number      = {10},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {1269--1277},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1124/dmd.31.10.1269},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.31.10.1269},
  abstract    = {The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the l-threo isoleucine thiazolidide dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, di-[2S,3S]-2-amino-3-methyl-pentanoic-1,3-thiazolidine fumarate (ILT-threo) and its allo stereoisomer (ILT-allo) were evaluated in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Both compounds were well absorbed (>80\%) in all species, and most of the dose (>60\%) was recovered in urine. Metabolites identified in all species included a sulfoxide (M1), a sulfone (M2), and a carbamoyl glucuronide (M3). For both compounds, parent drug had moderate systemic clearance in rats and dogs ( approximately 20-35 ml/min/kg in both species) and lower clearance in monkeys ( approximately 6-9 ml/min/kg). In rats, M1 was present in systemic circulation in concentrations similar to that of parent drug, whereas in dogs and monkeys, exposures to M1 were higher than for parent drug. In dogs, exposures to the sulfoxide metabolite were approximately 2 to 3 times higher after administration of ILT-allo than after administration 
of ILT-threo. Carbamoyl glucuronidation was an important biotransformation pathway in dogs. Circulating levels of M3 were significant in the dog, and present only in trace levels in rats and monkeys. M3 could be produced in in vitro systems in a NaHCO3 buffer under a CO2-saturated atmosphere and in the presence of UDP-glucuronic acid and alamethicin.},
  institution = {Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, .USA maria_beconi@merck.com},
  journal     = {Drug Metab Dispos},
  keywords    = {Amines, metabolism; Animals; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4, metabolism; Dogs; Glucuronides, metabolism; Haplorhini; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serine Proteinase Inhibitors, chemistry/metabolism/pharmacokinetics; Species Specificity},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {31/10/1269},
  pmid        = {12975337},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bedwell:2015,
  Title                    = {The topology of connections between rat prefrontal and temporal cortices.},
  Author                   = {Bedwell, Stacey A. and Billett, E Ellen and Crofts, Jonathan J. and MacDonald, Danielle M. and Tinsley, Chris J.},
  Journal                  = {Front Syst Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Pages                    = {80},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Abstract                 = {Understanding the structural organization of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is an important step toward determining its functional organization. Here we investigated the organization of PFC using different neuronal tracers. We injected retrograde (Fluoro-Gold, 100 nl) and anterograde [Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) or Fluoro-Ruby, 100 nl] tracers into sites within PFC subdivisions (prelimbic, ventral orbital, ventrolateral orbital, dorsolateral orbital) along a coronal axis within PFC. At each injection site one injection was made of the anterograde tracer and one injection was made of the retrograde tracer. The projection locations of retrogradely labeled neurons and anterogradely labeled axon terminals were then analyzed in the temporal cortex: area Te, entorhinal and perirhinal cortex. We found evidence for an ordering of both the anterograde (anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medial-lateral axes: p < 0.001) and retrograde (anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medial-
lateral axes: p < 0.001) connections of PFC. We observed that anterograde and retrograde labeling in ipsilateral temporal cortex (i.e., PFC inputs and outputs) often occurred reciprocally (i.e., the same brain region, such as area 35d in perirhinal cortex, contained anterograde and retrograde labeling). However, often the same specific columnar temporal cortex regions contained only either labeling of retrograde or anterograde tracer, indicating that PFC inputs and outputs are frequently non-matched.},
  Doi                      = {10.3389/fnsys.2015.00080},
  Institution              = {Division of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {epublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {26042005},
  Timestamp                = {07.07.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2015.00080}
}

@Article{Bedwell:2014,
  Title                    = {The topology of connections between rat prefrontal, motor and sensory cortices.},
  Author                   = {Bedwell, Stacey A. and Billett, E Ellen and Crofts, Jonathan J. and Tinsley, Chris J.},
  Journal                  = {Front Syst Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Pages                    = {177},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Abstract                 = {The connections of prefrontal cortex (PFC) were investigated in the rat brain to determine the order and location of input and output connections to motor and somatosensory cortex. Retrograde (100 nl Fluoro-Gold) and anterograde (100 nl Biotinylated Dextran Amines, BDA; Fluorescein and Texas Red) neuronanatomical tracers were injected into the subdivisions of the PFC (prelimbic, ventral orbital, ventrolateral orbital, dorsolateral orbital) and their projections studied. We found clear evidence for organized input projections from the motor and somatosensory cortices to the PFC, with distinct areas of motor and cingulate cortex projecting in an ordered arrangement to the subdivisions of PFC. As injection location of retrograde tracer was moved from medial to lateral in PFC, we observed an ordered arrangement of projections occurring in sensory-motor cortex. There was a significant effect of retrograde injection location on the position of labelled cells occurring in sensory-motor 
cortex (dorsoventral, anterior-posterior and mediolateral axes p < 0.001). The arrangement of output projections from PFC also displayed a significant ordered projection to sensory-motor cortex (dorsoventral p < 0.001, anterior-posterior p = 0.002 and mediolateral axes p < 0.001). Statistical analysis also showed that the locations of input and output labels vary with respect to one another (in the dorsal-ventral and medial-lateral axes, p < 0.001). Taken together, the findings show that regions of PFC display an ordered arrangement of connections with sensory-motor cortex, with clear laminar organization of input connections. These results also show that input and output connections to PFC are not located in exactly the same sites and reveal a circuit between sensory-motor and PFC.},
  Doi                      = {10.3389/fnsys.2014.00177},
  Institution              = {School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {epublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {25278850},
  Timestamp                = {10.03.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00177}
}

@Article{Beek:1997,
  author      = {E. M. Van der Beek and T. L. Horvath and V. M. Wiegant and R. Van den Hurk and R. M. Buijs},
  title       = {Evidence for a direct neuronal pathway from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone system: combined tracing and light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {384},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {569--579},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970811)384:4<569::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-0},
  abstract    = {The timing and occurrence of the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in the female rodent are critically dependent on the integrity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Destruction of the SCN leads to a cessation of the ovarian cycle, whereas implantation of estrogen in ovariectomized rats results in daily LH surges. The anatomical substrate for these effects is not known. Previous studies involving lesions of the SCN have suggested the presence of a direct vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-containing pathway to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. To further investigate the direct connection between the SCN and the GnRH system, we have used tract-tracing with the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PhaL) in combination with an immunocytochemical staining for GnRH in light and electron microscopic studies. Small, unilateral PhaL deposits, especially when they were placed in the rostral ventrolateral portion of the SCN, revealed a bilateral 
projection to the preoptic area, where PhaL-immunoreactive fibers were regularly found in close apposition to GnRH neurons. Ultrastructural studies showed synaptic interaction of PhaL-containing fibers with GnRH-immunoreactive (IR) cell bodies, thus demonstrating a direct SCN-GnRH connection. Taken together, these data provide evidence for the existence of a monosynaptic pathway from the SCN to the GnRH system in the hypothalamus of the female rat. We suggest that this pathway may contain at least VIP as a putative transmitter and may play a role in the circadian regulation of the estrous cycle in the female rat.},
  institution = {Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. eline.vanderbeek@alg.fmd.wau.nl},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Female; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, metabolism; Hypothalamus, ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, physiology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-0},
  pmid        = {9259490},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beggs:2000,
  author      = {Beggs, J. M. and Moyer, Jr, JR and McGann, J. P. and Brown, T. H.},
  title       = {Prolonged synaptic integration in perirhinal cortical neurons.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {83},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {3294--3298},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Layer II/III of rat perirhinal cortex (PR) contains numerous late-spiking (LS) pyramidal neurons. When injected with a depolarizing current step, these LS cells typically delay spiking for one or more seconds from the onset of the current step and then sustain firing for the duration of the step. This pattern of delayed and sustained firing suggested a specific computational role for LS cells in temporal learning. This hypothesis predicts and requires that some layer II/III neurons should also exhibit delayed and sustained spiking in response to a train of excitatory synaptic inputs. Here we tested this prediction using visually guided, whole cell recordings from rat PR brain slices. Most LS cells (19 of 26) exhibited delayed spiking to synaptic stimulation (>1 s latency from the train onset), and the majority of these cells (13 of 19) also showed sustained firing that persisted for the duration of the synaptic train (5-10 s duration). Delayed and sustained firing in response to long 
synaptic trains has not been previously reported in vertebrate neurons. The data are consistent with our model that a circuit containing late spiking neurons can be used for encoding long time intervals during associative learning.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurophysiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calcium Signaling, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Feedback, physiology; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology; In Vitro Techniques; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Models, Neurological; Neural Conduction, physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10848549},
  timestamp   = {08.01.2015},
}

@Article{Behan:1999,
  author      = {M. Behan and L. B. Haberly},
  title       = {Intrinsic and efferent connections of the endopiriform nucleus in rat.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {408},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {532--548},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990614)408:4<532::aid-cne7>3.0.co;2-s},
  abstract    = {The endopiriform nucleus is a large group of multipolar cells located deep to the piriform cortex. The function of this nucleus is unknown, but studies with animal models suggest that it plays an important role in temporal lobe epileptogenesis. To address questions concerning mechanisms of epileptogenesis and to gain insights into its normal function, efferent axons from the endopiriform nucleus were labeled by anterograde transport from small extracellular injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Several principles of organization were derived: (1) heavy local and long intrinsic connections are present throughout the endopiriform nucleus; (2) endopiriform efferents target cortical rather than nuclear structures; (3) extensive projections from the endopiriform nucleus extend to most basal forebrain areas including the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, insular cortex, orbital cortex, and all cortical amygdaloid areas. The perirhinal cortex, olfactory tubercle, and most subdivisions 
of the hippocampal formation receive light projections; (4) projections are highly distributed spatially within all target areas; (5) efferent axons from the endopiriform nucleus are unmyelinated and give rise to boutons along their entire course rather than arborizing locally; and (6) the endopiriform nucleus and piriform cortex share target areas, but efferents from the endopiriform nucleus lack the precise laminar order of those from the piriform cortex, and provide a heavy caudal to rostral pathway that is lacking in the cortex. The significance of these findings for the triggering of generalized seizures from the deep piriform region are discussed. An hypothesis for a role of the endopiriform nucleus in memory storage is presented.},
  institution = {Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA. behanm@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axons, physiology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Histocytochemistry; Olfactory Bulb, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Olfactory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Terminology as Topic},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-S},
  pmid        = {10340503},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Behbehani:1988,
  author    = {Behbehani, M.M. and Park, M.R. and Clement, M.E.},
  title     = {Interactions between the lateral hypothalamus and the periaqueductal gray},
  year      = {1988},
  volume    = {8},
  pages     = {2780-2787},
  url       = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/8/8/2780.long},
  journal   = {J Neurosci},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Behbehani:1996,
  author      = {Behbehani, M. M. and {Da Costa Gomez}, T. M.},
  title       = {Properties of a projection pathway from the medial preoptic nucleus to the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat and its role in the regulation of cardiovascular function.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {740},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {141--150},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(96)00858-x},
  abstract    = {In this study we examined (1) the effect of stimulation of the MPO on the firing activity of neurons in the PAG, (2) the role of glutamic acid in this interaction and, (3) whether reversible blockade of neuronal activity in the PAG by lidocaine can alter the effect of stimulation of the MPO on arterial blood pressure. Single pulse stimulation of the MPO produced a biphasic response in 2/32 cells and inhibited 3/32 cells. Train electrical stimulation excited 21/54 cells and inhibited 12/54 cells. The latencies to the onset of the excitatory and the inhibitory effects were not different, but the duration of the excitatory effect was slightly longer than that of the inhibitory effect. Chemical stimulation of the MPO excited 17/97 cells and inhibited 16/97 cells. The latency to onset of the excitatory response to stimulation of the MPO was longer but the duration was shorter than that of the inhibitory response. In 83\% of the animals (29/35), stimulation of the MPO produced a decrease in mean 
arterial pressure (MAP). The duration of the response was 196.9 +/- 20.9 s and the average decrease in the MAP was 18.2 +/- 1.4 mmHg. Application of KYN blocked the excitatory response to stimulation of the MPO in 8/16 cells and the inhibitory response of 3/10 cells. Injection of lidocaine into the PAG by itself had no effect on the arterial blood pressure. However, in all animals (n = 10) lidocaine totally or significantly reduced the magnitude of the blood pressure change produced by stimulation of the MPO in a reversible manner. These studies electrophysiologically confirm a pathway between the MPO and the PAG that is, in part, under glutamatergic control. In addition, our results demonstrate that stimulation of the MPO produces a distinctive depressor effect that is mediated through the PAG.},
  institution = {Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Blood Pressure, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology; Preoptic Area, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8973808},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Behn:2010,
  author    = {Behn, Cecilia G Diniz and Booth, Victoria},
  title     = {Simulating microinjection experiments in a novel model of the rat sleep-wake regulatory network},
  year      = {2010},
  volume    = {103},
  number    = {4},
  pages     = {1937--1953},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {http://jn.physiology.org/content/103/4/1937.full-text.pdf+html},
  journal   = {J Neurophysiol},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Am Physiological Soc},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Behzadi:1990a,
  author      = {Behzadi, G. and Kal{\'{e}}n, P. and Parvopassu, F. and Wiklund, L.},
  title       = {Afferents to the median raphe nucleus of the rat: retrograde cholera toxin and wheat germ conjugated horseradish peroxidase tracing, and selective D-[3H]aspartate labelling of possible excitatory amino acid inputs.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {37},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {77--100},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90194-9},
  abstract    = {Afferents to the median-paramedian raphe nuclear complex, which contains the B8 serotonergic cell group, were investigated in the rat with neuroanatomical and transmitter-selective retrograde labelling techniques. Injection of sensitive retrograde tracers, cholera toxin genoid or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase into the median raphe resulted in labelling of neurons in a large number of brain regions. Projections from 26 of these regions are supported by available orthograde tracing data; the cingulate cortex, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, medial septum and diagonal band of Broca, ventral pallidum, medial and lateral preoptic areas, lateral hypothalamus, dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus, lateral habenula, interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, central (periaqueductal) gray, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus seem to represent major sources of afferents to the median-paramedian raphe complex. Retrogradely labelled cells were also observed in a number of 
regions for which anterograde tracing data are not available, including the perifornical hypothalamic nucleus, ventral premammillary nucleus, supramammillary and submammillothalamic nuclei and the B9 area. Possible excitatory amino acid afferents were identified with retrograde D-[3H]aspartate labelling. Microinjection of D-[3H]aspartate at a low concentration, 10(-4) M in 50 nl, resulted in retrograde labelling of a limited number of median raphe afferents. The most prominent labelling was observed in the lateral habenula and the interpeduncular nucleus, but retrogradely labelled cells were also noted in the medial and lateral preoptic areas, lateral and dorsal hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, medial parabrachial nucleus, and the pontine tegmentum. After injections of 10(-3) M D-[3H]aspartate selective labelling also appeared in more distant afferent regions, including cells in cingulate cortex, and in some regions located at shorter distances, such as the 
supramammillary nucleus. Injections of D-[3H]aspartate at high concentration, 10(-2) M, resulted in the appearance of weakly to moderately labelled cells in most afferent areas which were devoid of labelled cells after injections of lower concentrations, suggesting that this labelling may be non-specific. It was concluded that the median-paramedian raphe receives afferents from a large number of forebrain and hypothalamic regions, while relatively few brain stem regions project to this nuclear complex. The selectivity of retrograde labelling with D-[3H]aspartate was found to be concentration dependent, and it is suggested that the connections showing high affinity for D-[3H]aspartate may use excitatory amino acids as transmitters. Excitatory amino acid inputs from lateral habenula and interpeduncular nucleus may play predominant roles in the control of ascending serotonergic and non-serotonergic projections originating in the median and paramedian raphe nuclei.},
  institution = {Equipe de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle, Laboratoire de Physiologie Nerveuse, C.N.R.S., Gif-sur-Yvette, France.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Amino Acids, metabolism; Animals; Aspartic Acid, metabolism; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Cholera Toxin; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, physiology; Stereotaxic Techniques; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(90)90194-9},
  pmid        = {2243599},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Behzadi:1990,
  author      = {G. Behzadi and P. Kalén and F. Parvopassu and L. Wiklund},
  title       = {Afferents to the median raphe nucleus of the rat: retrograde cholera toxin and wheat germ conjugated horseradish peroxidase tracing, and selective D-[3H]aspartate labelling of possible excitatory amino acid inputs.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {37},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {77--100},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90194-9},
  abstract    = {Afferents to the median-paramedian raphe nuclear complex, which contains the B8 serotonergic cell group, were investigated in the rat with neuroanatomical and transmitter-selective retrograde labelling techniques. Injection of sensitive retrograde tracers, cholera toxin genoid or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase into the median raphe resulted in labelling of neurons in a large number of brain regions. Projections from 26 of these regions are supported by available orthograde tracing data; the cingulate cortex, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, medial septum and diagonal band of Broca, ventral pallidum, medial and lateral preoptic areas, lateral hypothalamus, dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus, lateral habenula, interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, central (periaqueductal) gray, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus seem to represent major sources of afferents to the median-paramedian raphe complex. Retrogradely labelled cells were also observed in a number of 
regions for which anterograde tracing data are not available, including the perifornical hypothalamic nucleus, ventral premammillary nucleus, supramammillary and submammillothalamic nuclei and the B9 area. Possible excitatory amino acid afferents were identified with retrograde D-[3H]aspartate labelling. Microinjection of D-[3H]aspartate at a low concentration, 10(-4) M in 50 nl, resulted in retrograde labelling of a limited number of median raphe afferents. The most prominent labelling was observed in the lateral habenula and the interpeduncular nucleus, but retrogradely labelled cells were also noted in the medial and lateral preoptic areas, lateral and dorsal hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, medial parabrachial nucleus, and the pontine tegmentum. After injections of 10(-3) M D-[3H]aspartate selective labelling also appeared in more distant afferent regions, including cells in cingulate cortex, and in some regions located at shorter distances, such as the 
supramammillary nucleus. Injections of D-[3H]aspartate at high concentration, 10(-2) M, resulted in the appearance of weakly to moderately labelled cells in most afferent areas which were devoid of labelled cells after injections of lower concentrations, suggesting that this labelling may be non-specific. It was concluded that the median-paramedian raphe receives afferents from a large number of forebrain and hypothalamic regions, while relatively few brain stem regions project to this nuclear complex. The selectivity of retrograde labelling with D-[3H]aspartate was found to be concentration dependent, and it is suggested that the connections showing high affinity for D-[3H]aspartate may use excitatory amino acids as transmitters. Excitatory amino acid inputs from lateral habenula and interpeduncular nucleus may play predominant roles in the control of ascending serotonergic and non-serotonergic projections originating in the median and paramedian raphe nuclei.},
  institution = {Equipe de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle, Laboratoire de Physiologie Nerveuse, C.N.R.S., Gif-sur-Yvette, France.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Amino Acids, metabolism; Animals; Aspartic Acid, metabolism; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Cholera Toxin; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, physiology; Stereotaxic Techniques; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(90)90194-9},
  pmid        = {2243599},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beier:2016,
  author      = {Beier, Kevin T. and Mundell, Nathan A. and Pan, Y Albert and Cepko, Constance L.},
  title       = {Anterograde or Retrograde Transsynaptic Circuit Tracing in Vertebrates with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vectors.},
  year        = {2016},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {74},
  pages       = {1.26.1--1.26.27},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/0471142301.ns0126s74},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471142301.ns0126s74},
  abstract    = {Viruses have been used as transsynaptic tracers, allowing one to map the inputs and outputs of neuronal populations, due to their ability to replicate in neurons and transmit in vivo only across synaptically connected cells. To date, their use has been largely restricted to mammals. In order to explore the use of such viruses in an expanded host range, we tested the transsynaptic tracing ability of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vectors in a variety of organisms. Successful infection and gene expression were achieved in a wide range of organisms, including vertebrate and invertebrate model organisms. Moreover, rVSV enabled transsynaptic tracing of neural circuitry in predictable directions dictated by the viral envelope glycoprotein (G), derived from either VSV or rabies virus (RABV). Anterograde and retrograde labeling, from initial infection and/or viral replication and transmission, was observed in Old and New World monkeys, seahorses, jellyfish, zebrafish, chickens, and 
mice. These vectors are widely applicable for gene delivery, afferent tract tracing, and/or directional connectivity mapping. Here, we detail the use of these vectors and provide protocols for propagating virus, changing the surface glycoprotein, and infecting multiple organisms using several injection strategies. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.},
  institution = {Department of Genetics, Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.},
  journal     = {Curr Protoc Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {26729030},
  timestamp   = {12.01.2016},
}

@Article{Beier:2013,
  author      = {Beier, Kevin T. and Saunders, Arpiar B. and Oldenburg, Ian A. and Sabatini, Bernardo L. and Cepko, Constance L.},
  title       = {Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  pages       = {11},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3389/fncir.2013.00011},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2013.00011},
  abstract    = {Defining the connections among neurons is critical to our understanding of the structure and function of the nervous system. Recombinant viruses engineered to transmit across synapses provide a powerful approach for the dissection of neuronal circuitry in vivo. We recently demonstrated that recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) can be endowed with anterograde or retrograde transsynaptic tracing ability by providing the virus with different glycoproteins. Here we extend the characterization of the transmission and gene expression of recombinant VSV (rVSV) with the rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV-G), and provide examples of its activity relative to the anterograde transsynaptic tracer form of rVSV. rVSV with RABV-G was found to drive strong expression of transgenes and to spread rapidly from neuron to neuron in only a retrograde manner. Depending upon how the RABV-G was delivered, VSV served as a polysynaptic or monosynaptic tracer, or was able to define projections through axonal 
uptake and retrograde transport. In animals co-infected with rVSV in its anterograde form, rVSV with RABV-G could be used to begin to characterize the similarities and differences in connections to different areas. rVSV with RABV-G provides a flexible, rapid, and versatile tracing tool that complements the previously described VSV-based anterograde transsynaptic tracer.},
  institution = {Department of Genetics and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Boston, MA, USA.},
  journal     = {Front Neural Circuits},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Membrane Glycoproteins, physiology; Mice; Neurons, physiology/virology; Organ Culture Techniques; Protein Transport, physiology; Rabies virus, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, chemistry/physiology/virology; Viral Envelope Proteins, physiology},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {23403489},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Beier:2015,
  author      = {Beier, Kevin T. and Steinberg, Elizabeth E. and DeLoach, Katherine E. and Xie, Stanley and Miyamichi, Kazunari and Schwarz, Lindsay and Gao, Xiaojing J. and Kremer, Eric J. and Malenka, Robert C. and Luo, Liqun},
  title       = {Circuit Architecture of VTA Dopamine Neurons Revealed by Systematic Input-Output Mapping.},
  year        = {2015},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {162},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {622--634},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.015},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.015},
  abstract    = {Dopamine (DA) neurons in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) integrate complex inputs to encode multiple signals that influence motivated behaviors via diverse projections. Here, we combine axon-initiated viral transduction with rabies-mediated trans-synaptic tracing and Cre-based cell-type-specific targeting to systematically map input-output relationships of VTA-DA neurons. We found that VTA-DA (and VTA-GABA) neurons receive excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory input from diverse sources. VTA-DA neurons projecting to different forebrain regions exhibit specific biases in their input selection. VTA-DA neurons projecting to lateral and medial nucleus accumbens innervate largely non-overlapping striatal targets, with the latter also sending extensive extra-striatal axon collaterals. Using electrophysiology and behavior, we validated new circuits identified in our tracing studies, including a previously unappreciated top-down reinforcing circuit from anterior cortex to lateral nucleus 
accumbens via VTA-DA neurons. This study highlights the utility of our viral-genetic tracing strategies to elucidate the complex neural substrates that underlie motivated behaviors.},
  institution = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: lluo@stanford.edu.},
  journal     = {Cell},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Dopamine, metabolism; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neural Pathways; Neurons, metabolism; Nucleus Accumbens, metabolism; Rabies virus; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology/metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0092-8674(15)00852-1},
  pmc         = {PMC4522312},
  pmid        = {26232228},
  timestamp   = {12.01.2016},
}

@Article{Beirowski:2008,
  author      = {Beirowski, Bogdan and Babetto, Elisabetta and Coleman, Michael P. and Martin, Keith R.},
  title       = {The WldS gene delays axonal but not somatic degeneration in a rat glaucoma model.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {28},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {1166--1179},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06426.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06426.x},
  abstract    = {Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness caused by progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. The pathogenesis of glaucoma remains incompletely understood, but optic nerve (ON) axonal injury appears to be an important trigger of RGC axonal and cell body degeneration. Rat models are widely used in glaucoma research to explore pathogenic mechanisms and to test novel neuroprotective approaches. Here we investigated the mechanism of axon loss in glaucoma, studying axon degeneration in slow Wallerian degeneration (Wld(S)) rats after increasing intraocular pressure. Wld(S) delays degeneration of experimentally transected axons for several weeks, so it can provide genetic evidence for Wallerian-like degeneration in disease. As apoptosis is unaffected, Wld(S) also provides information on whether cell death results from axon degeneration or arises independently, an important question yet to be resolved in glaucoma. Having confirmed expression of Wld(S) protein, we 
found that Wld(S) delayed ON axonal degeneration in experimental rat glaucoma for at least 2 weeks, especially in proximal ON where wild-type axons are most severely affected. The duration of axonal protection is similar to that after ON transection and crush, suggesting that axonal degeneration in glaucoma follows a Wallerian-like mechanism. Axonal degeneration must be prevented for RGCs to remain functional, so pharmacologically mimicking and enhancing the protective mechanism of Wld(S) could offer an important route towards therapy. However, Wld(S) did not protect RGC bodies in glaucoma or after ON lesion, suggesting that combination treatments protecting both axons and cell bodies offer the best therapeutic prospects.},
  institution = {The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Axons, metabolism/pathology/ultrastructure; Cell Survival; Glaucoma, genetics/pathology; Humans; Lasers; Nerve Tissue Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Optic Nerve Injuries; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/metabolism/pathology; Wallerian Degeneration, genetics/pathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {EJN6426},
  pmid        = {18783366},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Beirowski:2010,
  author      = {Beirowski, Bogdan and Nógrádi, Antal and Babetto, Elisabetta and Garcia-Alias, Guillermo and Coleman, Michael P.},
  title       = {Mechanisms of axonal spheroid formation in central nervous system Wallerian degeneration.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {69},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {455--472},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181da84db},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181da84db},
  abstract    = {Wallerian degeneration of the CNS is accompanied by axonal dystrophy or swelling. To understand the mechanisms by which swellings arise, we studied their spatiotemporal dynamics, ultrastructure, composition, and the conditions that affect their formation in vivo and ex vivo. In contrast to peripheral nerve axons, lesioned optic nerve (ON) axons in vivo developed focal swellings asynchronously within 6 hours, long before there is any axon fragmentation. Axons in ON, spinal cord dorsal column, and corpus callosum all showed marked gradients with more swellings in proximal regions of their distal stumps early after lesion. Time-lapse imaging of a validated ex vivo system showed that multiple focal swellings arise after around 1 hour close to the injury site, followed by anterograde wave-like progression on continuous ON axon stumps. Swellings were largely stable but occasionally seemed to fuse with neighboring swellings. Their ultrastructural appearances resembled disease-associated spheroids. 
Although accumulation of axonal markers suggested transport deficits, large accumulations of mitochondria were not observed. Early swelling formation was decreased in Wld gene-expressing rodents and by removing extracellular calcium. Several pharmacologic agents that inhibit axon loss in vitro and/or in vivo also prevented early formation of axonal spheroids in acute ON explants. Because axonal swellings are hallmarks of many neurodegenerative conditions, these data suggest that they are a manifestation of Wallerian-like degeneration in some cases. Thus, Wallerian-like degeneration may be a more common component mechanism in CNS diseases than previously thought.},
  institution = {Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom. bbeirowski@wustl.edu},
  journal     = {J Neuropathol Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Adenine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Animals; Axons, drug effects/pathology/physiology/ultrastructure; Axotomy, methods; Calcimycin, pharmacology; Central Nervous System, pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; Gene Expression Regulation, genetics; Ionophores, pharmacology; Luminescent Proteins, genetics; Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2, metabolism; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, methods; Mitochondria, pathology/ultrastructure; Nerve Tissue Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Neural Pathways, pathology; Optic Nerve, pathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Transgenic; Time Factors; Wallerian Degeneration, pathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {20418780},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Beitz:1982,
  author      = {A. J. Beitz},
  title       = {The organization of afferent projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {133--159},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(82)90157-9},
  abstract    = {The retrograde transport technique was utilized in the present study to investigate the afferent projections to the periaqueductal gray of the rat. Iontophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase were made into the periaqueductal gray of 22 experimental animals and into regions adjacent to the periaqueductal gray in 6 control animal. Utilization of the retrograde transport method permitted a quantitative analysis of the afferent projections not only to the entire periaqueductal gray, but also to each of its four intrinsic subdivisions. The largest cortical input to this midbrain region arises from areas 24 and 32 in the medial prefrontal cortex. The basal forebrain provides a significant input to the periaqueductal gray and this arises predominantly from the ipsilateral lateral and medial preoptic areas and from the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca. The hypothalamus was found to provide the largest descending input to the central gray. Numerous labeled cells occurred in the 
ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, the posterior hypothalamic area, the anterior hypothalamic area, the perifornical nucleus and the area of the tuber cinereum. The largest mesencephalic input to the periaqueductal gray arises from the nucleus cuneiformis and the substantia nigra. The periaqueductal gray was found to have numerous intrinsic connections and contained a significant number of labeled cells both above and below the injection site in each case. Other structures containing significant label in the midbrain and isthmus region included the nucleus subcuneiformis, the ventral tegmental area, the locus coeruleus and the parabrachial nuclei. The medullary and pontine reticular reticular formation provide the largest input to the periaqueductal gray from the lower brain stem. The midline raphe magnus and superior central nucleus also supply a significant fiber projection to the central gray. Both the trigeminal complex and the spinal cord provide a minor input to this 
region of the midbrain. The sources of afferent projections to the periaqueductal gray are extensive and allow this midbrain region to be influenced by motor, sensory and limbic structures. In addition, evidence is provided which indicates that the four subdivisions of the central gray receive differential projections from the brain stem as well as from higher brain structures.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology; Brain Mapping; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7078723},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beitz:1982a,
  author      = {A. J. Beitz},
  title       = {The nuclei of origin of brainstem serotonergic projections to the rodent spinal trigeminal nucleus.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {32},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {223--228},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(82)90297-x},
  abstract    = {The origins of the serotonergic projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the rat were determined utilizing the combined HRP retrograde transport-immunohistochemical technique. The areas providing the greatest number of serotonergic afferent projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus are the raphe magnus, raphe obscurus, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha, and the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis. A smaller serotonergic input to the spinal trigeminal nucleus was found to arise from the raphe pallidus, periaqueductal gray, raphe dorsalis, raphe pontis and mesencephalic reticular formation. These results indicate that the spinal trigeminal nucleus receives serotonergic input from all levels of the brainstem including the midbrain cell group B7.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Aqueduct, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Serotonin, metabolism; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6757802},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beitz:1982c,
  author      = {Beitz, A. J.},
  title       = {The sites of origin brain stem neurotensin and serotonin projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {2},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {829--842},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/2/7/829.long},
  abstract    = {The combined horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport-peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical procedure was utilized in the present study to ascertain the sites of origin of serotonin and neurotensin projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus. The major serotonin inputs to the raphe magnus arise from the B-8 and B-9 groups of Dahlstrom and Fuxe (Dahlstrom, A., and K. Fuxe (1964) Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 232 62: 1-55), the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, and the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha. Neurotensinergic projections to the raphe magnus originate predominantly from the periaqueductal gray, the nucleus solitarius, the dorsal and ventral parabrachial nuclei, and the nucleus cuneiformis. The periaqueductal gray and the nucleus paragigantocellularis were found to provide both a neurotensin and a serotonin projection to this raphe nucleus. The present results indicate that several brain stem nuclei, which have been implicated previously in 
endogenous analgesia mechanisms, provide serotonergic and neurotensinergic input to the nucleus raphe magnus.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurotensin, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6178807},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Beitz:1982e,
  author      = {Beitz, A. J.},
  title       = {The nuclei of origin of brain stem enkephalin and substance P projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {11},
  pages       = {2753--2768},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(82)90098-7},
  abstract    = {The sites of origin of brain stem enkephalin and substance P projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus were studied utilizing the combined horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport-peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical technique. Several brain stem areas were found to contain both enkephalin- and substance P-like immunoreactive double labeled neurons following injection of horseradish peroxidase into the raphe magnus. Nuclei providing both enkephalin and substance P inputs to the raphe magnus include the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, the nucleus cuneiformis, the nucleus solitarius and the trigeminal subdivision of the lateral reticular nucleus. Enkephalin projections to the raphe magnus were also found to originate from the dorsal parabrachial nucleus, the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha and from an area which corresponds to the A5 group of Dahlström & Fuxe. Additional neurons containing substance P-like immunoreactivity and horseradish peroxidase 
reaction product were identified in the superior central raphe nucleus and the nucleus pontis oralis. The midbrain periaqueductal gray contributes very few enkephalin and substance P fibers to the raphe magnus. The nucleus raphe magnus is a key structure in the intrinsic analgesia system and it has also been implicated in other diverse and non-nociceptive functions. The present study identifies several brain stem sites which provide enkephalin and substance P input to this raphe nucleus. Several of these nuclei have been implicated in central analgesic mechanisms or in non-nociceptive autonomic functions. The present investigation raises the possibility that these brain stem regions may modulate neuronal activity in the raphe magnus via enkephalin or substance P projections and thus influence the involvement of the raphe magnus in both opiate related mechanisms of pain control and non-nociceptive functions.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Enkephalins, metabolism; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Substance P, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(82)90098-7},
  pmid        = {6185878},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Beitz:1985,
  author      = {Beitz, A. J.},
  title       = {The midbrain periaqueductal gray in the rat. I. Nuclear volume, cell number, density, orientation, and regional subdivisions.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {237},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {445--459},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902370403},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902370403},
  abstract    = {The midbrain periaqueductal gray is a functionally heterogeneous region which plays an important role in pain modulation. Despite the heterogeneity considerable controversy exists regarding the presence or absence of morphological subdivisions within the region. The present study was designed to evaluate the possibility of morphological subdivisions within the rat periaqueductal gray by using a statistical cluster analysis system. In addition both qualitative and quantitative data concerning neuronal size, shape, and density were obtained. On the basis of measurements of over 12,000 neurons in two planes of section, the mean neuronal length of cell bodies in this region was 14.82 microns and the mean neuronal area was 95.59 microns squared . The mean neuronal density was found to be 16,284 cells per mm3. Neuronal density decreased from rostral to caudal in the periaqueductal gray. The data obtained from cluster maps suggest the presence of four subdivisions within this midbrain region. The 
medial subdivision contains the smallest neurons and exhibits the lowest cell density. The dorsolateral and ventrolateral divisions contain the largest neurons while the dorsal division displays the highest packing density. These results are discussed in light of recent receptor binding and immunohistochemical studies of this region.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Male; Myelin Sheath, ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {4044895},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Beitz:1989,
  author      = {A. J. Beitz},
  title       = {Possible origin of glutamatergic projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray and deep layer of the superior colliculus of the rat.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {23},
  number      = {1-2},
  pages       = {25--35},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(89)90159-7},
  abstract    = {The possible origin of glutamatergic input to the rodent periaqueductal gray (PAG) was analyzed utilizing a combined retrograde transport-immunocytochemical technique. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were made into the PAG of 12 adult rats and into the deep layer of the superior colliculus in 2 rats. The brain tissue was first reacted histochemically to demonstrate the retrograde tracer and subsequently processed with immunohistochemical techniques using a recently developed monoclonal glutamate antibody. Following PAG injections, several brain areas were found to contain double-labeled neurons. The greatest number of double-labeled glutamate-like immunoreactive neurons were observed in the zona incerta, spinal trigeminal nucleus, cuneiform nucleus, cingulate cortex, cerebellar interpositus nucleus, deep mesencephalic nucleus and the PAG itself. Double-labeled neurons were also observed in several other nuclei including the pretectal nuclei, the frontal and 
occipital cortex, several reticular nuclei, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, and the substantia nigra. Many of the same nuclei contained double-labeled neurons following collicular injections, but in addition, double-stained cells were found in the primary visual cortex, lateral dorsal and lateral posterior thalamic nuclei, nucleus of the posterior commissure, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, dorsal column nuclei and several additional pretectal nuclei. The results of this double-labeling study raise the possibility that these nuclei may provide glutamatergic inputs to the midbrain PAG and/or superior colliculus. These putative glutamatergic afferent projections may ultimately influence the PAG's role in several important functions including antinociception, defensive mechanisms or vocalization and may also play a role in the superior collicular involvement in defensive mechanisms, in visuo-motor integration in the orienting reflex and in facilitating shifts in gaze.},
  institution = {Department of Veterinary Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain, cytology/metabolism; Glutamates, metabolism; Glutamic Acid; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Superior Colliculi, cytology/metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {0361-9230(89)90159-7},
  pmid        = {2478264},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beitz:1990,
  author      = {Beitz, A. J.},
  title       = {Relationship of glutamate and aspartate to the periaqueductal gray-raphe magnus projection: analysis using immunocytochemistry and microdialysis.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {38},
  number      = {12},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {1755--1765},
  doi         = {10.1177/38.12.1701457},
  abstract    = {This study tested the hypothesis that the excitatory amino acid transmitters glutamate and/or aspartate are associated with the periaqueductal gray (PAG)-raphe magnus (NRM) projection. Retrograde neuroanatomical tracing procedures utilizing the tracers WGA-HRP or D-[3H]-aspartate were combined with immunocytochemical localization of glutamate or aspartate to determine if glutamate and/or aspartate immunostained neurons projected to the NRM. Both glutamate- and aspartate-immunoreactive cells in the PAG were found to project to the NRM. Double labeling immunocytochemichemical procedures indicated that glutamate and aspartate are co-localized in many PAG neurons, suggesting the following possibilities: (a) one of these two amino acids may serve as a precursor to the other; (b) both amino acids may be co-released from the same PAG neuron; or (c) both amino acids are present in high levels in the perikarya for metabolic purposes. At the EM level, both glutamate- and aspartate-immunoreactive 
terminals were identified in the NRM, strengthening the concept that both amino acids participate in synaptic transmission in this medullary nucleus. To determine if glutamate and aspartate are in fact released from PAG-NRM axons, the PAG was stimulated chemically with homocysteic acid (HCA) and amino acids were collected from the NRM using a microdialysis probe. Microinjection of HCA, but not vehicle, into the PAG resulted in the release of both glutamate and aspartate in the nucleus raphe magnus. These data suggest that both glutamate and aspartate are released from PAG fibers terminating in the NRM and provide strong support for the hypothesis that excitatory amino acids play a neurotransmitter role in the PAG-NRM pathway.},
  institution = {Department of Veterinary Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.},
  journal     = {J Histochem Cytochem},
  keywords    = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, analysis/metabolism; Axonal Transport; Dialysis; Glutamates, analysis/metabolism; Glutamic Acid; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, chemistry/metabolism; Neurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Periaqueductal Gray, chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure; Raphe Nuclei, chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1701457},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Beitz:1987,
  author      = {A. J. Beitz and J. R. Clements and L. J. Ecklund and M. M. Mullett},
  title       = {The nuclei of origin of brainstem enkephalin and cholecystokinin projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {20},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {409--425},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(87)90101-1},
  abstract    = {The sites of origin of brain stem enkephalin and cholecystokinin projections to the rodent spinal trigeminal nucleus were studied utilizing the combined retrograde transport-peroxidase antiperoxidase immunohistochemical technique. Several brain stem areas were found to contain enkephalin-like immunoreactive double-labeled neurons following injection of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase or horseradish peroxidase into the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The largest numbers of enkephalin double-labeled neurons were identified in the nucleus pontis oralis, nucleus raphe medianis, medial vestibular nucleus and the midbrain periaqueductal gray. Enkephalin projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus were also found to originate from the nucleus solitarius, nucleus raphe pallidus, nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus raphe dorsalis, nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha and the deep mesencephalic nucleus. In contrast to the numerous sources of 
enkephalin input to the spinal trigeminal nucleus, cholecystokinin projections to this region were limited to four brain stem nuclei. These included the nucleus solitarius, raphe obscurus, nucleus paragigantocellularis and the ventral reticular nucleus of the medulla. The finding that only a small number of brain stem cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive neurons project to the spinal trigeminal nucleus supports the hypothesis that most of the cholecystokinin input to the spinal trigeminal nucleus arises from primary afferent trigeminal fibers. The spinal trigeminal nucleus is known to play a role in processing sensory information and in the transmission of orofacial nociception. The present study identifies several brain stem sites which provide enkephalin and/or cholecystokinin input to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Several of these nuclei have been implicated as components of the endogenous pain control system and the present results raise the possibility that they may modulate incoming orofacial 
nociception by releasing the endogenous opioid, enkephalin. Cholecystokinin, on the other hand, has been demonstrated in other studies to attenuate the action of opiates and thus may play an opposing role in the spinal trigeminal nucleus.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, metabolism; Efferent Pathways, metabolism; Enkephalins, metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Mesencephalon, metabolism; Periaqueductal Gray, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, metabolism; Sincalide, metabolism; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, metabolism; Vestibular Nuclei, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(87)90101-1},
  pmid        = {3295585},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beitz:1986a,
  Title                    = {Differential origin of brainstem serotoninergic projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray and superior colliculus of the rat.},
  Author                   = {A. J. Beitz and J. R. Clements and M. A. Mullett and L. J. Ecklund},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1986},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {498--509},
  Volume                   = {250},

  Abstract                 = {Previous studies have shown that both the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the superior colliculus receive a significant serotoninergic (5-HT) innervation. In the present study the origins of these 5-HT projections to the rodent PAG and superior colliculus were analyzed by using a combined immunohistochemical-retrograde transport technique. Thirteen brainstem regions were found to contain double-labelled 5-HT-like immunoreactive neurons following HRP injections into the PAG while only four brainstem nuclei contained double-labelled neurons following superior collicular injections. After HRP deposits into the ventral PAG, the largest percentage of double-labelled neurons was identified in nucleus raphe magnus, pars alpha of the nucleus gigantocellularis, and the paragigantocellular nucleus. The dorsal PAG, on the other hand, received the largest percentage of its 5-HT projections from nuclei raphe dorsalis, raphe obscurus, raphe pontis, and raphe medianis. The 5-HT input to 
the superior colliculus was found to arise exclusively from nuclei raphe dorsalis, raphe medianis, and raphe pontis and from the contralateral periaqueductal gray. Raphe nuclei were found to contribute serotoninergic projections to both the PAG and the superior colliculus while reticular nuclei contributed 5-HT projections only to the PAG. Injections of the fluorescent retrograde tracers true blue and nuclear yellow were then made into the PAG and superior colliculus to ascertain if neurons located in raphe nuclei that projected to both structures provided axon collaterals to both areas. Generally, less than 10\% of raphe neurons projecting to the superior colliculus were identified as providing axon collaterals to the PAG. The present results demonstrate major quantitative and qualitative differences in the origin of 5-HT projections to the ventral PAG and superior colliculus. The origin of 5-HT input to the dorsal PAG, on the other hand, showed many similarities to the origin of 5-HT innervation of the 
superior colliculus. These data also indicate that approximately 35\% of raphe neurons provide nonserotoninergic projections to the PAG and superior colliculus.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902500408},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axons, classification/physiology; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Cell Count; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Microinjections; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, physiology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {3760251},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902500408}
}

@Article{Beitz:1988,
  Title                    = {Colocalization of fixative-modified glutamate and glutaminase but not GAD in rubrospinal neurons.},
  Author                   = {Beitz, A. J. and Ecklund, L. J.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1988},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {265--279},
  Volume                   = {274},

  Abstract                 = {In an attempt to identify putative neurotransmitters of rubrospinal neurons, immunocytochemical procedures were utilized in combination with retrograde tracing techniques in 15 adult male rats. Following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to HRP (WGA-HRP) into the spinal cord, midbrain sections were processed with a combined procedure that allowed visualization of both the retrograde tracer and one or more antigens including glutamate, glutaminase, and glutamatic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Initial colocalization studies demonstrated that glutamatelike and glutaminaselike immunoreactivities were cocontained within the same neurons. Following injections of HRP or WGA-HRP into the spinal cord approximately 53\% of retrogradely labeled neurons contained glutamate immunoreactivity. Triple-labeling experiments indicated that glutamatelike immunoreactivity was colocalized with glutaminase immunoreactivity in retrogradely labeled rubrospinal 
neurons. Retrogradely labeled neurons did not contain GAD immunoreactivity. Moreover, triple labeling experiments verified that glutamatelike immunoreactive retrogradely labeled cells did not cocontain GAD immunoreactivity. These studies demonstrate that glutamate and its synthesizing enzyme, glutaminase, are present in some rubrospinal neurons and raise the possibility that a component of the rubrospinal projection may be glutamatergic. GAD, on the other hand, is not present in rubrospinal neurons. This finding supports the hypothesis that GABAergic neurons play a role as interneurons in the red nucleus.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902740210},
  Institution              = {Department of Veterinary Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Axonal Transport; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Glutamates, metabolism; Glutaminase, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immune Sera; Male; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Red Nucleus, metabolism/physiology; Spinal Cord, metabolism/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2463289},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902740210}
}

@Article{Beitz:1986,
  author      = {A. J. Beitz and A. A. Larson and P. Monaghan and R. A. Altschuler and M. M. Mullett and J. E. Madl},
  title       = {Immunohistochemical localization of glutamate, glutaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in neurons of the pontine nuclei of the rat.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {741-753},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(86)90042-4},
  abstract    = {The pontine nuclei form the key relay nuclei in the cerebropontocerebellar pathway. Although a great deal of information is available regarding the anatomy of this region, the identity of the neurotransmitter(s) contained in the neurons of the pontine gray are not known. The aim of the present investigation is to utilize immunohistochemical techniques to determine whether glutamate, a putative excitatory transmitter, and the enzymes responsible for its metabolism, are found in pontine neurons. Both glutaminase, an enzyme which converts glutamine to glutamate, and aspartate aminotransferase, an enzyme which is involved in the interconversion between glutamate and aspartate, have been proposed to be markers of neurons which use excitatory amino acids as neurotransmitters. The present study utilizes a monoclonal antibody against carbodiimide-fixed glutamate and polyclonal antisera against glutaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in conjunction with the indirect peroxidase technique or the 
peroxidase-labeled biotin-avidin procedure to localize glutamatergic neurons in the pontine nuclei of the rat. Numerous neurons in all subdivisions of the pontine nuclei were found to contain carbodiimide-fixed glutamate-like immunoreactivity, glutaminase-like immunoreactivity or aspartate aminotransferase-like immunoreactivity. Horseradish peroxidase was injected into the cerebellum of four rats for use with a combined retrograde transport-immunohistochemical procedure. Double-labeled neurons were observed in all subdivisions of the pontine nuclei, indicating that pontine neurons which contain glutamate-like immunoreactivity project to the cerebellum. Based on the hypothesis that increased levels of glutamate, glutaminase and aspartate aminotransferase reflect a transmitter role for glutamate, the present data raise the possibility that glutamate may be a major neurotransmitter of pontocerebellar fibers.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal, diagnostic use; Aspartate Aminotransferases, analysis; Axonal Transport; Biological Transport; Carbodiimides, diagnostic use; Glutamates, analysis; Glutamic Acid; Glutaminase, analysis; Male; Neurons, analysis/enzymology; Pons, analysis/cytology/enzymology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {2422596},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beitz:1983,
  author      = {A. J. Beitz and M. A. Mullett and L. L. Weiner},
  title       = {The periaqueductal gray projections to the rat spinal trigeminal, raphe magnus, gigantocellular pars alpha and paragigantocellular nuclei arise from separate neurons.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {288},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {307--314},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)90108-7},
  abstract    = {Possible collateral branches of periaqueductal gray axons which distribute to the nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha and the spinal trigeminal nucleus were analyzed with the double fluorescent retrograde tracer technique. With the exception of a small number of double-labeled neurons observed in the periaqueductal gray following injections of fluorescent dyes into the nuclei reticularis paragigantocellularis and gigantocellularis pars alpha, no double-labeled cells were found in this midbrain region following injections of tracers into various combinations of the above 4 nuclear groups. The results of this investigation indicate that these 4 brainstem nuclei are innervated predominantly by separate neuronal populations within the periaqueductal gray.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology; Rats; Spinal Cord, physiology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(83)90108-7},
  pmid        = {6198027},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beitz:1985a,
  author    = {Beitz, Alvin J and Shepard, R David},
  title     = {The midbrain periaqueductal gray in the rat. II. A Golgi analysis},
  year      = {1985},
  volume    = {237},
  number    = {4},
  pages     = {460--475},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.902370404/pdf},
  journal   = {J Comp Neurol},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Beitz:1983c,
  author      = {Beitz, A. J. and Shepard, R. D. and Wells, W. E.},
  title       = {The periaqueductal gray-raphe magnus projection contains somatostatin, neurotensin and serotonin but not cholecystokinin.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {261},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {132--137},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)91292-1},
  abstract    = {The retrograde transport-HRP-immunocytochemical technique was employed to ascertain if the periaqueductal gray-raphe magnus projection arises from neurons containing somatostatin, neurotensin, serotonin or cholecystokinin. Following HRP injections into the raphe magnus (NRM) double-labeled cells containing HRP reaction product and somatostatin-, neurotensin- or serotonin-like immunoreactivity were identified in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). No cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive double-labeled neurons were found in the PAG. These results indicate that the PAG-NRM pathway contains somatostatin, neurotensin and serotonin but not cholecystokinin.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cholecystokinin, metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Neurotensin, metabolism; Nociceptors, anatomy /&/ histology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism; Somatostatin, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(83)91292-1},
  pmid        = {6132659},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Beitz:1983a,
  author      = {A. J. Beitz and W. E. Wells and R. D. Shepard},
  title       = {The location of brainstem neurons which project bilaterally to the spinal trigeminal nuclei as demonstrated by the double fluorescent retrograde tracer technique.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {258},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {305--312},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)91156-3},
  abstract    = {Cells with possible dual projections to both spinal trigeminal nuclei were identified in the rat brainstem following separate injections of different retrogradely transported markers into the right and left spinal trigeminal nucleus. The greatest number of double-labeled cells was located in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. Several double-marked cells were also observed in the nucleus raphe magnus, the nucleus paragigantocellularis and the periaqueductal gray. These results suggest that some cells in the above brainstem nuclei may have a bilateral modulating effect on the spinal trigeminal nuclei.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Functional Laterality; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6186337},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@InCollection{Beitz:1991,
  author    = {Beitz, Alvin J and Williams, Frank G},
  title     = {Localization of putative amino acid transmitters in the PAG and their relationship to the PAG-raphe magnus pathway},
  booktitle = {The Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Matter},
  year      = {1991},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {305--327},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4615-3302-3_17},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {02.05.2016},
}

@Article{Belanger:1993,
  author      = {M. C. Bélanger and F. Auclair and L. Bertrand and R. Marchand},
  title       = {The disposition of early-generated neurons in the rat embryo predicts the pattern of major axonal tracts.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {3-4},
  pages       = {273--279},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(93)90255-a},
  abstract    = {During embryogenesis, the fiber tracts grow in a highly stereotyped pattern. A very small number of predetermined paths, preceding the growth of fasciculi, are present in the young neural tube (10-12, 15). What is the origin of these substrate pathways defined by Katz et al. (16) as "... a set of similar guidance cues which are aligned in a continuous discrete pathway..."? Could the first neurons play a role in the guidance of early nerve fibers? Observations in the brain stem revealed the presence of two longitudinal columns of early-generated neurons. These longitudinal columns were associated with well-differentiated marginal zones, characterized by cell-free spaces and representing the prospective site of the medial longitudinal (mlf) and lateral longitudinal (llt) tracts. Nerve fibers were also traced in the brain stem of young embryos. Axons were seen to travel in the early mlf and llt, in close proximity to the regions of early-generated neuronal columns. The data suggest that the 
precocious neurons that are organized in a definite pattern could somehow be involved in the guidance of some longitudinal axonal tracts, either by directly promoting the formation of an adequate terrain in the marginal layer, or by inducing other cells to do so.},
  institution = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain Stem, cytology; Embryo, Mammalian, physiology; Embryonic and Fetal Development, physiology; Gestational Age; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0361-9230(93)90255-A},
  pmid        = {8457876},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Belanger:1997,
  author      = {M. C. Bélanger and F. Auclair and L. Bertrand and R. Marchand},
  title       = {The early neuronal organization predicts the path followed by some major axonal bundles in the embryonic brainstem.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {78},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {259--270},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00484-8},
  abstract    = {In the embryonic CNS, preformed pathways precede the growth of axonal fasciculi [Katz M. J. and Lasek R. J. (1980) Cell Motil. 1, 141-157; Katz M. J. et al. (1980) Neuroscience 5, 821-833]. What are the developmental events that lead to the elaboration of these preformed pathways? To answer this question, we investigated the organization of the primitive neural tube and more particularly the arrangement of the early-generated cells using [3H]thymidine autoradiography or bromodeoxyuridine. Our data suggest that the position of early-generated cells might be involved in the setting of such pathways. In the brain stem of E12(0) (12 days and 0 h) and E12(15) rat embryos, the first-generated cells were organized into three longitudinal columns associated with glycoconjugate-rich extracellular spaces in the adjacent primitive marginal layer. Also, axons traced with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) were contiguous to the early-generated cellular columns and 
represented the primordium of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, the lateral longitudinal tract and the mesencephalic trigeminal tract. Our results show a correlation between the organization of early-generated cells, likely neurons, and the pattern of extracellular spaces in the marginal layer where axons grow. It has been reported in the literature that neurons produce elements of the extracellular matrix such as growth-modulating molecules or space-creating molecules. We therefore suggest that the position of early-generated neurons could be involved in the elaboration of a template for the setting of some major longitudinal tracts during embryonic development of the brainstem.},
  institution = {Université Laval and Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital del'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antimetabolites, diagnostic use; Axons, physiology; Brain Stem, cytology/embryology; Bromodeoxyuridine, diagnostic use; Carbocyanines; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Neural Pathways, cytology/embryology; Neurons, physiology; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thymidine, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452296004848},
  pmid        = {9135106},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Belenkov:1985,
  author      = {Belenkov, N Iu and Gracheva, V. V.},
  title       = {[Importance of traces of a preceding unreinforced stimulus to the formation of inhibitory conditioned reflexes in the rat].},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {rus},
  volume      = {35},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {110--116},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {The results of experiments with the inhibitory signal presented to rats after the positive one, showed the significance of the negative signal memory trace which interrupted alimentary behaviour and considerably accelerated its full extinction in response to the previously positive signal. Its significance is shown in experiments with amnesia produced by electroshock. According to the suggested concept negative conditioned reflexes are a result of formation of a temporary connection between memory traces of the negative conditioned signal and the non-reinforcement of this signal.},
  journal     = {Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova},
  keywords    = {Animals; Conditioning, Operant, physiology; Extinction, Psychological, physiology; Feeding Behavior, physiology; Food; Inhibition (Psychology); Male; Memory, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reinforcement (Psychology); Reinforcement Schedule; Sound},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3984496},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Beliaev:1989,
  Title                    = {[Projection of the celiac plexus to the afferent centers demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport method].},
  Author                   = {Beliaev, L. V.},
  Journal                  = {Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {27--32},
  Volume                   = {97},

  Abstract                 = {Using the horseradish peroxidase (HP) retrograde method for ascertaining connections of the celiac plexus of the white rat with various afferent centers, HP-marked neurocytes have been revealed in caudal nodes of the vagus nerves and in spinal nodes at the Th4-L2 level. Negative results have been obtained at investigation of the cervical spinal nodes and intramural nodes in the cat ileocecal part. Similar data are obtained, when connections of the celiac plexus with the same area of the cat gut are investigated. Therefore, the problem on interrelations of the celiac plexus with the proper afferent centers of the diaphragmatic+ nerve and the second type cells of Dogel in the cat intramural ganglia is still disputable.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Cats; Celiac Plexus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Ileocecal Valve, innervation; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {rus},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2684099},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014}
}

@Article{Belichenko:1993,
  author      = {Belichenko, P. V.},
  title       = {Neuronal cell types in entorhinal cortex and hippocampal formation of man and other mammalia: an interspecies comparison.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {3 Spec No},
  pages       = {3--10},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  institution = {Brain Research Institute, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow.},
  journal     = {Hippocampus},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Hippocampus, cytology; Humans; Neurons, physiology; Species Specificity},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8287108},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Belichenko:2001,
  author      = {P. V. Belichenko and B. Mattsson and B. B. Johansson},
  title       = {Neuronal and fibre organization in neocortical grafts placed in post-ischaemic adult rat brain: a three-dimensional confocal microscopy study.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {124},
  number      = {2-3},
  pages       = {142--148},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1053/jcpa.2000.0444},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jcpa.2000.0444},
  abstract    = {The dendritic morphology in neocortical grafts was studied with three-dimensional confocal laser scanning microscopy after microinjection of Lucifer Yellow into individual cells. The grafts had been implanted into infarct cavities in the neocortex of hypertensive rats 46 weeks earlier. The carbocyanine dye method was used to identify afferent (host to transplant) and efferent (transplant to host) connections. Pyramidal, nonpyramidal and glial cells were present in the transplants. Some dendrites had an almost normal appearance, but abnormalities (atypical orientation of apical, basal or oblique apical dendrites) were observed. Some bi-apical pyramidal neurons and pyramidal neurons with obliquely oriented apical dendrites were also observed. Carbocyanine dye-labelled fibres of different diameter formed a dense network in the transplant, enabling the border between transplant and host tissue to be clearly recognized. No labelled fibres were observed to enter the host brain. Fibres with "
boutons en passant" and no preferential orientation were noted. It is proposed that Lucifer Yellow microinjection may be a useful method in studies aimed at improving graft morphology. Failure to demonstrate host to transplant connections with the carbocyanine dye method was contrary to earlier studies in which tracers were applied in vivo. A combined use of in-vivo and post-mortem tracer techniques is needed to establish the reason for the discrepancy.},
  institution = {Laboratory for Experimental Neurology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Centre, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.},
  journal     = {J Comp Pathol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Ischemia, complications/pathology/surgery; Brain Tissue Transplantation; Carbocyanines, metabolism; Cerebral Cortex, embryology/pathology/physiology/transplantation; Cerebral Infarction, etiology/pathology/surgery; Dendrites, metabolism/pathology; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Isoquinolines; Microinjections; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Fibers, metabolism/pathology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0021-9975(00)90444-4},
  pmid        = {11222011},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Belin:1982,
  author      = {Belin, M. F. and Aguera, M. and Nanopoulos, D. and Gamrani, H. and Maitre, M. and Calas, A. and Pujol, J. F.},
  title       = {A radioautographic and immunocytochemical study of the GABA systems of the habenula complex in the rat.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {4},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {303--312},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0197-0186(82)90067-5},
  abstract    = {Radioautography of [(3)H]GABA accumulation and immunocytochemistry of glutamate decarboxylase have been used to study anatomically and morphologically the GABA system of the rat habenular (Hb) complex. Radioautographic visualisation of GABA specific neurons show a very high innervation of the complex including both stria medullaris (SM), the habenular commissure and the periventricular thalamic fibers (FPVT). A massive labeled fiber system in the SM appears to divide into two branches when it reaches the Hb nuclei: a part of fibers continue their course dorsally to the nuclei up to the habenular commissure; other fibers enter the Hb lateralis or run along the ventral Hb medialis at the level of FPVT. The staining is markedly diminished in the entire complex in response to SM lesions. In the Hb lateralis, the radioautographic-positive reaction is mainly bound to labeled fibers or axonal varicosities. However GAD immunocytochemistry reveals some GAD-positive cell bodies in the ventro-median 
portion of the nucleus. In the Hb medialis the radioautographic and immunocytochemical staining is observed in the neuropile between the unlabeled large cell bodies. In the subependymal layer bundles of processes are strongly labeled and form a continual strain behind the unlabeled ependymocytes. Three types of reactive terminals have been differentiated based on size and shape of vesicles. Some of them are exclusively characterized by clear round vesicles and probably have their origin in the septum. Others contain clear vesicles and some large dense-cored vesicles and disappear after mesencephalic Raphe lesions or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine treatment. They could correspond to terminals of raphe neurons with a double potentiality GABA and 5HT. The last exhibit mainly a dense population of large dark-cored granules similar to the ones found in neurosecretory nerve endings. However numerous fibers morphologically similar to the reactive fibers are unlabeled.},
  institution = {INSERM U 171, 8 avenue Rockefeller 69008 Lyon, France.},
  journal     = {Neurochem Int},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0197-0186(82)90067-5},
  pmid        = {20487881},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Belin:1979,
  author      = {M. F. Belin and M. Aguera and M. Tappaz and A. McRae-Degueurce and P. Bobillier and J. F. Pujol},
  title       = {GABA-accumulating neurons in the nucleus raphe dorsalis and periaqueductal gray in the rat: a biochemical and radioautographic study.},
  year        = {1979},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {170},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {279--297},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(79)90107-0},
  abstract    = {The possibility of a GABAergic innervation of the nucleus raphe dorsalis (NRD) has been investigated by using the following approaches: (i) the identification of the principal neuronal groups afferent to the NDR by using horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport, (ii) the determination of glutamate decarboxylase activity (GAD) in the NRD after lesioning these groups or their putative pathways, and (iii) the radioautographic identification of terminals axons and nerve cells accumulating intraventricularly injected [3H]GABA. The hypothesis of a local GABAergic network is supported by the failure to obtain important changes in GAD after lesions of NRD afferents and the presence in this nucleus of terminals, fibers and nerve cell bodies accumulating [3H]GABA. It appears that these GABA-accumulating neurons could represent a portion of aperiventricular GABAergic system in the periaqueductal gray and the pontine ventricular gray.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, enzymology; Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, enzymology; Cerebral Aqueduct, enzymology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Pons, enzymology; Raphe Nuclei, enzymology; Rats; Serotonin, metabolism; Substantia Nigra, enzymology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(79)90107-0},
  pmid        = {466412},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Belkouch:2014,
  author      = {Belkouch, Mounir and Dansereau, Marc-André and Tétreault, Pascal and Biet, Michael and Beaudet, Nicolas and Dumaine, Robert and Chraibi, Ahmed and Mélik-Parsadaniantz, Stéphane and Sarret, Philippe},
  title       = {Functional up-regulation of Nav1.8 sodium channel in Aβ afferent fibers subjected to chronic peripheral inflammation.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  pages       = {45},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1186/1742-2094-11-45},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-11-45},
  abstract    = {Functional alterations in the properties of Aβ afferent fibers may account for the increased pain sensitivity observed under peripheral chronic inflammation. Among the voltage-gated sodium channels involved in the pathophysiology of pain, Na(v)1.8 has been shown to participate in the peripheral sensitization of nociceptors. However, to date, there is no evidence for a role of Na(v)1.8 in controlling Aβ-fiber excitability following persistent inflammation.Distribution and expression of Na(v)1.8 in dorsal root ganglia and sciatic nerves were qualitatively or quantitatively assessed by immunohistochemical staining and by real time-polymerase chain reaction at different time points following complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) administration. Using a whole-cell patch-clamp configuration, we further determined both total INa and TTX-R Na(v)1.8 currents in large-soma dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons isolated from sham or CFA-treated rats. Finally, we analyzed the effects of ambroxol, a Na(v)1.8-
preferring blocker on the electrophysiological properties of Nav1.8 currents and on the mechanical sensitivity and inflammation of the hind paw in CFA-treated rats.Our findings revealed that Na(v)1.8 is up-regulated in NF200-positive large sensory neurons and is subsequently anterogradely transported from the DRG cell bodies along the axons toward the periphery after CFA-induced inflammation. We also demonstrated that both total INa and Na(v)1.8 peak current densities are enhanced in inflamed large myelinated Aβ-fiber neurons. Persistent inflammation leading to nociception also induced time-dependent changes in Aβ-fiber neuron excitability by shifting the voltage-dependent activation of Na(v)1.8 in the hyperpolarizing direction, thus decreasing the current threshold for triggering action potentials. Finally, we found that ambroxol significantly reduces the potentiation of Na(v)1.8 currents in Aβ-fiber neurons observed following intraplantar CFA injection and concomitantly blocks CFA-induced mechanical 
allodynia, suggesting that Na(v)1.8 regulation in Aβ-fibers contributes to inflammatory pain.Collectively, these findings support a key role for Na(v)1.8 in controlling the excitability of Aβ-fibers and its potential contribution to the development of mechanical allodynia under persistent inflammation.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada. Philippe.Sarret@USherbrooke.ca.},
  journal     = {J Neuroinflammation},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {1742-2094-11-45},
  pmid        = {24606981},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bell:1995,
  Title                    = {GABAergic projection from the ventral pallidum and globus pallidus to the subthalamic nucleus.},
  Author                   = {Bell, K. and Churchill, L. and Kalivas, P. W.},
  Journal                  = {Synapse},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {10--18},
  Volume                   = {20},

  Abstract                 = {There exists a topographically organized projection from the globus pallidus and ventral pallidum to the subthalamic nucleus and adjacent lateral hypothalamus. The participation of GABA as a neurotransmitter in this projection was evaluated by retrograde labeling of cells in the pallidal area from an iontophoretic deposit of Fluor-Gold in the subthalamus combined with in situ hybridization for mRNA of the GABA synthetic enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). A rostrocaudal gradient in the contribution of GABA to the projection was demonstrated with a relatively small percentage of retrogradely labeled cells in the rostral ventral pallidum containing GAD mRNA (7\%) compared to the caudal globus pallidus which had over 70\% of the Fluoro-Gold containing cells double-labeled for GAD mRNA. Overall the ventral pallidum contribution to the subthalamic nucleus was less GABAergic than the portion arising from the globus pallidus (35\% vs. 61\%, respectively).},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/syn.890200103},
  Institution              = {Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6520, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Enkephalins, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Globus Pallidus, cytology/physiology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Iontophoresis; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; RNA, Messenger, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7624824},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.890200103}
}

@Article{Bell:1982,
  author      = {Bell, P. D. and Navar, L. G.},
  title       = {Cytoplasmic calcium in the mediation of macula densa tubulo-glomerular feedback responses.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {215},
  number      = {4533},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {670--673},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1126/science.6800034},
  abstract    = {Within each nephron of the mammalian kidney, a feedback mechanism operating between the macula densa segment of the distal tubule and the afferent arteriole participates in the regulation of glomerular filtration rate. Retrograde microperfusion studies in rats were conducted to test the hypothesis that activation of macula densa cytoplasmic calcium is involved in the transmission of feedback signals to the vascular elements. Perfusion into distal tubules with a hypotonic solution (70 milliosmolar) elicited moderate decreases in glomerular pressure of 6 +/- 0.8 millimeters of mercury. With the addition of a calcium ionophore (A23187) glomerular pressure decreased by 16 +/- 1.1 millimeters of mercury. When a solution devoid of calcium but containing A23187 was used, the feedback response was inhibited. Thus, cytoplasmic calcium within the receptor cells may participate in the transmission of feedback signals to the contractile cells.},
  journal     = {Science},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calcimycin, pharmacology; Calcium, physiology; Cytoplasm, physiology; Feedback, drug effects; Kidney Glomerulus, blood supply/physiology; Kidney Tubules, physiology; Kidney, physiology; Rats; Vascular Resistance},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6800034},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bellchambers:1998,
  author      = {C. E. Bellchambers and B. Chieng and K. A. Keay and M. J. Christie},
  title       = {Swim-stress but not opioid withdrawal increases expression of c-fos immunoreactivity in rat periaqueductal gray neurons which project to the rostral ventromedial medulla.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {83},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {517--524},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00399-0},
  abstract    = {Expression of c-fos-like immunoreactivity has been used as a marker for neuronal activation and is elevated in the periaqueductal gray following stressful and noxious stimuli, and opioid withdrawal. The present study examined the staining of c-fos-like immunoreactivity following opiate withdrawal or swim-stress (2.5-3 min at 21 degrees C) in periaqueductal gray neurons of the rat which had projections to and through the rostral ventromedial medulla identified by microinjection of the retrograde tracer, Fast Blue, into the nucleus raphe magnus prior to development of morphine dependence. Both naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and swim-stress increased numbers of neurons expressing c-fos-like immunoreactivity in periaqueductal gray. Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal did not increase the number of double-labelled neurons in periaqueductal gray suggesting that neurons excited during opioid withdrawal do not project to the ventromedial medulla. In contrast, swim-stress produced increases in double-
labelled neurons in periaqueductal gray suggesting that many periaqueductal gray neurons activated by swim-stress project to the ventromedial medulla. These findings suggest that naloxone-precipitated withdrawal does not activate ventrolateral periaqueductal gray neurons which are involved in descending inhibitory pathways, consistent with behavioural observations that naloxone-precipitated withdrawal is qualitatively opposite to electrical and chemical stimulation of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray. The results are also consistent with a role of descending projections from periaqueductal gray in stress-induced antinociception.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Naloxone, pharmacology; Narcotic Antagonists, pharmacology; Narcotics, adverse effects; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Neurons, metabolism; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stress, Physiological, metabolism; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, metabolism; Swimming},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452297003990},
  pmid        = {9460759},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bellintani-Guardia:1996,
  author      = {B. Bellintani-Guardia and M. Schweizer and H. Herbert},
  title       = {Analysis of projections from the cochlear nucleus to the lateral paragigantocellular reticular nucleus in the rat.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {283},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {493--505},
  doi         = {10.1007/s004410050560},
  abstract    = {Golgi-staining, retrograde and anterograde tract-tracing, and a two-color immunoperoxidase technique have been employed, at the light- and electron-microscopic levels, to analyze the auditory projections from the cochlear nucleus (CN) to the lateral paragigantocellular reticular nucleus (LPGi) in the rat. We have found that the auditory input originates predominantly in the posteroventral and cochlear root nuclei. The auditory axons terminate in the cell-poor, ventral portion of the LPGi, which is strongly invaded by beaded dendritic profiles, originating from parent cell bodies located in the dorsal half of the LPGi. Ultrastructural analysis has revealed that the anterogradely labeled auditory axons form functional synapses preferentially with dendritic shafts. These axo-dendritic contacts are apparently excitatory in nature. By means of a sequential two-color immunoperoxidase staining method, we have further characterized potential postsynaptic neurons in the LPGi. Black-stained auditory 
fibers intermingle with brown-stained serotonergic or adrenergic neurons. Varicose auditory axons are often closely apposed to immunoreactive dendritic profiles of serotonergic and adrenergic neurons, indicating the presence of possible synaptic contacts of auditory terminal fibers with these transmitter-classified cells. The monosynaptic auditory in- put from the CN may modulate the activity of B3 sero-tonergic and C1 adrenergic cells in the LPGi and may thus induce adaptive changes in response to acoustic stimuli.},
  institution = {Tierphysiologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.},
  journal     = {Cell Tissue Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Auditory Pathways, chemistry/ultrastructure; Cochlear Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Serotonin, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8593678},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bellomo:1998,
  Title                    = {Excitatory amino acids as neurotransmitters of corticostriatal projections: immunocytochemical evidence in the rat.},
  Author                   = {M. Bellomo and R. Giuffrida and A. Palmeri and S. Sapienza},
  Journal                  = {Arch Ital Biol},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {215--223},
  Volume                   = {136},

  Abstract                 = {The retrograde transport of a tracer has been combined with peroxidase immunocytochemistry to verify whether corticostriatal (CS) neurons contain in their cell bodies high levels of glutamate (Glu) and aspartate (Asp). Injections of WGAapoHRP-Au in the caudate/putamen of adult rats produced retrograde labeling of a large number of layer V neurons of wide regions of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex; fewer labeled neurons were also found on the contralateral side. In all experiments, most CS neurons were seen in the agranular frontal cortex, in both the medial and the lateral subdivisions. Moreover, numerous retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in the cingulate cortex and in the granular parietal cortex, depending on the location of the injection site in the various experiments. The majority of CS neurons examined were immunostained using antibodies against glutaraldehyde-conjugates of Glu or Asp. Glu immunopositive neurons resulted 52-61\% of CS neurons. Asp immunopositive 
neurons ranged between 53\% and 62\%. In the cortical tissue where Glu and Asp antisera were visualized simultaneously, up to 96\% of the CS neurons were immunostained. The latter finding indicates that the populations of Glu and Asp immunopositive neurons are largely segregated and that virtually all cortical neurons projecting to the striatum contain high concentrations of Glu and/or Asp, thus corroborating the hypothesis that CS projections use excitatory amino acids as neurotransmitters.},
  Institution              = {Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiologiche, Università di Catania, Italy.},
  Keywords                 = {Amino Acids, physiology; Animals; Aspartic Acid, metabolism; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiology; Corpus Striatum, physiology; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Gold Colloid; Immunohistochemistry; Molecular Probes; Neurons, physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents, physiology; Rats; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {9645311},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Beltramino:1996,
  author      = {C. A. Beltramino and M. S. Forbes and D. J. Swanson and G. F. Alheid and L. Heimer},
  title       = {Amygdaloid input to transiently tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rat.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {706},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {37--46},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)01175-7},
  abstract    = {Several studies have reported transient expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in a subpopulation of neurons in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis of preadolescent rats. The tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH) neurons, which are of small to medium size and often display a typical bipolar configuration, are confined to the intermediate part of the lateral bed nucleus. By the use of a combination of experimental tracer techniques and immunocytochemical methods, we have demonstrated that these neurons receive a significant number of amygdaloid afferents, which establish mostly symmetric synaptic contacts on the cell bodies and sparsely spined dendritic shafts of the TH neurons. TH neurons also receive a small number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive terminals of unspecified origin.},
  institution = {Instituto de Investigación Medica, Córdoba, Argentina.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Cell Size; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, chemistry; Rats; Time Factors; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pii         = {0006-8993(95)01175-7},
  pmid        = {8720490},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Beltramino:1978,
  author      = {Beltramino, C. and Taleisnik, S.},
  title       = {Facilitatory and inhibitory effects of electrochemical stimulation of the amygdala on the release of luteinizing hormone.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {144},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {95--107},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(78)90437-7},
  abstract    = {The effect of amygdaloid stimulation on the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) was studied in unanesthetized, unrestrained rats. Electrochemical stimulation (anodic D.C.) was applied at 11.30 h through stainless steel electrodes chronically implanted into different amygdaloid nuclei; medial (Men.), cortical (Con.), central (Cn.), or basolateral (Bln.). A plastic cannula inserted into the jugular vein was used for obtaining blood samples at different times of the experimental procedure. In rats on the day of proestrus, stimulation (100 micronA/30 sec) in the Bln. resulted in blockade of spontaneous ovulation and of the preovulatory LH release and that in the Cn. produced a delay in the hormone discharge. On the contrary, stimulation in the Men. was effective in advancing the time of the normal LH surge, while no change of the normal pattern occurred from the Con. Stimulation (100 micronA/60 sec) of ovariectomized estrogen primed rats applied in the Men. or the Con. induced LH release, while 
that in the Bln. or the Cn. had no effect. The release of LH by Men. stimulation and the blocking effect of Bln. showed a close relationship with the amount of current delivered. Lower thresholds were required for inhibition than for activation. The release of LH induced by stimulation in the Men. of ovariectomized estrogen primed rats occurred at the same time of the day whether the stimulus was applied at 8.30 h, 11.30 h or 14.00 h, indicating a modulatory effect of the amygdala. No changes in serum LH concentration were observed after stimulation of the Men. of castrated estrogen primed male rats or in the Bln. of ovariectomized non-primed rats. The present results indicate that the amygdala exerts a dual effect on the release of LH, the Bln. being inhibitory and the Men. and Con. facilitatory.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Castration; Electric Stimulation; Estradiol, administration /&/ dosage; Estrus, drug effects; Female; Luteinizing Hormone, blood/secretion; Male; Neural Conduction; Neural Inhibition; Ovulation; Pregnancy; Rats; Secretory Rate, drug effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(78)90437-7},
  pmid        = {565243},
  timestamp   = {25.04.2013},
}

@Article{Beltramino:1980,
  author      = {Beltramino, C. and Taleisnik, S.},
  title       = {Dual action of electrochemical stimulation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis on the release of LH.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {238--242},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1159/000123007},
  abstract    = {The effect of stimulation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) on ovulation and LH release was studied in unanesthetized, freely moving rats. Electrochemical stimulation (anodic d.c., 100 microA/30 sec) was applied at 11.30 h through chronically implanted monopolar, stainless steel electrodes. Serial blood samples were obtained by way of a plastic cannula implanted in the jugular vein. Stimulation on the day of proestrus prevented ovulation and the preovulatory discharge of LH when the stimulus was applied to the lateral part of the BNST but advanced the surge of LH in those rats stimulated in the medial part of the nucleus. In ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats stimulation in the medial part of the BNST produced LH release but no effect was seen when the stimulus was applied in the lateral part. It is concluded that the BNST is part of a dual system with antagonistic effects on LH secretion.},
  journal     = {Neuroendocrinology},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, physiology; Castration; Electric Stimulation; Estrogens, pharmacology; Female; Luteinizing Hormone, blood; Ovulation; Pregnancy; Proestrus; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7189584},
  timestamp   = {25.04.2013},
}

@Article{Belugin:2005,
  author      = {Belugin, Sergei and Mifflin, Steve},
  title       = {Transient voltage-dependent potassium currents are reduced in NTS neurons isolated from renal wrap hypertensive rats.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {94},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {3849--3859},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1152/jn.00573.2005},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00573.2005},
  abstract    = {Whole cell patch-clamp measurements were made in neurons enzymatically dispersed from the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) to determine if alterations occur in voltage-dependent potassium channels from rats made hypertensive (HT) by unilateral nephrectomy/renal wrap for 4 wk. Some rats had the fluorescent tracer DiA applied to the aortic nerve before the experiment to identify NTS neurons receiving monosynaptic baroreceptor afferent inputs. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was greater in 4-wk HT (165 +/- 5 mmHg, n = 26, P < 0.001) rats compared with normotensive (NT) rats (109 +/- 3 mmHg measured in 10 of 69 rats). Transient outward currents (TOCs) were observed in 67-82\% of NTS neurons from NT and HT rats. At activation voltages from -10 to +10 mV, TOCs were significantly less in HT neurons compared with those observed in NT neurons (P < 0.001). There were no differences in the voltage-dependent activation kinetics, the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation, and the rise and decay 
time constants of the TOCs comparing neurons isolated from NT and HT rats. The 4-aminopyridine-sensitive component of the TOC was significantly less in neurons from HT compared with NT rats (P < 0.001), whereas steady-state outward currents, whether or not sensitive to 4-aminopyridine or tetraethylammonium, were not different. Delayed excitation, studied under current clamp, was observed in 60-80\% of NTS neurons from NT and HT rats and was not different comparing neurons from NT and HT rats. However, examination of the subset of NTS neurons exhibiting somatic DiA fluorescence revealed that DiA-labeled neurons from HT rats had a significantly shorter duration delayed excitation (n = 8 cells, P = 0.022) than DiA-labeled neurons from NT rats (n = 7 cells). Neurons with delayed excitation from HT rats had a significantly broader first action potential (AP) and a slower maximal downstroke velocity of repolarization compared with NT neurons with delayed excitation (P = 0.016 and P = 0.014, respectively). The 
number of APs in the first 200 ms of a sustained depolarization was greater in HT than NT neurons (P = 0.012). These results suggest that HT of 4-wk duration reduces TOCs in NTS neurons, and this contributes to reduced delayed excitation and increased AP responses to depolarizing inputs. Such changes could alter baroreflex function in hypertension.},
  institution = {University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 78229-3900, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurophysiol},
  keywords    = {4-Aminopyridine, pharmacology; Animals; Blood Pressure, physiology; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Electric Stimulation; Hypertension, Renal, pathology/physiopathology; Male; Membrane Potentials, drug effects/physiology/radiation effects; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism/physiology/radiation effects; Patch-Clamp Techniques, methods; Potassium Channels, physiology; Pyridinium Compounds, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time; Sodium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Solitary Nucleus, pathology; Tetraethylammonium, pharmacology; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {94/6/3849},
  pmid        = {16293589},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Belyantseva:1999,
  author      = {Belyantseva, I. A. and Lewin, G. R.},
  title       = {Stability and plasticity of primary afferent projections following nerve regeneration and central degeneration.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {457--468},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00458.x},
  abstract    = {Sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) regenerate their peripheral axons with relative ease following a nerve lesion. The capacity for central regeneration appears more limited. However, after nerve lesion, some DRG neurons gain a regenerative advantage to sprout centrally. We developed a lesion model in the rat to test whether, after prior lesion of their peripheral axons, subsets of cutaneous afferents benefit differently in their ability to sprout into adjacent spinal segments denervated by dorsal rhizotomy. We found that under identical circumstances, myelinated sensory neurons, small-diameter peptidergic sensory neurons containing calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), and small-diameter nonpeptidergic neurons that bind the lectin from the plant Griffonia simplificolia, isolectin B4 (IB4) differ dramatically in their ability to regenerate centrally. Myelinated afferent terminals labelled transganglionically with cholera-toxin beta-subunit gain a small advantage in 
collaterally sprouting into the adjacent denervated neuropil in lamina III after prior peripheral nerve lesion. This central regenerative response was not mimicked by experimentally induced inflammation of sensory neuron cell bodies. Intact and unlesioned sensory neurons positive for CGRP sprout vigorously into segments denervated by rhizotomy in a nonsomatotopic manner. In contrast, IB4-positive sensory neurons maintain a somatotopic distribution centrally, which is not altered by prior nerve lesion. These data reveal a remarkably heterogeneous response to regeneration-promoting stimuli amongst three different types of cutaneous sensory neurons. In particular, the divergent responses of peptidergic and nonpeptidergic sensory neurons suggests profound functional differences between these neurochemically distinct neurons.},
  institution = {Behaviour, SUNY at Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, analysis; Cholera Toxin; Cryptosporidium parvum; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Nerve Degeneration, physiopathology; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, chemistry/physiology; Neuritis, parasitology/physiopathology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, chemistry/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhizotomy; Spinal Nerves, cytology/physiology/surgery},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10051747},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Ben-Ari:1977,
  author      = {Ben-Ari, Y. and Zigmond, R. E. and Shute, C. C. and Lewis, P. R.},
  title       = {Regional distribution of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase within the amygdaloid complex and stria terminalis system.},
  year        = {1977},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {120},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {435--445},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(77)90397-3},
  abstract    = {The distribution of "marker" enzymes for cholinergic neurons has been studied in 10 subdivisions of the amygdaloid complex of the rat brain. Choline acetyltransferase activity was measured using a radiochemical method in samples dissected from fresh serial sections. Acetylcholinesterase was studied using a histochemical procedure. Both enzymes had similar patterns of distribution within the amygdaloid complex and were most concentrated in the posterior lateral and basolateral nuclei and in the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. These enzymes were much less concentrated in the cortical, medial, central, and basomedial nuclei. Large differences in acetylcholinesterase staining were found within the lateral posterior and the basolateral nuclei and within the pyriform cortex. Biochemical studies showed a parallel distribution of choline acetyltransferase within these nuclei. The results indicate that cholinergic neural elements in the amygdala are concentrated primarily in the basolateral 
complex and suggest that this region may be innervated by cholinergic fibers traveling in the ventral amygdalo-fugal pathway.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, analysis; Acetyltransferases, analysis; Amygdala, enzymology; Animals; Cats; Cerebral Ventricles, enzymology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Male; Neural Pathways, enzymology; Olfactory Nerve, enzymology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pii         = {0006-8993(77)90397-3},
  pmid        = {832133},
  timestamp   = {29.05.2012},
}

@Article{Benarroch:2008,
  author      = {Benarroch, Eduardo E.},
  title       = {Descending monoaminergic pain modulation: bidirectional control and clinical relevance.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {71},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {217--221},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1212/01.wnl.0000318225.51122.63},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000318225.51122.63},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, West 8A Mayo Bldg, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. benarroch.eduardo@mayo.edu},
  journal     = {Neurology},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biogenic Monoamines, physiology; Humans; Nerve Net, physiology; Pain Management; Pain, physiopathology; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology; Pyramidal Tracts, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {71/3/217},
  pmid        = {18625968},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Benchimol:1982,
  author      = {Benchimol, S. and Cantin, M.},
  title       = {Ultrastructural radioautography of synthesis and migration of proteins and catecholamines in the rat adrenal medulla.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {225},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {293--314},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00214683},
  abstract    = {The synthetic pathways of proteins and catecholamines in the rat adrenal medullary cells were compared systematically at the ultrastructural level, within a 24h period, with 2 tracers, L-tyrosine 3,5-3H and L-3,4-dihydroxy [ring 2,4,6-3H] phenylalanine (L-dopa3H). Young rats were injected with either of these tracers and sacrificed in pairs at close time intervals. With L-tyrosine 3H, the label was about equal over rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and secretory granules at 2 min after injection and remained almost constant in intensity over the secretory granules throughout the period of observation. A peak of radioactivity was also observed in the Golgi complex between 5 and 20 min after injection. This indicates that L-tyrosine 3H participates in the synthesis of both granule proteins and catecholamines as confirmed by the results obtained after injection of L-dopa3-H. With this tracer, radioactivity over RER, Golgi complex, cytosol and cell surface remained very low at all times and was 
undetectable at several time intervals. In contrast, radioactivity over secretory granules was very high at all time intervals. The present results thus confirm that in both adrenaline- and noradrenaline-storing cells, the protein moiety of chromaffin granules is synthetized in the RER, packaged in the Golgi complex and rapidly found in newly formed secretory granules. Following either L-tyrosine 3H or L-dopa 3H injection, catecholamine synthesis occurs only in or in close vicinity to chromaffin granules in both cell types at all time intervals.},
  journal     = {Cell Tissue Res},
  keywords    = {Adrenal Medulla, metabolism/ultrastructure; Animals; Autoradiography; Cell Membrane, metabolism; Cytoplasm, metabolism; Cytoplasmic Granules, metabolism; Endoplasmic Reticulum, metabolism; Epinephrine, biosynthesis; Female; Golgi Apparatus, metabolism; Norepinephrine, biosynthesis; Protein Biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7105151},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bengtson:2008,
  author      = {Bengtson, C Peter and Dick, Oliver and Bading, Hilmar},
  title       = {A quantitative method to assess extrasynaptic NMDA receptor function in the protective effect of synaptic activity against neurotoxicity.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {9},
  pages       = {11},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1186/1471-2202-9-11},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-9-11},
  abstract    = {Extrasynaptic NMDA receptors couple to a CREB shut-off pathway and cause cell death, whereas synaptic NMDA receptors and nuclear calcium signaling promote CREB-mediated transcription and neuronal survival. The distribution of NMDA receptors (synaptic versus extrasynaptic) may be an important parameter that determines the susceptibility of neurons to toxic insults. Changes in receptor surface expression towards more extrasynaptic NMDA receptors may lead to neurodegeneration, whereas a reduction of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors may render neurons more resistant to death. A quantitative assessment of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in individual neurons is needed in order to investigate the role of NMDA receptor distribution in neuronal survival and death.Here we refined and verified a protocol previously used to isolate the effects of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors using the NMDA receptor open channel blocker, MK-801. Using this method we investigated the possibility that the known neuroprotective 
shield built up in hippocampal neurons after a period of action potential bursting and stimulation of synaptic NMDA receptors is due to signal-induced trafficking of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors or a reduction in extrasynaptic NMDA receptor function. We found that extrasynaptic NMDA receptor-mediated calcium responses and whole cell currents recorded under voltage clamp were surprisingly invariable and did not change even after prolonged (16 to 24 hours) periods of bursting and synaptic NMDA receptor activation. Averaging a large number of calcium imaging traces yielded a small (6\%) reduction of extrasynaptic NMDA receptor-mediated responses in hippocampal neurons that were pretreated with prolonged bursting.The slight reduction in extrasynaptic NMDA receptor function following action potential bursting and synaptic NMDA receptor stimulation could contribute to but is unlikely to fully account for activity-dependent neuroprotection. Other factors, in particular calcium signaling to the nucleus and the 
induction of survival promoting genes are more likely to mediate acquired neuroprotection.},
  institution = {Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Bengtson@nbio.uni-heidelberg.de},
  journal     = {BMC Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cells, Cultured; Dizocilpine Maleate, pharmacology; Hippocampus, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Neuroprotective Agents, pharmacology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission, physiology},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {1471-2202-9-11},
  pmid        = {18218077},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bengtsson:2013,
  author      = {Bengtsson, Fredrik and Brasselet, Romain and Johansson, Roland S. and Arleo, Angelo and Jörntell, Henrik},
  title       = {Integration of sensory quanta in cuneate nucleus neurons in vivo.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {e56630},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1371/journal.pone.0056630},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056630},
  abstract    = {Discriminative touch relies on afferent information carried to the central nervous system by action potentials (spikes) in ensembles of primary afferents bundled in peripheral nerves. These sensory quanta are first processed by the cuneate nucleus before the afferent information is transmitted to brain networks serving specific perceptual and sensorimotor functions. Here we report data on the integration of primary afferent synaptic inputs obtained with in vivo whole cell patch clamp recordings from the neurons of this nucleus. We find that the synaptic integration in individual cuneate neurons is dominated by 4-8 primary afferent inputs with large synaptic weights. In a simulation we show that the arrangement with a low number of primary afferent inputs can maximize transfer over the cuneate nucleus of information encoded in the spatiotemporal patterns of spikes generated when a human fingertip contact objects. Hence, the observed distributions of synaptic weights support high fidelity 
transfer of signals from ensembles of tactile afferents. Various anatomical estimates suggest that a cuneate neuron may receive hundreds of primary afferents rather than 4-8. Therefore, we discuss the possibility that adaptation of synaptic weight distribution, possibly involving silent synapses, may function to maximize information transfer in somatosensory pathways.},
  institution = {Neural Basis of Sensorimotor Control, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.},
  journal     = {PLoS One},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cats; Humans; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials; Intracellular Space, metabolism; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Neurons, cytology; Physical Stimulation; Synapses, metabolism; Touch Perception, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {PONE-D-12-30774},
  pmid        = {23409195},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bengtsson:2013a,
  author      = {Bengtsson, Fredrik and Geborek, Pontus and Jörntell, Henrik},
  title       = {Cross-correlations between pairs of neurons in cerebellar cortex in vivo.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {47},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {88--94},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neunet.2012.11.016},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2012.11.016},
  abstract    = {In the present paper we apply a new neurophysiological technique to make single-electrode, dual loose-patch recordings from pairs of neuronal elements in the cerebellar cortex in vivo. The analyzed cell pairs consisted of an inhibitory molecular layer interneuron and a Purkinje cell (PC) or a Golgi cell and a granule cell, respectively. To detect the magnitude of the unitary inhibitory synaptic inputs we used histograms of the spike activity of the target cell, triggered by the spikes of the inhibitory cell. Using this analysis, we found that single interneurons had no detectable effect on PC firing, which could be explained by an expected very low synaptic weight of individual interneuron-PC connections. However, interneurons did have a weak delaying effect on the overall series of interspike intervals of PCs. Due to the very high number of inhibitory synapses on each PC, a concerted activation of the interneurons could still achieve potent PC inhibition as previously shown. In contrast, in 
the histograms of the Golgi cell-granule cell pairs, we found a weak inhibitory effect on the granule cell but only at the time period defined as the temporal domain of the slow IPSP previously described for this connection. Surprisingly, the average granule cell firing frequency sampled at one second was strongly modulated with a negative correlation to the overall firing level of the Golgi cell when the latter was modified through current injection via the patch pipette. These findings are compatible with that tonic inhibition is the dominant form of Golgi cell-granule cell inhibition in the adult cerebellum in vivo.},
  institution = {Section for Neurophysiology, BMC F10, Tornavägen 10, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.},
  journal     = {Neural Netw},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials; Animals; Cats; Cerebellar Cortex, physiology; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Interneurons, physiology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Purkinje Cells, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0893-6080(12)00315-2},
  pmid        = {23265415},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bengtsson:2007,
  author      = {Bengtsson, Fredrik and Jörntell, Henrik},
  title       = {Ketamine and xylazine depress sensory-evoked parallel fiber and climbing fiber responses.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {98},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {1697--1705},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1152/jn.00057.2007},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00057.2007},
  abstract    = {The last few years have seen an increase in the variety of in vivo experiments used for studying cerebellar physiological mechanisms. A combination of ketamine and xylazine has become a particularly popular form of anesthesia. However, because nonanesthetized control conditions are lacking in these experiments, so far there has been no evaluation of the effects of these drugs on the physiological activity in the cerebellar neuronal network. In the present study, we used the mossy fiber, parallel fiber, and climbing fiber field potentials evoked in the nonanesthetized, decerebrated rat to serve as a control condition against which the effects of intravenous drug injections could be compared. All anesthetics were applied at doses required for normal maintenance of anesthesia. We found that ketamine substantially depressed the evoked N3 field potential, which is an indicator of the activity in the parallel fiber synapses (-40\%), and nearly completely abolished evoked climbing fiber field 
potentials (-90\%). Xylazine severely depressed the N3 field (-75\%) and completely abolished the climbing fiber field (-100\%). In a combination commonly used for general anesthesia (20:1), ketamine-xylazine injections also severely depressed the N3 field (-75\%) and nearly completely abolished the climbing fiber field (-90\%). We also observed that lowered body and surface temperatures (<34 degrees C) resulted in a substantial depression of the N3 field (-50\%). These results urge for some caution in the interpretations of studies on cerebellar network physiology performed in animals anesthetized with these drugs.},
  institution = {Department of Experimental Medical Science, Section for Neuroscience, BMC F10, Lund University, Tornavägen 10, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.},
  journal     = {J Neurophysiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Electric Stimulation; Electroencephalography; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory, drug effects/physiology; Evoked Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Injections, Intramuscular; Ketamine, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Nerve Fibers, drug effects/physiology; Purkinje Cells, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Xylazine, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {00057.2007},
  pmid        = {17615140},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Beninato:1986,
  Title                    = {A cholinergic projection to the rat superior colliculus demonstrated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry.},
  Author                   = {M. Beninato and R. F. Spencer},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1986},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {525--538},
  Volume                   = {253},

  Abstract                 = {Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been localized by histochemistry in the superior colliculus and in the tegmentum of the caudal midbrain and rostral pons of the rat. The pattern of AChE localization in the superior colliculus was characterized by homogeneous staining in the superficial layers and patchlike staining in the intermediate gray layer. In the tegmentum, AChE was localized in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), beginning rostrally at the caudal pole of the substantia nigra and extending caudally to the level of the parabrachial nuclei, and in the lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTN) of the central gray. The localization of AChE in these nuclei overlapped the distribution of neurons stained by immunohistochemistry using an antibody to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthesizing enzyme of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Other neighboring areas that were stained with AChE, but that did not contain ChAT-immunoreactive neurons, included the microcellular 
tegmental nucleus and the ventral tegmental nucleus. Neurons in the PPN and LDTN were determined to be potential sources of the cholinergic projection to the intermediate gray layer of the rat superior colliculus by double labelling with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) combined with the immunohistochemical localization of ChAT. Three populations of neurons were identified. A predominantly ipsilateral ChAT-immunoreactive population was located in the pars compacta subdivision of PPN (PPNpc). Retrograde HRP-labelled neurons in the pars dissipata subdivision of the PPN (PPNpd), located ventral to the superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) at the level of the inferior colliculus, composed a second population that was predominantly contralateral but was not ChAT immunoreactive. A third population of retrogradely labelled neurons was predominantly ipsilateral and ChAT immunoreactive and was located in the LDTN. These findings compared favorably with the full extent of the projection from this 
tegmental region revealed by retrograde transport of HRP from the superior colliculus when more compatible fixation and chromogen procedures were used. The results suggest that the PPN and the LDTN are two sources of the cholinergic input to the superior colliculus. Since the PPN also has extensive efferent, and afferent, connections with basal-ganglia-related structures, this cholinergic excitatory input to the superior colliculus, like the GABA-ergic inhibitory input from the substantia nigra pars reticulata, may provide the basis for an additional influence of the basal ganglia on visuomotor behavior.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902530409},
  Keywords                 = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Cholinergic Fibers; Histocytochemistry; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {3540040},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902530409}
}

@Article{Beninato:1987,
  author      = {M. Beninato and R. F. Spencer},
  title       = {A cholinergic projection to the rat substantia nigra from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {412},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {169--174},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(87)91455-7},
  abstract    = {This study demonstrates the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) to be the source of a major cholinergic projection to the rat substantia nigra (SN). Neurons of the PPN were double-labeled utilizing choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry combined with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The cholinergic projection to the SN originates from neurons located in predominately the ipsilateral and rostral portions of the PPN. Other cholinergic neurons that were also retrogradely labeled with HRP were located in the caudal PPN and in the lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus. A non-cholinergic projection from this region was also identified. These findings indicate that the PPN may be topographically organized with respect to its efferent projections. In addition, this study provides evidence for an extrinsic source of acetylcholine to the basal ganglia and implicates the PPN as a source of potentially significant influence over basal ganglia function.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Male; Mesencephalon, physiology; Parasympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Pons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Tegmentum Mesencephali, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(87)91455-7},
  pmid        = {3038263},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Benini:2005,
  author    = {Benini, Ruba and Avoli, Massimo},
  title     = {Rat subicular networks gate hippocampal output activity in an in vitro model of limbic seizures},
  year      = {2005},
  volume    = {566},
  number    = {3},
  pages     = {885--900},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {http://jp.physoc.org/content/566/3/885.full.pdf+html},
  journal   = {J Physiol},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Physiological Soc},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Benjamin:1985,
  author      = {R. M. Benjamin and G. T. Golden},
  title       = {Extent and organization of opossum prefrontal cortex defined by anterograde and retrograde transport methods.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {238},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {77--91},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902380107},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902380107},
  abstract    = {Prefrontal cortex is commonly defined as cortex which receives afferents from the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus (MD). The extent of opossum prefrontal cortex was mapped with anterograde and retrograde axonal transport methods. The prefrontal field was found to include not only cortex on the lateral convexity of the frontal lobe as reported in earlier studies, but, in addition, cortex within the rhinal fissure and cortex on the rostral medial wall of the hemisphere. The organization of the thalamic input to the medial wall was analyzed in some detail and compared with that of the rat. The reason for this emphasis stemmed from earlier observations which suggested that a lateral, nonolfactory segment of MD, prominent in the rat and other species, may not be present in opossum MD. In the rat, the lateral segment, which constitutes approximately one-third of MD, projects to a relatively large expanse of rostral medial cortex which is also projected upon by the anteromedial nucleus. The main 
projection field of the lateral one-third of opossum MD is to cortex on the lateral convexity of the frontal lobe which has no input from the anteromedial nucleus and has no counterpart in the rat. Only the most lateral edge of opossum MD projects to medial cortex, to a very small field, which is also projected upon by the anteromedial nucleus. In other respects, the organization of the rostral medial cortex is similar in rat and opossum. These results suggest that, rather than being absent, an equivalent of a nonolfactory segment may be present in opossum MD but is markedly reduced in size, compared to that in rat and other species.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Opossums, anatomy /&/ histology; Rabbits; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {4044905},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Benjamin:1974,
  author      = {Benjamin, R. M. and Jackson, J. C.},
  title       = {Unit discharges in the mediodorsal nucleus of the squirrel monkey evoked by electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb.},
  year        = {1974},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {75},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {181--191},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(74)90740-9},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Brain Mapping; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Haplorhini; Olfactory Bulb, physiology; Photic Stimulation; Physical Stimulation; Reaction Time; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pii         = {0006-8993(74)90740-9},
  pmid        = {4210285},
  timestamp   = {29.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bennett:1994,
  author      = {B. D. Bennett and J. P. Bolam},
  title       = {Synaptic input and output of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the neostriatum of the rat.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {62},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {707--719},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(94)90471-5},
  abstract    = {Previous studies have demonstrated that the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin, is located within a population of GABAergic interneurons in the neostriatum of the rat. Anatomical studies have revealed that these cells receive asymmetrical synaptic input from terminals that are similar to identified cortical terminals and that they innervate neurons with the ultrastructural features of medium spiny cells. Furthermore, electrophysiological studies suggest that some GABAergic interneurons in the neostriatum receive direct excitatory input from the cortex and inhibit medium spiny cells following cortical stimulation. The main objectives of the present study were (i) to determine whether parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat receive direct synaptic input from the cortex, (ii) to determine whether parvalbumin-immunopositive axon terminals innervate identified striatal projection neurons and (iii) to chemically characterize this anatomical circuit at the fine structural level. Rats 
received stereotaxic injections of biocytin in the frontal cortex or injections of neurobiotin in the substantia nigra. Following an appropriate survival time, the animals were perfused and the brains were sectioned and treated to reveal the transported tracers. Sections containing the neostriatum were treated for simultaneous localization of the transported tracer and parvalbumin immunoreactivity. Tracer deposits in the cortex gave rise to massive terminal and fibre labelling in the neostriatum. Parvalbumin-immunoreactive elements located within fields of anterogradely labelled terminals were examined in the electron microscope and corticostriatal terminals were found to form asymmetrical synaptic specializations with all parts of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons that were examined. Tracer deposits in the substantia nigra produced retrograde labelling of a subpopulation of striatonigral neurons. Areas of the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens containing retrogradely labelled neurons and parvalbumin-
immunoreactive structures were selected for electron microscopy. Parvalbumin-immunopositive axon terminals formed symmetrical synaptic specializations with the perikarya of retrogradely labelled medium spiny projection neurons. Postembedding immunocytochemistry for GABA revealed that parvalbumin-immunoreactive boutons in synaptic contact with medium spiny neurons were GABA-positive. These data demonstrate directly a neural circuit whereby cortical information may be passed to medium spiny cells, via GABAergic interneurons, in the form of inhibition and provide an anatomical substrate for the feed-forward inhibition that has been detected in spiny neurons in electrophysiological experiments.},
  institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford, UK.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, ultrastructure; Animals; Axons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Biological Markers; Cell Size; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Corpus Striatum, cytology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Interneurons, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Neostriatum, chemistry/cytology; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Parvalbumins, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stereotaxic Techniques; Synapses, chemistry/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(94)90471-5},
  pmid        = {7870301},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@InCollection{Bennett:1994a,
  author    = {Bennett, Ben D and Bolam, J Paul},
  title     = {Localisation of calcium binding proteins in the neostriatum},
  booktitle = {The Basal Ganglia IV},
  year      = {1994},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {21--34},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4613-0485-2_2},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {03.05.2016},
}

@Article{Bennett:1996,
  author      = {Bennett, D. L. and Dmietrieva, N. and Priestley, J. V. and Clary, D. and McMahon, S. B.},
  title       = {trkA, CGRP and IB4 expression in retrogradely labelled cutaneous and visceral primary sensory neurones in the rat.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {206},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {33--36},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(96)12418-6},
  abstract    = {The pattern of trkA expression in relation to other neurochemical markers (CGRP and IB4) was investigated in primary sensory neurones innervating either the skin or bladder. Retrograde tracing using the fluorescent marker Fast Blue was performed followed by histochemistry. A greater proportion of visceral afferents compared with cutaneous afferents were trkA-immunoreactive (75\% and 43\%, respectively). CGRP expression correlated with trkA expression in that it was higher in visceral afferents than cutaneous afferents (69\% and 51\%, respectively). IB4 expression was negatively correlated with trkA expression, being lower in visceral afferents compared with cutaneous afferents (29\% and 43\%, respectively). The results emphasise the heterogeneity of trkA expression (and hence nerve growth factor, sensitivity) in afferents innervating different targets, and furthermore suggest that it is predominantly the CGRP-expressing population of primary afferents that express trkA.},
  institution = {Division of Physiology, UMDS, St Thomas's Hospital Medical School Campus, London, UK. db70@portia.umds.ac.uk},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biological Markers; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, biosynthesis; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, Afferent, enzymology/metabolism; Neuropeptides, biosynthesis; Proto-Oncogene Proteins, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, biosynthesis; Receptor, trkA; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor, biosynthesis; Skin, innervation; Urinary Bladder, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304394096124186},
  pmid        = {8848275},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bennett:2003,
  Title                    = {Estrogen receptor expression in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglion cells innervating the female rat urinary bladder.},
  Author                   = {Bennett, Haley L. and Gustafsson, Jan Ake and Keast, Janet R.},
  Journal                  = {Auton Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {90--100},
  Volume                   = {105},

  Abstract                 = {We have investigated whether bladder afferent neurons are likely to be targets for circulating estrogens by mapping estrogen receptor (ER) distribution in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of adult female rats. Sensory neurons innervating either the detrusor or trigone regions were identified by application of fluorescent retrograde tracer dyes to the bladder wall. Labelled neurons were classified by their immunoreactivity for either type of ER (ERalpha or ERbeta) and further compared with subpopulations of neurons containing substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and vanilloid receptor (a marker of polymodal nociceptors). Both ER types were expressed in numerous sensory neurons of either upper lumbar (L1/L2) or lower lumbar/sacral (L6/S1) ganglia and there was almost complete coexpression of ERalpha and ERbeta. ER-positive neurons were mainly small-medium size (18-25-microm diameter), indicating that they may be nociceptors and/or supply visceral targets. Most bladder-
projecting neurons expressed ERs and the majority of these also expressed neuropeptides or vanilloid receptor. Afferent neurons supplying detrusor and trigone regions had similar immunohistochemical features. About a third of the bladder-projecting neurons expressed both ER and vanilloid receptor, suggesting a mechanism by which estrogens could influence bladder pain. The prevalence of different chemical classes of ER-positive bladder-projecting neurons was reflected throughout the entire population of neurons in dorsal root ganglia of these spinal levels, suggesting that neurons supplying other pelvic visceral targets may have similar chemical profiles. These results suggest that many functional classes of sensory neurons innervating the lower urinary tract are likely to be targets for circulating estrogens, including many nociceptor neurons. The coexistence of ERalpha and ERbeta suggests a broad range of potential mechanisms by which estrogens may exert their genomic effects in this system.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/S1566-0702(03)00044-4},
  Institution              = {Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Sydney, Australia.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Cell Count; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacokinetics; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism; Gene Expression; Immunohistochemistry; Lumbosacral Region; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Receptors, Drug, metabolism; Receptors, Estrogen, genetics/metabolism; Substance P, metabolism; Urinary Bladder, innervation/metabolism; Urinary Tract, innervation/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S1566-0702(03)00044-4},
  Pmid                     = {12798205},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1566-0702(03)00044-4}
}

@Article{Bennett-Clarke:1991,
  author      = {C. A. Bennett-Clarke and N. L. Chiaia and R. S. Crissman and R. W. Rhoades},
  title       = {The source of the transient serotoninergic input to the developing visual and somatosensory cortices in rat.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {43},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {163--183},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(91)90425-n},
  abstract    = {For approximately the first two weeks of life, dense serotonin immunoreactivity closely matches the pattern of thalamocortical axons innervating both the granular portion of the primary somatosensory cortex and area 17 in rodents [D'Amato et al. (1987) Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. 84, 4322-4326; Fujimiya et al. (1986) J. comp. Neurol. (1986) 246, 191-201; Rhoades et al. (1990) J. comp. Neurol. 293, 190-207]. This serotonin immunoreactivity is not contained in thalamocortical axons [Rhoades et al. (1990) 293, 190-207] but its source has never been demonstrated. In the present study, a variety of approaches were used to address this issue. The combination of electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry showed that all serotonin immunoreactivity in the developing cerebral cortex was contained in axons and that the terminals of many of these fibers made synapses with the dendrites of cortical cells. Treatment with fluoxetine, a specific inhibitor of serotonin uptake, did not result in a loss of the 
cortical pattern of serotonin immunoreactivity, indicating that immunoreactive fibers were not labeled solely as a result of serotonin uptake. The combination of retrograde tracing from the primary somatosensory cortex and area 17 with immunocytochemistry demonstrated numerous double-labeled cells in nucleus raphe dorsalis and the median raphe nucleus. Smaller numbers of double-labeled neurons were located in the B9 cell group and the region of the lateral midbrain tegmentum. Large electrolytic lesions that included most of the nucleus raphe dorsalis and median raphe nucleus, but which left the B9 group and more caudal serotoninergic cells undamaged, caused either a substantial reduction in density or complete disappearance of the serotonin pattern in both hemispheres. Unilateral electrolytic lesions of the medial forebrain bundle resulted in a loss of the pattern only on the side of the damage. Injection of the neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine directly into the mesencephalon either abolished or 
substantially reduced the density of the cortical serotonin immunoreactivity. Injections that produced substantial cell loss in the median raphe nucleus, but only minor cell loss in the nucleus raphe dorsalis had little effect upon the cortical pattern of serotonin immunoreactivity. These results indicate that the dense serotonin immunoreactivity which appears transiently in the visual and somatosensory cortices of perinatal rodents is contained in serotoninergic axons that arise from cells in the nucleus raphe dorsalis and perhaps also the median raphe nucleus.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine, pharmacology; Animals; Electron Transport Complex IV, analysis/chemistry; Fluoxetine, pharmacology; Histocytochemistry; Medial Forebrain Bundle, physiology; Mesencephalon, physiology; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Serotonin, immunology/physiology; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology; Visual Cortex, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {0306-4522(91)90425-N},
  pmid        = {1656315},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bennett-Clarke:1992,
  Title                    = {Parvalbumin and calbindin immunocytochemistry reveal functionally distinct cell groups and vibrissa-related patterns in the trigeminal brainstem complex of the adult rat.},
  Author                   = {C. A. Bennett-Clarke and N. L. Chiaia and M. F. Jacquin and R. W. Rhoades},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {323--338},
  Volume                   = {320},

  Abstract                 = {Immunocytochemistry for calbindin (CA) and parvalbumin (PA) was combined with retrograde tracing from the thalamus, superior colliculus (SC), and cerebellum to define the ascending projections of neurons in the rat's trigeminal (V) brainstem complex that express immunoreactivity for these calcium binding proteins. Many PA-immunoreactive neurons were observed in trigeminal nucleus principalis (PrV). Many of these cells projected to thalamus and a few sent axons to SC. In ventral PrV, PA-immunoreactive neurons were arranged in a vibrissa-related pattern. A very small number of large CA-immunoreactive neurons were observed in dorsomedial PrV. None of these cells were labeled by our tracer deposits. Small neurons in V subnucleus oralis (SpO) were also immunoreactive for PA, but none were retrogradely labeled. A small percentage of the large neurons in SpO were CA-immunoreactive; many of these were retrogradely labeled by tracer injections in the thalamus and/or SC. In V subnucleus 
interpolaris (SpI), many small to medium sized cells were PA-positive and they were arrayed in a vibrissae-like pattern. None of these neurons were retrogradely labeled from any of the above-listed targets, but many were retrogradely labeled by tracer injections into ipsilateral PrV. SpI also contained many large CA-immunoreactive cells. Many of these projected to the thalamus and/or SC and some were also retrogradely labeled by tracer injections into ipsilateral PrV. In V subnucleus caudalis (SpC), very dark PA-immunoreactive neurons were located in the inner part of lamina II and less often in laminae I. Lightly labeled cells were located in the magnocellular laminae and formed vibrissa-related aggregates. None of these neurons were retrogradely labeled by our tracer injections. CA-immunoreactive cells were located throughout the depth of lamina II in SpC and smaller numbers were also visible in lamina I and layers III-V. A small percentage of the CA-positive cells in lamina I and in the magnocellular 
layers were retrogradely labeled from the thalamus. These data indicate that PA and CA antisera identify two cell populations in whisker-related regions of the V brainstem complex and that PA cells are somatotopically patterned in PrV, SpI, and SpC. These markers also distinguish two cell groups in superficial laminae of the medullary dorsal horn.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903200305},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Parvalbumins, analysis; Rats; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Vibrissae, innervation},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pmid                     = {1377200},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903200305}
}

@Article{Bennett-Clarke:1994,
  author      = {Bennett-Clarke, C. A. and Hankin, M. H. and Leslie, M. J. and Chiaia, N. L. and Rhoades, R. W.},
  title       = {Patterning of the neocortical projections from the raphe nuclei in perinatal rats: investigation of potential organizational mechanisms.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {348},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {277--290},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903480209},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903480209},
  abstract    = {Serotoninergic (5-HT) fibers in the cerebral cortex of perinatal rats have a pattern that coincides with the boundaries of primary sensory areas and within the primary somatosensory cortex form the rattunculus. This patterned immunoreactivity (IR) appears about 60 hours after birth and disappears between postnatal days (P-) 12 and 15. Three experiments were carried out to evaluate mechanisms that might underlie the precise patterning of the 5-HT-IR. Retrograde labelling with fluorescent tracers in perinatal rats revealed only a coarse rostrocaudal topography in the raphe-cortical projection and the existence of raphe cells projecting to multiple cortical locations. Thus, a precise point-to-point, raphe-cortical projection does not underlie the patterned cortical 5-HT-IR. Ablation of the thalamus prior to the age at which patterned 5-HT-IR could be seen in the developing cortex caused a complete loss of patterned immunoreactivity. This suggests that 5-HT fibers may require the presence of 
thalamocortical axons to achieve the pattern observed in normal animals. Serotoninergic raphe neurons transplanted to the cortices of newborn rats exhibited extensive axonal outgrowth, but did not form a somatotopic pattern. This result also suggests that specific spatiotemporal interactions between growing 5-HT and thalamocortical axons may be necessary for the somatotopic patterning of the former fibers.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Aging, physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn, growth /&/ development/physiology; Cell Transplantation; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Neurons, transplantation; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Rats, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7814692},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bennett-Clarke:1986,
  author      = {Bennett-Clarke, C. A. and Joseph, S. A.},
  title       = {Immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin in human brain.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {5},
  pages       = {877--884},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0196-9781(86)90109-9},
  abstract    = {The distribution of somatostatin (SRIF) was examined in normal human forebrain, using thick vibratome cut sections. The unlabeled antibody enzyme method of immunocytochemistry revealed a widespread distribution of SRIF immunoreactive neurons and fibers throughout the septum, diencephalon and corpus striatum. Within the septum SRIF neurons and fibers were observed in the medial and lateral septal nuclei, the nucleus of the diagonal band, the nucleus accumbens and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. SRIF neurons and fibers were found in several hypothalamic and anterior thalamic nuclei as well as all regions of the corpus striatum. An interesting collection of SRIF immunoreactive neurons and processes were observed forming a wide band extending anteriorly from the lateral preoptic area through the lateral hypothalamus and substantia innominata posteriorly. This report on the localization of immunoreactive SRIF in the human forebrain extends previous anatomical findings and lends 
morphological support to recent biochemical studies.},
  journal     = {Peptides},
  keywords    = {Adult; Aging; Brain, embryology/growth /&/ development/pathology; Fetus; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunoassay; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Somatostatin, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pmid        = {2879280},
  timestamp   = {29.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bennett-Clarke:1991a,
  author      = {C. A. Bennett-Clarke and R. D. Mooney and N. L. Chiaia and R. W. Rhoades},
  title       = {Serotonin immunoreactive neurons are present in the superficial layers of the hamster's, but not the rat's, superior colliculus.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {85},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {587--597},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00231743},
  abstract    = {Immunocytochemistry for serotonin (5-HT) was carried out in both hamsters and rats in order to determine whether or not 5-HT-positive cells existed in the superior colliculus (SC) of either species. In both hamster and rat, the superficial and deep SC laminae contained dense networks of 5-HT-positive fibers. The rat's SC contained no 5-HT-positive neurons. In hamster, numerous 5-HT-immunoreactive cells were visible throughout the depth of the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS). These neurons had a variety of morphological characteristics and included marginal cells, horizontal cells, and neurons with vertically oriented dendritic trees. No 5-HT-positive neurons were found in any other portion of the hamster's SC. 5-HT-positive SC cells were observed with antisera from two different sources and they were not seen in animals that were pretreated with reserpine. Pretreatment with fluoxetine (an inhibitor of 5-HT uptake) also resulted in a disappearance of 5-HT-positive neurons in the hamster's 
SC. This result indicated that "serotonergic" cells in the colliculus of this species are capable of taking up, but probably not synthesizing, this indoleamine. The dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei (LGNd and LGNv, respectively) both contain numerous 5-HT-positive fibers and both of these structures receive input from the SGS. Combination of retrograde tracing with fluorogold and immunocytochemistry indicated that 5-HT-accumulating SC neurons were not the source of these fibers. Unilateral ablation of the superficial SC laminae also failed to reduce 5-HT immunoreactivity in either the LGNd or LGNv. These results are consistent with the possibility that 5-HT-accumulating cells in the hamster's SC may be interneurons that take up this transmitter after it is released by afferents to this nucleus.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699-0008.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cricetinae; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, analysis/immunology; Species Specificity; Superior Colliculi, chemistry/cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1915712},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bennett-Clarke:1989,
  author      = {C. Bennett-Clarke and R. D. Mooney and N. L. Chiaia and R. W. Rhoades},
  title       = {A substance P projection from the superior colliculus to the parabigeminal nucleus in the rat and hamster.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {500},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {1--11},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)90293-x},
  abstract    = {Immunocytochemical staining with antisera directed against substance P (SP) demonstrated the existence of numerous immunoreactive neurons throughout the mediolateral and rostrocaudal extents of the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) of the superior colliculus (SC) of both rat and hamster. In both of these species, very dense SP-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) was also visible in the parabigeminal nucleus. Combination of retrograde tracing with True blue or Fluorogold and immunocytochemistry demonstrated that SP-positive SC neurons projected to the parabigeminal nucleus in both hamster and rat. Retrogradely labelled and double-labelled cells were most numerous in the rostromedial portion of the SC and rare in the caudal portion of the colliculus. Destruction of the superficial layers of the SC resulted in a virtually complete loss of SPLI in the ipsilateral parabigeminal nucleus in both species. SPLI was also visible in two other targets of the superficial SC laminae: the intergeniculate leaflet 
and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. Ablation of the dorsal SC laminae did not reduce SPLI in either of those nuclei. Our results thus indicate that at least some tectoparabigeminal neurons in hamster and rat contain SPLI and further that the SC appears to be the sole source of SP-positive input to this nucleus.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43614.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, cytology; Rats; Substance P, metabolism; Superior Colliculi, cytology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(89)90293-X},
  pmid        = {2481559},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Benson:1995,
  author      = {Benson, T. E. and Voigt, H. F.},
  title       = {Neuron labeling by extracellular delivery of horseradish peroxidase in vivo: a method for studying the local circuitry of projection and interneurons at physiologically characterized sites.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {57},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {81--91},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-0270(94)00131-y},
  abstract    = {An anatomical method is described that yields individual neurons with continuously labeled dendrites and axons following the extracellular deposition of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) at neurophysiological recording sites in vivo. The method is a logical evolution of previous methods for iontophoretic delivery of HRP: Parameters critical to the ultimate concentration of HRP at the labeling site are reduced by an order of magnitude relative to standard practice. In successful cases one neuron or two in the immediate vicinity (50 microns) of recording sites is/are labeled. Labeling of other processes traversing the injection site, if any, is subliminal at highest light microscopic magnification. Due to the labeling of so few cells and the absence of other labeled processes, dendritic trees and local axonal arbors can be reconstructed without ambiguity. In addition to recovering neurons at sites characterized with physiological (e.g., sensory) stimuli, the method offers the further advantage of 
being fully compatible with subsequent electron microscopy. Both large (> 20 microns) and small (approximately 8 microns) neuron types and glia have been labeled.},
  institution = {Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, MA 02215-2407, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Cochlea, cytology/physiology; Dendrites, physiology; Extracellular Space, physiology; Gerbillinae; Horseradish Peroxidase, administration /&/ dosage/diagnostic use; Interneurons, physiology; Iontophoresis; Microelectrodes; Microscopy, Electron},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {016502709400131Y},
  pmid        = {7791368},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bentivoglio:1979,
  author      = {M. Bentivoglio and D. van der Kooy and H. G. Kuypers},
  title       = {The organization of the efferent projections of the substantia nigra in the rat. A retrograde fluorescent double labeling study.},
  year        = {1979},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {174},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {1--17},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(79)90800-x},
  abstract    = {The organization of three of the efferent projections of substantia nigra has been investigated in rat by means of combined injections of two fluorescent retrograde tracers: red fluorescent Evans Blue and blue fluorescent DAPI-primuline mixture. First the distributions of the retrogradely labeled neurons in substantia nigra after injections of each of the two tracers in the striatum, thalamus and superior colliculus were compared with the distributions of the retrogradely labeled nigral neurons after HRP injections in these same structures. The findings in these sets of experiments were the same. This indicates that the two fluorescent retrograde tracers are as effective as HRP in tracing the efferent fiber connections of the substantia nigra. Subsequently the retrograde labeling of the substantia nigra neurons was studied after combined injections of the two fluorescent retrograde tracers in two of the above structures, in different combinations. In these experiments both single labeled 
neurons fluorescing either red or blue, as well as double labeled neurons fluorescing both red and blue were found. Double labeled neurons were present only in pars reticulata and occurred only after injections of the two tracers in thalamus and superior colliculus respectively. From this it has been concluded that in rat the various efferent projections from the substantia nigra are mainly derived from different neurons, but that at least part of the neurons which distribute fibers to superior colliculus also distributes collaterals to the thalamus.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Efferent Pathways, cytology; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, cytology; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Thalamus, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(79)90800-X},
  pmid        = {487113},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bentivoglio:1982,
  author      = {M. Bentivoglio and H. G. Kuypers},
  title       = {Divergent axon collaterals from rat cerebellar nuclei to diencephalon, mesencephalon, medulla oblongata and cervical cord. A fluorescent double retrograde labeling study.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {46},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {339-356},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00238629},
  abstract    = {The existence of divergent axon collaterals of neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei has been investigated in rat by means of the fluorescent retrograde double labeling technique. The results have led to the following conclusions. A. Many of the neurons in the lateral, the interpositus as well as the caudal half of the medial nucleus project to the diencephalon. Some of these neurons distribute divergent axon collaterals to the superior colliculus, but few neurons project only to the latter structure. B. Some of the deep cerebellar neurons located laterally, i.e. in the dorsomedial part of the lateral nucleus, as well as some others located medially, i.e. in the medial part of the interpositus nucleus and the adjoining part of the medial nucleus, distribute divergent axon collaterals to the diencephalon and the spinal cord. C. Deep cerebellar neurons located laterally: in the cell group of the dorsolateral hump (Dlh) and in the adjoining lateral part of the interpositus nucleus, as well as 
some other located medially, i.e. in the dorsolateral part of the median nucleus (Mdlp), distribute divergent axon collaterals to the diencephalon and to the medulla oblongata, probably primarily its medial reticular formation. However, only few of the neurons, which distribute descending collaterals to the spinal cord or the medulla oblongata, distribute ascending collaterals to the superior colliculus. D. After injections in the medulla oblongata a population of small sized single labeled neurons was encountered especially in the lateral and interpositus nuclei. On the basis of other findings in rat they were assumed to represent cerebello-olivary neurons.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {7095042},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bentivoglio:1980,
  author      = {Bentivoglio, M. and Kuypers, H. G. and Catsman-Berrevoets, C. E.},
  title       = {Retrograde neuronal labeling by means of Bisbenzimide and Nuclear Yellow (Hoechst S 769121). Measures to prevent diffusion of the tracers out of retrogradely labeled neurons.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {18},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {19--24},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(80)90207-4},
  abstract    = {Bisbenzimide and Hoechst S 769121 (Nuclear Yellow, NY), when transported retrogradely through axons to their parent cell bodies, may migrate out of the axons and the cell bodies, as indicated by fluorescence of adjoining glial nuclei. This migration was found to take place both in vivo and in vitro during storage of the sections in water. When using the tracers in 1\% concentrations the in vivo migration may be controlled by restricting the survival time. The in vitro migration may be prevented by rapid histological processing of the material.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology; Benzimidazoles; Bisbenzimidazole; Caudate Nucleus, physiology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes; Neurons, physiology; Putamen, physiology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304-3940(80)90207-4},
  pmid        = {6189012},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bentivoglio:1979a,
  author      = {M. Bentivoglio and H. G. Kuypers and C. E. Catsman-Berrevoets and O. Dann},
  title       = {Fluorescent retrograde neuronal labeling in rat by means of substances binding specifically to adenine-thymine rich DNA.},
  year        = {1979},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {12},
  number      = {2-3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {235--240},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(79)96068-3},
  abstract    = {Six fluorescent substances, binding specifically to adenine-thymine rich DNA, were injected in rat caudate-putamen. This resulted in retrograde axonal transport and fluorescent retrograde labeling of neurons in center-medium parafascicular nucleus, substantia nigra and dorsal raphe. Two of these substances, i.e. "True Blue' and 'Granular Blue', give a very striking blue fluorescent retrograde neuronal labeling. Mid-thoracic spinal injections of these two substances in rat also resulted in a pronounced retrograde fluorescent labeling of neurons of the descending brainstem pathways and of neurons in the sensori-motor cortex.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Adenine; Animals; Brain Chemistry; DNA, analysis; Fluorescent Dyes; Histocytochemistry; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, analysis; Rats; Staining and Labeling; Thymine},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {88697},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bentivoglio:1980a,
  author      = {Bentivoglio, M. and Kuypers, H. G. and Catsman-Berrevoets, C. E. and Loewe, H. and Dann, O.},
  title       = {Two new fluorescent retrograde neuronal tracers which are transported over long distances.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {18},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {25--30},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(80)90208-6},
  abstract    = {Two new fluorescent retrograde neuronal tracers are reported: Nuclear Yellow (Hoechst S 769121), which mainly labels the neuronal nucleus; and Fast Blue (diamidino compound 253/50), which mainly labels the neuronal cytoplasm. Both tracers appear to be transported effectively over long distances in rat and cat.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Animals; Axonal Transport; Benzimidazoles; Cats; Cell Nucleus, ultrastructure; Cytoplasm, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes; Neurons, physiology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304-3940(80)90208-6},
  pmid        = {6189013},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bentivoglio:1981,
  author      = {M. Bentivoglio and G. Macchi and A. Albanese},
  title       = {The cortical projections of the thalamic intralaminar nuclei, as studied in cat and rat with the multiple fluorescent retrograde tracing technique.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {26},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {5--10},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(81)90417-1},
  abstract    = {Two retrograde fluorescent tracers were injected in two different areas of the cerebral cortex in rats and in cats. In all the experiments many single labeled cells and only some double labeled ones were seen in the thalamic intralaminar nuclei. The present results suggest that the diffusely distributed intralaminar-cortical projections mainly consist of axons of separate cells, and only to a minor extent of axon collaterals of the same cells.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain Mapping; Cats; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Neuroglia, physiology; Rats; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {0304-3940(81)90417-1},
  pmid        = {6270605},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bentivoglio:1981a,
  author      = {M. Bentivoglio and M. Molinari},
  title       = {Axonal branches of the same cerebellar neurons terminate bilaterally in the thalamus.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {23},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {291--296},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(81)90013-6},
  abstract    = {The efferent projections of the deep cerebellar nuclei which terminate bilaterally in the thalamus were investigated in the rat by means of the retrograde fluorescent double-labeling technique. After injection of True Blue or Fast Blue in the thalamus on one side and Nuclear Yellow on the other, the deep cerebellar nuclei on both sides contained many cells single-labeled from the contralateral thalamic injection and some cells double-labeled from both thalamic injections. Double-labeled cells were more numerous in the caudal part of the medial nucleus than in the other cerebellar nuclei. The present results indicate that some cerebellar cells give origin to bilateral thalamic projections by means of axon collaterals.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Functional Laterality; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Staining and Labeling; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {6167915},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bentivoglio:1984,
  author      = {M. Bentivoglio and M. Molinari},
  title       = {The interrelations between cell groups in the caudal diencephalon of the rat projecting to the striatum and to the medulla oblongata.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {54},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {57--65},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00235818},
  abstract    = {In order to investigate the topographical relationships between the caudal diencephalic cells of origin of ascending and descending projections in the rat, one fluorescent retrograde tracer was injected into the striatum and another into the medulla oblongata. The medullary injections were mainly centered in the inferior olive. Cells labeled from the striatal injections densely filled the thalamic parafascicular nucleus. Cells labeled from the medullary injections were seen ventrally to the fasciculus retroflexus in the subparafascicular nucleus. The two populations were mixed in a small area at the ventromedial border of the fasciculus retroflexus. No double labeled cells were observed. The present results indicate that caudal diencephalic cells which ascend to the striatum are different from those descending to the medulla oblongata and that they partially overlap.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Caudate Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Putamen, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pmid        = {6698148},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bentivoglio:1984a,
  author      = {M. Bentivoglio and M. Molinari},
  title       = {Fluorescent retrograde triple labeling of brainstem reticular neurons.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {46},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {121--126},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(84)90428-2},
  abstract    = {The present study was aimed at the anatomical identification in the rat of neurons of the lower brainstem reticular formation which give off axonal branches ascending bilaterally to more rostral structures and descending unilaterally to the spinal cord. Three fluorescent tracers were injected in one and the same animal. Fast Blue was injected in the midbrain tegmentum, in the termination areas and fiber bundles of the ascending reticular efferents; Evans blue was injected in the midbrain tegmentum on the other side; either Nuclear Yellow or Diamidino Yellow was injected in the white and gray matter of the upper cervical cord. All three populations of single-labeled cells, as well as double labeled either from the midbrain injections or from the ipsilateral injections in the mesencephalon and spinal cord, were intermingled in the medial reticular formation. Very few cells double labeled from the contralateral mesencephalon and ipsilateral spinal cord were also seen. However, the main finding 
of the present study was the visualization of triple-labeled cells. The latter were mainly located ipsilaterally to the injections in the spinal cord. The present results indicate that reticular cells give off divergent multiple branches descending to the ipsilateral spinal cord and ascending bilaterally to rostral centers.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Animals; Benzimidazoles; Evans Blue; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Staining and Labeling, methods; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6204254},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bentivoglio:1986,
  author      = {M. Bentivoglio and M. Molinari},
  title       = {Crossed divergent axon collaterals from cerebellar nuclei to thalamus and lateral medulla oblongata in the rat.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {362},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {180--184},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)91414-9},
  abstract    = {The divergent collateralization of the ipsilateral descending limb of the brachium conjunctivum was here studied in the rat by means of fluorescent retrograde double-labeling. Tracer injections in the lateral part of the medulla oblongata were combined with injections of another tracer in the contralateral thalamus. Retrogradely single-labeled cells, as well as a relatively high number of double-labeled ones, were found in the lateral part of the interpositus and in the dorsolateral hump in the cerebellar nuclei ipsilateral to the medullary injections. The present results demonstrate that the same cerebellar cells interconnect by means of axon collaterals the ipsilateral medulla oblongata and the contralateral thalamus.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Axons, physiology; Benzimidazoles, diagnostic use; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Nuclei, physiology; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Thalamus, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {0006-8993(86)91414-9},
  pmid        = {3753654},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bentivoglio:1991,
  author      = {M. Bentivoglio and R. Spreafico and D. Minciacchi and G. Macchi},
  title       = {GABAergic interneurons and neuropil of the intralaminar thalamus: an immunohistochemical study in the rat and the cat, with notes in the monkey.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {87},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {85--95},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00228509},
  abstract    = {Immunohistochemistry using antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was used to investigate the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus in rat, cat and monkey. Antibodies to gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) were also used in the cat. Intralaminar immunoreactive cell bodies were not detected in the rat, but were clearly present in cat and monkey. In the latter species, GABA- or GAD-immunopositive perikarya were distributed throughout the anterior intralaminar nuclei, whereas in the posterior intralaminar complex they prevailed in the lateral part of the centre median nucleus and around the fasciculus retroflexus. Measurements of the area of immunostained intralaminar cell bodies in cat and monkey indicated that they are represented by small neurons. Experiments in the cat, based on retrograde tracers injections involving large sectors of the frontal and parietal cortices and the head of the caudate nucleus, revealed that the GABA- or GAD-immunoreactive cells and the retrogradely labeled 
projection neurons represented two separate intralaminar cell populations, although the latter also included small cells. Considerable differences were observed in the immunoreactive GABAergic neuropil of the anterior and posterior intralaminar nuclei. Clusters of densely packed bouton-like immunoreactive elements were detected in the former structures in the rat, cat and monkey, and were especially evident in the central lateral nucleus; immunopositive varicose fibers and puncta were diffusely distributed in the posterior intralaminar structures. Taken together with data from the literature, the present findings indicate that in cat and monkey local circuit inhibitory cells regulate not only the activity of principal thalamic nuclei which project densely upon restricted cortical fields, but also of the intralaminar structures which are widely connected with the cerebral cortex and the striatum. Regional variations in the distribution of GABAergic fibers and terminals suggest major differences in the 
organization of inhibitory circuits and synaptic arrangements of the anterior and posterior intralaminar thalamus.},
  institution = {Institute of Anatomy, University of Verona, Italy.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Cats, anatomy /&/ histology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Glutamate Decarboxylase, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, cytology; Macaca fascicularis, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {1756835},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bentivoglio:1990,
  author      = {Bentivoglio, M. and Su, H. S.},
  title       = {Photoconversion of fluorescent retrograde tracers.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {113},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {127--133},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(90)90291-g},
  abstract    = {Photoconversion of fluorescent dyes, retrogradely transported through axons to their parent cell bodies, into a stable diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction product was tested in the nigrostriatal and thalamocortical systems of rats. Satisfactory results were obtained with Propidium Iodide (PI), Fluoro-Gold (FG), Fast Blue (FB), Diamidino Yellow (DY), and rhodamine-labeled latex microspheres (RLM); some photoconversion was also observed in Evans Blue (EB)-labeled neurons. The red fluorescent tracers PI, EB and RLM were photoconverted under the excitation wavelength appropriate for eliciting their fluorescent emission. With the yellow or blue fluorescent tracers FG, FB, and DY satisfactory results could instead be obtained using an excitation wavelength which did not elicit visible fluorescent emission. This finding indicates that the latter is not a critical factor for obtaining photoconversion. The features and subcellular localization of photoconverted DAB were different from those of the 
fluorescent labeling: photoconversion resulted in the appearance of brown granules of DAB reaction products in the cytoplasm, independently from the occurrence of fluorescent labeling in the neuronal cytoplasm or nucleus. Photoconversion may enable new applications of fluorescent retrograde tracing and, in particular, its electron microscopic visualization.},
  institution = {Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Verona, Italy.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, cytology; Corpus Striatum; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Microscopy, Fluorescence, methods; Neural Pathways, cytology; Phenanthridines; Propidium; Rats; Stilbamidines; Substantia Nigra; Thalamus},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1695999},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bentlage:1999a,
  author      = {Bentlage, C. and Nikkhah, G. and Cunningham, M. G. and Bj{\"{o}}rklund, A.},
  title       = {Reformation of the nigrostriatal pathway by fetal dopaminergic micrografts into the substantia nigra is critically dependent on the age of the host.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {159},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {177--190},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1006/exnr.1999.7110},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1999.7110},
  abstract    = {The aim of this study was to determine whether the growth of axons along the nigrostriatal pathway from fetal dopamine cells, transplanted into the substantia nigra of young postnatal 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, is dependent on the age of the host brain. Neonatal rats were lesioned bilaterally by intraventricular injection of 6-OHDA at postnatal day 1 (P1) and received grafts of E14 ventral mesencephalon at day 3 (group P3), day 10 (group P10), or day 20 (group P20) into the right substantia nigra. One lesioned group was left untransplanted. Six months after surgery the animals were subjected to analysis of drug-induced rotation following injection of amphetamine, apomorphine, a D1 agonist (SKF38393), or a D2 agonist (Quinpirole). Animals transplanted intranigrally at day 3 and day 10 showed a strong amphetamine-induced rotational bias toward the side contralateral to the transplant. Animals transplanted into substantia nigra at P20, like the lesioned control animals, showed no rotational bias. 
Apomorphine and selective D1 and D2 agonists induced ipsilateral turning behavior in the P3 and P10 group, but not in the P20 or the lesion control groups. Immunofluorescence histochemistry in combination with retrograde axonal tracing, using FluoroGold injection into the ipsilateral caudate-putamen showed colocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase and FluoroGold in large numbers of transplanted neurons in the animals transplanted at postnatal day 3 and postnatal day 10, which was not observed in the group P20. The lesion control group showed a 90\% complete lesion of the TH-positive cells in the substantia nigra while largely sparing the neurons in the ventral tegmental area. The results indicate that intranigral grafts can be placed accurately and survive well within the substantia nigra region at various time points during postnatal development. Furthermore, embryonic dopamine neurons have the ability to extend axons along the nigrostriatal pathway and reconnect with the dopamine-depleted striatum when 
transplanted at postnatal day 3 and postnatal day 10, but not at postnatal day 20.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Sölvegatan 17, Lund, S-223 62, Sweden.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal, drug effects; Brain Tissue Transplantation; Corpus Striatum, cytology/surgery; Dopamine Agonists, pharmacology; Dopamine, physiology; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Fluorescent Dyes; Graft Survival, physiology; Nerve Fibers, chemistry/enzymology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, enzymology/transplantation/ultrastructure; Oxidopamine; Parkinson Disease, surgery; Quinpirole, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Dopamine D2, agonists; Rotation; Stilbamidines; Substantia Nigra, cytology/surgery; Sympatholytics; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0014-4886(99)97110-8},
  pmid        = {10486186},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Bentlage:1999,
  author      = {Bentlage, C. and Nikkhah, G. and Cunningham, M. G. and Björklund, A.},
  title       = {Reformation of the nigrostriatal pathway by fetal dopaminergic micrografts into the substantia nigra is critically dependent on the age of the host.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {159},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {177--190},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1006/exnr.1999.7110},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1999.7110},
  abstract    = {The aim of this study was to determine whether the growth of axons along the nigrostriatal pathway from fetal dopamine cells, transplanted into the substantia nigra of young postnatal 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, is dependent on the age of the host brain. Neonatal rats were lesioned bilaterally by intraventricular injection of 6-OHDA at postnatal day 1 (P1) and received grafts of E14 ventral mesencephalon at day 3 (group P3), day 10 (group P10), or day 20 (group P20) into the right substantia nigra. One lesioned group was left untransplanted. Six months after surgery the animals were subjected to analysis of drug-induced rotation following injection of amphetamine, apomorphine, a D1 agonist (SKF38393), or a D2 agonist (Quinpirole). Animals transplanted intranigrally at day 3 and day 10 showed a strong amphetamine-induced rotational bias toward the side contralateral to the transplant. Animals transplanted into substantia nigra at P20, like the lesioned control animals, showed no rotational bias. 
Apomorphine and selective D1 and D2 agonists induced ipsilateral turning behavior in the P3 and P10 group, but not in the P20 or the lesion control groups. Immunofluorescence histochemistry in combination with retrograde axonal tracing, using FluoroGold injection into the ipsilateral caudate-putamen showed colocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase and FluoroGold in large numbers of transplanted neurons in the animals transplanted at postnatal day 3 and postnatal day 10, which was not observed in the group P20. The lesion control group showed a 90\% complete lesion of the TH-positive cells in the substantia nigra while largely sparing the neurons in the ventral tegmental area. The results indicate that intranigral grafts can be placed accurately and survive well within the substantia nigra region at various time points during postnatal development. Furthermore, embryonic dopamine neurons have the ability to extend axons along the nigrostriatal pathway and reconnect with the dopamine-depleted striatum when 
transplanted at postnatal day 3 and postnatal day 10, but not at postnatal day 20.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Sölvegatan 17, Lund, S-223 62, Sweden.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal, drug effects; Brain Tissue Transplantation; Corpus Striatum, cytology/surgery; Dopamine Agonists, pharmacology; Dopamine, physiology; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Fluorescent Dyes; Graft Survival, physiology; Nerve Fibers, chemistry/enzymology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, enzymology/transplantation/ultrastructure; Oxidopamine; Parkinson Disease, surgery; Quinpirole, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Dopamine D2, agonists; Rotation; Stilbamidines; Substantia Nigra, cytology/surgery; Sympatholytics; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0014-4886(99)97110-8},
  pmid        = {10486186},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bentley:2007,
  author      = {Bentley, Michael D. and Jorgensen, Steven M. and Lerman, Lilach O. and Ritman, Erik L. and Romero, J Carlos},
  title       = {Visualization of three-dimensional nephron structure with microcomputed tomography.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {290},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {277--283},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/ar.20422},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.20422},
  abstract    = {The three-dimensional architecture of nephrons in situ and their interrelationship with other nephrons are difficult to visualize by microscopic methods. The present study uses microcomputed X-ray tomography (micro-CT) to visualize intact nephrons in situ. Rat kidneys were perfusion-fixed with buffered formalin and their vasculature was subsequently perfused with radiopaque silicone. Cortical tissue was stained en bloc with osmium tetroxide, embedded in plastic, scanned, and reconstructed at voxel resolutions of 6, 2, and 1 microm. At 6 microm resolution, large blood vessels and glomeruli could be visualized but nephrons and their lumens were small and difficult to visualize. Optimal images were obtained using a synchrotron radiation source at 2 microm resolution where nephron components could be identified, correlated with histological sections, and traced. Proximal tubules had large diameters and opaque walls, whereas distal tubules, connecting tubules, and collecting ducts had smaller 
diameters and less opaque walls. Blood vessels could be distinguished from nephrons by the luminal presence of radiopaque silicone. Proximal tubules were three times longer than distal tubules. Proximal and distal tubules were tightly coiled in the outer cortex but were loosely coiled in the middle and inner cortex. The connecting tubules had the narrowest diameters of the tubules and converged to form arcades that paralleled the radial vessels as they extended to the outer cortex. These results illustrate a potential use of micro-CT to obtain three-dimensional information about nephron architecture and nephron interrelationships, which could be useful in evaluating experimental tubular hypertrophy, atrophy, and necrosis.},
  institution = {Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota, USA.},
  journal     = {Anat Rec (Hoboken)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Computer Simulation; Feasibility Studies; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Kidney Glomerulus, anatomy /&/ histology/radiography; Kidney Tubules, Distal, anatomy /&/ histology/radiography; Kidney Tubules, Proximal, anatomy /&/ histology/radiography; Male; Microcomputers; Models, Anatomic; Nephrons, anatomy /&/ histology/blood supply/radiography; Osmium Tetroxide; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staining and Labeling, methods; Synchrotrons; Tomography, X-Ray Computed, instrumentation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {17525936},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Benzing:1990,
  author      = {Benzing, W. C. and Mufson, E. J. and Jennes, L. and Armstrong, D. M.},
  title       = {Reduction of neurotensin immunoreactivity in the amygdala in Alzheimer's disease.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {537},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {298--302},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)90372-i},
  abstract    = {The density of neurotensin immunoreactivity (NT-IR) was dramatically decreased in 6 of 12 amygdaloid nuclear subregions in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to age-matched normals. Diminution of NT-IR was most pronounced in amygdaloid regions containing the greatest number of senile plaques. This contrasts to our previous findings of little, if any, loss of substance P or somatostatin immunoreactivity within these same regions. The present findings corroborate biochemical reports of a decrease in NT-IR in the AD amygdala and suggest that this peptide may be selectively affected relative to other neuropeptides.},
  institution = {Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alzheimer Disease, metabolism/pathology; Amygdala, immunology/metabolism; Brain, pathology; Female; Humans; Male; Neurotensin, immunology/metabolism; Somatostatin, immunology/metabolism; Substance P, immunology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pii         = {0006-8993(90)90372-I},
  pmid        = {1707731},
  timestamp   = {29.05.2012},
}

@Article{Benzing:1992,
  author      = {Benzing, W. C. and Mufson, E. J. and Jennes, L. and Stopa, E. G. and Armstrong, D. M.},
  title       = {Distribution of neurotensin immunoreactivity within the human amygdaloid complex: a comparison with acetylcholinesterase- and Nissl-stained tissue sections.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {317},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {283--297},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903170306},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903170306},
  abstract    = {In a previous study, we reported marked depletion of neurotensin-immunoreactivity (NT-IR) within selected regions of the amygdala of patients with Alzheimer's disease. The significance of these observations was partly obscured largely because we lacked a thorough understanding of the innervation pattern of neurotensin in the normal human amygdala. Accordingly, in the present study, we used a polyclonal antibody against neurotensin to characterize the distribution and morphology of neurotensin-immunoreactive neuronal elements within the human amygdaloid complex. NT-IR occurred in a topographic manner that respected the cytoarchitectural boundaries of the amygdaloid subregions as defined by Nissl staining and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. Most NT-IR in the amygdala was contained within beaded fibers and dot-like puncta. Within the subnuclei of the amygdala, immunoreactive neuritic elements were most dense within the central nucleus followed by the medial nucleus and intercalated nuclei. 
The anterior amygdaloid area, basal complex, paralaminar nucleus, cortical nucleus, cortical-amygdaloid transition area, and amygdalohippocampal area contained moderate densities of immunoreactivity. The accessory basal and lateral nuclei exhibited scant NT-IR. Immunoreactive neurons were found only within the anterior amygdaloid area and the central, medial, intercalated, and lateral capsular nuclei. The distribution of NT-immunoreactive processes and cell bodies within selected regions of the amygdala provides an anatomical substrate that may explain, in part, the neuromodulatory actions of neurotensin upon autonomic, endocrine, and memory systems.},
  institution = {Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, analysis/metabolism; Adult; Aged; Alzheimer Disease, pathology; Amygdala, immunology/metabolism/pathology; Basal Ganglia, cytology; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism/physiology; Neurons, Efferent, metabolism/physiology; Neurotensin, immunology/metabolism; Parasympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Staining and Labeling; Tissue Fixation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pmid        = {1374440},
  timestamp   = {29.05.2012},
}

@Article{Benzinger:1983,
  author      = {H. Benzinger and L. C. Massopust},
  title       = {Brain stem projections from cortical area 18 in the albino rat.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {50},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {1--8},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00238228},
  abstract    = {Efferent brain stem projections from area 18 of the albino rat cortex were traced by autoradiography. Since results could have been compromised by spread of injected label to neighboring areas 17 and 29, studies of projections from these areas were used as controls. A hitherto unreported projection from area 18 to the thalamus in the region of its anterior nuclei was found, terminating in a roughly circular area including parts of the anteromedial, ventral, ventromedial and rhomboid nuclei. At this same level, a very light projection was seen in the contralateral anteromedial nucleus. More caudally the projection pattern was similar to that of area 17, with the lateral, lateral posterior, posterior and pretectal nuclei as targets. However, area 18 showed no projections to either division of lateral geniculate nucleus, projections which are commonly seen following injections in area 17. More caudally, the area 18 projection to the superior colliculus was confined to its four deepest laminae, 
a projection identical to that from areas 29c and 29b. Area 18 also resembled the cingulate cortex in that it sent a small projection to the dorsolateral central gray, although the routes taken to this region were slightly different. It was decided that the projections from this visual association area were, for the most part, unique to that area, although some of them resembled those from either the cingulate cortex or the primary visual area.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Leucine, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tritium, diagnostic use; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6196222},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Berbel:1993a,
  author      = {Berbel, P. and Guada{\~{n}}o-Ferraz, A. and Mart{\'{i}}nez, M. and Quiles, J. A. and Balboa, R. and Innocenti, G. M.},
  title       = {Organization of auditory callosal connections in hypothyroid adult rats.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {5},
  number      = {11},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1465--1478},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00214.x},
  abstract    = {Callosal connections were studied with tracers (horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP)) in normal rats and rats deprived of thyroid hormones with methimazole (Sigma) since embryonic day 14 and thyroidectomized at postnatal day 6. In hypothyroid rats, the auditory areas, in particular the primary auditory area, showed cytoarchitectonic changes including blurred lamination and decrease in the size of layer V pyramidal neurons. In control rats, callosally-projecting neurons were found between layers II and VI with a peak in layer III and upper layer IV. In hypothyroid rats, labelled neurons were found between layers IV and VI with two peaks corresponding to layer IV and upper layer V, and in upper layer VI. Quantitative analysis of radial distribution of callosally-projecting neurons confirmed their shift to infragranular layers in hypothyroid rats. Three-dimensional reconstructions showed a more continuous tangential distribution of callosally-
projecting neurons in hypothyroid rats which may be due to the maintenance of a juvenile 'exuberant' pattern of projections. These changes in cortical connectivity may be relevant for understanding epilepsy and mental retardation associated with early hypothyroidism in humans and to clarify basic mechanisms of cortical development.},
  institution = {Departament d'Histologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat d'Alacant, Spain.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/pathology/physiopathology; Axonal Transport; Corpus Callosum, anatomy /&/ histology/pathology/physiopathology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothyroidism, chemically induced/pathology/physiopathology; Methimazole; Neurons, cytology/pathology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thyroidectomy; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7506971},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Berbel:1993,
  author      = {Berbel, P. and Guadaño-Ferraz, A. and Martínez, M. and Quiles, J. A. and Balboa, R. and Innocenti, G. M.},
  title       = {Organization of auditory callosal connections in hypothyroid adult rats.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {5},
  number      = {11},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1465--1478},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00214.x},
  abstract    = {Callosal connections were studied with tracers (horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP)) in normal rats and rats deprived of thyroid hormones with methimazole (Sigma) since embryonic day 14 and thyroidectomized at postnatal day 6. In hypothyroid rats, the auditory areas, in particular the primary auditory area, showed cytoarchitectonic changes including blurred lamination and decrease in the size of layer V pyramidal neurons. In control rats, callosally-projecting neurons were found between layers II and VI with a peak in layer III and upper layer IV. In hypothyroid rats, labelled neurons were found between layers IV and VI with two peaks corresponding to layer IV and upper layer V, and in upper layer VI. Quantitative analysis of radial distribution of callosally-projecting neurons confirmed their shift to infragranular layers in hypothyroid rats. Three-dimensional reconstructions showed a more continuous tangential distribution of callosally-
projecting neurons in hypothyroid rats which may be due to the maintenance of a juvenile 'exuberant' pattern of projections. These changes in cortical connectivity may be relevant for understanding epilepsy and mental retardation associated with early hypothyroidism in humans and to clarify basic mechanisms of cortical development.},
  institution = {Departament d'Histologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat d'Alacant, Spain.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/pathology/physiopathology; Axonal Transport; Corpus Callosum, anatomy /&/ histology/pathology/physiopathology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothyroidism, chemically induced/pathology/physiopathology; Methimazole; Neurons, cytology/pathology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thyroidectomy; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7506971},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Berendse:1992b,
  author      = {Berendse, H. W. and {Galis-de Graaf}, Y. and Groenewegen, H. J.},
  title       = {Topographical organization and relationship with ventral striatal compartments of prefrontal corticostriatal projections in the rat.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {316},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {314--347},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903160305},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903160305},
  abstract    = {The anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin was used to examine the topographical organization of the projections to the striatum arising from the various cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex in the rat. The relationship of the prefrontal cortical fibres with the compartmental organization of the ventral striatum was assessed by combining PHA-L tracing and enkephalin-immunohistochemistry. The prefrontal cortex projects bilaterally with an ipsilateral predominance to the striatum, sparing only the lateral part of the caudate-putamen complex. Each of the cytoarchitectonic subfields of the prefrontal cortex has a longitudinally oriented striatal terminal field that overlaps slightly with those of adjacent prefrontal areas. The projections of the medial subdivision of the prefrontal cortex distribute to rostral and medial parts of the striatum, whereas the lateral prefrontal subdivision projects to more caudal and lateral striatal areas. The terminal fields of 
the orbital prefrontal areas involve midventral and ventromedial parts of the caudate-putamen complex. The projection of the ventral orbital area overlaps with that of the prelimbic area in the ventromedial part of the caudate-putamen. In the "shell" region of the nucleus accumbens, fibres arising from the prelimbic area concentrate in areas of high cell density that are weakly enkephalin-immunoreactive, whereas fibres from the infralimbic area avoid such areas. Rostrolaterally in the "core" region of the nucleus accumbens, fibres from deep layer V and layer VI of the dorsal part of the prelimbic area avoid the enkephalin-positive areas surrounding the anterior commissure and distribute in an inhomogeneous way over the intervening moderately enkephalin-immunoreactive compartment. The other prefrontal afferents show only a preference for, but are not restricted to, the latter compartment. In the border region between the nucleus accumbens and the ventromedial part of the caudate-putamen complex, patches of 
strong enkephalin immunoreactivity receive prefrontal cortical input from deep layer V and layer VI, whereas fibres from more superficial cortical layers project to the surrounding matrix. Individual cytoarchitectonic subfields of the prefrontal cortex thus have circumscribed terminal domains in the striatum. In combination with data on the organization of the midline and intralaminar thalamostriatal and thalamoprefrontal projections, the present results establish that the projections of the prefrontal cortical subfields converge in the striatum with those of their midline and intralaminar afferent nuclei. The present findings further demonstrate that the relationship of the prefrontal corticostriatal fibres with the neurochemical compartments of the ventral striatum can be influenced by both the areal and the laminar origin of the cortical afferents, depending on the particular ventral striatal region under consideration.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Histocytochemistry; Limbic System, cytology/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1577988},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Berendse:1992,
  Title                    = {Topographical organization and relationship with ventral striatal compartments of prefrontal corticostriatal projections in the rat.},
  Author                   = {H. W. Berendse and Y. Galis-de Graaf and H. J. Groenewegen},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {314--347},
  Volume                   = {316},

  Abstract                 = {The anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin was used to examine the topographical organization of the projections to the striatum arising from the various cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex in the rat. The relationship of the prefrontal cortical fibres with the compartmental organization of the ventral striatum was assessed by combining PHA-L tracing and enkephalin-immunohistochemistry. The prefrontal cortex projects bilaterally with an ipsilateral predominance to the striatum, sparing only the lateral part of the caudate-putamen complex. Each of the cytoarchitectonic subfields of the prefrontal cortex has a longitudinally oriented striatal terminal field that overlaps slightly with those of adjacent prefrontal areas. The projections of the medial subdivision of the prefrontal cortex distribute to rostral and medial parts of the striatum, whereas the lateral prefrontal subdivision projects to more caudal and lateral striatal areas. The terminal 
fields of the orbital prefrontal areas involve midventral and ventromedial parts of the caudate-putamen complex. The projection of the ventral orbital area overlaps with that of the prelimbic area in the ventromedial part of the caudate-putamen. In the "shell" region of the nucleus accumbens, fibres arising from the prelimbic area concentrate in areas of high cell density that are weakly enkephalin-immunoreactive, whereas fibres from the infralimbic area avoid such areas. Rostrolaterally in the "core" region of the nucleus accumbens, fibres from deep layer V and layer VI of the dorsal part of the prelimbic area avoid the enkephalin-positive areas surrounding the anterior commissure and distribute in an inhomogeneous way over the intervening moderately enkephalin-immunoreactive compartment. The other prefrontal afferents show only a preference for, but are not restricted to, the latter compartment. In the border region between the nucleus accumbens and the ventromedial part of the caudate-putamen complex, 
patches of strong enkephalin immunoreactivity receive prefrontal cortical input from deep layer V and layer VI, whereas fibres from more superficial cortical layers project to the surrounding matrix. Individual cytoarchitectonic subfields of the prefrontal cortex thus have circumscribed terminal domains in the striatum. In combination with data on the organization of the midline and intralaminar thalamostriatal and thalamoprefrontal projections, the present results establish that the projections of the prefrontal cortical subfields converge in the striatum with those of their midline and intralaminar afferent nuclei. The present findings further demonstrate that the relationship of the prefrontal corticostriatal fibres with the neurochemical compartments of the ventral striatum can be influenced by both the areal and the laminar origin of the cortical afferents, depending on the particular ventral striatal region under consideration.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903160305},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Frontal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Histocytochemistry; Limbic System, cytology/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1577988},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903160305}
}

@Article{Berendse:1990,
  Title                    = {Organization of the thalamostriatal projections in the rat, with special emphasis on the ventral striatum.},
  Author                   = {H. W. Berendse and H. J. Groenewegen},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1990},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {187--228},
  Volume                   = {299},

  Abstract                 = {The organization of the thalamic projections to the ventral striatum in the rat was studied by placing injections of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B in the ventral striatum and small deposits of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) in individual midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. In order to provide a complete map of the midline and intralaminar thalamostriatal projections, PHA-L injections were also made in those parts of the intralaminar nuclei that project to the dorsal striatum. The relationship of thalamic afferent fibres with the compartmental organization of the ventral striatum was assessed by combining PHA-L tracing and enkephalin immunohistochemistry. The various midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei project to longitudinally oriented striatal sectors. The paraventricular thalamic nucleus sends most of its fibres to medial parts of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle, whereas smaller contingents of 
fibres terminate in the lateral part of the nucleus accumbens and the most ventral, medial, and caudal parts of the caudate-putamen complex. The projections of the parataenial nucleus are directed towards central and ventral parts of the nucleus accumbens and intermediate mediolateral parts of the olfactory tubercle. The intermediodorsal nucleus projects to lateral parts of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle and to ventral parts of the caudate-putamen. The projection of the rhomboid nucleus is restricted to the rostrolateral extreme of the striatum. A diffuse projection to the ventral striatum arises from neurons ventral and caudal to the nucleus reuniens rather than from cells inside the nucleus. Fibres from the central medial nucleus terminate centrally and dorsolaterally in the rostral part of the nucleus accumbens and medially in the caudate-putamen. Successively more lateral positions in the caudate-putamen are occupied by fibres from the paracentral and central lateral nuclei, 
respectively. The lateral part of the parafascicular nucleus projects to the most lateral part of the caudate-putamen, whereas projections from the medial part of this nucleus terminate in the medial part of the caudate-putamen and in the dorsolateral part of the nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, a rostral to caudal gradient in a midline or intralaminar nucleus corresponds to a dorsal to ventral and rostral to caudal gradient in the striatum. In the ventral striatum, thalamic afferent fibres in the "shell" region of the nucleus accumbens avoid areas of high cell density and weak enkephalin immunoreactivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902990206},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, metabolism/physiology; Enkephalin, Leucine, metabolism; Female; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus, metabolism/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2172326},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902990206}
}

@Article{Berendse:1991,
  author      = {H. W. Berendse and H. J. Groenewegen},
  title       = {Restricted cortical termination fields of the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei in the rat.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {42},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {73--102},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(91)90151-d},
  abstract    = {The projections from the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei to the cerebral cortex were studied in the rat by means of anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. The midline and intralaminar nuclear complex taken as a whole projects to widespread, predominantly frontal, cortical areas. Each of the constituent thalamic nuclei has a restricted cortical projection field that overlaps only slightly with the projection fields of adjacent midline and intralaminar nuclei. The projections of the intralaminar nuclei cover a larger cortical area than those of the midline nuclei. The laminar distributions of fibres from individual midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei are different and include both deep and superficial cortical layers. The parataenial, paraventricular and intermediodorsal midline nuclei each project to circumscribed parts of the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampal and parahippocampal regions. In the prefrontal cortex, the projections are restricted to the 
medial orbital, infralimbic, ventral prelimbic and agranular insular fields, and the rostral part of the ventral anterior cingular cortex. In contrast to the other midline nuclei, the rhomboid nucleus projects to widespread cortical areas. The rostral intralaminar nuclei innervate dorsal parts of the prefrontal cortex, i.e. the dorsal parts of the prelimbic, anterior cingular and dorsal agranular insular cortical fields, the lateral and ventrolateral orbital areas, and the caudal part of the ventral anterior cingular cortex. Additional projections are aimed at the agranular fields of the motor cortex and the caudal part of the parietal cortex. The lateral part of the parafascicular nucleus sends fibres predominantly to the lateral agranular field of the motor cortex and the rostral part of the parietal cortex. The medial part of the parafascicular nucleus projects rather sparsely to the dorsal part of the prelimbic cortex, the anterior cingular cortex and the medial agranular field of the motor cortex. 
Individual midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei are thus in a position to directly influence circumscribed areas of the cerebral cortex. In combination with previously reported data on the organization of the midline and intralaminar thalamostriatal projections and the prefrontal corticostriatal projections the present results suggest a high degree of differentiation in the convergence of thalamic and cortical afferent fibres in the striatum. Each of the recently described parallel basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits can thus be expanded to include projections at both the cortical and striatal levels from a specific part of the midline and intralaminar nuclear complex. The distinctive laminar distributions of the fibres originating from the different nuclei emphasize the specificity of the midline and intralaminar thalamocortical projections.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Female; Neural Pathways; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling; Stereotaxic Techniques; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(91)90151-D},
  pmid        = {1713657},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@InCollection{Berendse:1991a,
  author    = {Berendse, Henk W and Groenewegen, Henk J},
  title     = {The connections of the medial part of the subthalamic nucleus in the rat: evidence for a parallel organization},
  booktitle = {The basal ganglia III},
  year      = {1991},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {89--98},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4684-5871-8_10},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {03.05.2016},
}

@Article{Berendse:1992a,
  author      = {H. W. Berendse and H. J. Groenewegen and A. H. Lohman},
  title       = {Compartmental distribution of ventral striatal neurons projecting to the mesencephalon in the rat.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {12},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {2079--2103},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/12/6/2079.long},
  abstract    = {The ventral striatum is characterized by an intricate neurochemical compartmentation that is reflected in the distribution of most of its afferent fiber systems. In the present study, the compartmental relationships of ventral striatal neurons projecting to the mesencephalon were studied by combining tract tracing with the immunohistochemical localization of leu-enkephalin. Injections of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B were placed at various sites in the ventral mesencephalon. The anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin was injected in single compartments in the rostrolateral part of the nucleus accumbens. The projections from the ventral striatum to the dopaminergic cell groups in the ventral mesencephalon and those to the substantia nigra pars reticulata originate from distinct subpopulations of ventral striatal neurons that respect neurochemically defined compartmental boundaries. In the "shell" of the nucleus accumbens, neurons that project to the dopaminergic 
cell groups are located outside areas of high cell density and weak enkephalin immunoreactivity (ENK-IR). Rostrolaterally in the "core" of the nucleus accumbens, neurons inside large areas of strong ENK-IR surrounding the anterior commissure project to the dorsomedial part of the substantia nigra pars reticulata, whereas neurons outside these areas innervate the ventral tegmental area and/or the medial part of the substantia nigra pars compacta. By contrast, more caudally in the dorsal part of the nucleus accumbens and in the ventral part of the caudate-putamen, the relationships are reversed: neurons in- or outside small patches of strong ENK-IR project respectively to the pars compacta or the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra. Since the thalamic and cortical afferents of the ventral striatum are compartmentally ordered as well, the present results imply that through the ventral striatal compartments information from disparate combinations of cortical and thalamic sources may be conveyed to distinct 
mesencephalic targets. The component of the ventral striatomesencephalic system reaching the dopaminergic cell groups A10, A9, and A8 may modulate the dopaminergic input to virtually the entire striatum. The other component can, by way of the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra, participate in nigrothalamic and nigrotectal output pathways of the basal ganglia.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cholera Toxin; Corpus Striatum, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Enkephalins, metabolism; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Mesencephalon, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Red Nucleus, physiology; Substantia Nigra, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1607929},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Berendse:1988,
  Title                    = {Nuclear origin of thalamic afferents of the ventral striatum determines their relation to patch/matrix configurations in enkephalin-immunoreactivity in the rat.},
  Author                   = {H. W. Berendse and P. Voorn and A. te Kortschot and H. J. Groenewegen},
  Journal                  = {J Chem Neuroanat},
  Year                     = {1988},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {3--10},
  Volume                   = {1},

  Abstract                 = {The relation of thalamic terminal fibers in the ventral striatum with patch and matrix compartments, as defined by enkephalin-immunohistochemistry, was studied in adjacent or double-stained sections of the rat brain by combining anterograde tracing of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and enkephalin staining. Experiments with small PHA-L injections in the dorsal thalamus show that the paraventricular thalamic nucleus projects to the medial nucleus accumbens and rather selectively to the patch compartment in more lateral parts of the nucleus. The central medial thalamic nucleus sends its fibers to more lateral parts of the nucleus accumbens and the ventral part of the caudate-putamen, where these fibers terminate in the matrix compartment.},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Corpus Striatum, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology; Enkephalins, analysis; Female; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamic Nuclei, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {3077313},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Berg:2000,
  author      = {Berg, J. S. and Farel, P. B.},
  title       = {Developmental regulation of sensory neuron number and limb innervation in the mouse.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {125},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {21--30},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0165-3806(00)00124-3},
  abstract    = {Although used widely in studies of naturally occurring cell death, systematic descriptions of the time course of changes in sensory neuron number and of limb innervation in the mouse are not available. The development of sensory innervation to the mouse forelimb was traced using the lipophilic carbocyanine dye, DiI, and correlated with neuron number in dorsal root ganglia contributing to the cervical enlargement. Axon invasion of the forelimb began at E10.5. Sensory axons reached the distal margin of the forelimb by E13.5. The difficulty of identifying immature neurons precluded estimating neuron numbers during the period of limb innervation. Neuron numbers in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) C5-C8 increased from E14 to E16 and from E18 to P4. No evidence of a decline in neuron numbers was found during the developmental periods studied. Neuron number was compared in neonates and adults to determine if sensory neurons are added as body size increases as found in the frog [J. Comp. Neurol. 314 (1991)
 106] and the rat [J. Comp. Neurol. 386 (1997) 8]. In contrast to previous findings, no difference was found in sensory neuron number between neonate and adult mice in either cervical or lumbar DRGs.},
  institution = {Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545, USA.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Body Constitution; Cell Count; Cell Death, physiology; Female; Forelimb, embryology/innervation; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/embryology; Limb Buds, embryology/innervation; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Pregnancy},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0165380600001243},
  pmid        = {11154757},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bergado:2009,
  author      = {Bergado, Jorge A. and Scherf, Thomas and Almaguer-Melian, William and Frey, Sabine and López, Jeffrey and Frey, Julietta U.},
  title       = {Stimulation of the nucleus raphe medialis modifies basal synaptic transmission at the dentate gyrus, but not long-term potentiation or its reinforcement by stimulation of the basolateral amygdala.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {464},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {179--183},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.034},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.034},
  abstract    = {Affective factors importantly interact with behavior and memory. Physiological mechanisms that underlie such interactions are objects of intensive studies. This involves the direct investigation of its relevance to understand learning and memory formation as well as the search for possibilities to treat memory disorders. The prolonged maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP) - a cellular model for memory formation - is characterized by neuromodulatory, associative requirements. During the last years, we have delineated a neural system that may be responsible for affective-cognitive interactions at the cellular level. The stimulation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA), within an effective, associative time window, reinforces a normally transient, protein synthesis-independent early-LTP (less than 4-6h) into a long-lasting, protein synthesis-dependent late-LTP in the dentate gyrus (DG) in freely moving rats (Frey et al., 2001 [12]). LTP reinforcement by stimulation of the BLA was mediated by 
cholinergic projection of the medial septum to the DG, and the noradrenergic projection from the locus coeruleus (Bergado et al., 2007 [2]). We were now interested to investigate a possible interaction of the nucleus raphe medialis (NRM) with DG-LTP. Although, NRM stimulation resulted in a depressing effect on basal synaptic transmission, we did not observe any interactions with early-LTP or with the BLA-DG LTP-reinforcement system.},
  institution = {Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica, La Habana, Cuba.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Dentate Gyrus, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Long-Term Potentiation; Male; Raphe Nuclei, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reinforcement (Psychology); Synaptic Transmission},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0304-3940(09)01116-1},
  pmid        = {19699267},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Berger:1985,
  author      = {Berger, B. and Verney, C. and Alvarez, C. and Vigny, A. and Helle, K. B.},
  title       = {New dopaminergic terminal fields in the motor, visual (area 18b) and retrosplenial cortex in the young and adult rat. Immunocytochemical and catecholamine histochemical analyses.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {15},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {983--998},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(85)90248-9},
  abstract    = {New dopaminergic terminal fields have been visualized in the rat cerebral neocortex, using two morphological methods based on distinct properties of the dopaminergic system: presence of the first synthetic enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase, and high-affinity uptake of amines. Tyrosine hydroxylase was used as an immunocytochemical marker after destruction of the cortical noradrenergic system, induced either neonatally by 6-hydroxydopamine or later on by DSP4, and controlled by the absence of dopamine beta-hydroxylase immunoreactivity. The uptake and storage of exogenous amines in tissue sections, in the presence of selective high-affinity transport inhibitors, enabled the specific visualization of the dopaminergic system with fluorescence histochemistry. A dopaminergic innervation of low density was observed along a dorsal sagittal strip which extended from the genu of corpus callosum until about 2 mm behind the splenium and encompassed several distinct cytoarchitectonic areas in the sensorimotor 
and visual cortex (medial and lateral agranular field, area 18b), as well as in discrete zones of the retrosplenial granular 29c,b, and agranular 29d areas. The distribution of these dopaminergic fields suggested a columnar organization. Several characteristics of the dopaminergic innervation were similar to that of the superficial anterior cingulate cortex (area 24): the laminar distribution to the superficial I-III layers, the secondarily developed varicose aspect in catecholamine fluorescence histochemistry and the delayed postnatal ingrowth in contrast with the early prenatal dopaminergic input to the prefrontal cortex. These similarities suggested that the subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons which provides projections to the anterior cingulate cortex could also contribute to the motor and visual cortex and thus play a role in sensorimotor integration. The predictive value of these results in the ascent of the phylogenetic scale are further considered.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn, metabolism; Catecholamines, analysis; Dopamine, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Motor Cortex, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development; Nerve Endings, analysis/cytology; Neural Pathways, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; Visual Cortex, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(85)90248-9},
  pmid        = {2864660},
  timestamp   = {07.06.2013},
}

@Article{Berger:1991,
  author      = {Berger, K. and Przedborski, S. and Cadet, J. L.},
  title       = {Retrograde degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons induced by intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine injection in rats.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {26},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {301--307},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(91)90242-c},
  abstract    = {Quantitative receptor autoradiography was used to assess the effects of unilateral intrastriatal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the distribution of D1 and D2 dopamine (DA) receptors and of DA uptake sites in the mesostriatal pathway. [3H]Mazindol-labeled DA uptake sites were reduced both in the striatum (-97\%) and in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) (-88\%) on the injected side. There were also significant decreases of dopamine uptake sites in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) (-73\%) and in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) (-70\%). Changes in [3H]mazindol binding were also found within the contralateral VTA (-30\%) and SNpc (-13\%) but not in the contralateral-striatum. [3H]SCH23390-labeled D1 receptors were significantly reduced in the dorsomedial (-18\%) and ventromedial (-14\%) aspects of the striatum ipsilateral to the side of the lesions. In contrast, the concentration of [3H]spiperone-labeled D2 receptors was not altered. There were also significant decreases in D1 (-
18\%) and of D2 (-27\%) receptors in the SNpc and of D1 (-10\%) in the SN pars reticulata (SNpr). These results suggest that oxyradical-induced damage in striatal DA terminals could lead to retrograde changes in the SNpc. In addition, the data indicate that unilateral striatal damage can result in bilateral changes in the SNpc, thus confirming the interdependence of the two nigrostriatal pathways in rats.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, metabolism; Benzazepines, metabolism; Caudate Nucleus, metabolism; Hydroxydopamines, pharmacology; Male; Mazindol, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Oxidopamine; Putamen, metabolism; Rats; Receptors, Dopamine D1; Receptors, Dopamine D2; Receptors, Dopamine, metabolism; Substantia Nigra, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0361-9230(91)90242-C},
  pmid        = {1826461},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Berger:1985a,
  author      = {Berger, T. W. and Kaul, S. and Stricker, E. M. and Zigmond, M. J.},
  title       = {Hyperinnervation of the striatum by dorsal raphe afferents after dopamine-depleting brain lesions in neonatal rats.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {336},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {354--358},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)90667-5},
  abstract    = {Dopamine-depleting brain lesions produced in neonatal rats by intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) are known to increase striatal levels of serotonin by adulthood. We now report that such lesions lead to an increased innervation of the striatum by serotonin-containing neurons from the dorsal raphe nucleus. This hyperinnervation was revealed as a 300\% increase in the number of retrogradely labeled neurons in the dorsal raphe after horseradish peroxidase was injected into the adult striatum. The degree of hyperinnervation was reduced sharply when serotonin-depleting brain lesions were given to adult animals that had received 6-OHDA as neonates.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine, pharmacology; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn, physiology; Corpus Striatum, physiology; Dopamine, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Hydroxydopamines, pharmacology; Oxidopamine; Raphe Nuclei, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(85)90667-5},
  pmid        = {3924346},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Berk:1981,
  author      = {Berk, M. L. and Finkelstein, J. A.},
  title       = {Afferent projections to the preoptic area and hypothalamic regions in the rat brain.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {8},
  pages       = {1601--1624},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(81)90227-x},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(81)90227-X},
  pmid        = {7266881},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Berk:1981a,
  author      = {Berk, M. L. and Finkelstein, J. A.},
  title       = {An autoradiographic determination of the efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {226},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {1--13},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(81)91079-9},
  abstract    = {The efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN) have been investigated by the use of the anterograde autoradiographic technique. The majority of the fiber connections from SCN are to hypothalamic nuclei. The dorsal and periventricular parvocellular divisions of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the medial part of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus receive dense fiber projections. Also, fibers about the medial parvocellular division of PVN. Many descending fibers course into the retrochiasmatic area and pass to the ventral and medial borders of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, as well as through the central zone of this nucleus. A few fibers at the lateral border of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus sweep dorsomedially into the posterior hypothalamic area and midbrain central gray. The major extrahypothalamic projection is to the periventricular thalamic nucleus.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Circadian Rhythm; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Hypothalamus, Middle, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Optic Chiasm, anatomy /&/ histology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Supraoptic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(81)91079-9},
  pmid        = {7296282},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Berk:1982,
  author      = {M. L. Berk and J. A. Finkelstein},
  title       = {Efferent connections of the lateral hypothalamic area of the rat: an autoradiographic investigation.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {511--526},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(82)90009-0},
  abstract    = {The efferent projections of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) at mid-tuberal levels were examined with the autoradiographic tracing method. Connections were observed to widespread regions of the brain, from the telencephalon to the medulla. Ascending fibers course through LHA and the lateral preoptic area and lie lateral to the diagonal band of Broca. Fibers sweep dorsally into the lateral septal nucleus, cingulum bundle and medial cortex. Although sparse injections are found to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, a prominent pathway courses to the dorsal and medial parvocellular subnuclei of the paraventricular nucleus. Labeled fibers in the stria medullaris project to the lateral habenular nucleus. The central nucleus of the amygdala is encapsulated by fibers from the stria terminalis and the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. The substantia innominata, nucleus paraventricularis of the thalamus, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis also receive LHA fibers. Three descending pathways 
course to the brainstem: (1) periventricular system, (2) central tegmental tract (CTT), and (3) medial forebrain bundle (MFB). Periventricular fibers travel to the ventral and lateral parts of the midbrain central gray, dorsal raphe nucleus, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus of the pons. Dorsally coursing fibers of CTT enter the central tegmental field and the lateral and medial parabrachial nuclei. The intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus receive some fibers. Fibers from CTT leave the parabranchial region by descending in the ventrolateral pontine and medullary formation; some of these fibers sweep dorsomedially into the nucleus tractus solitarius, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and nucleus commissuralis. From MFB, fibers descend into the ventral tegmental area and to the border of the median raphe and raphe magnus nuclei.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Eating; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Mamillary Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology; Median Eminence, anatomy /&/ histology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Preoptic Area, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6811106},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Berkley:1995,
  author      = {K. J. Berkley and C. H. Hubscher},
  title       = {Are there separate central nervous system pathways for touch and pain?},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {766--773},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/nm0895-766},
  abstract    = {Information about bodily events is conveyed by primary sensory fibres to higher brain centres through neurons in the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) and spinal dorsal horn. The DCN route is commonly considered a 'touch pathway', separate from the spinal pain pathway', in part because DCN neurons respond to gentle tactile stimulation of small skin areas. Here we report that DCN neurons can additionally respond to gentle and noxious stimulation of viscera and widespread skin regions. These and other experimental and clinical data suggest that the DCN and spinal routes cooperate, rather than operate separately, to produce the many perceptions of touch and pain, an ensemble view that encourages novel approaches to health care and research.},
  institution = {Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306-1051, USA.},
  journal     = {Nat Med},
  keywords    = {Animals; Female; Injections, Intravenous; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Models, Neurological; Neurons, physiology; Nociceptors, physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Pelvis, innervation/physiology; Perception, physiology; Physical Stimulation; Picrotoxin, pharmacology; Rats; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Skin, innervation; Spinal Cord, pathology/physiology; Touch, physiology; Viscera, innervation/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7585178},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Berkley:1993,
  Title                    = {Functional differences between afferent fibers in the hypogastric and pelvic nerves innervating female reproductive organs in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Berkley, K. J. and Robbins, A. and Sato, Y.},
  Journal                  = {J Neurophysiol},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {533--544},
  Volume                   = {69},

  Abstract                 = {1. The uterus, cervix, and vaginal canal are innervated by afferent fibers in the hypogastric and pelvic nerves. Four studies compared the innervation territory and sensitivity to peripheral stimuli of the two sets of fibers in adult virgin rats. 2. Innervation territory was studied anatomically by injecting different fluorescent dyes into different parts of the reproductive, lower urinary, and lower digestive tracts and examining retrogradely labeled neurons in dorsal root ganglia. It was also studied electrophysiologically in anesthetized rats by summing potentials evoked in branches of the two nerves by electrical stimulation of different parts of the reproductive tract. 3. In both studies sensory innervation of the reproductive tract shifted from the pelvic to the hypogastric nerve (i.e., shifted entry into the spinal cord from the L6-S1 to the T13-L3 dorsal root ganglia, respectively) as the dye or stimulating electrode shifted from the vaginal entrance to the uterine horns,
 with fibers from both nerves densely innervating the cervix region (i.e., entering the spinal cord through both sets of ganglia). The anatomic results suggested that the regions innervated by fibers in one nerve might also be innervated by a small component of normally quiescent fibers in the other nerve. 4. Response sensitivity was studied electrophysiologically by simultaneously recording multiunit activity in branches of the hypogastric and pelvic nerves in two ways. First, in intact, anesthetized rats, activity was recorded during mechanical stimulation of the reproductive tract (distension of the vagina and uterus, probing the cervix). Second, in an in vitro organ preparation of the uterus and vagina, activity was recorded during chemical stimulation through the uterine artery with bradykinin, serotonin, NaCN, CO2, and KCl. 5. Pelvic nerve fibers were markedly more sensitive than hypogastric nerve fibers to uterine and cervical mechanostimulation. Similarly, pelvic nerve fibers were more likely to 
respond or responded more vigorously than hypogastric nerve fibers to all chemical stimuli (except KCl). 6. These results provide strong evidence that afferent fibers in the pelvic and hypogastric nerves of nulliparous adult rats subserve different functions in reproduction and sensation. Pelvic nerve fibers seem closely tied to sensory and behavioral processes associated with mating and conception, whereas hypogastric fibers seem closely tied to pregnancy and nociception, with fibers in both nerves serving functions during parturition.},
  Institution              = {Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Bradykinin, pharmacology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/physiology; Genitalia, Female, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation; Hypogastric Plexus, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Physical Stimulation; Potassium Chloride, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin, pharmacology; Stimulation, Chemical; Uterus, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/innervation},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8459284},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014}
}

@Article{Berkowitz:1999,
  author      = {Berkowitz, R. G. and Sun, Q. J. and Chalmers, J. and Pilowsky, P.},
  title       = {Intracellular recording from posterior cricoarytenoid motoneurons in the rat.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {108},
  number      = {12},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {1120--1125},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1177/000348949910801205},
  abstract    = {The ability to maintain coordinated vocal cord abduction and upper airway patency is dependent on the integrity of the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) motoneurons and their multiple neural connections. Study of the PCA motoneurons represents the initial step in understanding the complex mechanisms responsible for coordinated vocal cord abduction and may provide an insight into the possible pathological processes underlying the various clinical presentations of vocal cord dysfunction. Intracellular recordings were made from 11 PCA motoneurons in Sprague-Dawley rats, which all showed an inspiratory augmenting discharge pattern that is also characteristic of phrenic nerve activity. The resting membrane potential was -56+/-11 mV. Two PCA motoneurons were injected with Neurobiotin to demonstrate neuronal morphology, which was found to be similar to that obtained by retrograde labeling with cholera toxin B subunit. The technique described for intracellular recording of PCA motoneurons should allow 
more detailed morphological, electrophysiological, and immunohistochemical information to be obtained, to thereby identify some of the factors responsible for maintaining normal function of the PCA muscle.},
  institution = {Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.},
  journal     = {Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Arytenoid Cartilage, innervation; Cell Communication, physiology; Cricoid Cartilage, innervation; Electrophysiology, methods; Intracellular Membranes, physiology; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology; Phrenic Nerve, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10605915},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Berman:2010,
  author      = {Berman, Rebecca A. and Wurtz, Robert H.},
  title       = {Functional identification of a pulvinar path from superior colliculus to cortical area MT.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {18},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {6342--6354},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6176-09.2010},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6176-09.2010},
  abstract    = {The idea of a second visual pathway, in which visual signals travel from brainstem to cortex via the pulvinar thalamus, has had considerable influence as an alternative to the primary geniculo-striate pathway. Existence of this second pathway in primates, however, is not well established. A major question centers on whether the pulvinar acts as a relay, particularly in the path from the superior colliculus (SC) to the motion area in middle temporal cortex (MT). We used physiological microstimulation to identify pulvinar neurons belonging to the path from SC to MT in the macaque. We made three salient observations. First, we identified many neurons in the visual pulvinar that received input from SC or projected to MT, as well as a largely separate set of neurons that received input from MT. Second, and more importantly, we identified a subset of neurons as relay neurons that both received SC input and projected to MT. The identification of these relay neurons demonstrates a continuous 
functional path from SC to MT through the pulvinar in primates. Third, we histologically localized a subset of SC-MT relay neurons to the subdivision of inferior pulvinar known to project densely to MT but also localized SC-MT relay neurons to an adjacent subdivision. This pattern indicates that the pulvinar pathway is not limited to a single anatomically defined region. These findings bring new perspective to the functional organization of the pulvinar and its role in conveying signals to the cerebral cortex.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20982-4435, USA. bermanr@nei.nih.gov},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Electric Stimulation, methods; Macaca; Male; Neurons, physiology; Photic Stimulation, methods; Pulvinar, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Temporal Lobe, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Time Factors; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {30/18/6342},
  pmid        = {20445060},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bermejo:2003a,
  author      = {Bermejo, Pedro E. and Jim{\'{e}}nez, Cristina E. and Torres, Cristina V. and Avenda{\~{n}}o, Carlos},
  title       = {Quantitative stereological evaluation of the gracile and cuneate nuclei and their projection neurons in the rat.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {463},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {419--433},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.10747},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10747},
  abstract    = {Stereological methods were employed to estimate the volume and neuron numbers of the rat dorsal column nuclei (DCN). These methods were applied to Nissl-stained sections from control animals and cases that received injections of horseradish peroxidase in the thalamus, the cerebellum, or the spinal cord. Additional cases received combinations of fluorescent tracers in the same structures, to examine whether some of the retrogradely labeled neurons sent collaterals to different targets. The mean volume of the DCN is 0.81 mm(3) (range 0.65-1.10 mm(3)), of which 3\%, 39\%, and 59\% correspond, respectively, to the nucleus of Bischoff (Bi), the gracile (Gr), and the cuneate (Cu) nuclei. Within Cu, the middle division (CuM) is the largest (42\%), followed by the rostral (CuR; 36\%) and caudal (CuC; 22\%) divisions. The mean total number of neurons in the DCN is 16,000 (range 12,400-19,500), of which 2.4\%, 34.0\% and 63.6\% correspond, respectively, to Bi, Gr, and Cu. Within Cu, CuM contains 48\% 
of all neurons, and 27\% correspond to CuR and 25\% to CuC. Interanimal variability is moderate for the whole DCN and Cu but increases when individual nuclei are considered. About 80\% of DCN neurons project to the thalamus, 3\% to the spinal cord, and 7\% to the cerebellum. Thalamic-projecting cells are more numerous in CuM and Gr (83\%), and relatively less common in Bi and CuC (72-74\%). Most of the DCN neurons projecting to the spinal cord appear in CuC and CuM. Two-thirds of the neurons projecting to the cerebellum are located in CuR, 20\% in CuM, and 15\% in Gr. A small fraction of neurons projects simultaneously to spinal cord and thalamus.},
  institution = {Department of Morphology, Medical School, Autónoma University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Count; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12836177},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Bermejo:2003,
  Title                    = {Quantitative stereological evaluation of the gracile and cuneate nuclei and their projection neurons in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Pedro E Bermejo and Cristina E Jiménez and Cristina V Torres and Carlos Avendaño},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {419--433},
  Volume                   = {463},

  Abstract                 = {Stereological methods were employed to estimate the volume and neuron numbers of the rat dorsal column nuclei (DCN). These methods were applied to Nissl-stained sections from control animals and cases that received injections of horseradish peroxidase in the thalamus, the cerebellum, or the spinal cord. Additional cases received combinations of fluorescent tracers in the same structures, to examine whether some of the retrogradely labeled neurons sent collaterals to different targets. The mean volume of the DCN is 0.81 mm(3) (range 0.65-1.10 mm(3)), of which 3\%, 39\%, and 59\% correspond, respectively, to the nucleus of Bischoff (Bi), the gracile (Gr), and the cuneate (Cu) nuclei. Within Cu, the middle division (CuM) is the largest (42\%), followed by the rostral (CuR; 36\%) and caudal (CuC; 22\%) divisions. The mean total number of neurons in the DCN is 16,000 (range 12,400-19,500), of which 2.4\%, 34.0\% and 63.6\% correspond, respectively, to Bi, Gr, and Cu. Within Cu, CuM 
contains 48\% of all neurons, and 27\% correspond to CuR and 25\% to CuC. Interanimal variability is moderate for the whole DCN and Cu but increases when individual nuclei are considered. About 80\% of DCN neurons project to the thalamus, 3\% to the spinal cord, and 7\% to the cerebellum. Thalamic-projecting cells are more numerous in CuM and Gr (83\%), and relatively less common in Bi and CuC (72-74\%). Most of the DCN neurons projecting to the spinal cord appear in CuC and CuM. Two-thirds of the neurons projecting to the cerebellum are located in CuR, 20\% in CuM, and 15\% in Gr. A small fraction of neurons projects simultaneously to spinal cord and thalamus.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.10747},
  Institution              = {Department of Morphology, Medical School, Autónoma University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cell Count; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pmid                     = {12836177},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10747}
}

@Article{Bernabe:2007,
  author      = {Bernabé, Jacques and Clément, Pierre and Denys, Pierre and Alexandre, Laurent and Giuliano, François},
  title       = {Seminal plug expulsion induced by electrical stimulation of the intermesenteric nerve in anesthetized rats.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {77},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {717--722},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1095/biolreprod.107.060921},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.107.060921},
  abstract    = {Synchronized activation of autonomic and somatic divisions of the nervous system respectively destined to the seminal tract, including the bladder neck and the pelvi-perineal striated musculature, is necessary for anterograde ejaculation. We aimed at investigating the role of intermesenteric nerves (IMNs) in ejaculation in anesthetized rats. Electrical stimulation of intact IMNs and distal and proximal stumps of the sectioned IMN were tested in isoflurane-anesthetized male rats. Electrical stimulation of the intact IMN was also applied to rats with acute spinal transection at the T8 level. The effects of IMN electrical stimulation on emission and expulsion phases of ejaculation were evaluated by measuring seminal vesicle pressure (SVP) and bulbospongiosus (BS) muscle contractions, respectively. IMN electrical stimulation could induce SVP increase and rhythmic contractions of BS muscle concomitantly with expulsion of the seminal plug. When compared with intact IMN electrical stimulation, the 
occurrence of ejaculation and rhythmic BS muscle contractions, but not SVP increase, was reduced in response to electrical stimulation of the distal stump of the sectioned IMN. In comparison to intact IMN electrical stimulation, the occurrence of ejaculation and rhythmic BS muscle contractions was not significantly modified, whereas the increase in SVP was diminished when the proximal stump of the sectioned IMN was stimulated. Spinalization abolished ejaculation and rhythmic BS muscle contraction but did not impair SVP increase. It is concluded that both afferents conveyed by IMN and relaying supraspinally and efferents of IMN are involved in IMN electrical stimulation-induced ejaculation. We propose that the IMN electrical stimulation paradigm can be used to investigate physiological and pharmacologic aspects of ejaculation.},
  institution = {Pelvipharm Laboratories, CNRS, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.},
  journal     = {Biol Reprod},
  keywords    = {Anesthesia; Animals; Ejaculation, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Male; Mesentery, innervation; Muscle Contraction, physiology; Peripheral Nerves, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Seminal Vesicles, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {biolreprod.107.060921},
  pmid        = {17582012},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bernabe:1978,
  author      = {Bernabé, P. F. and Holland, R. and {de Paiva}, J. G. and {de Souza}, V. and Nery, M. J. and {de Mello}, W.},
  title       = {Behaviour of the subcutaneous connective tissue to the implantation of some materials employed in retrograde filling.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {7--17},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  journal     = {Rev Fac Odontol Aracatuba},
  keywords    = {Animals; Connective Tissue, drug effects; Histological Techniques; Male; Rats; Retrograde Obturation; Root Canal Filling Materials, adverse effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {395601},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bernabeu:1997,
  author      = {Bernabeu, R. and Bevilaqua, L. and Ardenghi, P. and Bromberg, E. and Schmitz, P. and Bianchin, M. and Izquierdo, I. and Medina, J. H.},
  title       = {Involvement of hippocampal cAMP/cAMP-dependent protein kinase signaling pathways in a late memory consolidation phase of aversively motivated learning in rats.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {94},
  number      = {13},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {7041--7046},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1073/pnas.94.13.7041},
  abstract    = {cAMP/cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling pathway has been recently proposed to participate in both the late phase of long term potentiation in the hippocampus and in the late, protein synthesis-dependent phase of memory formation. Here we report that a late memory consolidation phase of an inhibitory avoidance learning is regulated by an hippocampal cAMP signaling pathway that is activated, at least in part, by D1/D5 receptors. Bilateral infusion of SKF 38393 (7.5 microg/side), a D1/D5 receptor agonist, into the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus, enhanced retention of a step-down inhibitory avoidance when given 3 or 6 h, but not immediately (0 h) or 9 h, after training. In contrast, full retrograde amnesia was obtained when SCH 23390 (0.5 microg/side), a D1/D5 receptor antagonist, was infused into the hippocampus 3 or 6 h after training. Intrahippocampal infusion of 8Br-cAMP (1.25 microg/side), or forskolin (0.5 microg/side), an activator of adenylyl cyclase, enhanced memory 
when given 3 or 6 h after training. KT5720 (0.5 microg/side), a specific inhibitor of PKA, hindered memory consolidation when given immediately or 3 or 6 h posttraining. Rats submitted to the avoidance task showed learning-specific increases in hippocampal 3H-SCH 23390 binding and in the endogenous levels of cAMP 3 and 6 h after training. In addition, PKA activity and P-CREB (phosphorylated form of cAMP responsive element binding protein) immunoreactivity increased in the hippocampus immediately and 3 and 6 h after training. Together, these findings suggest that the late phase of memory consolidation of an inhibitory avoidance is modulated cAMP/PKA signaling pathways in the hippocampus.},
  institution = {Instituto de Biologia Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.},
  journal     = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, physiology; Hippocampus, physiology; Male; Memory, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9192688},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bernard:1990a,
  Title                    = {Amygdaloid projections of the external parabrachial area to the forebrain: A PHA-L study with reference to the pain transmission},
  Author                   = {Bernard and Besson},
  Journal                  = {Soc Neurosci Abstr},
  Year                     = {1990},
  Pages                    = {705},
  Volume                   = {16},

  Owner                    = {HiWi},
  Timestamp                = {29.05.2012}
}

@Article{Bernard:1987,
  Title                    = {Topographical organization of olivocerebellar and corticonuclear connections in the rat-an WGA-HRP study: I. Lobules IX, X, and the flocculus.},
  Author                   = {J. F. Bernard},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1987},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {241-258},
  Volume                   = {263},

  Abstract                 = {The organization of the olivocerebellar and corticonuclear relations for vermal lobules IX and X and the flocculus has been studied in the rat by using microinjections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). This axonal tracer allowed us to study simultaneously the olivocortical connections (revealed by retrograde transport) and corticonuclear connections (revealed by anterograde transport) from a single injection in the cerebellar cortex. The results indicate that four modules can be distinguished, each of which consists of a region of cerebellar cortex receiving afferents from a single small region of the inferior olive (IO) and sending efferents to one or several portions of the cerebellar nuclei and/or vestibular nuclei. The first module includes a medial part of lobule X as well as all the flocculus. It receives afferents from the dorsal cap (dc) and sends efferents to the small cell (s) zone of the dentate nucleus as well as to the medial 
vestibular (VM) nucleus and subnucleus y. The second module includes a medial parasagittal region located in lobules IX and X. It receives afferents from the ventrolateral outgrowth (vlo) and/or beta nucleus (vlo + beta nucleus) and sends efferents principally to the ventrolateral part of fastigial nucleus and to the superior vestibular (VS), inferior vestibular (VI), and VM nuclei. The third module includes a lateral parasagittal region in lobules IX and X. It receives afferents from the dorsomedial cell column (dmcc) of IO and sends efferents principally to the interpositus nucleus and subnucleus y. The fourth module includes the most lateral part of lobules IX and Xa. It receives afferents from the principal olive (PO) and sends efferents to the s zone of the dentate nucleus. These results are comparable to those obtained in the cat although a few differences are discussed.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902630207},
  Institution              = {Unité de Recherches de Neurophysiologie Pharmacologique, INSERM U 161, Paris, France.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Morawska, Pauline},
  Pmid                     = {3667979},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902630207}
}

@Article{Bernard:1993,
  Title                    = {The organization of the efferent projections from the pontine parabrachial area to the amygdaloid complex: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) study in the rat.},
  Author                   = {J. F. Bernard and M. Alden and J. M. Besson},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {201--229},
  Volume                   = {329},

  Abstract                 = {The organization of the efferent projections from the pontine parabrachial (pPB) area to the amygdala has been studied in the rat by using microinjections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), a sensitive and selective anterograde axonal marker, into restricted subregions of the pPB area. The results confirmed that the pPB area primarily projected onto the ipsilateral nucleus centralis of the amygdala (Ce), and to a lesser extent onto the ipsilateral posterior basolateral (BLP), anterior basomedial (BMA), and amygdaloid cortical (ACo) nuclei of the amygdala. Substantial projections were also found in the substantia innominata dorsal/ventral portion of the globus pallidus (SId/GPv), substriatal (SStr), and fondus striatal (FStr) regions which continue the amygdala rostrally. The results demonstrated that the projections of the pPB area onto the Ce were topically organized: 1) The region of the pPB area mainly including the medial subnucleus (pPBm), the waist area (pPBwa),
 and a thin rostral lamina of the ventral lateral subnucleus (pPBvl) projects primarily to the medial portion of the Ce (CeM). Dense projections were also found in the BLP, BMA, and ACo nuclei of the amygdala, and in the SId/GPv, SStr, and FStr rostral areas. 2) The region of the pPB mainly including the rostral portion of the central lateral subnucleus (pPBcl) and the outer-rostral portion of the external lateral subnucleus (pPBel) projects primarily to the lateral portion of the Ce (CeL). 3) The region of the pPB mainly including the dorsolateral subnucleus (pPBdl), the remaining pPBel, and the external medial (pPBem) subnuclei projects primarily to the lateral capsular portion of the Ce (CeLC) and bilaterally to its rostral portion. Dense projections were also found in the regions which extend the CeLC rostrally and in the SId/GPv, SStr, and FStr rostral areas. The possible role of each of the three parabrachio-amygdaloid pathways described is discussed. It was suggested that the pPB-CeM pathway is mainly 
implicated in gustatory processes; the pPB-CeL pathway is mainly implicated in visceral and chemosensitive processes; and the pPB-CeLC pathway is mainly implicated in respiratory, cardiovascular, and nociceptive processes.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903290205},
  Institution              = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERM U 161, Paris, France.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Microinjections; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Terminology as Topic},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8454730},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903290205}
}

@Article{Bernard:1990,
  author      = {J. F. Bernard and J. M. Besson},
  title       = {The spino(trigemino)pontoamygdaloid pathway: electrophysiological evidence for an involvement in pain processes.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {63},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {473--490},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3959(90)92470-b},
  abstract    = {1. Neurons were recorded in the parabrachial (PB) area, located in the dorsolateral region of the pons (with the use of extracellular micropipette), in the anesthetized rat. Parabrachioamygdaloid (PA) neurons (n = 67) were antidromically identified after stimulation in the centralis nucleus of the amygdala (Ce). The axons of these neurons exhibit a very slow conduction velocity, between 0.26 and 1.1 m/s, i.e., in the unmyelinated range. 2. These PA neurons were located in a restricted region of the PB area: the subnuclei external lateral (PBel) and external medial (PBem). A relative somatotopic organization was found in this region. 3. These units were separated into two groups: 1) a group of nociceptive-specific (NS) neurons (69\%), which responded exclusively to noxious stimuli, and 2) a group of nonresponsive (NR) neurons (31\%). 4. The NS neurons exhibited low or lacked spontaneous activity. They responded exclusively to mechanical (pinch or squeeze) and/or thermal (waterbath or waterjet 
greater than 44 degrees C) noxious stimuli with a marked and sustained activation with a rapid onset and generally without afterdischarge. Noxious thermal stimuli generally induced a stronger response than the noxious mechanical stimuli. These neurons exhibited a clear capacity to encode thermal stimuli in the noxious range: 1) the stimulus-response function was always positive and monotonic; 2) the slope of the curve progressively increased up to a maximum where it was very steep, then the steepness of the slope decreased close to the maximum response; and 3) the mean threshold was 44.1 +/- 2 degrees C, and the point of steepest slope of the mean curve was around 47 degrees C. 5. The excitatory receptive fields of the NS neurons were large in the majority (70\%) of the cases and included several areas of the body. A more marked activation was often obtained from stimuli applied to one part of the body, denoted as the preferential receptive field (PRF). In the other cases (30\%), the excitatory receptive 
field was relatively small (SRF) and restricted to one part of the body (the tail, a paw, a hemiface, or the tongue). Both the PRF and SRF were more often located on the contralateral side. In addition, noxious stimuli applied outside the excitatory receptive field were found to strongly inhibit the responses of NS neurons. 6. All the NS neurons responded to intense transcutaneous electrical stimulation applied to the PRF or SRF with two peaks of activation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U161, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {J Neurophysiol},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Amygdala, physiology/physiopathology; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Male; Nociceptors, physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Pons, physiology/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, physiology/physiopathology; Trigeminal Nerve, physiology/physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2329357},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bernard:1984,
  author      = {J. F. Bernard and C. Buisseret-Delmas and C. Compoint and S. Laplante},
  title       = {Harmaline induced tremor. III. A combined simple units, horseradish peroxidase, and 2-deoxyglucose study of the olivocerebellar system in the rat.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {57},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {128-137},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00231139},
  abstract    = {Purkinje cells were recorded extracellularly and mapped in the cerebellar cortex of the rat under tremogenic doses of harmaline. Four different types of responses were encountered, of which two were considered as being responsible for the harmaline tremor. The latter had a regular firing pattern of complex spikes at 5 to 10 Hz and were mostly found in the vermis. Their number decreased in the more lateral region of the cerebellar cortex until they eventually disappeared. Horseradish peroxidase was injected into all the areas of the cerebellar cortex containing Purkinje cells with harmaline-induced activity. Labeled neurons were in all cases traced to the medial accessory olive. The metabolic activity of the inferior olive under harmaline was measured with 2-deoxyglucose. Increased labeling was only found in the medial accessory olive. Such an increase was demonstrated as being due to a direct effect of the drug on the inferior olivary neurons, indicating that the medial accessory olive is 
responsible for the harmaline tremor in the rat. Our results point out that, in the rat, there is an inverse relationship between serotoninergic innervation of a region in the inferior olivary nucleus and that with harmaline sensitivity, therefore a serotoninergic mechanism hypothesis for the harmaline tremor needs further investigation.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Alkaloids, pharmacology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Glucose, metabolism; Harmaline, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, physiopathology; Olivary Nucleus, drug effects/physiopathology; Purkinje Cells, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Tremor, chemically induced/physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {6519221},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bernard:1991,
  author      = {Bernard, J. F. and Carroué, J. and Besson, J. M.},
  title       = {Efferent projections from the external parabrachial area to the forebrain: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study in the rat.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {122},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {257--260},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(91)90872-q},
  abstract    = {Small iontophoretic applications of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were used to study the ascending efferent projections in the rat from the external parabrachial (PBe) area (i.e. external lateral (PBel) and external medial (PBem) subnuclei). It was found that fibers of the caudal two third of PBe project mainly to nucleus centralis of the amygdala (Ce) with a precise pattern: the PBel subnuclei mainly project to the caudomedial subdivision of the Ce and the PBem subnuclei mainly project to the rostrolateral subdivision of the Ce. Another dense and common projection of both subnuclei was found in the ventral pallidal area adjacent to the Ce. This study delineates and extends the terminal area of the spino(trigemino)-ponto-amygdaloid nociceptive pathway demonstrated by our previous studies.},
  institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERM U161, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pmid        = {1709264},
  timestamp   = {29.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bernard:1995,
  Title                    = {Organization of the efferent projections from the spinal cervical enlargement to the parabrachial area and periaqueductal gray: a PHA-L study in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Bernard, J. F. and Dallel, R. and Raboisson, P. and Villanueva, L. and {Le Bars}, D.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {480--505},
  Volume                   = {353},

  Abstract                 = {The organization of efferent projections from the spinal cervical enlargement to the parabrachial (PB) area and the periaqueductal gray (PAG) was studied in the rat by using microinjections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into different laminae around the C7 level. The results demonstrated two areas of cervical enlargement which project in different ways to the PB area and PAG. First, the superficial laminae (I, II) showed a very dense projection, with a clear contralateral dominance at the coronal level where the inferior colliculus merges with the pons, to a restricted "superficial" portion of the PB area, namely the lateral crescent area, the dorsal lateral, the superior lateral (PBsl), and the outer portion of the external lateral PB subnuclei. Less dense projections were observed in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) and in the ventrolateral/lateral quadrant of the caudal and mid PAG. By contrast, the labeling was weak or absent in the other PB subnuclei and the 
outer adjacent regions; in particular, no, or very little, labeling was found in the cuneiform nucleus. The PB area appeared to be the supraspinal target that received the densest projection from laminae I and II. Projections were less dense in the PAG and the thalamus and markedly less in other sites such as the ventrolateral medulla, the subnucleus reticularis dorsalis, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Second, the reticular portion of lamina V, the medial portion of laminae IV-VI up to X and lamina VIII, showed bilateral projections with a weak ipsilateral dominance and a high to medium density on a very restricted portion of the PB area, namely the internal lateral PB subnucleus. A lesser projection was also observed in the adjacent portion of the PBsl, the KF, and the lateral quadrant of the PAG. These results suggest that signals carried by neurons from lamina I-II converge on a restricted superficial portion of the PB area and the ventral part of the lateral quadrant of the PAG. These results are 
discussed in the context of the role of the spino-PB and spino-PAG pathways in nociception.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903530403},
  Institution              = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERM U 161, Paris, France.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Male; Neck; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7759612},
  Timestamp                = {29.11.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903530403}
}

@Article{Bernard:1994,
  author      = {J. F. Bernard and G. F. Huang and J. M. Besson},
  title       = {The parabrachial area: electrophysiological evidence for an involvement in visceral nociceptive processes.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {71},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {1646--1660},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {1. Neurons (n = 142) were recorded with extracellular micropipettes in the parabrachial (PB) area, in the anesthetized rat, some of them being antidromically driven from the centralis nucleus of the amygdala (Ce). The spontaneous activity of these neurons was low, (10th percentile < median frequency < 90th percentile; 0.01 < 0.3 < 11 Hz), and the activity of a very high proportion of the PB neurons (89\%, 127/142) were affected by mechanical or thermal cutaneous stimuli almost exclusively in the noxious range; most of them were activated and received inputs from A delta and/or C fibers. 2. A majority of the PB neurons (66\%, 93/142) were affected by visceral stimuli (bradykinin intraperitoneal and/or colorectal distension), almost exclusively in the noxious range; all of them (except one) were also affected by cutaneous noxious stimuli. The remaining neurons not affected by these visceral stimuli were only activated by cutaneous noxious stimuli (n = 35) or completely unresponsive (n = 14; i.
e., only 10\% of the whole population). 3. Thirty-five percent (49/142) of the whole population of PB neurons responded to bradykinin intraperitoneal and/or to strong colorectal distension with an intense and sustained increase of discharge. The response to bradykinin and to colorectal distension was often dissociated, i.e., the activation was often produced by only one of the stimuli the other being ineffective or inhibitory. The intensity of responses to visceral noxious stimuli was between 5-45 Hz with a mean value of 20 +/- 2 (SE) Hz (n = 49). The visceral activated neurons exhibited a clear capacity to encode the colorectal distension in noxious range: 1) the stimulus-response function was almost always positive and monotonic; 2) as for the individual curves, the slope of the mean curve progressively increased up to the highest interval of pressure tested (100-125 mmHg); and 3) the threshold for neuronal response to colorectal distension was between 25-100 mmHg with a mean pressure threshold of 56 +/- 
24 (SD) mmHg (n = 19). Viscerosomatic convergence was observed for 84\% of these neurons: they were also activated by thermal and/or mechanical cutaneous noxious stimuli while only 16\% of them were activated only by visceral noxious stimulation. 4. Thirty-one percent (44/142) of the whole population of PB neurons were inhibited by both strong colorectal distension and intraperitoneal bradykinin (82\%) or only by one of the stimuli being unresponsive to the other (18\%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 161, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {J Neurophysiol},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Arousal, physiology; Brain Mapping; Chemoreceptor Cells, physiology; Colon, innervation; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Male; Mechanoreceptors, physiology; Mesencephalon, physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Nociceptors, physiology; Peritoneum, innervation; Pons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rectum, innervation; Skin, innervation; Spinal Cord, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Thermoreceptors, physiology; Viscera, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8064340},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bernard:1989,
  author      = {Bernard, J. F. and Peschanski, M. and Besson, J. M.},
  title       = {Afferents and efferents of the rat cuneiformis nucleus: an anatomical study with reference to pain transmission.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {490},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {181--185},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)90449-6},
  abstract    = {Small iontophoretic application of wheat-germ-agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, was used to simultaneously observe, in the rat, the afferent and the efferent connections of the cuneiformis nucleus (Cnf), in the same animal. The results demonstrate that the main Cnf afferent connections originate from: (1) 6 regions of the forebrain: the nucleus centralis of the amygdala, the zona incerta, the dorsomedial, ventromedial and the lateral area of the hypothalamus and the periventricular gray matter and (2) 4 regions of the midbrain: the substantia nigra pars lateralis, the peripeduncular area, the periaqueductal gray matter and the other side Cnf. In contrast to the wealth of origins of afferent fibers, most projections of the Cnf are concentrated to the B3 area and the bordering reticular nuclei. It is proposed that the Cnf, which mostly receives afferent connections from the forebrain and the midbrain, and which in turn densely projects on the B3 area, is a relay for the 
modulation of pain processes.},
  institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système nerveux, INSERM, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiopathology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Pain, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(89)90449-6},
  pmid        = {2474360},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Bernard:1989a,
  author      = {Bernard, J. F. and Peschanski, M. and Besson, J. M.},
  title       = {A possible spino (trigemino)-ponto-amygdaloid pathway for pain.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {100},
  number      = {1-3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {83--88},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(89)90664-2},
  abstract    = {Small iontophoretic applications of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated to horseradish peroxidase have been used to simultaneously observe, in the rat, the afferent and efferent connections of small parabrachial subregions in the same animal. The results demonstrate that a restricted region centered on the external portion of the lateral parabrachial area receives numerous afferents from the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis and sends a major projection to the nucleus centralis of the amygdala. This study suggests that the external portion of the lateral parabrachial area is a relay for messages evoked by noxious stimuli in a spino (trigemino)-ponto-amygdaloid pathway.},
  institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERM U 161, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, cytology/physiopathology; Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Pain, physiopathology; Pons, cytology/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiopathology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, cytology/physiopathology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2474780},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Bernard:1990b,
  author      = {Bernard, J. F. and Villanueva, L. and Carroué, J. and {Le Bars}, D.},
  title       = {Efferent projections from the subnucleus reticularis dorsalis (SRD): a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study in the rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {116},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {257--262},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(90)90083-l},
  abstract    = {Small iontophoretic applications of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were used in rats to study the efferent projections from a restricted region in the reticular formation of the caudal medulla: the subnucleus reticularis dorsalis (SRD). It was found that fibres from SRD project mainly to the spinal cord, the oral motor nuclei, the dorsal accessory inferior olive, the giganto- and parvo-cellular nuclei of the reticular formation and the parafascicular and ventromedian nuclei of the thalamus. Together with our previous electrophysiological findings, this study suggests that the SRD could be involved both in the control of pain processing and in motor reactions elicited by noxious events.},
  institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERM U161, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Diencephalon, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rhombencephalon, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology; Synaptic Transmission},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304-3940(90)90083-L},
  pmid        = {2173815},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Bernard:2012,
  Title                    = {Individual neurons in the rat lateral habenular complex project mostly to the dopaminergic ventral tegmental area or to the serotonergic raphe nuclei.},
  Author                   = {René Bernard and Rüdiger W Veh},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {2545--2558},
  Volume                   = {520},

  Abstract                 = {The lateral habenular complex (LHb) is a bilateral epithalamic brain structure involved in the modulation of ascending monoamine systems in response to afferents from limbic regions and basal ganglia. The LHb is implicated in various biological functions, such as reward, sleep-wake cycle, feeding, pain processing, and memory formation. The modulatory role of the LHb is partially assumed by putative spontaneously active LHb neurons projecting to the dopaminergic ventral tegmental area (VTA) and to the serotonergic median (MnR) and dorsal raphe nuclei (DR). All four nuclei form a complex and coordinated network to evoke appropriate responses to reward-related stimuli. At present it is not known whether individual LHb neurons project to only one or to more than one monoaminergic nucleus. To answer this question, we made dual injections of two different retrograde tracers into the rat VTA and either DR or MnR. Tracers were visualized by immunohistochemistry. In coronal sections, the 
different retrogradly labeled habenular neurons were quantified and assigned to the corresponding habenular subnuclei. Our results show that 1) the distribution of neurons in the LHb projecting to the three monoamine nuclei is similar and exhibits a great overlap, 2) the vast majority of LHb projection neurons target one monoaminergic nucleus only, and 3) very few, heterogeneously distributed LHb neurons project to both dopaminergic and serotonergic nuclei. These results imply that the LHb forms both separate and interconnected circuits with each monoaminergic nucleus, permitting the LHb to modulate its output to different monoamine systems either independently or jointly. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2545-2558, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.23080},
  Institution              = {Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. rene.bernard@charite.de.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {22492391},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23080}
}

@Article{Bernardi:1995,
  author      = {Bernardi, P. S. and Valtschanoff, J. G. and Weinberg, R. J. and Schmidt, H. H. and Rustioni, A.},
  title       = {Synaptic interactions between primary afferent terminals and GABA and nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons in superficial laminae of the rat spinal cord.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {15},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {1363--1371},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/15/2/1363.long},
  abstract    = {The superficial laminae (I and II) of the spinal dorsal horn receive small caliber primary afferent fibers responsive to noxious stimulation, and contain local circuit neurons that modulate afferent input. Many of these neurons are GABAergic; about a third of these also synthesize nitric oxide. We identified three main morphological types of primary afferent terminals in superficial laminae after injections of a tracer selective for small caliber afferents into the sciatic nerve of rats. The relative densities of the three types varied through the dorsoventral extent of laminae I and II. Synaptic contacts of each type with GABA- and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing dendrites and axon terminals were determined by preembedding and postembedding immunocytochemistry. Nonglomerular primary afferent terminals, likely to originate from peptidergic unmyelinated fibers, were not seen in synaptic contact with either GABA- or NOS-containing neurons. Primary afferent terminals at the center of 
type 1 glomeruli (C1) and at the center of type 2 glomeruli (C2) are likely to originate from unmyelinated and small myelinated fibers, respectively. GABAergic terminals contacted more C2 than C1 terminals, suggesting more effective presynaptic inhibition of C2 terminals. Many GABAergic terminals were also positive for NOS, but all GABAergic terminals presynaptic to primary afferent terminals were negative for NOS. Only C2 terminals established frequent synapses with NOS-positive dendrites. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Amino Acid Oxidoreductases, metabolism; Animals; Male; Nerve Endings, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Neurons, metabolism; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism; Synapses, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, biosynthesis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7532703},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bernardis:1975,
  author      = {Bernardis, L. L.},
  title       = {The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus in autonomic and neuroendocrine homeostasis.},
  year        = {1975},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {2},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {45--60},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1017/s0317167100019971},
  abstract    = {Median eminence and ventromedial hypothalamus have in the past been the principal foci of research in neuroendocrine and neurovisceral control mechanisms. The present report provides an overview of work involving the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMV). This structure is located dorsal to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) to the plane of the dorsal premammillary nucleus. Fibers from the DMN pass with the periventricular system and the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of Schütz and have been traced to the midbrain tegmentum and reticular formation. Intrahypothalamic connections involve intensive networks between DMN, lateral hypothalamic nucleus (LHN) and VMN. Regarding neurotransmitters, recent studies indicate that the DMN receives noradrenergic innervation along two pathways, a dorsal and a ventral one. Monoamine-containing systems approach the DMN From the lateral hypothalamus and the bulk of these fibers are carried in the medium forebrain bundle from their cells of origin in 
the brain stem. Studies of the vascular supply indicate that both VMN and DMN receive their blood supply from the internal carotid artery...},
  journal     = {Can J Neurol Sci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, physiology; Brain Mapping; Circadian Rhythm; Drinking Behavior; Endocrine Glands, physiology; Ependyma, physiology; Feeding Behavior; Female; Growth Hormone, secretion; Homeostasis; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, physiology; Hypothalamus, Middle, anatomy /&/ histology/blood supply/physiology; Hypothalamus, physiology; Locomotion; Male; Metabolism; Neural Pathways; Neurotransmitter Agents, physiology; Oxygen Consumption; Pseudopregnancy; Rats; Thyroid Gland, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {238734},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bernardis:1987,
  author      = {Bernardis, L. L. and Bellinger, L. L.},
  title       = {The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus revisited: 1986 update.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {434},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {321--381},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-0173(87)90004-x},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Female; Hypothalamus, Middle, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3300862},
  timestamp   = {03.12.2012},
}

@Article{Bernardis:1998,
  author      = {Bernardis, L. L. and Bellinger, L. L.},
  title       = {The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus revisited: 1998 update.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {218},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {284--306},
  doi         = {10.3181/00379727-218-44296},
  abstract    = {This article reviews data that have accumulated since the early 1970s on the role of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN) in neuroendocrine and autonomic homeostasis. Both the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) and the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) project to the DMN, which in turn projects to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), thus placing the DMN at an important nodal point of neuroendocrine/autonomic circuitries. The DMN is composed of cells and fibers containing neuropeptide Y (NPY), and the nutritional status (starvation-refeeding) is reflected in NPY levels of both VMN and DMN in Sprague-Dawley, Zucker (fa/fa), and corpulent rats (cp/cp JCR:LA). The DMN is involved in the final common pathway of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion by the PVN, sympathetic nervous system outflow to the adrenal gland, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. The DMN is also part of a "fear circuitry" regulating cardiovascular responses to stress such as 
myocardial blood flow and the tachycardia associated with the defense reaction. This appears to be mediated by a gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) mechanism. Although exhibiting reduced ponderal and linear growth and hypophagia and hypodipsia, the rat with DMN lesions (DMNL rat) has normal body composition, anabolic hormone levels, and intermediary metabolism, and it responds normally to numerous endocrine, nutritional, intra- and extracellular thirst and body weight-regulatory challenges. The DMNL rat shows normal efficiency of food utilization, but shows an attenuated response to the feeding-stimulatory effect of insulin. The only other lesion-induced abnormalities are hyperprolactinemia and a disrupted circadian corticosterone rhythm. The hyperprolactinemia in DMNL rats appears to be related to an attenuation of dopamine (DA). Rats with DMNL are capable of mating and can bear offspring, but there is a dramatic effect on litter size and other litter parameters that only improves when one parent is a DMNL rat.
 Antiaging effects produced by DMNL are evident in the prevention of age-associated microalbuminuria and kidney lesions, as well as, in prevention of the age-related decline in circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Recent evidence suggests that DMN, together with the VMN and the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus, may be part of the circuitry that is responsive to the feedback signal from adipose tissue by the hormone leptin. The above findings and others suggest that the DMN plays a diverse role in physiological regulatory processes.},
  institution = {VA Western New York Healthcare System, State University of New York at Buffalo 14215, USA.},
  journal     = {Proc Soc Exp Biol Med},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, physiology; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Homeostasis, physiology; Humans; Neurotransmitter Agents, physiology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9714072},
  timestamp   = {03.12.2012},
}

@Article{Bernaudin:1986,
  author      = {Bernaudin, J. F. and Theven, D. and Pinchon, M. C. and Brun-Pascaud, M. and Bellon, B. and Pocidalo, J. J.},
  title       = {Protein transfer in hyperoxic induced pleural effusion in the rat.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {10},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {23--38},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3109/01902148609057501},
  abstract    = {In order to study the kinetics and pathways of protein transfer in pleural effusion, rats with pleurisy associated with hyperoxic pulmonary edema were injected either intrapleurally or intravenously with tracers. 125I-Albumin was used to obtain quantitative data. Anti horseradish peroxidase used as a morphological tracer, allowed a precise localization of the pathways used for the transfer. It has been possible to demonstrate that, in this model, the pleural effusion is produced by a plasma exudation accumulated in the lung interstitium, transferred through the visceral pleura and resorbed by the lymphatics of the parietal costal and diaphragmatic pleurae.},
  journal     = {Exp Lung Res},
  keywords    = {Albumins, metabolism; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Horseradish Peroxidase, immunology; Immunoglobulin G, metabolism; Kinetics; Male; Oxygen, toxicity; Pleural Effusion, etiology/metabolism/pathology; Pleurisy, metabolism; Proteins, metabolism; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3948810},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bernays:1988,
  author      = {R. L. Bernays and L. Heeb and M. Cuenod and P. Streit},
  title       = {Afferents to the rat red nucleus studied by means of D-[3H]aspartate, [3H]choline and non-selective tracers.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {26},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {601-619},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(88)90168-6},
  abstract    = {Following injection of horseradish peroxidase-labeled wheat germ agglutinin or of rhodamine-labeled microspheres as non-selective tracers into the rat red nucleus, the origins of the corticorubral and cerebellorubral pathways, as well as a considerable number of other brain structures including dorsal raphé nucleus, zona incerta and several hypothalamic nuclei showed retrogradely labeled perikarya. Labeling patterns obtained with horseradish peroxidase-labeled wheat germ agglutinin compared well with those observed following application of rhodamine-labeled microspheres which produced injection sites restricted to the small nucleus. In these latter cases, counterstaining with phosphine allowed a better definition of anatomical structures. After D-[3H]aspartate application, retrogradely labeled perikarya were observed in cerebral cortex (layer V), zona incerta, dorsal raphé nucleus and in several other structures also labeled by non-selective tracers. Following application of [3H]choline and 
using an improved autoradiographic method, perikaryal labeling was massive within nucleus interpositus, while it was absent in dorsal raphé nucleus, cerebral cortex and zona incerta. Retrograde tracing experiments with D-[3H]aspartate and [3H]choline revealed that these transmitter related compounds are selective markers for two subsets of afferents to the red nucleus. The transmitter specificity of the selective labeling with [3H]choline in the cerebellorubral pathway is supported only in part by the results obtained with other methods. The selective labeling with D-[3H]aspartate in the corticorubral pathway, on the other hand, is consistent with its transmitter specificity.},
  institution = {Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich, Switzerland.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, diagnostic use/metabolism; Brain Mapping, methods; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Choline, diagnostic use/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Red Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {3173690},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bernick:1989,
  author      = {Bernick, S. and Paule, W. and Ertl, D. and Nishimoto, S. K. and Nimni, M. E.},
  title       = {Cellular events associated with the induction of bone by demineralized bone.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {1--11},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/jor.1100070102},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100070102},
  abstract    = {Implantation of demineralized bone (DB) in the form of powder or intact segments in extra skeletal sites stimulates new bone formation. Urist and co-workers presented substantial evidence that there is a noncollagenous protein that has the ability to induce bone formation. One aim of this study was to trace the process of bone formation when DB, in the form of perforated rectangular plates, is implanted subcutaneously in 2-month-old rats. A second objective was to determine whether cartilage cells play a role in the formation of bone in this model. Various DB plates with 0.25 mm diameter holes were implanted subcutaneously for 1-4 weeks in rats. One week after implantation, DB plates were covered by vascularized connective tissue that invaded the perforations. Aggregates of chondrocytes were observed within the holes and on periosteal surfaces in only a few specimens. Further cartilage proliferation was not observed, and by the 2nd week there was no evidence of endochondral bone formation. 
Where these cartilage-like cells were present, a thin layer of mineral was deposited around them; resorption and fibrous tissue infiltration followed. This aborted form of endochondral calcification was not followed spatially by bone formation. Patent vascularized channels were invaded by alkaline phosphatase-positive mononuclear cells and fibroblasts, and became enlarged by the enzymatic action of macrophages. The next step involved the calcification of DB plates adjacent to the wide spaces. Osteoclasts now appeared leading to the resorption of this recalcified matrix. The eroded and now enlarged lacunar surfaces were lined by newly formed bone and osteoblasts. This process continued so that, at the end of 4 weeks following implantation, the original DB plates were replaced by trabecular bone. Biochemical data on calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels in the implants paralleled the morphological observations.},
  institution = {Department of Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles.},
  journal     = {J Orthop Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Bone Transplantation; Bone and Bones, cytology/physiology; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium, metabolism; Cell Movement; Connective Tissue Cells; Connective Tissue, physiology; Fibroblasts, physiology; Macrophages, physiology; Microscopy, Electron; Minerals, metabolism; Osteogenesis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2642300},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bernik:2002,
  author      = {Bernik, Thomas R. and Friedman, Steven G. and Ochani, Mahendar and DiRaimo, Robert and Susarla, Seenu and Czura, Christopher J. and Tracey, Kevin J.},
  title       = {Cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway inhibition of tumor necrosis factor during ischemia reperfusion.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {36},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {1231--1236},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1067/mva.2002.129643},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mva.2002.129643},
  abstract    = {Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a pathologic event characterized by tissue damage. It is mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other cytokines that activate complement and proteases and stimulate fibrinolysis, degranulation of white blood cells, and free radical production. We recently reported that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) suppresses endotoxin-induced cytokine synthesis through alpha bungarotoxin-sensitive cholinergic receptors. VNS protects against endotoxin-induced shock by inhibiting hepatic and cardiac synthesis of TNF. Here, the effects of VNS on suppression of ischemia-reperfusion injury and cytokine release were studied in a rat model of aortic occlusion.Adult male Lewis rats were subjected to laparotomy and suprarenal aortic clamping for 15 minutes followed by reperfusion. Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate were recorded every 3 minutes for 90 minutes. Exposed cervical vagus nerves in the experimental group were stimulated for 5 minutes before and after 
aortic occlusion, with constant voltage (1 V, 2 ms, 5 Hz); sham-operated animals received no stimulation. TNF levels in serum and organs were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA (BioSource International, Camarillo, Calif). Data analysis was performed with the Student t test.Control animals had shock develop (mean, 59\% decrease in blood pressure) whereas blood pressure in the stimulated animals did not decrease (control versus stimulated animals, P <.05). VNS significantly inhibited TNF levels in serum (7 +/- 1 ng/mL versus 45 +/- 6 ng/mL; P =.0008), heart (21 +/- 11 ng/g protein versus 85 +/- 15 ng/g protein; P =.01), and liver (16 +/- 2 ng/g protein versus 42 +/- 12 ng/g protein; P =.02).VNS significantly attenuates TNF synthesis and shock during reperfusion injury in a standard model of aortic occlusion. Clinical evaluation of VNS for this condition may be warranted.},
  institution = {Division of Vascular Surgery, North Shore University, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.},
  journal     = {J Vasc Surg},
  keywords    = {Animals; Blood Pressure, physiology; Cholinergic Fibers, physiology; Disease Models, Animal; Electric Stimulation; Heart Rate, physiology; Inflammation, blood/physiopathology/prevention /&/ control; Male; Neural Pathways, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Reperfusion Injury, blood/physiopathology/prevention /&/ control; Time Factors; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, analysis; Vagus Nerve, physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0741521402003208},
  pmid        = {12469056},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bernik:2002a,
  author      = {Bernik, Thomas R. and Friedman, Steven G. and Ochani, Mahendar and DiRaimo, Robert and Ulloa, Luis and Yang, Huan and Sudan, Samridhi and Czura, Christopher J. and Ivanova, Svetlana M. and Tracey, Kevin J.},
  title       = {Pharmacological stimulation of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {195},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {781--788},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1084/jem.20011714},
  abstract    = {Efferent activity in the vagus nerve can prevent endotoxin-induced shock by attenuating tumor necrosis factor (TNF) synthesis. Termed the "cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway," inhibition of TNF synthesis is dependent on nicotinic alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive acetylcholine receptors on macrophages. Vagus nerve firing is also stimulated by CNI-1493, a tetravalent guanylhydrazone molecule that inhibits systemic inflammation. Here, we studied the effects of pharmacological and electrical stimulation of the intact vagus nerve in adult male Lewis rats subjected to endotoxin-induced shock to determine whether intact vagus nerve signaling is required for the antiinflammatory action of CNI-1493. CNI-1493 administered via the intracerebroventricular route was 100,000-fold more effective in suppressing endotoxin-induced TNF release and shock as compared with intravenous dosing. Surgical or chemical vagotomy rendered animals sensitive to TNF release and shock, despite treatment with CNI-1493, 
indicating that an intact cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway is required for antiinflammatory efficacy in vivo. Electrical stimulation of either the right or left intact vagus nerve conferred significant protection against endotoxin-induced shock, and specifically attenuated serum and myocardial TNF, but not pulmonary TNF synthesis, as compared with sham-operated animals. Together, these results indicate that stimulation of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway by either pharmacological or electrical methods can attenuate the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin-induced shock.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Biomedical Science, North Shore-LIJ Research Institute, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.},
  journal     = {J Exp Med},
  keywords    = {Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, pharmacology; Cholinergic Agents; Electric Stimulation; Endotoxins, toxicity; Hydrazones, pharmacology; Inflammation, physiopathology/prevention /&/ control; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Shock, chemically induced/physiopathology/prevention /&/ control; Stimulation, Chemical; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/biosynthesis; Vagus Nerve, physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11901203},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bernstein:1978,
  author      = {Bernstein, J. J. and Wells, M. R. and Bernstein, M. E.},
  title       = {Effect of puromycin treatment on the regeneration of hemisected and transected rat spinal cord.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {215--228},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf01217920},
  abstract    = {The effect of puromycin on spinal cord regeneration was studied following implantation into the site of spinal cord hemi- or transection of Gel-foam saturated with puromycin (1 mM) in a saline carrier, implantation of Gel-foam sponge saturated with saline (carrier control), or lesion alone (lesion control). The spinal cords of 107 rats were studied with light and electron microscopy 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 days postoperative (DPO). Spinal cord hemisected animals developed a dense cicatrix at the site of lesion replete with connective tissue, blood vessles, and myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres which could be traced to peripheral sources. Rostrally at the C.N.S.--cicatrix interface, there were reactive neuroglial cells, occasional nerve fibres and finger-like projections of spinal cord (due to cavitation lesions) which contained neuroglia, axons and dendrites. Implantation of saline in Gel-foam resulted in the same morphology as in hemisected animals except for increased lesion size due 
to mechanical factors and decreased cicatrix density during the first 30 DPO. Puromycin treatment resulted in a cicatrix with initial decreased cell density but which contained a new class of nerve fibres at 30 DPO. These nerve fibres were oriented in a rostro-caudal direction, were unmyelinated, 0.1-0.2 micron in diameter and had expanded smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Some of these nerve fibres were degenerating at 30 DPO and all were absent by 60 DPO. The puromycin-treated spinal cord within 200 micron rostral to the basal lamina contained nerve terminal conglomerates, which resembled boutons, in fascicles from 30-90 DPO (duration of experiment). Hemisection of the spinal cord by crushing 1-1 1/2 segments rostral to the site of puromycin implantation at 30 DPO resulted in degeneration of these nerve fibres in the cicatrix as well as the degeneration of nerve terminal conglomerates just rostral to the basal lamina. The regenerative capacity of the spinal cord is discussed in relationship to these findings.},
  journal     = {J Neurocytol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cordotomy; Drug Implants; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Regeneration, drug effects; Puromycin, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Rats; Spinal Cord, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {274521},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bernstein:2006,
  author      = {Steven L Bernstein and Jae Hyung Koo and Bernard J Slater and Yan Guo and Frank L Margolis},
  title       = {Analysis of optic nerve stroke by retinal Bex expression.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {12},
  pages       = {147--155},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Few proteins are known to be selectively expressed in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the neurons directly affected by optic nerve stroke and glaucoma. In addition, subsets of RGCs are reported to project to various CNS areas via the retinohypothalamic pathway in rodents and primates. Many of these areas exhibit immunoreactivity for the brain-expressed X-linked (Bex) proteins Bex1 and Bex2. This prompted us to evaluate expression of these proteins in retina.We utilized rats and transgenic mice, coupled with a new rodent model of isolated optic nerve stroke (rodent anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, rAION). An anti-Bex1 antibody was reacted to retinal tissue extracts. To evaluate short term effects of rAION on RGC Bex expression, a double transgenic mouse strain was employed expressing cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) under control of the Thy-1 protein promotor, and beta-galactosidase (lacZ) under control of the immediate early stress c-fos gene promotor. Positive identification of rat RGCs was 
performed by retrograde fluorogold labeling via stereotactic CNS injection. Retinas were analyzed using both diaminobenzidine (DAB)-linked immunochemistry and confocal microscopy.Bex immunoreactivity is present at high levels in the retina. Bex1 and Bex2 are selectively expressed in RGCs and differentially expressed in a subset of large RGC neurons. Bex signal levels are lower in small RGC neurons, which preferentially express high levels of the transcription factor Brn3b. Post-stroke, Bex accumulates in the RGC cytoplasm, consistent with the optic nerve edema produced by clinical AION.Bex immunoreactivity can be used to evaluate, ex vivo, the distribution of RGC cell bodies and their axons in the retina and rAION effects on RGC axonal loss. Thus, Bex can be utilized to evaluate both long- and short-term effects of optic nerve stroke and may play a significant role in regulating RGC functions in both the axonal and cell body components of RGC neurons.},
  institution = {Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. slbernst@umaryland.edu},
  journal     = {Mol Vis},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, metabolism; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Green Fluorescent Proteins, genetics/pharmacokinetics; Immunologic Techniques; Mice; Mice, Transgenic, genetics; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic, metabolism; Rats; Retina, metabolism; Retinal Ganglion Cells, metabolism; Staining and Labeling; Stilbamidines; Tissue Distribution; Transcription Factor Brn-3B, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {v12/a16},
  pmid        = {16541015},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bernstein-Goral:1988,
  Title                    = {Ontogeny of adrenergic fibers in rat spinal cord in relationship to adrenal preganglionic neurons.},
  Author                   = {H. Bernstein-Goral and M. C. Bohn},
  Journal                  = {J Neurosci Res},
  Year                     = {1988},
  Number                   = {2-4},
  Pages                    = {333--351},
  Volume                   = {21},

  Abstract                 = {Adrenergic neurons in the C1 cell group in the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata contain epinephrine, as well as its biosynthetic enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT). These neurons send axons to regions of the central nervous system known to regulate autonomic function, including the sympathetic preganglionic nuclei of thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord. Previous studies have shown that PNMT is expressed in neurons located in the medulla oblongata on embryonic day 14; however, the development of the projections from these cells has not been studied. With the aid of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine levels of catecholamines and immunocytochemistry to demonstrate PNMT, the ontogeny of the adrenergic bulbospinal pathway in the embryonic, postnatal, and adult rat has been studied. In addition, the relationship between PNMT-immunoreactive (IR) fibers and retrogradely labeled sympathetic preganglionic neurons projecting to adrenal 
medulla are described. PNMT-IR fibers were first observed in the caudal medulla oblongata and lateral funiculus of spinal cord on gestational day 15(E15). On E16, PNMT-IR fibers in the thoracic spinal cord were observed in the intermediate gray matter at the level of the lateral horn. Epinephrine was measureable in spinal cord on E20. Both the density of PNMT-IR fibers and the levels of epinephrine increased to a maximum during the second postnatal week and then declined to adult levels. These observations suggest that a period of adrenergic hyperinnervation of spinal sympathetic nuclei occurs during the neonatal period. PNMT-IR terminals in spinal cord were observed, primarily, although not exclusively, in sympathetic nuclei of thoracic cord and parasympathetic nuclei of upper sacral cord. Adrenergic fibers in the intermediolateral nucleus (IML) and the central autonomic nucleus (CAN) dorsal to the central canal were particularly dense during the second postnatal week in both midthoracic and upper sacral 
segments. In the neonate, a "ladder-like" pattern of PNMT-IR fiber staining was observed which represented transverse fiber bundles connecting IML with CAN and extensive longitundinal fiber bundles along the border of the funiculus in IML. At all spinal levels, adrenergic fibers were also observed adjacent to the ependyma dorsal or lateral to the central canal. The relationship between adrenal preganglionic neurons and PNMT-IR fibers in IML was examined on postnatal days 4, 15, and 60. With retrograde labeling from adrenal medulla, it was demonstrated that PNMT-IR fibers are associated with adrenal preganglionic neurons throughout postnatal development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/jnr.490210226},
  Institution              = {Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York, Stony Brook.},
  Keywords                 = {Adrenal Glands, innervation; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, metabolism/physiology; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Epinephrine, metabolism; Gestational Age; Medulla Oblongata, growth /&/ development/metabolism; Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, growth /&/ development/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {3216427},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490210226}
}

@Article{Bernstein-Goral:1993,
  author      = {H. Bernstein-Goral and B. S. Bregman},
  title       = {Spinal cord transplants support the regeneration of axotomized neurons after spinal cord lesions at birth: a quantitative double-labeling study.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {123},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {118--132},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1006/exnr.1993.1145},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1993.1145},
  abstract    = {After spinal cord lesions in newborn rats, transplants of fetal spinal cord tissue rescue immature axotomized neurons, support the growth of axons into and through the site of injury and prolong the critical period for developmental plasticity. Both late-developing (uninjured) and regenerating axons contribute to this transplant-induced anatomical plasticity. After lesions in the mature CNS, transplant-induced axonal elongation is spatially restricted. The current study was designed (1) to determine the magnitude of transplant-induced regeneration, (2) to test the hypothesis that the long distance growth beyond the site of injury is mediated by late-developing axonal pathways, whereas axonal elongation by regenerating pathways is spatially restricted as it is in the adult, and (3) to determine if particular nuclei have a greater inherent capacity for regeneration than others. We used temporally spaced retrograde tracing with the fluorescent dyes fast blue and diamidino yellow to address this 
issue. Fast blue was placed into the site of a spinal cord overhemisection in rat pups < 48 h old to label those neurons which were axotomized by a neonatal lesion. The tracer was removed and a transplant of Embryonic Day 14 fetal spinal cord tissue was placed into the lesion site. Three to six weeks later a second tracer (diamidino yellow) was injected bilaterally into the host spinal cord caudal to the transplant. We counted the number of double-labeled (regenerated), single diamidino yellow-labeled (late-growing), and single fast blue-labeled (nonbridging) neurons in the cortex, red nucleus, raphe nuclei, and locus coeruleus. By systematically varying the distance of the diamidino yellow injection site caudal to the transplant, we were able to compare the distance which injured axons regenerate with the distance that late-growing axons extend. When the diamidino yellow injection was placed within 5 mm caudal to the transplant 28\% of the axotomized neurons in the red nucleus, 32\% of the axotomized 
neurons in the locus coeruleus, and 37\% of the axotomized neurons in the raphe nuclei were double-labeled (regenerating). Although the percentage of double-labeled neurons decreased as the distance beyond the transplant increased, a substantial population of regenerating neurons was identified in each of the brain stem nuclei examined following diamidino yellow injections up to 15 mm caudal to the transplant. Thus, after spinal cord lesions and transplants at birth, both regenerating neurons and late-developing neurons extended axons long distances (up to 15 m) caudal to the lesion site. The capacity for regenerative growth was similar in each of the nuclei examined.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C. 20007.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, physiology; Denervation; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Fluorescent Dyes; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord Diseases, physiopathology/surgery; Spinal Cord, embryology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0014-4886(83)71145-3},
  pmid        = {8405272},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bernstein-Goral:1997,
  author      = {Bernstein-Goral, H. and Bregman, B. S.},
  title       = {Axotomized rubrospinal neurons rescued by fetal spinal cord transplants maintain axon collaterals to rostral CNS targets.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {148},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {13--25},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1006/exnr.1997.6640},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1997.6640},
  abstract    = {Neurons that maintain extensive axon collaterals proximal to the site of axotomy may be better able to survive injury. Early lesions of the rubrospinal tract lead to retrograde cell death of the majority of axotomized immature neurons. Transplants of fetal spinal cord tissue rescue axotomized rubrospinal neurons and promote their axonal regeneration. Rubrospinal neurons develop many of their axon collaterals postnatally. The present study tests the hypothesis that the axotomized rubrospinal neurons that are rescued by transplants and regenerate their axons are those neurons that have established axon collaterals to targets rostral to the lesion. Neonatal rats received a transplant of fetal spinal cord tissue placed into a midthoracic spinal cord hemisection. One month after transplantation, the retrogradely transported fluorescent tracers fast blue (FB) and diamidino yellow (DY) were used to identify rubrospinal neurons with collaterals to particular targets. FB was injected either into the 
interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum or into the gray matter of the cervical enlargement to identify collaterals to these targets, and DY was injected into the spinal cord approximately 5 mm caudal to the transplant and lesion site to label retrogradely the neurons that regenerated their axons. Double labeling was observed in the axotomized neurons of the red nucleus after tracer injections into the cervical spinal cord but not after injections into the cerebellum. This labeling pattern indicates that axotomized rubrospinal neurons that are rescued and regenerate axons caudal to the transplant maintain axon collaterals at cervical spinal cord levels. Cerebellar collaterals do not appear to play a role in the survival and regrowth of axotomized rubrospinal neurons.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, pathology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Cell Death; Cerebellar Nuclei, pathology; Cordotomy; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Nerve Regeneration; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Red Nucleus, pathology; Retrograde Degeneration; Spinal Cord Injuries, pathology; Spinal Cord, transplantation; Transplants},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0014-4886(97)96640-1},
  pmid        = {9398446},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Berquin:2000,
  author      = {Berquin, P. and Bodineau, L. and Gros, F. and Larnicol, N.},
  title       = {Brainstem and hypothalamic areas involved in respiratory chemoreflexes: a Fos study in adult rats.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {857},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {30--40},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02304-5},
  abstract    = {The adaptation to hypoxia and hypercapnia requires the activation of several anatomical structures along the neuraxis. In this study, using Fos immunoreactivity, we sought to map neuronal populations involved in chemoreflex networks activated during the responses to moderate hypoxia (O(2) 11\%), and hypercapnia (CO(2) 5\%) in the brainstem and the hypothalamus of the rat. In the medulla, hypoxia elicited marked and significant staining in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and in parapyramidal neurons located near the ventral surface, whereas hypercapnia evoked significantly c-fos only near the ventral surface in paraolivar neurons. In contrast, within pontine and suprapontine structures, both hypoxia and hypercapnia evoked similarly Fos immunoreactivity in the lateral parabrachialis area, the central grey, the caudal hypothalamus (dorsomedial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei), and in a ventro-lateral hypothalamic area, extending from the rostral limit of the mammillary nuclei to the 
retrochiasmatic area. More rostrally, labelling was observed in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in response to hypercapnia, and in the supraoptic nucleus in response to hypoxia. These results support the hypothesis that chemoreflexes pathways are not only restricted to medulla and pons but also involved mesencephalic and hypothalamic regions. The parabrachialis area and the central grey may be key relays between caudal and ventral hypothalamic neurons, and medullary neurons involved in the response to hypoxia and hypercapnia.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, EP-CNRS 1592, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 3 rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens cedex, France.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Anoxia, physiopathology; Brain Stem, cytology/metabolism; Chemoreceptor Cells, physiology; Hypercapnia, physiopathology; Hypothalamus, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(99)02304-5},
  pmid        = {10700550},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Berquin:2000a,
  author      = {Berquin, P. and Cayetanot, F. and Gros, F. and Larnicol, N.},
  title       = {Postnatal changes in Fos-like immunoreactivity evoked by hypoxia in the rat brainstem and hypothalamus.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {877},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {149--159},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02632-9},
  abstract    = {We have recently used Fos expression in adult rats to map neuronal populations activated in the brainstem and hypothalamus during the acute ventilatory response to moderate hypoxia (O(2) 11\%). Although present at birth, this response evolves postnatally. The present investigation aimed at a better understanding of these maturational processes by delineating structures that might functionally develop after birth. The developmental pattern Fos expression evoked by hypoxia was analysed in rats aged from 0 to 26 postnatal days. The numbers of Fos positive neurons markedly increased with the age in the medullary areas related to respiratory control during the 2 first postnatal weeks. Thereafter, the response plateaued in the nucleus tractus solitarius and attenuated in the ventral medulla. In the upper brainstem (parabrachial area, central grey) and the hypothalamus (posterior and dorsomedial nuclei, ventral zone), Fos response to hypoxia was absent or weak at birth and increased until late 
development. The significance of the development of evoked Fos expression in these rostral sites is discussed together with their possible contribution to the maturation of O(2)-sensitive chemoreflex pathways.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 3 rue des Louvels, 80036 Amiens cedex 01, France.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Anoxia, metabolism; Brain Stem, cytology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Cell Count; Chemoreceptor Cells, cytology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Hypothalamus, cytology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(00)02632-9},
  pmid        = {10986327},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Berretta:1993,
  Title                    = {Cerebellar influences on accessory oculomotor nuclei of the rat: a neuroanatomical, immunohistochemical, and electrophysiological study.},
  Author                   = {S. Berretta and G. Bosco and G. Giaquinta and G. Smecca and V. Perciavalle},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {50-66},
  Volume                   = {338},

  Abstract                 = {With the aim to evaluate a possible neocerebellar control on eye movements, the projections from the cerebellar lateral nucleus (LN) to the accessory oculomotor nuclei (i.e., the nucleus of posterior commissure, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal), the putative neurotransmitters subserving this pathway, and the nature of the synaptic influences exerted by these projections were studied in adult rats. We used the orthograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) to identify the mesencephalic areas where cerebellofugal fibers terminate, and retrograde labeling with the fluorescent dye fluoro-gold to estimate the incidence of cerebellar neurons projecting to the accessory oculomotor nuclei. Orthograde labeling showed that only a small contingent of cerebellofugal fibers reaches the contralateral accessory oculomotor nuclei. The retrogradely labeled cells were located primarily in the small-celled part of 
LN. By immunohistochemistry, we observed that all the cells retrogradely labeled from the accessory oculomotor area were also stained by using glutamate or aspartate antisera, but none of them were double-stained with a GABA antiserum. Electrical stimulation of the contralateral LN elicited changes in firing rate of a significant fraction of cells belonging to the accessory oculomotor nuclei (36.4\% in the nucleus of posterior commissure, 47.1\% in the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, and 44.6\% in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal). In 57.8\% of the cases, the responses were excitations, most of which had latencies and response characteristics compatible with a monosynaptic linkage. The remaining 42.2\% of the cases were inhibitions with latencies ranging between 5 and 22 ms. Extracellular field potential recordings within the contralateral accessory oculomotor nuclei were interpreted as arising from impulses propagating along excitatory axons projecting in a bundle from the cerebellum. Stimulation of LN area in 
rats following intranuclear injection of kainic acid was not capable of evoking short latency excitations, so these responses can be considered to depend on the activation of LN efferents. The LN projection on accessory oculomotor nuclei could be part of the final precise control exerted by the neocerebellum on those brain structures concerned with movements of the eyes.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903380105},
  Institution              = {Institute of Human Physiology, University of Catania, Italy.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Cerebellum, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Eye Movements, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reaction Time; Stilbamidines; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Morawska, Pauline},
  Pmid                     = {7507941},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903380105}
}

@Article{Berretta:2001,
  author      = {Berretta, S. and Munno, D. W. and Benes, F. M.},
  title       = {Amygdalar activation alters the hippocampal GABA system: "partial" modelling for postmortem changes in schizophrenia.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {431},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {129--138},
  doi         = {10.1002/1096-9861(20010305)431:2<129::aid-cne1060>3.0.co;2-6},
  abstract    = {Abnormalities in amygdala and hippocampus have been shown to coexist in schizophrenia (SZ). In the hippocampus, compelling evidence suggests that a disruption of GABA neurotransmission is present mainly in sectors CA4, CA3, and CA2. The amygdala sends important inputs to the hippocampus and is also believed to have a defective GABA system in schizophrenia. To explore the possibility that changes in the hippocampal GABAergic system could be related to an increased inflow of activity originating in the amygdala, a "partial" animal model has been developed. In awake, freely moving, rats a GABA(A) receptor antagonist was infused locally into the basolateral nuclear complex of the amygdala (BLn). Within 2 hours, a decreased density of both the 65- and 67-kDa isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD(65) and GAD(67)) -immunoreactive (IR) terminals was detected on neuron somata in sectors CA3 and CA2, but not in CA1, CA3, or dentate gyrus. An increase of GAD(67)-IR somata was also found in the 
dentate gyrus and CA4. In anterograde tracer studies, amygdalo-hippocampal projection fibers were exclusively found in CA3 and CA2, but not CA1. Taken together, these results indicate that activation of amygdalo-hippocampal afferents is associated with the induction of significant changes in the GABA system of the hippocampus, with a subregional distribution that is remarkably similar to that found in SZ. Under pathologic conditions, an excessive discharge of excitatory activity emanating from the amygdala could be capable of altering inhibitory modulation along the trisynaptic pathway. This mechanism may potentially contribute to disturbances of GABAergic function in the major psychoses. Such "partial" rodent modelling provides an important strategy for deciphering the effect of altered cortico-limbic circuits in SZ.},
  institution = {Laboratory for Structural Neuroscience, Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Animals; Dentate Gyrus, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Disease Models, Animal; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Hippocampus, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Immunohistochemistry; Isoenzymes, metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Neurons, metabolism/pathology; Picrotoxin, pharmacology; Postmortem Changes; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Receptors, GABA-A, metabolism; Schizophrenia, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-6},
  pmid        = {11169995},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Berretta:1991,
  author      = {S. Berretta and V. Perciavalle and R. E. Poppele},
  title       = {Origin of cuneate projections to the anterior and posterior lobes of the rat cerebellum.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {556},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {297-302},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)90319-q},
  abstract    = {The present study was carried out to analyze the topography of projections from external cuneate nucleus to the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum and to investigate whether projections to the two lobes come from different cuneocerebellar neurons or from branching axons of the same cells. We used retrograde double-labeling techniques to estimate the incidence of cuneocerebellar neurons projecting to both anterior and posterior lobes via axon collaterals. Cells sending their axons to the lobus anterior were about twice the number of those projecting to the posterior lobe. The double-labeled cells were about 1/7 of all labeled neurons and were located mainly in the more lateral half of the nucleus. Therefore, the two lobes of the cerebellum are likely to receive common information from these cells, but different information from the separate populations of cuneocerebellar neurons that project only to one lobe or the other.},
  institution = {Institute of Human Physiology, University of Catania, Italy.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Cerebellum, cytology/physiology; Colloids; Fluorescent Dyes; Gold; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {0006-8993(91)90319-Q},
  pmid        = {1718563},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Berretta:1991a,
  Title                    = {Origin of spinal projections to the anterior and posterior lobes of the rat cerebellum.},
  Author                   = {S. Berretta and V. Perciavalle and R. E. Poppele},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1991},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {273-281},
  Volume                   = {305},

  Abstract                 = {The present study was carried out to analyze the topography of spinal projections to the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum and to investigate whether projections to the two lobes come from different spinocerebellar neurons or from branching axons of the same cells. We used orthograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) to identify the cerebellar areas where spinocerebellar axons terminate and retrograde double-labeling techniques to estimate the incidence of spinocerebellar neurons projecting to both anterior and posterior lobes via axon collaterals. Orthograde labeling confirmed that the rat, like other mammalian species, has spinocerebellar projections to two different regions of cerebellar cortex, i.e., lobules I-V of the anterior lobe and lobule VIII of the posterior lobe, with the highest incidence in lobules II, III, and VIII. We did not observe a clear difference in the distribution of afferents coming from 
different spinal segments to either of the two lobes. The double-labeled cells were located primarily in the lower thoracic and upper lumbar segments, almost exclusively in Clarke's column and in the dorso-lateral part of lamina 7 (in the region of the spinal border cells). It is likely that most or all of the spinocerebellar neurons in these structures project to both anterior and posterior lobes. Therefore, the two lobes of the cerebellum are likely to receive common information from these cells, but different information from the separate populations of spinocerebellar neurons that project only to one lobe or the other.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903050208},
  Institution              = {Institute of Human Physiology, University of Catania, Italy.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Morawska, Pauline},
  Pmid                     = {1709180},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903050208}
}

@Article{Berridge:2003,
  author    = {Berridge, Craig W and Espana, Rodrigo A and Stalnaker, Thomas A},
  title     = {Stress and coping: asymmetry of dopamine efferents within the prefrontal cortex},
  year      = {2003},
  pages     = {69--103},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  journal   = {The asymmetrical brain},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {03.05.2016},
}

@Article{Berry:1986,
  Title                    = {Are there connections between the thalamic reticular nucleus and the brainstem reticular formation?},
  Author                   = {D. J. Berry and P. T. Ohara and G. Jeffery and A. R. Lieberman},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1986},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {347--362},
  Volume                   = {243},

  Abstract                 = {Increasing awareness that the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) plays an important role in controlling the output of cortically projecting cells in nuclei of the dorsal thalamus has focused attention on the question of whether there exist ascending projections to the TRN from the mesencephalic or other parts of the brainstem reticular formation (BRF). We have examined this and the related question of whether the neurons of TRN project to the BRF, by anterograde and retrograde tracing experiments with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and HRP conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin. Injections of tracer were placed stereotaxically in the BRF at various depths and rostrocaudal and mediolateral coordinates, and the TRN and adjacent nuclei were examined in serial coronal sections, using tetramethylbenzidine as the principal chromogen. Retrogradely labelled cell bodies were consistently seen in hypothalamus and zona incerta but never in TRN, suggesting that, in the rat, TRN neurons do not 
project caudal to the thalamus. After 54 out of 60 injections, no terminal label was detected in any part of the TRN although such label was present in other parts of the thalamus, including the intralaminar nuclei, in the same sections. We therefore conclude that direct projections from the BRF to the TRN must be extremely sparse, and that those effects of BRF stimulation upon thalamocortical transmission that are mediated by the TRN (rather than by direct projections to dorsal thalamic nuclei) probably depend chiefly on indirect polysynaptic pathways.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902430306},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Iontophoresis; Lectins, diagnostic use; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Stereotaxic Techniques; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2419369},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902430306}
}

@Article{Bertelli:1994,
  author      = {Bertelli, J. A. and Mira, J. C.},
  title       = {Brachial plexus repair by peripheral nerve grafts directly into the spinal cord in rats. Behavioral and anatomical evidence of functional recovery.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {81},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {107--114},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3171/jns.1994.81.1.0107},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1994.81.1.0107},
  abstract    = {Over the years, peripheral nerve grafts, a favorable environment for the support of axonal elongation, have attracted interest as a possible means of promoting spinal cord repair. In the experiments described here, rats underwent an avulsion injury of the brachial plexus, and the musculocutaneous nerve was repaired by direct insertion of peripheral nerve grafts into the spinal cord. After varying postoperative periods, the rats were submitted to a series of behavioral tests to evaluate forelimb and hindlimb function. They also underwent retrograde double-labeling studies. Nerve grafts were harvested and processed for electronic microscopy. The biceps muscle was removed and weighed and its histology studied. After surgery, central axons effectively regenerated about 65 mm along the peripheral nerve grafts, restoring normal active elbow flexion. Forelimb movements were well coordinated in both voluntary and automatic activities. Clinical investigations showed that there were no side effects in 
the ipsilateral forepaw, contralateral forelimb, or either hindlimb. Regenerating axons stemmed from original motoneurons, foreign motoneurons, and even antagonist motoneurons, but this did not impair function. Ganglionic neurons from adjacent roots also sent processes to the peripheral nerve grafts.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Groupe Régénération des Nerfs Périphériques et des Muscles Squelettiques, Université René Descartes, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {J Neurosurg},
  keywords    = {Animals; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Brachial Plexus, injuries/pathology/physiology/surgery; Elbow, physiology; Female; Foot, physiology; Forelimb, physiology; Ganglia, ultrastructure; Grooming, physiology; Motor Neurons, ultrastructure; Muscles, innervation/pathology; Musculocutaneous Nerve, pathology/transplantation; Nerve Regeneration; Neural Pathways, pathology; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, pathology/surgery; Spinal Nerve Roots, injuries/surgery; Sural Nerve, pathology/transplantation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8207511},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bertelli:1997,
  author      = {Bertelli, J. A. and Mira, J. C. and Pecot-Dechavassine, M. and Sebille, A.},
  title       = {Selective motor hyperreinnervation using motor rootlet transfer: an experimental study in rat brachial plexus.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {87},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {79--84},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3171/jns.1997.87.1.0079},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1997.87.1.0079},
  abstract    = {Misdirection of sensory fibers into motor pathways is, in part, responsible for the poor results obtained after peripheral nerve repair. After avulsion of the C-5 root in rats, the authors connected a C-4 ventral rootlet to the musculocutaneous nerve by means of a sural nerve graft. In this way, they were able to increase the number of regenerating motor fibers and avoid growth of sensory fibers into the nerve grafts. Functional recovery was evaluated electrophysiologically and histologically. The origin of the axons that reinnervated the nerve graft was analyzed by means of morphological studies including retrograde labeling procedures. Motor neurons survived and regenerated after the rootlet transfer and there was no functional impairment. Many neurons were retrograde labeled in the ventral horn and widespread biceps muscle reinnervation was demonstrated with recovery of nearly normal electrophysiological properties. Motor hyperreinnervation of the musculocutaneous nerve was observed. This 
high degree of reinnervation in a long (40-mm) graft was attributed to the good chance that a muscle fiber can be reinnervated by a motor fiber when the number of regenerating motor neurons is increased and when competitive sensory fibers are excluded from reinnervation.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.},
  journal     = {J Neurosurg},
  keywords    = {Animals; Arm, innervation; Brachial Plexus, surgery; Female; Microscopy, Electron; Motor Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Muscle Contraction; Muscle Denervation; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation/pathology/physiopathology; Neck; Nerve Regeneration; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Nerve Roots, physiopathology/surgery; Sural Nerve, physiopathology/transplantation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9202269},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bertelli:1996,
  author      = {Bertelli, J. A. and Taleb, M. and Mira, J. C. and Calixto, J. B.},
  title       = {Muscle fiber type reorganization and behavioral functional recovery of rat median nerve repair with vascularized or conventional nerve grafts.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {10},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {5--12},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3233/RNN-1996-10102},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/RNN-1996-10102},
  abstract    = {In 1921, Ney introduced the concept of nerve grafts with preservation of the vascular blood supply. Today, over 70 years later, the use of vascularized nerve grafts in clinical practice is still controversial. Although the results of experiments with vascularized and conventional nerve grafts have been compared on the basis of electrophysiological and histological observations, the literature includes no vaJid comparison of the clinical and behavioral significance of these results. Therefore, in the experiments reported here, the rat median nerve was repaired using either a vascularized or a conventional ulnar nerve graft. The rates behavior between 0 and 360 days after surgery was assessed by the grasping test. Nienty-five, 120, 150, 210 and 360 days after surgery rats were submitted to retrograde labeling studies and muscle samples were removed and studied using routine hematoxilin-eosin and ATPase histochemistry. The present study provides evidence that autografting is a reliable 
procedure for nerve repair. Motor axons were able to reinnervate and largely respecify muscle properties. Reinnervation was not selective either at the nerve trunk level or at the muscle fiber. A mechanism of collateral pruning might have been present in the early phases of reinnervation. This mechanism was, however, self limiting and unable to correct all wrong projections. A mechanism of terminal sprouting was in part responsible for time-related improvement in muscle force recovery. While the present study does provide evidence that recovery was 20\% faster in rats with vascularized grafts than in those with conventional grafts (P < 0.0001), it does not, however, provide evidence for better functional recovery in long-term assessment.},
  institution = {Institut of Clinical and Experimental Microsurgery of Santa Catarina (IMCESC), Prąca Getulio Vargas, 322 Florianopolis SC, 88020-030, Brazil Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rua Ferreira Lima, 82 Florianopolis SC, 88015-420, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Restor Neurol Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {QJ0K81K8367L81U7},
  pmid        = {21551848},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bertelli:1998,
  author      = {Bertelli, J. A. and Taleb, M. and Mira, J. C. and {dos Santos}, A. R. and Calixto, J. B. and Kassar, L.},
  title       = {Selective restoration of sensation by peripheral nerve grafts directly implanted into the contralateral C7 dorsal root ganglion: an experimental study in rat brachial plexus.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {42},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {125--129},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1097/00006123-199801000-00025},
  abstract    = {In brachial plexus injuries, when the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is avulsed from the spinal cord there is no possibility of direct repair. Therefore, in the present report the median nerve was connected directly to the contralateral C7 DRG, to restore forepaw sensation.The ulnar nerve was sectioned, and a 15-mm segment of nerve was removed. The median nerve was sectioned, transposed dorsally, and repaired using a sural nerve graft directly implanted into the C7 contralateral DRG. Rats were then assessed 6 and 12 months later by behavioral, histological, and plasma extravasion techniques.All animals recovered sensation in the forepaw. Retrogradely labeled sensory neurons were demonstrated in the C7 DRG, and the whole forepaw was labeled after plasma extravasion induction by median nerve antidromic stimulation. Several myelinated and positively neurofilament-stained fibers were demonstrated in the grafted median nerve.The surgical strategy proposed might be a useful alternative to selective 
sensory repair in the emerging field of brachial plexus reconstruction by direct spinal cord surgery.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Neurosurgery},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brachial Plexus, injuries/physiopathology; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, surgery; Nociceptors, physiology; Peripheral Nerves, transplantation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensation, physiology; Wounds, Penetrating, surgery},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9442513},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bertelli:2005,
  Title                    = {The course of aberrant reinnervation following nerve repair with fresh or denatured muscle autografts.},
  Author                   = {Bertelli, Jayme A. and Taleb, Madjid and Mira, Jean-Claude and Ghizoni, Marcos F.},
  Journal                  = {J Peripher Nerv Syst},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {359--368},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Abstract                 = {Denatured muscle grafts obtained by freeze thawing have been proposed to replace losses in the peripheral nerves. In the present report, we compare the performance of such grafts with fresh grafts in the rat median nerve. A long-term effect of muscle interposition on reinnervation was studied by behavioral assessment, muscle ATPase histochemistry, and retrograde labeling of motoneurons. There was no difference in grasping strength recovery between fresh and denatured 10-mm-long muscle grafts. Recovery was delayed and incomplete. Twelve months after surgery, only 50\% of the normal grasping strength was attained. Grasping recovery was not observed in the 20-mm-long graft groups. Pathway reinnervation was non-specific with a huge amount of motor fiber misdirection. A decrease in the number of misdirected motor fibers occurred with time and activity recovery. Muscle reinnervation was not specific with disturbance of the mosaic pattern and type-grouping formation. Preference of type 
I axons for reinnervating deeper zones was observed. Type I aberrant reinnervation was demonstrated in the muscle periphery. The mosaic distribution of type I and II muscle fibers was not stable, and readjustments were observed with time, correlating with grasping improvement. During grasping strength recovery, there was a decrease in the number of type I fibers peripherally located and an increase of those deeply disposed. A time- and activity-related recovery was associated with readjustment in the pathways and muscle fiber rearrangement. We suggest that muscle activity generates specificity.},
  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1085-9489.2005.00048.x},
  Institution              = {Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina Unisul, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde CCBS, Tubarão, SC, Brazil. bertelli@matrix.com.br},
  Keywords                 = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Benzofurans, metabolism; Cell Count; Humans; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Median Nerve, metabolism/physiology/transplantation; Muscle Denervation, methods; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, physiology; Muscles, innervation/physiology/transplantation; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neurofilament Proteins, metabolism; Psychomotor Performance, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recovery of Function, physiology; Time Factors; Transplantation, Autologous, methods},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {JNS048},
  Pmid                     = {16279985},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1085-9489.2005.00048.x}
}

@Article{Bertelsmann:2007,
  author      = {Bertelsmann, Holger and Sieme, Harald and Behne, Dietrich and Kyriakopoulos, Antonios},
  title       = {Is the distribution of selenium and zinc in the sublocations of spermatozoa regulated?},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1095},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {204--208},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1196/annals.1397.024},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1397.024},
  abstract    = {In the sperm nuclei, of mammalian species selenium has been found only in the form of sperm nuclei glutathione peroxidase (snGPx) where it is most likely bound to the chromatin of spermatozoa. Over 80\% of selenium in sperm is bound to the selenoprotein phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) in the midpiece of rat sperm. Zinc in sperm is mainly contained in the outer dense fiber (ODF) proteins of the flagella of mammalian spermatozoa. In the sperm nuclei, zinc is predominately located in the chromatin to the protamine proteins. In order to investigate if the insertion of zinc and selenium in sperm chromatin is regulated, the element concentrations were determined in equine spermatozoa and purified sperm nuclei. We found a significant positive correlation between the selenium concentration in equine spermatozoa and sperm nuclei. The same finding was obtained for the zinc concentration in spermatozoa and sperm nuclei. The results assume that the distribution of selenium and 
zinc in spermatozoa is regulated by cell signaling pathways and in this way determining the selenium and zinc amount in the chromatin of spermatozoa.},
  institution = {Hahn-Meitner Institut, Department of Molecular Trace Element Research in the Life Science, SF 6, Glienickerstr. 100, 14109 Berlin, Germany. bertelsmann@hmi.de},
  journal     = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Nucleus, metabolism; Cell Separation; Horses; Male; Selenium, metabolism; Spermatozoa, metabolism; Zinc, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {1095/1/204},
  pmid        = {17404033},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Berthold:1986,
  author      = {Berthold, C. H. and Mellström, A.},
  title       = {Peroxidase activity at consecutive nodes of Ranvier in the nerve to the medial gastrocnemius muscle after intramuscular administration of horseradish peroxidase.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {19},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {1349--1362},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(86)90148-x},
  abstract    = {The distribution of axoplasmic organelles at consecutive nodes of Ranvier was investigated light- and electronmicroscopically in horseradish peroxidase-transporting muscle nerve fibres of the adult cat. Three main and apparently temporally interrelated distribution patterns were noted. These patterns were referred to as A, B and C. The axoplasm of type-A and type-B nodes was highly segregated with regard to the proximodistal distribution of certain organelles. At type-A nodes horseradish peroxidase-positive membrane limited bodies and horseradish peroxidase-negative vesiculotubular membrane profiles were accumulated just distal and just proximal to the nodal mid-level, respectively. At B nodes a disc-like accumulation of enzyme activity, that was situated a few micron proximal to the mid-level, added to the type-A pattern. The type-C node showed a barely segregated axoplasm in which horseradish peroxidase-positive bodies were distributed randomly. We suggest, on the basis of the mutual order 
of the nodal types in a sequence of consecutive nodes and their appearance relative to the time after the administration of the HRP, that the different axoplasmic patterns reflect the operation of an ordered process that delays part of the retrogradely transported HRP for 2-3 days. The large number of lysosome-like HRP positive bodies that appeared at the nodes during this process indicates that the nodal axoplasm not only delays but also might take part in the degradation of the foreign protein.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Acid Phosphatase, metabolism; Animals; Axonal Transport; Cats; Intracellular Membranes, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Organoids, ultrastructure; Peripheral Nerves, physiology/ultrastructure; Ranvier's Nodes, physiology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2434880},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Berthoud:1995,
  Title                    = {Anatomical demonstration of vagal input to nicotinamide acetamide dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase-positive (nitrergic) neurons in rat fundic stomach.},
  Author                   = {Berthoud, H. R.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {428--439},
  Volume                   = {358},

  Abstract                 = {Recent pharmacological evidence suggests that the nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) vagal inhibitory input responsible for receptive relaxation of the fundic stomach is mediated by nitric oxide-synthesizing enteric neurons. To demonstrate anatomically such direct vagal inputs to neurochemically identified enteric neurons, we utilized the nicotinamide acetamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemical reaction in conjunction with selective anterograde labeling of vagal efferents or afferents. Approximately 30\% of all myenteric neurons of the fundic myenteric plexus stained positive for NADPH diaphorase, and the principal recipient of axonal projections from NADPH diaphorase-positive neurons was the circular muscle layer. In a group of animals showing the most complete labeling of vagal efferent preganglionics with the carbocyanine dye DiA, quantitative analysis of the half of the ventral fundic wall closer to the greater curvature revealed that 46.8\% +/- 4.4\% 
of all myenteric neurons received some degree of vagal contacts and that 30.5\% +/- 6.6\% of such vagally contacted neurons were also NADPH diaphorase positive. In another group of rats with the most successful selective labeling of vagal afferents through DiI injections into the left nodose ganglion, analysis of select ganglia throughout the ventral fundic wall revealed that, of a total of 454 neurons with vagal afferent contacts, 34.8\% +/- 2.8\% were NADPH diaphorase positive. These findings support the view that, in the fundic stomach, some vagal preganglionic efferents terminate on nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons that, in turn, project to and relax the external smooth muscle layers. Furthermore, vagal afferent endings also contact NADPH diaphorase-positive neurons, suggesting the possibility of local axon reflexes originating from smooth muscular in-series tension receptors and terminating on nitrergic neurons of the myenteric plexus.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903580309},
  Institution              = {Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808-4124, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, anatomy /&/ histology; Axons, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Gastric Fundus, innervation/metabolism; Male; NADPH Dehydrogenase, analysis; Nerve Endings, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, enzymology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7560296},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903580309}
}

@Article{Berthoud:1996b,
  Title                    = {Morphological analysis of vagal input to gastrin releasing peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide containing neurons in the rat glandular stomach.},
  Author                   = {Berthoud, H. R.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {61--70},
  Volume                   = {370},

  Abstract                 = {Vagal preganglionic efferents to the rat stomach were labeled anterogradely by injecting the fluorescent carbocyanine dye DiA into the dorsal motor nucleus in vivo. Enteric neurons were labeled in toto by intraperitioneal administration of Fluorogold, and neurochemically characterized by simultaneous single- and double-label immunocytochemistry. Single peptide immunocytochemistry revealed that in all three major areas of the stomach, about one-third of all gastrin-releasing peptide immunoreactive (GRP-IR) neurons in the myenteric plexus, received vagal contacts. Because the proportion of GRP-IR neurons was 32\% in the fundus, 23\% in the corpus, and only 8\% in the antrum, the absolute number of vagally contacted GRP-IR neurons per cm2 was also different. Double-label immunocytochemistry revealed colocalization of vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivity (VIP-IR) in 45\%, and of enkephalin immunoreactivity (ENK-IR) in about 30\%, of the GRP-IR myenteric neurons. A 
subpopulation of myenteric neurons colocalized GRP-IR and VIP-IR and projects almost exclusively to the gastrin cell-rich basal mucosa of the antrum and the oxyntic mucosa of the corpus. Another subpopulation containing GRP-IR, but not VIP-IR, projects mainly to the myenteric plexus itself and the external muscle layers, particularly the longitudinal muscle. A third group of neurons containing VIP-IR but not GRP-IR projects heavily to the circular muscle layer, the muscularis mucosae, and to other myenteric neurons. Vagal input to these three subpopulations seems not to be selective, in that an equal proportion of about 20 to 30\% of each group was vagally contacted. Vagal inputs to these neurochemically and topographically distinct enteric neurons provide the basis for the physiological vagal control of gastrin release, gastric acid secretion, and gastric motility.},
  Doi                      = {gt;3.0.CO;2-J},
  Institution              = {Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Enteric Nervous System, cytology/physiology; Gastrin-Releasing Peptide; Male; Myenteric Plexus, cytology/physiology; NADPH Dehydrogenase, analysis; Neurons, chemistry; Neuropeptides, analysis; Neurotransmitter Agents, analysis; Peptides, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stomach, innervation; Vagus Nerve, physiology; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {3.0.CO;2-J},
  Pmid                     = {8797157},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-J}
}

@Article{Berthoud:1991d,
  author      = {Berthoud, H. R. and Carlson, N. R. and Powley, T. L.},
  title       = {Topography of efferent vagal innervation of the rat gastrointestinal tract.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {260},
  number      = {1 Pt 2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {R200--R207},
  url         = {http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/ajpregu/260/1/R200.full.pdf},
  abstract    = {The gastrointestinal territories innervated by the gastric, celiac, and hepatic abdominal vagi were identified in rats with selective branch vagotomies by means of 1) anterograde tracing with the carbocyanine dye DiI injected into the dorsal motor nucleus and 2) measurement of cervical vagal stimulation-induced motility responses throughout the gut axis. Presence of DiI-labeled vagal terminals in the myenteric plexus and evoked motility responses were well correlated across the sampled gastrointestinal (GI) sites. In animals with only the two gastric branches intact, the entire stomach and the most proximal duodenum showed significant motility responses and were densely innervated, having DiI-labeled vagal terminals in almost every ganglion. The hepatic branch was found to primarily innervate the duodenum, with minor projections to the distal antral stomach and the intestines. The two celiac branches were found to almost exclusively innervate the jejunum, ileum, cecum and entire colon, and, 
together with the other vagal branches, the duodenum. Therefore, while there is some degree of specific innervation by the abdominal vagal branches of the oral-to-anal gut axis, which could be called "viscerotopic," the considerably overlapping innervation of the duodenum does not satisfy a viscerotopy criterion and needs further functional analysis.},
  institution = {Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Carbocyanines, diagnostic use; Digestive System Physiological Phenomena; Digestive System, innervation; Electric Stimulation; Gastrointestinal Motility, physiology; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence, methods; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vagotomy; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1992820},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Berthoud:1990b,
  author      = {Berthoud, H. R. and Fox, E. A. and Powley, T. L.},
  title       = {Localization of vagal preganglionics that stimulate insulin and glucagon secretion.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {258},
  number      = {1 Pt 2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {R160--R168},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/ajpregu/258/1/R160.full.pdf},
  abstract    = {Although it is generally acknowledged that pancreatic islets are under powerful vagal control, specifics of vagal pathways and their central representation in the brain stem are unclear. To define this circuitry, we combined a protocol measuring electrical vagal stimulation-induced insulin and glucagon secretion with a retrograde tracer strategy that delineated the pool of spared motoneurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (dmnX) following selective abdominal branch vagotomies. Three of the five branches mediated both insulin and glucagon release: posterior gastric (+198 and +117\% increase from basal for insulin and glucagon, respectively), anterior gastric (+177 and +104\%), and hepatic branch (+103 and +60\%). In contrast, unreliable and nonsignificant hormonal responses were produced by stimulation of fibers projecting through either the posterior celiac (+12\% insulin and +12\% glucagon) or accessory celiac (+15\% insulin and +31\% glucagon) branches. Since hexamethonium almost 
completely blocked both insulin and glucagon responses to stimulation, the effects are not likely to have resulted from inadvertent antidromic excitation of vagal afferents. Cell bodies of stimulated motoneurons, which were responsible for insulin and glucagon secretion, were found to occupy the medial two-thirds of the right (projecting through the posterior gastric branch) and left (projecting through the anterior gastric and hepatic branches) dmnX. These medial, longitudinal dmnX columns and their associated abdominal vagal branches are likely to play the predominant role in vagal control of the endocrine pancreas.},
  institution = {Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists, pharmacology; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, pharmacology; Animals; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Electric Stimulation; Ganglia, physiology; Ganglionic Blockers, pharmacology; Glucagon, secretion; Hexamethonium; Hexamethonium Compounds, pharmacology; Insulin, secretion; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vagotomy; Vagus Nerve, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1967914},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Berthoud:1991a,
  Title                    = {Abdominal pathways and central origin of rat vagal fibers that stimulate gastric acid.},
  Author                   = {H. R. Berthoud and E. A. Fox and T. L. Powley},
  Journal                  = {Gastroenterology},
  Year                     = {1991},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {627--637},
  Volume                   = {100},

  Abstract                 = {The brainstem location and peripheral course of the vagal preganglionic fibers that stimulate gastric acid secretion were identified using electrical stimulation combined with retrograde (True Blue; Dr. K. G. Illing, Gross Umstadt, Germany) and anterograde (Dil; Molecular Probes) fluorescent neural tracers in rats with various selective vagotomies. Animals with only one or both gastric branch(es) spared had normal, large gastric acid responses to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral cervical vagus and showed an abundance of Dil-labeled vagal fibers and terminals in the gastric myenteric plexus. Rats with only the unpaired hepatic branch spared had a much smaller but significant gastric acid response and a few labeled vagal profiles in the antral region of the stomach. In contrast, rats with only one or both celiac branch(es) intact had neither a gastric acid response, nor evidence for Dil transport to the stomach. Retrograde transport of True Blue through the spared vagal 
axons to the brainstem indicated that the cell bodies of the preganglionics that send their axons through the acid-positive gastric and hepatic branches occupy the medial longitudinal columnar subnuclei of the dorsal motor nucleus. It is concluded that besides the long-recognized gastric branches, which are the major access route to the parietal cells, the hepatic branch contains a small number of fibers that most likely reach the antrum through the right gastroepiploic artery along the greater curvature and/or the right gastric artery.},
  Institution              = {Laboratory of Regulatory Psychobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic; Benzofurans; Fluorescent Dyes; Gastric Acid, secretion; Gastric Mucosa, innervation/secretion; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0016508591000860},
  Pmid                     = {1993485},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012}
}

@Article{Berthoud:1990,
  Title                    = {Simultaneous labeling of vagal innervation of the gut and afferent projections from the visceral forebrain with dil injected into the dorsal vagal complex in the rat.},
  Author                   = {H. R. Berthoud and A. Jedrzejewska and T. L. Powley},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1990},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {65--79},
  Volume                   = {301},

  Abstract                 = {The vagal innervation of the different layers of the rat gastrointestinal wall was identified with the fluorescent carbocyanine dye Dil, injected into the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (dmnX). Multiple, bilateral injections were used to label all dmnX preganglionic motoneurons, and as a consequence, most of the vagal primary afferents that terminate in the adjacent nucleus of the solitary tract (nts) were also retrogradely and transganglionically labeled. With Fluorogold used to label the enteric nervous system completely and specifically, the Dil-labeled vagal profiles could be visualized and quantified in their anatomical relation to the neurons of the myenteric and submucous ganglia. In the myenteric plexus, vagal fibers and terminals were found throughout the gastrointestinal tract as far caudal as the descending colon, but there was a general decreasing proximodistal gradient in the density of vagal innervation. All parts of the gastric myenteric plexus (fundus, corpus, 
antrum), as well as the proximal duodenum, were extremely densely innervated, with vagal fibers and terminals in virtually every ganglion and connective. Further caudally, both the percentage of innervated myenteric ganglia and the average density of label within the ganglia rapidly decreased, with the exception of the cecum and proximal colon, where up to 65\% of the ganglia were innervated. In the gastric and duodenal submucosa very few and in the mucosa no vagal fibers and terminals were found. With both normal epifluorescence and laser scanning confocal microscopy, highly varicose or beaded terminal structures of various size and geometry could be identified. The Dil injections, which impregnated the dmnX as well as the adjacent nts, resulted in retrograde and anterograde labeling of all the previously reported forebrain connections with the dorsal vagal complex. We conclude that the myenteric plexus is the primary target of vagal innervation throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and that its 
innervation is more complete than previously assumed. In contrast, vagal afferent (and efferent) innervation of mucosa and submucosa seems conspicuously sparse or absent. Furthermore, the use of more focal injections of Dil offers the prospect to simultaneously identify specific subsets of vagal preganglionics and their central nervous inputs.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903010107},
  Institution              = {Laboratory of Regulatory Psychobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain, cytology; Carbocyanines, diagnostic use; Digestive System, cytology/innervation; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Motor Neurons, ultrastructure; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, Efferent, ultrastructure; Nodose Ganglion, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling; Stereotaxic Techniques; Stilbamidines; Vagus Nerve, cytology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1706359},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903010107}
}

@Article{Berthoud:1992,
  author      = {Berthoud, H. R. and Kressel, M. and Neuhuber, W. L.},
  title       = {An anterograde tracing study of the vagal innervation of rat liver, portal vein and biliary system.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {186},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {431--442},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00185458},
  abstract    = {In order to investigate the distribution and structure of the vagal liver innervation, abdominal vagal afferents and efferents were selectively labeled by injecting WGA-HRP or Dil into the nodose ganglia, and DiA into the dorsal motor nucleus, respectively. Vagal afferent fibers produced characteristic terminal-like structures at three locations in the liver hilus: 1. Fine varicose endings preferentially surrounding, but not entering, the numerous peribiliary glands in the larger intra and extrahepatic bile ducts 2. Large, cup-shaped terminals in almost all paraganglia 3. Fine varicose endings in the portal vein adventitia. No fibers and terminals were found in the hepatic parenchyma. While about two thirds of the vagal afferent fibers that originate in the left nodose ganglion, and are contained in the hepatic branch, bypass the liver hilus area on their way to the gastroduodenal artery, a significant number (approx. 10\% of the total) of vagal afferents that do innervate the area, 
originates from the right nodose ganglion, and projects to the periarterial plexus of the common hepatic artery and liver pedicle most likely through the dorsal celiac branch. Varicose vagal efferent fibers were present within the fascicles of the vagal hepatic branch and fine terminal-like structures in a small fraction of the paraganglia. No efferents were found to terminate in the hepatic parenchyma or on the few neurons embedded in nerves or paraganglia. In contrast to the paucity of vagal terminals in the hepatic parenchyma, an abundance of vagal efferent and afferent fibers and terminals with distinctive distribution patterns and structural characteristics was present in esophagus and gastrointestinal tract.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Anatomy Institute, University of Zürich, Switzerland.},
  journal     = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Bile Ducts, innervation; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Liver, innervation; Male; Portal Vein, innervation; Rats; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1280009},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Berthoud:1995b,
  author      = {Berthoud, H. R. and Kressel, M. and Neuhuber, W. L.},
  title       = {Vagal afferent innervation of rat abdominal paraganglia as revealed by anterograde DiI-tracing and confocal microscopy.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {152},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {127--132},
  doi         = {10.1159/000147691},
  abstract    = {Abdominal vagal afferent fibers were selectively labeled by injecting the fluorescent carbocyanine dye DiI into the left nodose ganglion of rats. Almost all paraganglia that were distributed along the five major abdominal vagal branches and their subbranches were found to be innervated by labeled vagal afferents. Laser scanning confocal microscopy with its single optical sectioning and three-dimensional reconstruction capabilities were used to analyze this innervation in more detail for paraganglia near the vagal hepatic branch and liver hilus. Furthermore, in double-labeling studies, it was demonstrated that a large percentage of the vagally innervated glomus cells were capable of catecholamine synthesis on the basis of their positive staining for tyrosine hydroxylase antibody. These findings support the concept of a chemoreceptive function for the abdominal paraganglia.},
  institution = {Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808, USA.},
  journal     = {Acta Anat (Basel)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Carbocyanines; Catecholamines, biosynthesis; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Nodose Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, immunology; Vagus Nerve, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7660756},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Berthoud:1995a,
  author      = {Berthoud, H. R. and Kressel, M. and Raybould, H. E. and Neuhuber, W. L.},
  title       = {Vagal sensors in the rat duodenal mucosa: distribution and structure as revealed by in vivo DiI-tracing.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {191},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {203--212},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00187819},
  abstract    = {Results from functional studies point to the importance of chemoreceptive endings in the duodenum innervated by vagal afferents in the regulation of gastrointestinal functions such as gastric emptying and acid secretion, as well as in the process of satiation. In order to visualize the vagal sensory innervation of this gut segment, vagal afferents were selectively labeled in vivo by injecting the lipophilic carbocyanine dye DiI into either the left or the right nodose ganglion of young adult rats. Thick cryostat sections or whole-mounted peels of muscularis externa or submucosa of formalin-fixed tissue were analyzed with conventional and/or confocal microscopy. In the mucosa, many DiI-labeled vagal afferent fibers were found with terminal arborizations mainly between the crypts and the villous lamina propria. In both areas, vagal terminal branches came in close contact with the basal lamina, but did not appear to penetrate it so as to make direct contact with epithelial cells. Labeled vagal 
afferent fibers in the villous and cryptic lamina propria were found to be in intimate anatomical contact with fibrocyte-like cells that may belong to the class of interstitial cells of Cajal, and with small granular cells that might be granulocytes or histiocytes. Although our analysis was not quantitative, and considering that labeling was unilateral and not complete, it appears that the overall density of vagal afferent mucosal innervation was variable; many villi showed no evidence for innervation while other areas had quite dense networks of arborizing terminal fibers in several neighboring villi. Analysis of separate whole-mounted muscularis externa and submucosa peels revealed the presence of large bundles of labeled afferent fibers running within the myenteric plexus along the mesenteric attachment primarily in an aboral direction, with individual fibers turning towards the antimesenteric pole, and either penetrating into the submucosa or forming the characteristic intraganglionic laminar endings (
IGLEs). Although the possibility of individual fibers issuing collaterals to myenteric IGLEs and at the same time to mucosal terminals was not demonstrated, it cannot be ruled out. These anatomical findings are discussed in the context of absorptive mechanisms for the different macronutrients and the implication of enteroendocrine cells such as CCK-containing cells that may function as intestinal "taste cells".},
  institution = {Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808, USA.},
  journal     = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Duodenum, innervation; Female; Gastric Emptying; Intestinal Mucosa, innervation; Male; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurons, Afferent, ultrastructure; Nodose Ganglion; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Cholecystokinin; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7771683},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Berthoud:2000,
  Title                    = {Functional and chemical anatomy of the afferent vagal system.},
  Author                   = {Berthoud, H. R. and Neuhuber, W. L.},
  Journal                  = {Auton Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {1-3},
  Pages                    = {1--17},
  Volume                   = {85},

  Abstract                 = {The results of neural tracing studies suggest that vagal afferent fibers in cervical and thoracic branches innervate the esophagus, lower airways, heart, aorta, and possibly the thymus, and via abdominal branches the entire gastrointestinal tract, liver, portal vein, billiary system, pancreas, but not the spleen. In addition, vagal afferents innervate numerous thoracic and abdominal paraganglia associated with the vagus nerves. Specific terminal structures such as flower basket terminals, intraganglionic laminar endings and intramuscular arrays have been identified in the various organs and organ compartments, suggesting functional specializations. Electrophysiological recording studies have identified mechano- and chemo-receptors, as well as temperature- and osmo-sensors. In the rat and several other species, mostly polymodal units, while in the cat more specialized units have been reported. Few details of the peripheral transduction cascades and the transmitters for signal 
propagation in the CNS are known. Glutamate and its various receptors are likely to play an important role at the level of primary afferent signaling to the solitary nucleus. The vagal afferent system is thus in an excellent position to detect immune-related events in the periphery and generate appropriate autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses via central reflex pathways. There is also good evidence for a role of vagal afferents in nociception, as manifested by affective-emotional responses such as increased blood pressure and tachycardia, typically associated with the perception of pain, and mediated via central reflex pathways involving the amygdala and other parts of the limbic system. The massive central projections are likely to be responsible for the antiepileptic properties of afferent vagal stimulation in humans. Furthermore, these functions are in line with a general defensive character ascribed to the vagal afferent, paraventricular system in lower vertebrates.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/S1566-0702(00)00215-0},
  Institution              = {Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808, USA. berthohr@pbrc.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Chemoreceptor Cells, physiology; Humans; Mechanoreceptors, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents, physiology; Vagus Nerve, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Visceral Afferents, chemistry/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S1566-0702(00)00215-0},
  Pmid                     = {11189015},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1566-0702(00)00215-0}
}

@Article{Berthoud:1997a,
  author      = {Berthoud, H. R. and Patterson, L. M. and Neumann, F. and Neuhuber, W. L.},
  title       = {Distribution and structure of vagal afferent intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) in the rat gastrointestinal tract.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {195},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {183--191},
  doi         = {10.1007/s004290050037},
  abstract    = {Intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) are special terminal structures of vagal afferent fibers and have been demonstrated in the myenteric plexus of esophagus and stomach. In order to quantitatively map their presence and distribution over the entire gastrointestinal tract, including the small and large intestines, vagal afferents were anterogradely labeled in vivo by microinjections of the fluorescent carbocyanine dye DiI into the left or right nodose ganglion of adult male rats. In the most successfully labeled cases the highest density of IGLEs was found in the stomach, with about half to one-third of the myenteric ganglia receiving at least one IGLE. The proportion of myenteric ganglia innervated by IGLEs decreased in the small intestine; however, because of its large surface area this gut segment was estimated to contain the highest total number of IGLEs. Both the cecum and colon also contained significant numbers of IGLEs. In the stomach, this vagal afferent innervation by IGLEs was 
more or less lateralized, with less than 20\% of labeled IGLEs found on the contralateral side with respect to the injection. The left/ventral vagus contributed a larger proportion of IGLEs to the proximal duodenum, while the right/dorsal vagus contributed a larger proportion of IGLEs to the distal duodenum and jejunum. Laser scanning confocal microscopy on select specimens revealed further structural details. The parent axon typically formed two or more branches that flanked the ganglia laterally, and in turn produced numerous highly arborizing laminar terminal branches that covered one or both flat sides of the ganglion in a dome-like fashion. The similar distribution patterns and structural details suggest a uniform function for the IGLEs throughout the gastrointestinal tract, but there is as yet no clear proof for any of the hypothesized roles as specialized mechanosensors or local effector terminals.},
  institution = {Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808, USA. berthohr@MHS.PBRC.EDU},
  journal     = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, cytology; Cell Count; Digestive System, cytology/innervation; Male; Microscopy, Confocal; Myenteric Plexus, cytology; Nerve Endings, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Vagus Nerve, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9045988},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Berthoud:1997,
  author      = {H. R. Berthoud and L. M. Patterson and A. E. Willing and K. Mueller and W. L. Neuhuber},
  title       = {Capsaicin-resistant vagal afferent fibers in the rat gastrointestinal tract: anatomical identification and functional integrity.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {746},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {195--206},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01222-x},
  abstract    = {The presence and distribution of vagal fibers and terminals throughout esophagus and gastrointestinal tract that could be anterogradely labeled by nodose ganglion tracer injections was quantitatively assessed in capsaicin- and vehicle-pretreated adult rats, in order to identify the capsaicin-resistant population. Up to 90\% of the intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs), in the myenteric plexus of the esophagus, and 70-90\% in the stomach, as well as 57\% of the intramuscular endings or arrays (IMAs) in the fundic stomach survived the capsaicin treatment, while in the upper small intestine only few and in the lower small intestine, the cecum and colon, virtually no IGLEs survived capsaicin treatment. Intramucosal terminals were not assessed. Furthermore, gastric balloon distension-induced c-Fos expression in the dorsal vagal complex was not significantly decreased in capsaicin-treated rats. It is concluded that among primary vagal afferents there is a capsaicin-resistant population that 
primarily innervates the esophagus and upper gastrointestinal tract, and a capsaicin-sensitive population that innervates mainly the lower tract. At least vagal gastric tension-sensitive afferents also seems to be functionally intact in that they may be capable of synaptically activating second-order neurons in the brainstem.},
  institution = {Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808, USA. berthohr@mhs.pbrc.edu},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Balloon Dilation; Capsaicin, pharmacology; Carbocyanines; Esophagus, innervation; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Nerve Fibers, chemistry/drug effects/metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/drug effects/metabolism; Nodose Ganglion, cytology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Stomach, innervation; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(96)01222-X},
  pmid        = {9037499},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Berthoud:1991,
  author      = {H. R. Berthoud and T. L. Powley},
  title       = {Morphology and distribution of efferent vagal innervation of rat pancreas as revealed with anterograde transport of Dil.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {553},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {336--341},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)90846-n},
  abstract    = {Vagal efferent innervation of the pancreas was labeled by anterograde transport of Dil injected into the dorsal motor nucleus (dmnX). While over the entire organ only 19 +/- 3 (or 8 +/- 1\%) of the 231 +/- 17 interlobular ganglia received Dil-labeled vagal fibers and terminals, the proximal duodenal lobe (or head) was significantly more densely innervated. Laser scanning confocal microscopy revealed further morphological details of the vagal terminals and their target ganglion cells. No vagal fibers or terminals were found in islets and acinar tissue.},
  institution = {Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Carbocyanines; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Sympathetic, physiology; Islets of Langerhans, cytology/innervation; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Pancreas, cytology/innervation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines; Vagus Nerve, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(91)90846-N},
  pmid        = {1718546},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Berthoud:1992a,
  Title                    = {Vagal afferent innervation of the rat fundic stomach: morphological characterization of the gastric tension receptor.},
  Author                   = {Berthoud, H. R. and Powley, T. L.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {261--276},
  Volume                   = {319},

  Abstract                 = {Although the gastric tension receptor has been characterized behaviorally and electrophysiologically quite well, its location and structure remains elusive. Therefore, the vagal afferents to the rat fundus (forestomach or nonglandular stomach) were anterogradely labeled in vivo with injections of the carbocyanine dye Dil into the nodose ganglia, and the nerves and ganglia of the enteric nervous system were labeled in toto with intraperitoneal Fluorogold injection. Dissected layers and cryostat cross sections of the fundic wall were mounted in glycerin and analyzed by means of conventional and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Particularly in the longitudinal, and to a lesser extent in the circular, smooth muscle layers, Dil-labeled fibers and terminals were abundant. These processes, which originated from fibers coursing through the myenteric ganglia and connectives, entered either muscle coat and then ran parallel to the respective muscle fibers, often for several millimeters.
 They ran in close association with the Fluorogold-labeled network of interstitial cells of Cajal, upon which they appeared to form multiple spiny appositions or varicosities. In the myenteric plexus, two different types of afferent vagal structures were observed. Up to 300 highly arborizing endings forming dense accumulations of small puncta similar to the esophageal intraganglionic laminar endings (Rodrigo et al., '75 Acta Anat. 92:79-100) were found in the fundic wall ipsilateral to the injected nodose ganglion. They often covered small clusters of myenteric neurons or even single isolated ganglion cells (mean = 5.8 neurons) and tended to extend throughout the neuropil of the ganglia. In a second pattern, fine varicose fibers with less profuse arborizations innervated mainly the central regions of myenteric ganglia. Camera lucida analyses established that single vagal afferent fibers had separate collaterals in both a smooth muscle layer and the myenteric ganglia. Finally, Dil-labeled afferent vagal 
fibers were also found in the submucosa and mucosa. Control experiments in rats with supranodose vagotomy as well as rats with Dil injections directly in the distal cervical vagus ruled out the possibility of colabeling of afferent fibers of passage. In triple labeling experiments, in conjunction with Dil labeling of afferents and Fluorogold labeling of enteric neurons, the carbocyanine dye DiA was injected into the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus to anterogradely label the efferent vagal fibers and terminals. The different distributions and morphological characteristics of the vagal afferents and efferents could be simultaneously compared. In some instances the same myenteric ganglion was apparently innervated by an afferent laminar ending and an efferent terminal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903190206},
  Institution              = {Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Animals; Gastric Mucosa, innervation; Male; Mechanoreceptors, ultrastructure; Muscle, Smooth, innervation; Myenteric Plexus, anatomy /&/ histology; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Nodose Ganglion, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Stomach, innervation; Vagotomy; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1522247},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903190206}
}

@Article{Berthoud:1993,
  author      = {Berthoud, H. R. and Powley, T. L.},
  title       = {Characterization of vagal innervation to the rat celiac, suprarenal and mesenteric ganglia.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {42},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {153--169},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-1838(93)90046-w},
  abstract    = {In order to shed light on the controversial issue of vagal innervation of the solar plexus ganglia, vagal efferent preganglionic fibers were anterogradely labeled by injecting the fluorescent carbocyanine dye Dil into the dorsal motor nucleus (dmnX). Additionally, Fluorogold was used to label the ganglia in toto, providing a counterstain and the possibility of UV light-guided dissection of the various ganglia. Using optical sectioning of whole mounted intact ganglia by means of laser scanning confocal microscopy, a considerable number of Dil-labeled vagal terminal-like structures were found in the major ganglia (celiac, superior mesenteric and suprarenal). Additionally, vagal efferent terminals were regularly found in microganglia associated with the periarterial plexuses of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries, and in a few cases in small ganglia of the intermesenteric and renal plexuses. By using animals with prior selective vagal branch vagotomies, leaving only one (or a pair) of 
the three major abdominal divisions intact, it was concluded that the two celiac branches contribute the bulk of this vagal innervation, with the two gastric and the unpaired hepatic branch providing a small contribution mostly limited to the celiac ganglia. From control experiments, which involved Dil injections (1) into the dmnX in animals whose visceral afferents had been previously destroyed by capsaicin; (2) into the nodose ganglia, in order to anterogradely label vagal afferents; and (3) into the cervical vagus nerve as a control for uptake by fibers of passage, it was concluded that the identified terminal-like structures were vagal efferents and not inadvertently labeled afferents. We suggest that these vagal terminals have to be regarded either as ectopic parasympathetic junctions, or as part of a vagal mechanism for gating of sympathetic ganglionic transmission. Functionally, the parasympathetic innervation of the solar plexus may provide not only the classic vagal influence on gastrointestinal 
targets, but also vagal control of the adrenal glands and possibly other abdominal organs that have not been traditionally regarded as vagal targets.},
  institution = {Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.},
  journal     = {J Auton Nerv Syst},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Carbocyanines; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Sympathetic, physiology; Ganglia, physiology; Kidney, innervation; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Vagus Nerve, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8450174},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Berthoud:1996,
  Title                    = {Interaction between parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves in prevertebral ganglia: morphological evidence for vagal efferent innervation of ganglion cells in the rat.},
  Author                   = {H. R. Berthoud and T. L. Powley},
  Journal                  = {Microsc Res Tech},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {80--86},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Abstract                 = {Vagal efferent preganglionic neurons were anterogradely labeled by injecting either DiI or DiA, fluorescent lipophilic carbocyanine dyes, into the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus of the rat. All neurons of the peripheral nervous system (outside the blood-brain barrier) were then fluorescently counterstained in vivo by injecting Fluorogold (Fluorochrome, Inc., Englewood, CO) intraperitoneally. The upper abdominal prevertebral ganglia, including the numerous microganglia associated with the periarterial plexuses of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries, were identified and dissected in formalin-fixed tissue under ultraviolet light and stereomicroscopic guidance. In 14 of 15 animals analyzed (93\%), labeled vagal efferent fibers were found to penetrate into both the left and right celiac ganglia and the superior mesenteric ganglion, as well as into some of the associated microganglia. These projections formed varicose terminal-like structures, highly suggestive of synaptic 
contacts surrounding individual ganglion cells. In about half the animals, such vagal innervation was also seen in the left and right suprarenal ganglia. The specificity of vagal efferent labeling was confirmed by control experiments, which included injections in vagotomized animals and direct selective labeling of vagal afferents from the nodose ganglia. It is concluded that vagal efferent preganglionics innervate principal ganglion cells of prevertebral ganglia. These vagal contacts may either directly modulate the postganglionic outflow or else gate some or all of the potential modulatory inputs to these postganglionic neurons, thus allowing the vagal system to exert a more selective influence on sympathetic outflow. Finally, the use of laser scanning confocal microscopy and the in toto Fluorogold staining method for investigations of the peripheral nervous system are discussed.},
  Doi                      = {3.0.CO;2-W},
  Institution              = {Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808 USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Aorta, innervation; Celiac Plexus, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Ganglia, Sympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Gold Compounds; Kidney, innervation; Male; Mesenteric Artery, Superior, innervation; Microscopy, Confocal; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staining and Labeling, methods; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {3.0.CO;2-W},
  Pmid                     = {8873061},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/3.0.CO;2-W}
}

@Article{Berthoud:2004,
  author      = {Berthoud, Hans-Rudolf},
  title       = {Anatomy and function of sensory hepatic nerves.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {280},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {827--835},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/ar.a.20088},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.20088},
  abstract    = {Vagal and spinal afferent innervation of the portal hepatic area has not been studied as thoroughly as the innervation of other important organs. It is generally agreed that unlike noradrenergic sympathetic efferent nerve fibers, sensory nerve fibers of either vagal or dorsal root/spinal origin do not directly innervate hepatocytes, but are restricted to the stroma surrounding triades of hepatic vasculature and bile ducts, and to extrahepatic portions of the portal vein and bile ducts. For vagal afferent innervation, retrograde and anterograde tracing studies in the rat have clearly shown that only a minor portion of the common hepatic branch innervates the liver area, while the major portion descends in the gastroduodenal branch toward duodenum, pancreas, and pylorus. Hepatic paraganglia, bile ducts, and portal vein receive the densest vagal afferent innervation. Calretinin may be a relatively specific marker for vagal afferent innervation of the portal-hepatic space. Calcitonin gene-
related peptide (CGRP) is a specific marker for dorsal root afferents, and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers are mainly present near the intrahepatic vascular bundles and bile ducts, and in the same extrahepatic compartments that contain vagal afferents. Because of the specific anatomical organization of hepatic nerves, selective hepatic denervation, whether selective for the vagal or sympathetic division, or for efferents and afferents, is nearly impossible. Great caution is therefore necessary when interpreting functional outcomes of so-called specific hepatic denervation studies.},
  institution = {on Rouge 70808, USA. berthohr@pbrc.edu},
  journal     = {Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calbindin 2; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Eating, physiology; Energy Metabolism, physiology; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Humans; Liver, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Portal System, innervation; Rats; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {15382018},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Berthoud:2005,
  Title                    = {Orexin inputs to caudal raphé neurons involved in thermal, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal regulation.},
  Author                   = {Berthoud, Hans-Rudolf and Patterson, Laurel M. and Sutton, Gregory M. and Morrison, Christopher and Zheng, Huiyuan},
  Journal                  = {Histochem Cell Biol},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {147--156},
  Volume                   = {123},

  Abstract                 = {Orexin-expressing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus with their wide projections throughout the brain are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, ingestive behavior, and the coordination of these behaviors in the environmental context. To further identify downstream effector targets of the orexin system, we examined in detail orexin-A innervation of the caudal raphe nuclei in the medulla, known to harbor sympathetic preganglionic motor neurons involved in thermal, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal regulation. All three components of the caudal raphe nuclei, raphe pallidus, raphe obscurus, and parapyramidal nucleus, are innervated by orexin-A-immunoreactive fibers. Using confocal microscopy, we demonstrate close anatomical appositions between varicose orexin-A immunoreactive axon profiles and sympathetic premotor neurons identified with either a transneuronal retrograde pseudorabies virus tracer injected into the interscapular brown fat pads, or with in situ 
hybridization of pro-TRH mRNA. Furthermore, orexin-A injected into the fourth ventricle induced c-Fos expression in the raphe pallidus and parapyramidal nucleus. These findings suggest that orexin neurons in the hypothalamus can modulate brown fat thermogenesis, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal functions by acting directly on neurons in the caudal raphe nuclei, and support the idea that orexin's simultaneous stimulation of food intake and sympathetic activity might have evolved as a mechanism to stay alert while foraging.},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/s00418-005-0761-x},
  Institution              = {Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA. berthohr@pbrc.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Adipose Tissue, Brown, metabolism; Animals; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Gastrointestinal Tract, physiology; Gene Expression; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization, methods; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, analysis/pharmacology/physiology; Microscopy, Confocal; Neurons, chemistry/metabolism/physiology; Neuropeptides, analysis/pharmacology/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; RNA, Messenger, genetics/metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology; Thermogenesis; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone, genetics},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {15742197},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-005-0761-x}
}

@InCollection{Bertram:2005,
  author    = {Bertram, Edward H and Williamson, John},
  title     = {Kindling as a tool for studying the role of subcortical structures in limbic seizures},
  booktitle = {Kindling 6},
  year      = {2005},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {137--145},
  doi       = {10.1007/0-387-26144-3_14},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {03.05.2016},
}

@Article{Besse:2010,
  author      = {Besse, S. and Boucher, F. and Linguet, G. and Riou, L. and {De Leiris}, J. and Riou, B. and Dimastromatteo, J. and Comte, R. and Courty, J. and Delbe, J.},
  title       = {Intramyocardial protein therapy with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-165) induces functional angiogenesis in rat senescent myocardium.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {61},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {651--661},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Myocardial capillary density and angiogenesis are impaired during aging but whether growth factor therapy is able to induce functional neovascularization in senescent heart have never been studied. In 3, 24, 28 and 32 mo male Wistar rats, cardiac hemodynamic measurements indicated heart failure at 28 and 32 mo, associated with left ventricular hypertrophy. VEGF/VEGF-R2, Ang-1/Ang-2/Tie-2 and PTN levels, quantitated in left ventricle by western blotting and immunohistochemistry, showed that VEGF and VEGF-R2 levels were specifically decreased during aging. In vitro angiogenesis ± rhVEGF-165 (5 and 50 ng/mL) was measured in aortic segments in 3D-collagen. Aortic sprouting was decreased during aging but restored by VEGF treatment (P<0.001), similarly in 3 and 24 mo with 50 ng/mLVEGF. Finally, 3 and 24 mo rats were submitted to in vivo intramyocardial rhVEGF-165 (10 micrograms) or saline solution injection and angiogenesis was measured by SPECT imaging of the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin-targeted 
tracer (99m)Tc-RAFT-RGD, capillary fluorescence staining in isolated perfused heart and vWF and alpha smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry, 7 and 21 days later. VEGF administration increased capillary density in 3 but also in 24 mo rats at days 7 (+26\%, P<0.01) and 21 (+41\%, P<0.01) and arteriolar density at day 21 (+36\%, P<0.01). Activity of (99m)Tc-RAFT-RGD and capillary fluorescence labeling indicated that new formed capillaries were functional. Cardiac aging was associated with strong VEGF/VEGF-R2 pathway downregulation. VEGF-165 protein therapy was able to induce in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis during aging. In 24 mo hearts, in vivo angiogenesis was functional, sustained and comparable to neovascularization observed in 3 mo hearts.},
  institution = {Laboratoire Croissance Cellulaire, Reparation et Regeneration Tissulaires, EAC CNRS 7149, Universite Paris-Est, Creteil, France. Sophie.Besse@parisdescartes.fr},
  journal     = {J Physiol Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {Age Factors; Animals; Coronary Vessels, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Down-Regulation; Heart Failure, drug therapy/pathology; Humans; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular, drug therapy/pathology; Male; Myocardium, metabolism/pathology; Neovascularization, Physiologic, drug effects; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recombinant Proteins, pharmacology; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, biosynthesis/genetics/pharmacology; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2, biosynthesis/genetics},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {21224495},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bessman:1991,
  author      = {Bessman, S. P. and Wang, W. and Mohan, C.},
  title       = {Ammonia inhibits insulin stimulation of the Krebs cycle: further insight into mechanism of hepatic coma.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {805--811},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00965690},
  abstract    = {Oxidation of [2,3-14C]succinate in the intramitochondrial Krebs cycle was used as a probe to investigate the effect of ammonia on protein incorporation and Krebs cycle oxidation of succinate carbons in isolated rat hepatocytes. At low concentrations of ammonium chloride (0.1 to 0.5 mM) a slight increase in 14CO2 formation from [2,3-14C]succinate was observed, however, the stimulatory effect of insulin was significantly reduced. Insulin failed to cause any stimulation of succinate carbons incorporation into hepatocyte protein in the presence of ammonium chloride. Addition of ammonium chloride also depressed the movement of tracer carbons into the gluconeogenesis pathway. The activity of the amphibolic amino acid pool was significantly enhanced by ammonia. The data presented in this paper lend strong support to the Krebs-cycle depletion theory of hepatic coma. They also suggest that reduced mitochondrial Krebs cycle activity caused by increased amphibolic depletion of substrates results in 
loss of insulin sensitivity in ammonia toxicity.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology and Nutrition, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033.},
  journal     = {Neurochem Res},
  keywords    = {Ammonium Chloride, pharmacology; Animals; Carbon Radioisotopes; Cells, Cultured; Citric Acid Cycle, drug effects; Glutamates, metabolism; Insulin Antagonists, pharmacology; Insulin, pharmacology; Kinetics; Liver, metabolism; Male; Mitochondria, Liver, drug effects/metabolism; Protein Biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Succinates, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1944770},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Besson:1995,
  author    = {Besson, JM and Guilbaud, G and Ollat, H},
  title     = {Thalamic anatomy and physiology of pain perception: connectivity, somato-visceral convergence and spatio-temporal dynamics of nociceptive information coding},
  year      = {1995},
  pages     = {93},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {http://apkarianlab.northwestern.edu/publications/Chapters/1995_Apkarian_pgs93-118.pdf},
  journal   = {Forebrain Areas Involved in Pain Processing},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {John Libbey Eurotext},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Besson:1975,
  author      = {Besson, J. M. and Guilbaud, G. and {Le Bars}, D.},
  title       = {Descending inhibitory influences exerted by the brain stem upon the activities of dorsal horn lamina V cells induced by intra-arterial injection of bradykinin into the limbs.},
  year        = {1975},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {248},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {725--739},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp010997},
  abstract    = {1. In order to study descending influences of the brain stem upon the transmission of nociceptive messages at the spinal level, the activities of lumbar lamina V dorsal horn cells, induced by intra-arterial injection of brandykinin into the limbs, were recorded in unanaesthetized cats in both decerebrate and temporary spinal states (reversible cold block applied at the thoracic level). 2. In the decerebrate state, the intra-arterial injection of bradykinin had little or no effect. 3. During the reversible spinalization, the effects of bradykinin were revealed or considerably enhanced. As described in a previous study, in the C1-transected cat, three types of effects were encountered: excitatory, inhibiitory and mixed (inhibitory-excitatory). 4. These modifications observed after spinalization were generally associated with a large increase of the spontaneous firing rate. 5. These results emphasize, in the decerebrate cat, the importance of descending inhibitory controls exerted by the brain 
stem upon the transmission of nonciceptive messages at the spinal cord level.},
  journal     = {J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials; Animals; Bradykinin, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Brain Stem, physiology; Cats; Electric Stimulation; Injections, Intra-Arterial; Neural Inhibition; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Spinal Cord, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1151845},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Best:2003,
  author      = {Best, A. R. and Wilson, D. A.},
  title       = {A postnatal sensitive period for plasticity of cortical afferents but not cortical association fibers in rat piriform cortex.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {961},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {81--87},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03847-7},
  abstract    = {Male and female rats underwent unilateral naris occlusion or sham surgery on either post-natal day (PN) 1 or after PN30. Following at least 30 days of unilateral olfactory deprivation, rats were urethane anesthetized and recordings were made from anterior piriform cortex (aPCX). Shock stimulation of afferent fibers (lateral olfactory tract) and association/commissural fibers evoked field potentials in aPCX that were analyzed across groups and between ages. The results demonstrate that early-onset unilateral olfactory deprivation depresses field potentials evoked by stimulation of the deprived cortical afferent, while late-onset deprivation did not. In contrast, intracortical association fiber mediated field potentials in the deprived cortex were enhanced after both early-onset and late-onset deprivation. These results suggest differential developmental plasticity of afferent and association fiber pathways in paleocortex that mirrors that previously described in neocortical sensory systems.},
  institution = {Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA. a_best@ou.edu},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Aging, physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Association Learning, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Female; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Olfactory Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Sensory Deprivation, physiology; Smell, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006899302038477},
  pmid        = {12535779},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Best:1994,
  author      = {Best, N. and Mitchell, J. and Wheal, H. V.},
  title       = {Ultrastructure of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the CA1 area of the rat hippocampus following a kainic acid injection.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {87},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {187--195},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s004010050074},
  abstract    = {Non-pyramidal neurons which contain the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) were examined, at the ultrastructural level, in the CA1 area of the normal hippocampus and following a unilateral intracerebroventricular kainic acid (KA) injection. Many degenerating PV-immunoreactive (IR) neurons were identified in the ipsilateral strata oriens and pyramidale at 3 days post-lesion and some were seen in stratum oriens of the contralateral CA1 area. A few PV-IR neurons remained resistant to the effects of KA. A chronic, almost total loss of PV-IR terminals was detected around the soma of the ipsilateral CA1 pyramidal neurons. However, the PV-IR terminals around the axon initial segments of the CA1 pyramidial neurons remained intact at all post-lesion survival times in both ipsilateral and contralateral tissue. The examination of serial ultrathin sections established the origin of the PV-IR terminals around the axon initial segments to be the KA-resistant PV-IR neurons in stratum pyramidale. This 
data provides evidence for the loss of non-pyramidal neurons following a KA lesion together with evidence for a surviving inhibitory circuit that could, if functional, provide a very strong inhibitory control of pyramidal neurons.},
  institution = {Department of Human Morphology, University of Southampton, UK.},
  journal     = {Acta Neuropathol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Hippocampus, drug effects/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Kainic Acid, pharmacology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Parvalbumins, immunology/metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Cells, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tissue Fixation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8171969},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bester:1997,
  author      = {Bester, H. and Besson, J. M. and Bernard, J. F.},
  title       = {Organization of efferent projections from the parabrachial area to the hypothalamus: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study in the rat.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {383},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {245--281},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970707)383:3<245::aid-cne1>3.0.co;2-3},
  abstract    = {The organization of projections from the parabrachial (PB) area to the hypothalamus was studied in the rat by using microinjections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into subregions of the PB area. The present study is a follow-up of two former studies (Bernard et al. [1993] J. Comp. Neurol. 329:201-229; Aldén et al. [1994] J. Comp. Neurol. 341:289-314) that examined PB projections onto the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The results demonstrate that 1) the mesencephalic PB region, centered in the lateral portion of the superior lateral subnucleus projects extremely densely to almost the entire dorsomedial subdivision of the ipsilateral ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus; 2) the mesencephalic PB region, located in the medial portion of the superior lateral subnucleus and weakly overflowing into the rostralmost dorsal lateral pontine subnucleus, projects densely to the retrochiasmatic area and, to a lesser extent, to the ipsilateral ventromedial nucleus of the 
hypothalamus; 3) the PB region, including the central lateral, a portion of the superior lateral, and the outer external lateral subnuclei, projects densely to the ipsilateral median, anteroventral, and periventricular preoptic hypothalamic nuclei and projects more weakly to the dorsal border of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). No consistent projection was found in the magnocellular PVN. All of these PB regions also project diffusely to the dorsomedial area and to a small tuberal subfornical hypothalamic area. In addition, the medial half of the PB area projects consistently to the posterior lateral hypothalamus. It is suggested that these pathways may be involved in aversive-defensive behavior, in autonomic and neuroendocrine aspects of pain, and in feeding and energy metabolism regulation.},
  institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERMU-161 and EPHE F-75014, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, cytology; Animals; Efferent Pathways; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, cytology; Male; Nociceptors, physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Pons, cytology; Preoptic Area, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, physiology; Subfornical Organ, cytology; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-3},
  pmid        = {9205041},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Bester:1999,
  author      = {Bester, H. and Bourgeais, L. and Villanueva, L. and Besson, J. M. and Bernard, J. F.},
  title       = {Differential projections to the intralaminar and gustatory thalamus from the parabrachial area: a PHA-L study in the rat.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {405},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {421--449},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990322)405:4<421::aid-cne1>3.3.co;2-u},
  abstract    = {The organization of projections from the parabrachial (PB) area to the ventral posterior parvicellular (VPpc) "gustatory" and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus was studied in the rat by using microinjections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), into subregions of the PB area. The present study is a follow-up of three former studies (Bernard et al. [1993] J. Comp. Neurol. 329:201-229; Aldén et al. [1994] J. Comp. Neurol. 341:289-314; Bester et al. [1997a] J. Comp. Neurol. 383:245-281) that examined PB projections onto the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the hypothalamus. Our data showed that (1) the region centered in the internal lateral PB subnucleus projects densely with a bilateral and symmetric pattern to the caudal portion of the paracentral and, to a lesser extent, to the adjacent portion of the central and parafascicular medial thalamic nuclei; (2) the mesencephalic PB region centered in the ventral lateral subnucleus and scattered neurons in the 
subjacent brachium conjunctivum project primarily, although diffusely, to the central medial thalamic nucleus. The third region includes two subgroups: (3a) the medial subgroup, including the medial, the waist area, and the ventral lateral subnuclei of the pontine PB area, projects bilaterally but with a weak ipsilateral predominance to the VPpc, terminals bearing large varicosities. Additionally, a diffuse projection with small varicosities spreads in the area between the two VPpc nuclei and the central medial nucleus. (3b) The lateral subgroup, centered in the external medial subnucleus, projects with a contralateral predominance in the periphery of the VPpc nuclei, most terminals being located around the dorsomedial tip. It is suggested that the PB projections to the intralaminar nucleus could be involved in cortical limbic arousal processing in relation with nociceptive, (somatic, visceral, and intraoral) and gustatory aversive stimuli. The projection with large varicosities inside the VPpc could process 
gustatory discrimination.},
  institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERM U-161 and EPHE, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Male; Phytohemagglutinins; Pons, physiology; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Taste, physiology; Thalamus, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-2},
  pmid        = {10098938},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Bester:2000,
  author      = {Bester, H. and Chapman, V. and Besson, J. M. and Bernard, J. F.},
  title       = {Physiological properties of the lamina I spinoparabrachial neurons in the rat.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {83},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {2239--2259},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Single-unit extracellular recordings of spino-parabrachial (spino-PB) neurons (n = 53) antidromically driven from the contralateral parabrachial (PB) area were performed in the lumbar cord in anesthetized rats. All the spino-PB neurons were located in the lamina I of the dorsal horn. Their axons exhibited conduction velocities between 2.8 and 27.8 m/s, in the thin myelinated fibers range. They had an extremely low spontaneous activity (median = 0. 064 Hz) and a small excitatory receptive field (</=2 toes or pads). They were all activated by both peripheral A (mainly Adelta) and C fibers after intense transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Their discharge always increased in response to noxious natural stimuli of increasing intensities. The great majority (75\%) of spino-PB neurons were nociceptive specific, i.e., they were excited only by noxious stimuli. The remaining (25\%) still were excited primarily by noxious stimuli but also responded moderately to innocuous stimuli. Almost all spino-
PB neurons (92\%, 49/53) were activated by both mechanical and heat noxious stimuli. Among them, 35\% were in addition moderately activated by noxious cold (thresholds between +20 and -10 degrees C). Only (8\%, 4/53) responded exclusively to noxious heat. Spino-PB neurons clearly encoded the intensity of mechanical (n = 39) and thermal (n = 38) stimuli in the noxious range, and most of the individual stimulus-response functions were monotonic and positive up to 40/60 N. cm(-2) and 50 degrees C, respectively. For the mechanical modality, the mean threshold was 11.5 +/- 1.25 N. cm(-2) (mean +/- SE), the response increased almost linearly with the logarithm of the pressure between 10 and 60 N. cm(-2), the mean p(50) (pressure evoking 50\% of the maximum response) and the maximum responsiveness were: 30 +/- 2.4 N. cm(-2) and 40.5 +/- 5 Hz, respectively. For the thermal modality, the mean threshold was 43.6 +/- 0.5 degrees C, the mean curve had a general sigmoid aspect, the steepest portion being in the 46-48 
degrees C interval, the mean t(50) and the maximum responsiveness were: 47.4 +/- 0.3 degrees C and 40 +/- 4.4 Hz, respectively. Most of the spino-PB neurons tested (13/16) had their noxiously evoked responses clearly inhibited by heterotopic noxious stimuli. The mean response to noxious stimuli during heterotopic stimuli was 31.7 +/- 6.1\% of the control response. We conclude that the nociceptive properties of the lamina I spino-PB neurons are reflected largely by those of PB neurons that were suggested to be involved in autonomic and emotional/aversive aspects of pain.},
  institution = {Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.161, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, F-75014 Paris, France.},
  journal     = {J Neurophysiol},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Cold Temperature; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Hot Temperature; Male; Neural Conduction, physiology; Nociceptors, physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Physical Stimulation; Posterior Horn Cells, physiology; Pressure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Thresholds, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pmid        = {10758132},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bester:1995,
  author      = {Bester, H. and Menendez, L. and Besson, J. M. and Bernard, J. F.},
  title       = {Spino (trigemino) parabrachiohypothalamic pathway: electrophysiological evidence for an involvement in pain processes.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {73},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {568--585},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {1. Parabrachiohypothalamic (PB-H) neurons (n = 71) were recorded with extracellular micropipettes in the parabrachial (PB) area and were antidromically driven from the ventromedial nucleus (VMH) or the retrochiasmatic area (RCh) of the hypothalamus, in the anesthetized rat. The spontaneous activity of these neurons was very low, (10th percentile < median frequency < 90th percentile were 0.01 < 0.2 < 7 Hz). The axons of these neurons exhibited a very slow conduction velocity in the range of 0.2-1.4 m/s, i.e., corresponding to thin unmyelinated fibers. 2. Most PB-H neurons (89\%) were located in the mesencephalic division of the PB area (mPB) mainly in the superior lateral (mPBsl) and external lateral (mPBel) subnuclei. 3. These units were separated in three groups: 1) a group of nociceptive-specific (NS) neurons (49\%) activated by mechanical and/or thermal (heat) cutaneous stimuli only in noxious range; 2) a group of inhibited neurons (7\%), not activated by any of the mechanical or thermal 
cutaneous stimuli but inhibited, by at least one of these stimuli, which had to be in noxious range; and 3) a group of nonresponsive neurons (44\%). 4. The NS neurons responded exclusively to mechanical (pinch or squeeze) and/or thermal (waterbath or waterjet > 44 degrees C) noxious stimuli with a rapid onset, a marked and sustained activation, and generally no afterdischarge. The magnitude of the responses was between 2 and 30 Hz with a mean value of 14.8 +/- 1.4 Hz (mean +/- SE, n = 49). These neurons exhibited a clear capacity to encode thermal stimuli in the noxious range: 1) the stimulus-response function was always positive and monotonic; 2) the slope of the mean curve increased up to a maximum (between 46 and 50 degrees C) then beyond the slope decreased; and 3) the mean threshold was 44.3 +/- 2.2 degrees C. 5. The excitatory receptive fields of the NS neurons were often large including all (22\% of the population) or several (67\% of the population) parts of the body. In the few remaining cases (11\%)
 they were restricted to one part of the body. In addition, in several cases, noxious stimuli applied outside the excitatory receptive field were found to strongly inhibit the discharge of NS neurons. 6. Most NS neurons responded to intense transcutaneous electrical stimulation with two peaks of activation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie, Système Nerveux Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 161, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {J Neurophysiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cold Temperature; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials; Hot Temperature; Hypothalamus, physiopathology; Male; Neural Inhibition; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiopathology; Neurons, physiology; Nociceptors, physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Physical Stimulation; Pons, physiopathology; Rats; Reaction Time; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pmid        = {7760119},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bethus:2010,
  author      = {Bethus, Ingrid and Tse, Dorothy and Morris, Richard G M.},
  title       = {Dopamine and memory: modulation of the persistence of memory for novel hippocampal NMDA receptor-dependent paired associates.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {1610--1618},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2721-09.2010},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2721-09.2010},
  abstract    = {Three experiments investigated the role in memory processing of dopamine (DA) afferents to the hippocampus (HPC) that arise from the ventral tegmental area. One hypothesis is that D(1)/D(5) receptor activation in HPC is necessary for the encoding of novel, episodic-like information; the other is that DA activation ensures the greater temporal persistence of transient hippocampal memory traces. Rats (n = 35) were trained, in separate experiments using an episodic-like memory task, to learn six paired associates (PAs) in an "event arena" involving a repeated association between specific flavors of food and locations in space. After 6 weeks of training, rats had learned a "schema" such that two new paired associates could be acquired in a single trial in one session (episodic-like memory). We show that encoding of novel PAs is sensitive to intrahippocampal microinfusion of the NMDA antagonist d-AP-5. Experiment 1 established that intrahippocampal infusion of the D(1)/D(5) dopaminergic 
antagonist SCH23390 [R(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride] before encoding of new PAs caused impaired memory 24 h later but that SCH23390 had no effect on the later memory of previously established PAs. Experiment 2 established that SCH23390 modulated the persistence of new memories over time (30 min vs 24 h) rather than affecting initial encoding. Experiment 3 revealed that the impact of SCH23390 was not mediated by state dependence nor had an effect on memory retrieval. These findings support the second hypothesis and establish that persistent, long-term memory of rapid, hippocampal-mediated acquisition of new paired associates requires activation of D(1)/D(5) receptors in HPC at or around the time of encoding.},
  institution = {Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom. ingrid.bethus@ed.ac.uk},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Benzazepines, pharmacology; Cues; Dopamine, metabolism; Hippocampus, metabolism; Male; Memory, Short-Term, drug effects/physiology; Memory, physiology; Rats; Reaction Time; Receptors, Dopamine D1, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Retention (Psychology), drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {30/5/1610},
  pmid        = {20130171},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bett:1995,
  author      = {Bett, K. and Sandkühler, J.},
  title       = {Map of spinal neurons activated by chemical stimulation in the nucleus raphe magnus of the unanesthetized rat.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {67},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {497--504},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00017-d},
  abstract    = {The expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos was used as a cellular marker of spinal cord neurons activated by microinjection of kainic acid into the medullary nucleus raphe magnus of awake and drug-free Sprague-Dawley rats. The c-FOS protein was detected by immunocytochemistry. We found increased immunoreactivity bilaterally in laminae I-VI of the dorsal horn. The strongest c-FOS expression was observed within the inner layer of lamina II near its border with lamina III. In the ventral horn no c-FOS immunoreactivity was observed. Thus, the present results provide evidence for a descending excitation of neurons predominantly in inner lamina II, possibly mediating nucleus raphe magnus-induced inhibition of neurons in other laminae.},
  institution = {II. Physiologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Germany.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Genes, fos; Kainic Acid, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Male; Microinjections; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Raphe Nuclei, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology/drug effects; Stimulation, Chemical},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(95)00017-D},
  pmid        = {7675181},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Beurrier:2009,
  author      = {Beurrier, C. and Bonvento, G. and {Kerkerian-Le Goff}, L. and Gubellini, P.},
  title       = {Role of glutamate transporters in corticostriatal synaptic transmission.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {158},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {1608--1615},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.11.018},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.11.018},
  abstract    = {High-affinity glutamate transporters (GTs) play a major role in controlling the extracellular level of this excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Here we have characterized, by means of in vitro patch-clamp recordings from medium spiny neurons (MSNs), the role of GTs in regulating corticostriatal glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the adult rat. Charge transfer and decay-time, but not amplitude, of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were enhanced by dl-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA), a broad inhibitor of GTs. Moreover, TBOA also potentiated currents induced by high-frequency stimulation (HFS) protocols. Interestingly, the effect of TBOA on EPSCs was lost when MSNs were clamped at +40 mV, a condition in which neuronal GTs, that are voltage-dependent, are blocked. However, in this condition TBOA was still able to enhance HFS-induced currents, suggesting that glial GT's role is to regulate synaptic transmission when glutamate release is massive. These data suggest that 
neuronal GTs, rather than glial, shape EPSCs' kinetics and modulate glutamate transmission at corticostriatal synapse. Moreover, the control of glutamate concentration in the synaptic cleft by GTs may play a role in a number of degenerative disorders characterized by the hyperactivity of corticostriatal pathway, as well as in synaptic plasticity.},
  institution = {Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Amino Acid Transport System X-AG, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/physiology; Animals; Aspartic Acid, pharmacology; Biophysics; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Corpus Striatum, cytology; Drug Interactions; Electric Stimulation, methods; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Glycine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Green Fluorescent Proteins, genetics; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Synapses, drug effects/physiology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Transduction, Genetic, methods},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(08)01708-9},
  pmid        = {19063944},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bevan:1995,
  author      = {M. D. Bevan and J. P. Bolam},
  title       = {Cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamate-enriched inputs from the mesopontine tegmentum to the subthalamic nucleus in the rat.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {15},
  number      = {11},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {7105--7120},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/15/11/7105.long},
  abstract    = {In order to clarify the origin and to examine the neurochemistry and synaptology of the projection from the mesopontine tegmentum (MTg) to the subthalamic nucleus (STN), rats received discrete deposits of anterograde tracers in different regions of the MTg. Anterogradely labeled fibers were examined in the light and electron microscopes. The distribution of GABA or glutamate immunoreactivity was examined by post-embedding immunocytochemistry. The anterograde tracing demonstrated that the projection to the STN arises from at least three divisions of the MTg: the area defined by the cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine region (PPN-Ch 5), the more medial and largely noncholinergic midbrain extrapyramidal area (MEA) and to a lesser extent the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg). Post-embedding immunocytochemistry revealed that there are GABA-immunopositive and immunonegative components to this projection and at least a proportion of the GABA-immunonegative component is enriched in 
glutamate immunoreactivity. The similarity of the morphology, trajectory and synaptology of the anterogradely labeled fibers and the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunopositive fibers supports the proposal that at least part of the projection is cholinergic. The terminals anterogradely labeled from the MTg and the ChAT-immunoreactive terminals form asymmetrical synapses with the dendrites and spines of subthalamic neurons. Both anterogradely labeled and ChAT-positive terminals make convergent synaptic contacts with GABA-immunoreactive terminals that form symmetrical synaptic contacts and are probably derived from the globus pallidus. Taken together these findings imply that the MTg sends cholinergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic projections to the STN where at least one of the functional roles is to modulate the indirect pathway of information flow through the basal ganglia that is carried via the pallidosubthalamic projection.},
  institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, United Kingdom.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Glutamic Acid, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Parasympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Pons, physiology/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, chemistry/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission; Tegmentum Mesencephali, physiology/ultrastructure; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7472465},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bevan:1994,
  author      = {M. D. Bevan and J. P. Bolam and A. R. Crossman},
  title       = {Convergent synaptic input from the neostriatum and the subthalamus onto identified nigrothalamic neurons in the rat.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {320--334},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1994.tb00275.x},
  abstract    = {The two major afferents of the substantia nigra pars reticulata are the subthalamic nucleus and the striatum. Stimulation of these afferents has opposing physiological effects on the output neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata. In order to better understand the role of these afferents in the flow of information through the basal ganglia and to better understand the ways in which they might interact, experiments have been performed to test the possibility that single-output neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata receive convergent synaptic input from the subthalamic nucleus and the neostriatum. To address this, rats received iontophoretic deposits of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in the subthalamic nucleus, injections of the anterograde tracer biocytin in the neostriatum and injections of the retrograde tracer horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat-germ agglutinin in the ventral medial nucleus of the thalamus. Following appropriate survival 
times the animals were perfusion-fixed and sections of the substantia nigra were processed to reveal the transported tracers and prepared for electron microscopy. Light microscopic examination revealed that the substantia nigra contained rich plexuses of anterogradely labelled subthalamic and striatal terminals, as well as many retrogradely labelled nigrothalamic neurons. The anterogradely labelled terminals were often seen apposed to the retrogradely labelled neurons. In the electron microscope the subthalamic terminals were seen to form asymmetrical synaptic contacts (subthalamic type 1) with the identified nigrothalamic neurons as well as unlabelled perikarya and both proximal and distal dendrites. In confirmation of previous findings, the striatal terminals made symmetrical synaptic contact with the nigrothalamic neurons as well as unlabelled neurons. In areas of overlap between the two classes of terminals, identified nigrothalamic neurons and unlabelled nigral neurons were found to receive convergent 
synaptic input from the subthalamic nucleus and the neostriatum. In addition to the anterogradely labelled subthalamic terminals that formed asymmetrical synaptic specializations, a second, much rarer class was also observed (subthalamic type 2). These terminals were much larger and formed symmetrical synapses; several lines of evidence suggest that they originated not in the subthalamic nucleus but in the globus pallidus. These terminals were found to make synaptic contacts with identified nigrothalamic neurons and non-labelled neurons and to form convergent synaptic contacts with subthalamic type 1 terminals and striatal terminals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford, UK.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Male; Microinjections; Microscopy, Electron; Neostriatum, physiology; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra, cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology; Thalamus, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8019671},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bevan:1997,
  author      = {M. D. Bevan and N. P. Clarke and J. P. Bolam},
  title       = {Synaptic integration of functionally diverse pallidal information in the entopeduncular nucleus and subthalamic nucleus in the rat.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {308--324},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/17/1/308.long},
  abstract    = {To determine the principles of synaptic innervation of neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus and subthalamic nucleus by neurons of functionally distinct regions of the pallidal complex, double anterograde labeling was carried out at both light and electron microscopic levels in the rat. Deposits of the anterograde tracers Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and biotinylated dextran amine were placed in different functional domains of the pallidal complex in the same animals. The tracer deposits in the ventral pallidum and the globus pallidus gave rise to GABA-immunopositive projections to the entopeduncular nucleus, the subthalamic nucleus, and the more medial lateral hypothalamus that were largely segregated but overlapped at the interface between the two fields of projection. In these regions the proximal parts of individual neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, and subthalamic nucleus received synaptic input from terminals derived from both the ventral pallidum and 
the globus pallidus. Furthermore, the analysis of the afferent synaptic input to the dendrites of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus that cross functional boundaries of the nucleus defined by the pallidal inputs, revealed that terminals with the morphological and neurochemical characteristics of those derived from the pallidal complex make synaptic contact with all parts of the dendritic tree, including distal regions. It is concluded that functionally diverse information carried by the descending projections of the pallidal complex is synaptically integrated by neurons of the entopeduncular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, and subthalamic nucleus by two mechanisms. First, neurons located at the interface between functionally distinct, but topographically adjacent, projections could integrate diverse information by means of the synaptic convergence at the level of the cell body and proximal dendrites. Second, because the distal dendrites of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus receive input from the pallidum, 
those that extend across two distinct domains of pallidal input could also provide the morphological basis of integration.},
  institution = {Medical Research Council Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit and University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford OX1 3TH, United Kingdom.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Basal Ganglia, physiology; Globus Pallidus, physiology/ultrastructure; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, physiology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8987757},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bevan:1994a,
  author      = {M. D. Bevan and A. R. Crossman and J. P. Bolam},
  title       = {Neurons projecting from the entopeduncular nucleus to the thalamus receive convergent synaptic inputs from the subthalamic nucleus and the neostriatum in the rat.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {659},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {99--109},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)90868-0},
  abstract    = {The two major afferents of the entopeduncular nucleus are the subthalamic nucleus and the neostriatum, which have opposing physiological effects on entopeduncular neurons. Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that individual entopeduncular neurons that project to the thalamus receive convergent synaptic input from both the subthalamic nucleus and the neostriatum in the rat. This was achieved using double anterograde tracing combined with retrograde tracing. In the electron microscope anterogradely labelled subthalamic (Subthalamic Type 1) and neostriatal terminals were observed to form asymmetrical and symmetrical synaptic contacts respectively, with all parts of entopeduncular neurons. Labelled subthalamic and neostriatal terminals were observed in convergent synaptic contact with entopeduncular neurons, some of which were retrogradely labelled from the thalamus. A second rarer type of terminal was labelled (Subthalamic Type 2) which formed symmetrical synaptic contacts with 
the proximal regions of unlabelled and retrogradely labelled entopeduncular neurons. These terminals are believed to be derived from the globus pallidus. It is concluded that the topographical and synaptic organization of the so-called direct (neostriatum to entopeduncular nucleus) and indirect pathways (involving the subthalamus and the globus pallidus) is capable of mediating the inhibition and excitation of output neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus that occur following neostriatal stimulation.},
  institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Corpus Striatum, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Thalamus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(94)90868-0},
  pmid        = {7529649},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bevan:1995a,
  Title                    = {The glutamate-enriched cortical and thalamic input to neurons in the subthalamic nucleus of the rat: convergence with GABA-positive terminals.},
  Author                   = {M. D. Bevan and C. M. Francis and J. P. Bolam},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {491--511},
  Volume                   = {361},

  Abstract                 = {Neurons of the subthalamic nucleus play a key role in the normal physiology and the pathophysiology of the basal ganglia. In order to understand better how the activity of subthalamic neurons and hence the output of the basal ganglia are controlled, we have reexamined the topography and examined in detail the synaptology and neurochemical nature of the two major excitatory projections to the subthalamic nucleus, that from the cortex and from the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus. The approach was to use anterograde neuronal tracing and postembedding immunocytochemistry for amino acid transmitters. In confirmation of previous findings the cortical and thalamic projections were topographically organized, although the topography was more finely organized, and the projections more extensive, than previously demonstrated. Cortical and thalamic terminals made asymmetrical synaptic contacts with the dendrites and spines of subthalamic neurons. The thalamic terminals contacted 
larger postsynaptic targets, and therefore presumably more proximal regions of subthalamic neurons, than did the cortical terminals. Quantitative analysis of the postembedding immunolabelled sections revealed that the cortical and thalamic terminals were significantly enriched in glutamate-immunoreactivity when compared to identified gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-positive terminals, supporting physiological studies that suggest that these projections use glutamate as their neurotransmitter. In addition a small population of nonanterogradely labelled terminals that formed asymmetrical synapses and were immunopositive for GABA were identified. A larger population of terminals that formed symmetrical synapses were also immunopositive for GABA and were probably derived from the globus pallidus. The latter type of terminal was found to make convergent synaptic input with cortical or thalamic terminals on the dendrites and spines of subthalamic neurons, indicating that the "indirect pathways" by which information 
flows through the basal ganglia converge at the level of individual neurons in the subthalamic nucleus.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903610312},
  Institution              = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, metabolism/ultrastructure; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism/ultrastructure; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamic Nuclei, metabolism/ultrastructure; Thalamus, metabolism/ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8550895},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903610312}
}

@Article{Bevan:1996,
  author      = {M. D. Bevan and A. D. Smith and J. P. Bolam},
  title       = {The substantia nigra as a site of synaptic integration of functionally diverse information arising from the ventral pallidum and the globus pallidus in the rat.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {75},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {5--12},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(96)00377-6},
  abstract    = {Voluntary behaviour in mammals requires the integration of information from different parts of the cerebral cortex, notably the limbic, associative and sensorimotor areas, in a neural network that eventually controls the muscles. One region of the brain that has been proposed to subserve such a function are the basal ganglia which receive inputs from all cortical areas. Although information from different cortical areas passes through the basal ganglia as a series of separate parallel pathways there are several sites where integration of the diverse information could occur. In this study we the identify a neural network at the synaptic level that may underlie a powerful mechanism for the integration, within the basal ganglia, of the diverse types of information arising from the cortex. By double anterograde tracing and immunocytochemistry at both the light and electron microscopic levels, we show that individual neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and dopaminergic neurons in the 
pars compacta each receive multiple GABAergic synaptic inputs both from neurons in the ventral pallidum (which receive input from limbic areas via the nucleus accumbens) and from neurons in the globus pallidus (which receive input from associative and sensorimotor cortices via the neostriatum). Thus, information subserving functions such as emotion, motivation, cognition and movement converges onto basal ganglia output neurons, leading eventually to the muscles, and also on to the dopaminergic neurons which themselves subserve an integrative role by modulating the flow of information from the cortex through the basal ganglia at the level of the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens.},
  institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford, U.K.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, physiology; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Globus Pallidus, physiology; Limbic System, physiology; Nerve Net; Nucleus Accumbens, physiology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Synapses, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8923517},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bevilaqua:1997a,
  author      = {L. Bevilaqua and P. Ardenghi and N. Schröder and E. Bromberg and J. Quevedo and P. K. Schmitz and M. Bianchin and R. Walz and E. Schaeffer and J. H. Medina and I. Izquierdo},
  title       = {Agents that affect cAMP levels or protein kinase A activity modulate memory consolidation when injected into rat hippocampus but not amygdala.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {967--970},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1590/s0100-879x1997000800009},
  abstract    = {Male Wistar rats were trained in one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance using a 0.4-mA footshock. At various times after training (0, 1.5, 3, 6 and 9 h for the animals implanted into the CA1 region of the hippocampus; 0 and 3 h for those implanted into the amygdala), these animals received microinfusions of SKF38393 (7.5 micrograms/side), SCH23390 (0.5 microgram/side), norepinephrine (0.3 microgram/side), timolol (0.3 microgram/side), 8-OH-DPAT (2.5 micrograms/side), NAN-190 (2.5 micrograms/side), forskolin (0.5 microgram/side), KT5720 (0.5 microgram/side) or 8-Br-cAMP (1.25 micrograms/side). Rats were tested for retention 24 h after training. When given into the hippocampus 0 h post-training, norepinephrine enhanced memory whereas KT5720 was amnestic. When given 1.5 h after training, all treatments were ineffective. When given 3 or 6 h post-training, 8-Br-cAMP, forskolin, SKF38393, norepinephrine and NAN-190 caused memory facilitation, while KT5720, SCH23390, timolol and 8-OH-DPAT caused 
retrograde amnesia. Again, at 9 h after training, all treatments were ineffective. When given into the amygdala, norepinephrine caused retrograde facilitation at 0 h after training. The other drugs infused into the amygdala did not cause any significant effect. These data suggest that in the hippocampus, but not in the amygdala, a cAMP/protein kinase A pathway is involved in memory consolidation at 3 and 6 h after training, which is regulated by D1, beta, and 5HT1A receptors. This correlates with data on increased post-training cAMP levels and a dual peak of protein kinase A activity and CREB-P levels (at 0 and 3-6 h) in rat hippocampus after training in this task. These results suggest that the hippocampus, but not the amygdala, is involved in long-term storage of step-down inhibitory avoidance in the rat.},
  institution = {Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.},
  journal     = {Braz J Med Biol Res},
  keywords    = {8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate, pharmacology; 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, pharmacology; Amygdala, drug effects; Animals; Benzazepines, pharmacology; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein, analysis; Cyclic AMP, analysis; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, drug effects; Forskolin, pharmacology; Hippocampus, drug effects; Male; Memory, physiology; Norepinephrine, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pmid        = {9361726},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bevilaqua:1997,
  author      = {L. Bevilaqua and P. Ardenghi and N. Schröder and E. Bromberg and P. K. Schmitz and E. Schaeffer and J. Quevedo and M. Bianchin and R. Walz and J. H. Medina and I. Izquierdo},
  title       = {Drugs acting upon the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A signalling pathway modulate memory consolidation when given late after training into rat hippocampus but not amygdala.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {331--338},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1097/00008877-199708000-00006},
  abstract    = {Rats implanted bilaterally with cannulae in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus or in the amygdala were trained in one-trial step-down inhibitory (passive) avoidance using a 0.4 mA footshock. At various times after training (0, 1.5, 3, 6 or 9 h for animals implanted in the hippocampus; 0 or 3 h for those implanted in the amygdala), they received infusions of 8-Br-cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) (1.25 micrograms/side), SKF38393 (7.5 micrograms/side), SCH23390 (0.5 microgram/side), norepinephrine ClH (0.3 microgram/side), timolol ClH (0.3 microgram/side), 8-HO-DPAT (2.5 micrograms/side), NAN-190 (2.5 micrograms/side), forskolin (0.5 microgram/side) or KT5720 (0.5 microgram/side). Rats were tested for retention 24 h after training. SKF38393 is an agonist and SCH23390 an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, timolol is a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, 8-HO-DPAT is an agonist and NAN-190 an antagonist at 5HT1A receptors, forskolin enhances adenylyl cyclase, and KT5720 inhibits protein 
kinase A. When given into the hippocampus 0 h post-training, norepinephrine enhanced memory and KT5720 was amnestic. When given 1.5 h after training, all treatments were ineffective. When given 3 or 6 h post-training, 8-Br-cAMP, forskolin, SKF 38393, noradrenaline and NAN-190 caused memory facilitation, and KT5720, SCH23390, timolol and 8-HO-DPAT caused retrograde amnesia. At 9 h from training, all treatments were again ineffective. When given into the amygdala 0 or 3 h post-training all treatments were ineffective, except for noradrenaline at 0 h, which caused retrograde facilitation. The data agree with the suggestion that in the hippocampus, but not the amygdala, a cAMP/protein kinase A pathway is involved in memory consolidation at 3 and 6 h from training, and that this is regulated by D1, beta, and 5HT1A receptors. This correlates with a previous report of increased cAMP levels, protein kinase A activity and P-CREB levels at 3-6 h from training in rat hippocampus in this task. This may be taken to 
suggest that the hippocampus, but not the amygdala, is involved in the long-term storage of step-down inhibitory avoidance in the rat.},
  institution = {Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (U.F.R.G.S.), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Behav Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine, pharmacology; 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, pharmacology; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists, pharmacology; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, pharmacology; Amygdala; Animals; Avoidance Learning; Benzazepines, pharmacology; Carbazoles; Cyclic AMP, metabolism; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, drug effects/metabolism; Dopamine Agonists, pharmacology; Dopamine Antagonists, pharmacology; Forskolin, pharmacology; Hippocampus; Indoles, pharmacology; Male; Memory, drug effects; Norepinephrine, pharmacology; Piperazines, pharmacology; Pyrroles, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta, drug effects; Receptors, Dopamine D1, drug effects; Receptors, Serotonin, drug effects; Serotonin Antagonists, pharmacology; Serotonin Receptor Agonists, pharmacology; Signal Transduction, drug effects; Time Factors; Timolol, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pmid        = {9832992},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bevilaqua:2007,
  author      = {Bevilaqua, Lia R M. and Rossato, Janine I. and Clarke, Julia H R. and Medina, Jorge H. and Izquierdo, Iván and Cammarota, Martín},
  title       = {Inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus blocks extinction of inhibitory avoidance memory.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {18},
  number      = {5-6},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {483--489},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1097/FBP.0b013e3282ee7436},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0b013e3282ee7436},
  abstract    = {Step-down inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory formation involves association of stepping-down from a platform present in a training box (conditioned stimulus) with a footshock (unconditioned stimulus). A single short training session is enough to induce a lasting and strong memory trace expressed as an increase in step-down latency. Repeated nonreinforced retrieval, however, induces extinction of the IA response, a process involving a new learning that overrules the original one to indicate that the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus. Although the molecular requirements of IA memory consolidation are well understood, comparatively less is known about the signaling pathways involved in its extinction. Here we report that, when given into dorsal CA1 immediately but not 180 min after daily nonreinforced retrieval sessions, SP60015, a specific inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, impaired IA memory extinction in a dose-dependent 
manner without producing any motor or perceptual impairment or damaging the hippocampal formation. Our results suggest that, as happens during consolidation, extinction of IA long-term memory also requires c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus.},
  institution = {Center for Memory Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Behav Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Anthracenes, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Avoidance Learning, drug effects/physiology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hippocampus, drug effects/enzymology; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, drug effects/metabolism; Male; Maze Learning, drug effects/radiation effects; Memory, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, AMPA; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Signal Transduction},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {00008877-200709000-00015},
  pmid        = {17762516},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Beyerl:1978,
  author      = {B. D. Beyerl},
  title       = {Afferent projections to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus in the rat.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {145},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {209--223},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(78)90858-2},
  abstract    = {The afferent projections to the inferior colliculus of the rat were studied using the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following large injections of HRP into the central nucleus, cells within the cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex and auditory cortex were stained. Within the contralateral dorsal cochlear nucleus, fusiform cells were heavily labeled. Giant cells were also labeled in deeper layers. In the contralateral ventral cochlear nucleus, virtually all major cell types were labeled, with some types being labeled in greater numbers than others. Octopus cells of posteroventral division of ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) were never labeled. HRP-positive cells were found in ipsilateral and contralateral lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO), ipsilateral medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO), ipsilateral and contralateral lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body (LTB), ipsilateral ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VTB), and ipsilateral superior 
paraolivary nucleus (SPN). Pyramidal cells of layer V of auditory cortex were heavily labeled. Small injections of HRP into the central nucleus resulted in labeled cells within restricted regions of the cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex and auditory cortex. Injections into dorsal regions of the central nucleus resulted in cells labeled in ventral regions of the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei, and in lateral regions of LSO. These regions contain neurons which are considered to have low best frequencies. Injections placed in more ventral regions of the central nucleus led to labeling of cells in more dorsal regions of the cochlear nuclei and more medial regions of LSO in agreement with the tonotopical progressions within these structures.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Cochlear Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(78)90858-2},
  pmid        = {638786},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bezdudnaya:2008,
  Title                    = {Laterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus: A processor of somatosensory inputs.},
  Author                   = {Bezdudnaya, Tatiana and Keller, Asaf},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1979--1989},
  Volume                   = {507},

  Abstract                 = {The laterodorsal (LD) nucleus of the thalamus has been considered a "higher order" nucleus that provides inputs to limbic cortical areas. Although its functions are largely unknown, it is often considered to be involved in spatial learning and memory. Here we provide evidence that LD is part of a hitherto unknown pathway for processing somatosensory information. Juxtacellular and extracellular recordings from LD neurons reveal that they respond to vibrissa stimulation with short latency (median = 7 ms) and large magnitude responses (median = 1.2 spikes/stimulus). Most neurons (62\%) had large receptive fields, responding to six and more individual vibrissae. Electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nucleus interpolaris (SpVi) evoked short latency responses (median = 3.8 ms) in vibrissa-responsive LD neurons. Labeling produced by anterograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracers confirmed that LD neurons receive direct inputs from SpVi. Electrophysiological and neuroanatomical 
analyses revealed also that LD projects upon the cingulate and retrosplenial cortex, but has only sparse projections to the barrel cortex. These findings suggest that LD is part of a novel processing stream involved in spatial orientation and learning related to somatosensory cues.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.21664},
  Institution              = { Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Action Potentials; Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Electrophysiology; Female; Gyrus Cinguli, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Lateral Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Learning, physiology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Mechanoreceptors, physiology; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Space Perception, physiology; Staining and Labeling; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Touch, physiology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vibrissae, innervation/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {18273888},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21664}
}

@Article{Bezgin:2012,
  author      = {Bezgin, Gleb and Vakorin, Vasily A. and {van Opstal}, A John and McIntosh, Anthony R. and Bakker, Rembrandt},
  title       = {Hundreds of brain maps in one atlas: registering coordinate-independent primate neuro-anatomical data to a standard brain.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {62},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {67--76},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.013},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.013},
  abstract    = {Non-invasive measuring methods such as EEG/MEG, fMRI and DTI are increasingly utilised to extract quantitative information on functional and anatomical connectivity in the human brain. These methods typically register their data in Euclidean space, so that one can refer to a particular activity pattern by specifying its spatial coordinates. Since each of these methods has limited resolution in either the time or spatial domain, incorporating additional data, such as those obtained from invasive animal studies, would be highly beneficial to link structure and function. Here we describe an approach to spatially register all cortical brain regions from the macaque structural connectivity database CoCoMac, which contains the combined tracing study results from 459 publications (http://cocomac.g-node.org). Brain regions from 9 different brain maps were directly mapped to a standard macaque cortex using the tool Caret (Van Essen and Dierker, 2007). The remaining regions in the CoCoMac database 
were semantically linked to these 9 maps using previously developed algebraic and machine-learning techniques (Bezgin et al., 2008; Stephan et al., 2000). We analysed neural connectivity using several graph-theoretical measures to capture global properties of the derived network, and found that Markov Centrality provides the most direct link between structure and function. With this registration approach, users can query the CoCoMac database by specifying spatial coordinates. Availability of deformation tools and homology evidence then allow one to directly attribute detailed anatomical animal data to human experimental results.},
  institution = {Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. gbezgin@rotman-baycrest.on.ca},
  journal     = {Neuroimage},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Computer Simulation; Databases, Factual, standards; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, methods; Macaca, anatomy /&/ histology; Models, Anatomic; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net, anatomy /&/ histology; Reference Values; Software; Subtraction Technique},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1053-8119(12)00394-1},
  pmid        = {22521477},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bhalla:1987,
  author      = {Bhalla, D. K. and Crocker, T. T.},
  title       = {Pulmonary epithelial permeability in rats exposed to O3.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {21},
  number      = {1-2},
  pages       = {73--87},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1080/15287398709531003},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287398709531003},
  abstract    = {Measurements of pulmonary epithelial permeability were made in rats exposed for 2 h to either purified air or ozone (O3) at concentrations of 0.8 or 2 ppm. [99mTc]Diethylenetriaminepentaacetate ([99mTc]DTPA) (492 daltons) and 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin ([125I]BSA) (69,000 daltons) were injected intravenously, and the lungs were lavaged 6 min later. In rats exposed to air, transfer of the larger tracer molecule (BSA) from blood to the lavage fluid was less than that of the smaller molecule (DTPA) when the amount of tracer in the lavage fluid was calculated as percent of the counts in femoral artery blood 5 min after injection, i.e., 1 min prior to lavage. In rats exposed to O3, alveolar permeability increased in a dose-related fashion, the increase under all exposure conditions was greater for the smaller molecule than for the larger one, and the permeability was reversible with time. The increase in permeability from blood to air was comparable to the increase from air to blood 
reported earlier (Bhalla et al., 1986). The increased permeability provided an early and reliable indicator of short-term O3 exposure effect in rats. Autoradiography by electron microscopy identified multiple pathways for BSA transfer from blood to the alveolar space. Grains produced by [125I]BSA were localized over endothelial and epithelial cell surfaces, were associated with cytoplasmic vesicles, were over cell surface invaginations, and were found in the cytoplasm of apparently degenerating cells. Although defects in tight junctions of alveolar type I cells were observed in lungs of rats exposed to O3, autoradiographic grains also appeared in intercellular spaces, with the intercellular junctions remaining intact.},
  journal     = {J Toxicol Environ Health},
  keywords    = {Air; Animals; Cell Membrane Permeability, drug effects; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium, drug effects/ultrastructure; Lung, drug effects/pathology/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Ozone, toxicity; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3573075},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bhalla:1988,
  author      = {Bhalla, D. K. and Lavan, S. M. and Crocker, T. T.},
  title       = {Airway permeability in rats exposed to ozone or treated with cytoskeleton-destabilizing drugs.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {14},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {501--525},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3109/01902148809087824},
  abstract    = {Ozone (O3) exposure of rats increases airway epithelial permeability. We hypothesized that this increased permeability may be mediated by the epithelial cell cytoskeleton. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effect of cytoskeletal disruption on the transmucosal transport of tracers from airway lumen to blood and compared the results with the effects of O3 exposure. No increase in transport occurred following disruption of microtubules by vinblastine, but disruption of microfilaments with cytochalasin D resulted in increased transport of radiolabeled tracers [99mTc- and 111In-labeled diethylenetriamine-pentacetate (DTPA) and 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA)]. In control rats, both horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and BSA, localized by cytochemistry and autoradiography, respectively, were detected on the epithelial cell surfaces and in endocytic vesicles. In rats treated with cytochalasin D or exposed to O3, the tracer molecules also penetrated the intercellular spaces, though the 
apical tight junctions remained devoid of the tracers. Increased numbers of endocytic vesicles containing HRP and aggregation of 125I-labeled BSA autoradiographic grains in the subepithelial region were also seen after either treatment. We conclude that destabilization of cytoskeletal elements following O3 exposure is a possible mechanism of increased transmucosal transport, which may be a combined effect of accelerated transport through both endocytic and paracellular pathways.},
  institution = {Department of Community and Environmental Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717.},
  journal     = {Exp Lung Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Biological Transport, drug effects; Cytochalasin B, pharmacology; Cytochalasin D; Cytochalasins, pharmacology; Cytoskeleton, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Epithelium, drug effects/ultrastructure; Histocytochemistry; Iodine Radioisotopes, pharmacokinetics; Lung, drug effects/metabolism/pathology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Ozone, pharmacokinetics; Permeability; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vinblastine, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3208716},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bharne:2015,
  Title                    = {Differential expression of CART in feeding and reward circuits in binge eating rat model.},
  Author                   = {Bharne, Ashish P. and Borkar, Chandrashekhar D. and Subhedar, Nishikant K. and Kokare, Dadasaheb M.},
  Journal                  = {Behav Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = {May},
  Pages                    = {219--231},
  Volume                   = {291},

  Abstract                 = {Binge eating (BE) disrupts feeding and subverts reward mechanism. Since cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) mediates satiety as well as reward, its role in BE justifies investigation. To induce BE, rats were provided restricted access to high fat sweet palatable diet (HFSPD) for a period of 4 weeks. Immunoreactivity profile of the CART elements, and accompanying neuroplastic changes were studied in satiety- and reward-regulating brain nuclei. Further, we investigated the effects of CART, CART-antibody or rimonabant on the intake of normal chow or HFSPD. Rats fed on HFSPD showed development of BE-like phenotype as reflected by significant consumption of HFSPD in short time frame, suggestive of dysregulated satiety mechanisms. At the mid-point during BE, CART-immunoreactivity was significantly increased in hypothalamic arcuate (ARC), lateral (LH), nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) and paraventricular nucleus of thalamus (PVT). However, for next 22-h post-
binge time-period, the animals showed no interest in food, and low CART expression. Pre-binge treatment with rimonabant, a drug recommended for the treatment of BE, produced anorexia, increased CART expression in ARC and LH, but not in AcbSh and PVT. Higher dose of CART was required to produce anorexia in binged rats. While neuronal tracing studies confirmed CART fiber connectivity from ARC and LH to AcbSh, increase in CART and synaptophysin immunostaining in this pathway in BE rats suggested strengthening of the CART connectivity. We conclude that CART bearing ARC-LH-PVT-AcbSh reward circuit may override the satiety signaling in ARC-PVN pathway in BE rats.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.030},
  Institution              = {University, Nagpur 440033, India. Electronic address: kokaredada@yahoo.com.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {aheadofprint},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0166-4328(15)00359-9},
  Pmid                     = {26008155},
  Timestamp                = {07.07.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.030}
}

@Article{Bhatnagar:1998,
  author      = {Bhatnagar, S. and Dallman, M.},
  title       = {Neuroanatomical basis for facilitation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to a novel stressor after chronic stress.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {84},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {1025--1039},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00577-0},
  abstract    = {Animals exposed to chronic stress exhibit normal or enhanced hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal responses to novel, acute stimuli despite the inhibitory endogenous corticosteroid response to the chronic stressor. Prior stress is thought to induce a central facilitatory trace that, upon exposure to a novel stimulus, balances or overcomes the inhibitory effects of corticosterone. The neuroanatomical basis for this facilitation of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal responses is unknown. In this study, we first show increased adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone responses to the novel stressor of restraint in rats exposed to intermittent cold for seven days. We then compared numbers of Fos-immunoreactive cells in 26 sites in control and chronically stressed rats at various times after onset of a 30 min restraint. At 60 min, density of Fos-stained cells was significantly higher in chronically stressed than in control rats in the parabrachial/Kölliker-Fuse area, posterior paraventricular thalamus, 
central, basolateral and basomedial nuclei of the amygdala and parvocellular paraventricular hypothalamus. The posterior paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus receives projections from the parabrachial nucleus and projects heavily to the differentially stained subnuclei of the amygdala, which in turn project to the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. We propose that increased activity in the parabrachial-posterior paraventricular thalamus-amygdala-parvocellular paraventricular hypothalamus underlies facilitation of the hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis to novel stress in chronically stressed rats. We confirmed part of this proposal by showing that lesions of the posterior paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus increase adrenocorticotropin responses to restraint only in previously chronically stressed animals. This potential circuit provides a basis for further examination of the functional roles of these regions in stress-induced facilitation of hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal 
activity.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, 94143-0444, USA.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, blood; Animals; Body Weight, physiology; Brain, physiology/ultrastructure; Chronic Disease; Cold Temperature; Corticosterone, blood; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, pathology/physiopathology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Pituitary-Adrenal System, pathology/physiopathology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Restraint, Physical; Stress, Psychological, pathology/physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(97)00577-0},
  pmid        = {9578393},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bhatnagar:2000,
  author      = {Bhatnagar, S. and Viau, V. and Chu, A. and Soriano, L. and Meijer, O. C. and Dallman, M. F.},
  title       = {A cholecystokinin-mediated pathway to the paraventricular thalamus is recruited in chronically stressed rats and regulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {20},
  number      = {14},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {5564--5573},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/14/5564.long},
  abstract    = {Chronic stress alters hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to acute, novel stress. After acute restraint, the posterior division of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (pPVTh) exhibits increased numbers of Fos-expressing neurons in chronically cold-stressed rats compared with stress-naive controls. Furthermore, lesions of the PVTh augment HPA activity in response to novel restraint only in previously stressed rats, suggesting that the PVTh is inhibitory to HPA activity but that inhibition occurs only in chronically stressed rats. In this study, we further examined pPVTh functions in chronically stressed rats. We identified afferent projections to the pPVTh using injection of the retrograde tracer fluorogold. Of the sites containing fluorogold-labeled cells, neurons in the lateral parabrachial, periaqueductal gray, and dorsal raphe containing fluorogold also expressed cholecystokinin (CCK) mRNA. We then examined whether these CCKergic inputs to the pPVTh were involved in HPA 
responses to acute, novel restraint after chronic stress. We injected the CCK-B receptor antagonist PD 135,158 into the PVTh before restraint in control and chronically cold-stressed rats. ACTH responses to restraint stress were augmented by PD 135,158 only in chronically stressed rats but not in controls. In addition, CCK-B receptor mRNA expression in the pPVTh was not altered by chronic cold stress. We conclude that previous chronic stress specifically facilitates the release of CCK into the pPVTh in response to acute, novel stress. The CCK is probably secreted from neurons in the lateral parabrachial, the periaqueductal gray, and/or the dorsal raphe nuclei. Acting via CCK-B receptors in pPVTh, CCK then constrains facilitated ACTH responses to novel stress in chronically stressed but not naive rats. These results demonstrate clearly that chronic stress recruits a new set of pathways that modulate HPA responsiveness to a novel stress.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0444, USA. bhatnags@umich.edu},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, blood; Afferent Pathways, metabolism; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, metabolism; Cholecystokinin, genetics/metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, metabolism; Hypothalamus, metabolism; Limbic System, metabolism; Male; Midline Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Pituitary-Adrenal System, metabolism; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Cholecystokinin B; Receptors, Cholecystokinin, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors/genetics/metabolism; Stilbamidines; Stress, Physiological, metabolism; Time},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {20/14/5564},
  pmid        = {10884340},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bhattacharjee:2011,
  author      = {Abesh Kumar Bhattacharjee and Lixin Lang and Orit Jacobson and Bidhan Shinkre and Ying Ma and Gang Niu and William C Trenkle and Kenneth A Jacobson and Xiaoyuan Chen and Dale O Kiesewetter},
  title       = {Striatal adenosine A(2A) receptor-mediated positron emission tomographic imaging in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats using [(18)F]-MRS5425.},
  year        = {2011},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {38},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {897--906},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.01.009},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.01.009},
  abstract    = {A(2A) receptors are expressed in the basal ganglia, specifically in striatopallidal GABAergic neurons in the striatum (caudate-putamen). This brain region undergoes degeneration of presynaptic dopamine projections and depletion of dopamine in Parkinson's disease. We developed an (18)F-labeled A(2A) analog radiotracer ([(18)F]-MRS5425) for A(2A) receptor imaging using positron emission tomography (PET). We hypothesized that this tracer could image A(2A) receptor changes in the rat model for Parkinson's disease, which is created following unilateral injection of the monoaminergic toxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the substantia nigra.[(18)F]-MRS5425 was injected intravenously in anesthetized rats, and PET imaging data were collected. Image-derived percentage injected doses per gram (\%ID/g) in regions of interest was measured in the striatum of normal rats and in rats unilaterally lesioned with 6-OHDA after intravenous administration of saline (baseline), D(2) agonist quinpirole (1.0 mg/kg)
 or D(2) antagonist raclopride (6.0 mg/kg).Baseline \%ID/g reached a maximum at 90 s and maintained plateau for 3.5 min, and then declined slowly thereafter. In 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, \%ID/g was significantly higher in the lesioned side compared to the intact side, and the baseline total \%ID/g (data from both hemispheres were combined) was significantly higher compared to quinpirole stimulation starting from 4.5 min until the end of acquisition at 30 min. Raclopride did not produce any change in uptake compared to baseline or between the hemispheres.Thus, increase of A(2A) receptor-mediated uptake of radioactive MRS5425 could be a superior molecular target for Parkinson's imaging.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.},
  journal     = {Nucl Med Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Biological Transport; Injections; Male; Neostriatum, drug effects/metabolism/pathology/radionuclide imaging; Oxidopamine, toxicity; Positron-Emission Tomography, methods; Pyrazoles, chemistry/diagnostic use/metabolism/pharmacokinetics; Pyrimidines, chemistry/diagnostic use/metabolism/pharmacokinetics; Quinpirole, pharmacology; Raclopride, pharmacology; Radiochemistry; Rats; Receptor, Adenosine A2A, metabolism; Triazoles, chemistry/diagnostic use/metabolism/pharmacokinetics},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0969-8051(11)00035-7},
  pmid        = {21843786},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bhattacharyya:1997,
  author      = {Bhattacharyya, S. N. and Manna, B. and Ashbaugh, P. and Coutinho, R. and Kaufman, B.},
  title       = {Differentiation of respiratory epithelium: the effects of retinoic acid and carcinogens on the expression of mucociliary vs. squamous phenotype.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {21},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {133--143},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Changes in ultrastructural characteristics and mucin gene expression were examined in rat tracheal explants cultured in a synthetic medium +/- retinoic acid (RA), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMNU). In the RA(+) cultures, no changes in either ultrastructural features or mucin gene expression were detected after 48 h incubation. After 96 h incubation, however, the ultrastructural features associated with the squamous phenotype were characteristics of cultures containing the two carcinogens and the mucin gene expression was slightly reduced. Thus, in the presence of retinoic acid, the carcinogen induced changes in cytology to the squamous phenotypes were not matched by a marked loss of mucin gene expression. Explants cultured for 48 h without RA and +/- carcinogens showed none of the cytological changes associated with onset of the squamous phenotype. While mucin mRNA was still detected, it was clearly reduced compared to 48 h cultures in RA(+) medium. However, 48 h later,
 all explants exhibited pronounced squamous metaplasia and the mucin message decreased to trace levels. Thus, the results of these experiments with B[a]P and NMNU in RA(+) and RA(-) media indicates that at least the early carcinogen induced changes may be distinct from those associated with the retinoid pathway controlling expression of the mucin component of the mucociliary epithelium.},
  institution = {Department of Clinical Investigation, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, Texas 79920, USA.},
  journal     = {Inflammation},
  keywords    = {Animals; Benzo(a)pyrene, toxicity; Carcinogens, toxicity; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, etiology; Cell Differentiation, drug effects; Culture Media; Culture Techniques; Epithelium, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Gene Expression, drug effects; Lung Neoplasms, etiology; Metaplasia; Methylnitrosourea, toxicity; Mucins, genetics; Phenotype; RNA, Messenger, genetics/metabolism; Rats; Trachea, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Tretinoin, pharmacology; Vitamin A Deficiency, complications},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9187958},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bhisitkul:1990,
  author      = {Bhisitkul, R. B. and Kocsis, J. D. and Gordon, T. R. and Waxman, S. G.},
  title       = {Trophic influence of the distal nerve segment on GABAA receptor expression in axotomized adult sensory neurons.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {109},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {273--278},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0014-4886(05)80017-2},
  abstract    = {The depolarizing action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), or the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol, on rat dorsal root (L4 and L5) fibers is attenuated following transection, but not crush, of the sciatic nerve. Following discrete nerve crush, axons actively regenerate and contact both the distal nerve segment and the peripheral target tissues. The aim of the present study was to distinguish between these two regions as possible sources of trophic support for retrograde maintenance of dorsal root GABA receptor sensitivity. A surgical procedure was employed to permit a delimited segment of axonal regeneration while prohibiting reestablishment of end organ innervation; the sciatic nerve was crushed and a ligature was placed 3 cm distal to the crush site. Under these conditions, the injury-induced decrement in the dorsal root GABA response, observed between 12 and 21 postoperative days, was significantly attenuated relative to that of ligated nerves, in which regeneration into the distal stump 
does not occur. The data suggest that nerve transection by ligation restricts trophic support for maintenance of GABA receptor expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Furthermore, during regeneration the denervated distal nerve segment assumes a neurotrophic role in the maintenance of dorsal root GABA sensitivity, consistent with the hypothesis that growth factors derived from reactive Schwann cells may positively regulate the expression of receptors on axotomized sensory neurons.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Denervation; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Ligation; Muscimol, pharmacology; Nerve Crush; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, GABA-A, metabolism; Sciatic Nerve, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2170161},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Biacabe:2001,
  author      = {Biacabe, B. and Chevallier, J. M. and Avan, P. and Bonfils, P.},
  title       = {Functional anatomy of auditory brainstem nuclei: application to the anatomical basis of brainstem auditory evoked potentials.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {28},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {85--94},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0385-8146(00)00080-8},
  abstract    = {Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) are used routinely in clinical practice to evaluate the normality of the lower auditory system. The objective of this review is to describe the functional anatomy of the structures implicated in BAEP generation (cochlear nerve and the auditory brainstem nuclei). Indications and results of BAEP in clinical practice are presented and correlated with auditory structures, which generate each waveform of BAEP.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Research on the Physiology of the Hearing System, Formation Associée Claude Bernard and Formation CNRS UPRESA 7060, University Paris V, Boucicaut Hospital, 75015, Paris, France. bernard.biacabe@wanadoo.fr},
  journal     = {Auris Nasus Larynx},
  keywords    = {Auditory Pathways, physiology; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cochlear Nerve, physiology; Cochlear Nucleus, physiology; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem, physiology; Humans; Spiral Ganglion, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Vestibular Nerve, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0385-8146(00)00080-8},
  pmid        = {11137368},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Biag:2012,
  author      = {Biag, Jonathan and Huang, Yi and Gou, Lin and Hintiryan, Houri and Askarinam, Asal and Hahn, Joel D. and Toga, Arthur W. and Dong, Hong-Wei},
  title       = {Cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the C57BL/6J male mouse: a study of immunostaining and multiple fluorescent tract tracing.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {520},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {6--33},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.22698},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22698},
  abstract    = {The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) plays a critical role in the regulation of autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral activities. This understanding has come from extensive characterization of the PVH in rats, and for this mammalian species we now have a robust model of basic PVH neuroanatomy and function. However, in mice, whose use as a model research animal has burgeoned with the increasing sophistication of tools for genetic manipulation, a comparable level of PVH characterization has not been achieved. To address this, we employed a variety of fluorescent tract tracing and immunostaining techniques in several different combinations to determine the neuronal connections and cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the PVH in the commonly used C57BL/6J male mouse. Our findings reveal a distinct organization in the mouse PVH that is substantially different from the PVH of male rats. The differences are particularly evident with respect to the spatial relations of two principal 
neuroendocrine divisions (magnocellular and parvicellular) and three descending preautonomic populations in the PVH. We discuss these data in relation to what is known about PVH function and provide the work as a resource for further studies of the neuronal architecture and function of the mouse PVH.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-7334, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Hypothalamic Hormones, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Neurosecretory Systems, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Rats; Staining and Labeling, methods},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {21674499},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Biagioni:2015,
  Title                    = {5-Hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors in the dorsomedial hypothalamus connected to dorsal raphe nucleus inputs modulate defensive behaviours and mediate innate fear-induced antinociception },
  Author                   = {Audrey Franceschi Biagioni and Rithiele Cristina de Oliveira and Ricardo de Oliveira and Juliana Almeida da Silva and Tayllon dos Anjos-Garcia and Camila Marroni Roncon and Alexandre Pinto Corrado and Hélio Zangrossi Jr. and Norberto Cysne Coimbra},
  Journal                  = {European Neuropsychopharmacology },
  Year                     = {2015},
  Pages                    = { - },

  Abstract                 = {Abstract The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is an important brainstem source of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-HT plays a key role in the regulation of panic attacks. The aim of the present study was to determine whether 5-HT1A receptor-containing neurons in the medial hypothalamus (MH) receive neural projections from \{DRN\} and to then determine the role of this neural substrate in defensive responses. The neurotracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was iontophoretically microinjected into the DRN, and immunohistochemical approaches were then used to identify 5HT1A receptor-labelled neurons in the MH. Moreover, the effects of pre-treatment of the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) with 8-OH-DPAT and WAY-100635, a 5-HT1A receptor agonist and antagonist, respectively, followed by local microinjections of bicuculline, a \{GABAA\} receptor antagonist, were investigated. We found that there are many projections from the \{DRN\} to the perifornical lateral hypothalamus (PeFLH) but also 
to \{DMH\} and 
ventromedial (VMH) nuclei, reaching 5HT1A receptor-labelled perikarya. \{DMH\} \{GABAA\} receptor blockade elicited defensive responses that were followed by antinociception. \{DMH\} treatment with 8-OH-DPAT decreased escape responses, which strongly suggests that the 5-HT1A receptor modulates the defensive responses. However, \{DMH\} treatment with WAY-100635 failed to alter bicuculline-induced defensive responses, suggesting that 5-HT exerts a phasic influence on 5-HT1A \{DMH\} neurons. The activation of the inhibitory 5-HT1A receptor had no effect on antinociception. However, blockade of the 5-HT1A receptor decreased fear-induced antinociception. The present data suggest that the ascending pathways from the \{DRN\} to the \{DMH\} modulate panic-like defensive behaviours and mediate antinociceptive phenomenon by recruiting 5-HT1A receptor in the MH. },
  Doi                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.032},
  ISSN                     = {0924-977X},
  Keywords                 = {Panic-like behaviour},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Timestamp                = {28.12.2015},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924977X15004150}
}

@Article{Bialecki:1992,
  author      = {Bialecki, R. A. and Kulik, T. J. and Colucci, W. S.},
  title       = {Stretching increases calcium influx and efflux in cultured pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {263},
  number      = {5 Pt 1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {L602--L606},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://ajplung.physiology.org/content/ajplung/263/5/L602.full.pdf},
  abstract    = {To determine the effect of a single static stretch on calcium fluxes in cultured pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC), calcium influx and efflux were evaluated in PASMC on a collagen-coated silicone membrane using 45Ca2+ as a tracer. A single 20\% linear stretch of the silicone membrane of 1 min in duration increased calcium uptake by 71\%. This effect was partially inhibited by verapamil or gadolinium, but was not altered by staurosporine, pertussis toxin, or removal of extracellular sodium. Stretch-stimulated calcium uptake attenuated over time, such that uptake during the last minute of a 5-min sustained stretch was 46\% of that during the first minute of stretch. A single 20\% stretch sustained for 6 min caused a 47\% increase in calcium efflux, the magnitude of which was linearly related to the degree of cell stretch. Gadolinium and removal of extracellular calcium each partially inhibited stretch-induced calcium efflux. We conclude that a single static stretch of PASMC causes 
increases in both calcium influx and efflux. Stretch-stimulated calcium influx does not require sodium influx and is mediated in part by a pathway sensitive to both gadolinium and verapamil. Stretch-stimulated calcium efflux is due to both calcium influx via a gadolinium-sensitive pathway and mobilization of intracellular stores. Because calcium is a key cellular second messenger, these effects of stretch on cellular calcium handling may play a role in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype and function.},
  institution = {Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Alkaloids, pharmacology; Animals; Calcium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Calcium, metabolism; Cells, Cultured; Gadolinium, pharmacology; Kinetics; Muscle, Smooth, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Pertussis Toxin; Pulmonary Artery, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Staurosporine; Stress, Mechanical; Virulence Factors, Bordetella, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1443163},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Biancardi:2010,
  Title                    = {Altered balance of gamma-aminobutyric acidergic and glutamatergic afferent inputs in rostral ventrolateral medulla-projecting neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of renovascular hypertensive rats.},
  Author                   = {Vinicia Campana Biancardi and Ruy Ribeiro Campos and Javier Eduardo Stern},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {567--585},
  Volume                   = {518},

  Abstract                 = {An imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory functions has been shown to contribute to numerous pathological disorders. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that a change in hypothalamic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inhibitory and glutamatergic excitatory synaptic functions contributes to exacerbated neurohumoral drive in prevalent cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension. However, the precise underlying mechanisms and neuronal substrates are still not fully elucidated. In the present study, we combined quantitative immunohistochemistry with neuronal tract tracing to determine whether plastic remodeling of afferent GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs into identified RVLM-projecting neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN-RVLM) contributes to an imbalanced excitatory/inhibitory function in renovascular hypertensive rats (RVH). Our results indicate that both GABAergic and glutamatergic innervation densities increased in oxytocin-positive, PVN-RVLM (
OT-PVN-RVLM) neurons in RVH rats. Despite this concomitant increase, time-dependent and compartment-specific differences in the reorganization of these inputs resulted in an altered balance of excitatory/inhibitory inputs in somatic and dendritic compartments. A net predominance of excitatory over inhibitory inputs was found in OT-PVN-RVLM proximal dendrites. Our results indicate that, along with previously described changes in neurotransmitter release probability and postsynaptic receptor function, remodeling of GABAergic and glutamatergic afferent inputs contributes as an underlying mechanism to the altered excitatory/inhibitory balance in the PVN of hypertensive rats.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.22256},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, 30912, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Biological Markers, metabolism; Cardiovascular System, physiopathology; Dendrites, metabolism/ultrastructure; Disease Models, Animal; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Hypertension, Renovascular, metabolism/physiopathology; Immunohistochemistry; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Kidney, physiopathology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Oxytocin, metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reticular Formation, cytology/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {20034060},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22256}
}

@Article{Bianchi:2004,
  author      = {Bianchi, Mauro and Martucci, Cataldo and Biella, Gabriele and Ferrario, Paolo and Sacerdote, Paola},
  title       = {Increased substance P and tumor necrosis factor-alpha level in the paws following formalin injection in rat tail.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1019},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {255--258},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.brainres.2004.06.007},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.06.007},
  abstract    = {We previously described a rat model where the injection of formalin in the tail induced a facilitation of the hindpaw withdrawal reflexes (hyperalgesia). In the present work, after injecting formalin in the tail, we measured the levels of pro-nociceptive mediators tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and substance P (SP) in the rat paws. A significant increase of SP levels was evident in the hindpaw, whereas no changes in SP were observed in the forepaw. Both in the hindpaw and in the forepaw the TNF levels were higher than normal at each stage of measurement. Our results indicate that a prolonged neuronal activation induced by formalin injection is associated with a change in nociceptive and inflammatory mediators in distal sites of the body. The fact that SP levels are changed in the hindpaw but not in the forepaw might point to the activation of a mechanism of retrograde signaling from central synapses to paw afferent nerves.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milan 20129, Italy. mauro.bianchi@unimi.it},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Forelimb, drug effects/metabolism; Formaldehyde, pharmacology; Hindlimb, drug effects/metabolism; Male; Rats; Substance P, biosynthesis; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, biosynthesis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S000689930400945X},
  pmid        = {15306260},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bianchi:1998,
  author      = {R. Bianchi and G. Corsetti and L. Rodella and G. Tredici and M. Gioia},
  title       = {Supraspinal connections and termination patterns of the parabrachial complex determined by the biocytin anterograde tract-tracing technique in the rat.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {193 ( Pt 3)},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {417--430},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1469-7580.1998.19330417.x},
  abstract    = {We have re-evaluated, using the anterograde tracer biocytin, supraspinal efferent projections from the parabrachial complex (PBN) to gain new information about the nature of its connections and nerve terminal patterns. We selectively injected biocytin into the 3 main regions of the nucleus (lateral PBN, medial PBN and Kölliker-Fuse nucleus). We observed distinct groups of ascending and descending fibres of different calibre from the PBN running throughout the brain and reaching many brain areas involved in the regulation of autonomic function. Here we detected labelled bouton-like terminals and fibres with en-passage varicosities. The ascending efferents from the lateral PBN mainly reached the reticular, raphe and thalamic nuclei, the zona incerta (ZI), central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and lateral area of the periaqueductal grey (PAG). Thin descending efferents reached the ventral region of the solitary tract nucleus (STN). The ascending efferents from the medial PBN were seen in the 
raphe nuclei, reticular nuclei, ventral and lateral areas of the PAG, thalamic nuclei, and in the medial and lateral nuclei of the amygdala. Descending efferents were seen in the STN and in some reticular nuclei. The ascending projections from the Kölliker-Fuse targeted the ventral area of PAG, CeA, ZI, lateral hypothalamic area, ventromedial thalamic nucleus and, with only a few terminals, the ipsi and contralateral reticular area. A large number of descending efferents reached STN, caudal and paragigantocellular reticular nuclei. The higher sensitivity of biocytin compared with other types of markers allowed us to determine more effectively the distribution, nature and extent of the supraspinal PBN connections. This suggested that in several nerve circuits the PBN probably plays a more important role than previously thought.},
  institution = {Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Italy. bianchi@med.unibs.it},
  journal     = {J Anat},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, ultrastructure; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Male; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurons, Efferent, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9877297},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bianchi:1990,
  Title                    = {The spinal terminals into the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat. A light and electron microscope study of the projections ascending via the ventro-lateral funiculus.},
  Author                   = {R. Bianchi and G. Tredici and M. Gioia},
  Journal                  = {J Hirnforsch},
  Year                     = {1990},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {349--358},
  Volume                   = {31},

  Abstract                 = {Light and electron microscope studies of the terminal fields of the spinal afferents ascending in the ventrolateral quadrant of the spinal cord to the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) were carried out using silver degeneration techniques and anterograde WGA-HRP transport. At all mesencephalic levels the terminal degeneration and the labelling of the spinal fibres to the PAG were fairly dense, mainly concentrated in the outer part of the annular ring. At the electron microscope, the spinal nerve terminals were found ending almost exclusively in the neuropil, impinging on small dendritic profiles. The majority of these synaptic contacts were of the asymmetrical type and contained a prevalence of round vesicles. This study provides an accurate representation of the terminal domain of the spino-PAG afferents and gives the conclusive anatomical evidence that the fibres ascending in the ventro-lateral funiculus of the spinal cord do not simply pass through the PAG, but actually 
terminate in it, synapsing in the neuropil.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Institution              = {Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Milan, Italy.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Mesencephalon, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Periaqueductal Gray, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2230104},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Bianco:2009,
  Title                    = {The habenular nuclei: a conserved asymmetric relay station in the vertebrate brain.},
  Author                   = {Bianco, Isaac H. and Wilson, Stephen W.},
  Journal                  = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {1519},
  Pages                    = {1005--1020},
  Volume                   = {364},

  Abstract                 = {The dorsal diencephalon, or epithalamus, contains the bilaterally paired habenular nuclei and the pineal complex. The habenulae form part of the dorsal diencephalic conduction (DDC) system, a highly conserved pathway found in all vertebrates. In this review, we shall describe the neuroanatomy of the DDC, consider its physiology and behavioural involvement, and discuss examples of neural asymmetries within both habenular circuitry and the pineal complex. We will discuss studies in zebrafish, which have examined the organization and development of this circuit, uncovered how asymmetry is represented at the level of individual neurons and determined how such left-right differences arise during development.},
  Doi                      = {10.1098/rstb.2008.0213},
  Institution              = {mcb.harvard.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Depression, genetics/physiopathology; Diencephalon, physiology; Dopamine, physiology; Functional Laterality, genetics/physiology; Habenula, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Humans; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Models, Animal; Motor Activity, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Reward; Schizophrenia, genetics/physiopathology; Species Specificity; Substance-Related Disorders, genetics/physiopathology; Vertebrates, genetics/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {364/1519/1005},
  Pmid                     = {19064356},
  Timestamp                = {03.12.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0213}
}

@Article{Biane:2016,
  Title                    = {Thalamocortical Projections onto Behaviorally Relevant Neurons Exhibit Plasticity during Adult Motor Learning },
  Author                   = {Jeremy S. Biane and Yoshio Takashima and Massimo Scanziani and James M. Conner and Mark H. Tuszynski},
  Journal                  = {Neuron },
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = { - },

  Abstract                 = {Summary Layer 5 neurons of the neocortex receive direct and relatively strong input from the thalamus. However, the intralaminar distribution of these inputs and their capacity for plasticity in adult animals are largely unknown. In slices of the primary motor cortex (M1), we simultaneously recorded from pairs of corticospinal neurons associated with control of distinct motor outputs: distal forelimb versus proximal forelimb. Activation of ChR2-expressing thalamocortical afferents in \{M1\} before motor learning produced equivalent responses in monosynaptic excitation of neurons controlling the distal and proximal forelimb, suggesting balanced thalamic input at baseline. Following skilled grasp training, however, thalamocortical input shifted to bias activation of corticospinal neurons associated with control of the distal forelimb. This increase was associated with a cell-specific increase in mEPSC amplitude but not presynaptic release probability. These findings demonstrate 
distinct and highly 
segregated plasticity of thalamocortical projections during adult learning. Video Abstract },
  Doi                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.02.001},
  ISSN                     = {0896-6273},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Timestamp                = {08.03.2016},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627316000945}
}

@Article{Biane:2015,
  Title                    = {Motor cortex maturation is associated with reductions in recurrent connectivity among functional subpopulations and increases in intrinsic excitability.},
  Author                   = {Biane, Jeremy S. and Scanziani, Massimo and Tuszynski, Mark H. and Conner, James M.},
  Journal                  = {J Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {4719--4728},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Abstract                 = {Behavior is derived from the configuration of synaptic connectivity among functionally diverse neurons. Fine motor behavior is absent at birth in most mammals but gradually emerges during subsequent postnatal corticospinal system maturation; the nature of circuit development and reorganization during this period has been largely unexplored. We investigated connectivity and synaptic signaling among functionally distinct corticospinal populations in Fischer 344 rats from postnatal day 18 through 75 using retrograde tracer injections into specific spinal cord segments associated with distinct aspects of forelimb function. Primary motor cortex slices were prepared enabling simultaneous patch-clamp recordings of up to four labeled corticospinal neurons and testing of 3489 potential synaptic connections. We find that, in immature animals, local connectivity is biased toward corticospinal neurons projecting to the same spinal cord segment; this within-population connectivity 
significantly decreases through maturation until connection frequency is similar between neurons projecting to the same (within-population) or different (across-population) spinal segments. Concomitantly, postnatal maturation is associated with a significant reduction in synaptic efficacy over time and an increase in intrinsic neuronal excitability, altering how excitation is effectively transmitted across recurrent corticospinal networks. Collectively, the postnatal emergence of fine motor control is associated with a relative broadening of connectivity between functionally diverse cortical motor neurons and changes in synaptic properties that could enable the emergence of smaller independent networks, enabling fine motor movement. These changes in synaptic patterning and physiological function provide a basis for the increased capabilities of the mature versus developing brain.},
  Doi                      = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2792-14.2015},
  Institution              = {Departments of Neurosciences and.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Male; Motor Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development; Nerve Net, cytology/growth /&/ development; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology/growth /&/ development; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {35/11/4719},
  Pmid                     = {25788688},
  Timestamp                = {07.07.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2792-14.2015}
}

@Article{Biasi:1994,
  Title                    = {Enrichment of glutamate immunoreactivity in lemniscal terminals in the ventropostero lateral thalamic nucleus of the rat: an immunogold and WGA-HRP study.},
  Author                   = {S. De Biasi and A. Amadeo and R. Spreafico and A. Rustioni},
  Journal                  = {Anat Rec},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {131--140},
  Volume                   = {240},

  Abstract                 = {The ventropostero lateral nucleus (VPL) is a thalamic somatosensory center receiving inputs from limbs and trunk; some of this input is via terminals of the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway. These fibers convey non-noxious somesthesic information.In this study the neurochemical content of lemniscal afferents in VPL of rats was investigated at the electron microscopic level by combining anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin, injected in the dorsal dorsal column nuclei, with postembedding immunogold labeling for glutamate (Glu).Anterograde labeling in VPL was detected only in myelinated axons and in large terminals containing round synaptic vesicles, interpreted as lemniscal afferents. Quantitative evaluation of gold particle density showed enrichment of Glu immunolabeling in the identified lemniscal terminals with respect to other neuronal profiles. Observation of serial sections immunoreacted for Glu demonstrated consistency of 
labeling, whereas in alternate sections immunoreacted for Glu and for the inhibitory amino acid GABA these two antigens were always present in distinct types of terminals.These findings are in agreement with several lines of evidence, obtained with different experimental approaches, supporting the hypothesis that Glu plays a major role in conveying sensory stimuli to the thalamus from second order neurons in the dorsal column nuclei.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/ar.1092400114},
  Institution              = {Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica generali, Sezione di Isotologia e Anatomia umana, Milano, Italy.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Biological Transport; Glutamic Acid, analysis/immunology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Thalamic Nuclei, metabolism/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pmid                     = {7810910},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092400114}
}

@Article{Biasi:1994a,
  Title                    = {Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of primary afferent terminals in the rat cuneate nucleus.},
  Author                   = {S. De Biasi and L. Vitellaro-Zuccarello and P. Bernardi and J. G. Valtschanoff and R. J. Weinberg},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {275--287},
  Volume                   = {347},

  Abstract                 = {The cuneate nucleus is a relay center for somatosensory information by receiving tactile and proprioceptive inputs from primary afferent fibers that ascend in the dorsal funiculus. The morphology, synaptic contacts, and neurochemical content of primary afferent terminals in the cuneate nucleus of rats were investigated by combining anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat-germ agglutinin or to cholera toxin (injected in cervical dorsal root ganglia) with postembedding immunogold labeling for glutamate and GABA. Both tracers gave similar results. Two types of terminals were labeled: type I terminals were irregularly shaped, had a mean area of 4.0 microns 2, synapsed on several dendrites, and were contacted by other terminals, some of which were GABA positive. Type II terminals were dome-shaped, had a mean area of 2.18 microns 2, and made synaptic contact on a single dendrite. All the anterogradely labeled terminals (interpreted as endings of primary 
afferents) were enriched in glutamate but not in GABA. The finding that identified primary afferent terminals are enriched in glutamate with respect to other tissue profiles strongly suggests a neurotransmitter role for glutamate in this afferent pathway to the rat cuneate nucleus.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903470209},
  Institution              = {Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica Generali, Università di Milano, Italy.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, chemistry/ultrastructure; Animals; Male; Medulla Oblongata, chemistry/ultrastructure; Neurotransmitter Agents, analysis; Presynaptic Terminals, chemistry/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7814668},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903470209}
}

@Article{Biasi:1995,
  Title                    = {Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of terminals of postsynaptic ascending dorsal column fibers in the rat cuneate nucleus.},
  Author                   = {S. De Biasi and L. Vitellaro-Zuccarello and P. Bernardi and J. G. Valtschanoff and R. J. Weinberg},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {109--118},
  Volume                   = {353},

  Abstract                 = {The morphology, synaptic contacts, and neurotransmitter enrichment of postsynaptic dorsal column terminals in the cuneate nucleus of rats were investigated and compared with those of identified primary afferents. For this purpose, anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase-based tracers injected in the spinal cord was combined with postembedding immunogold labeling for glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Anterogradely labeled postsynaptic dorsal column terminals were morphologically homogeneous: they were small (mean area = 1.37 microns 2) and dome-shaped, contacted single dendritic shafts or cell bodies, and were not involved in axoaxonic synapses. The majority of them were not enriched in glutamate or GABA immunoreactivity compared with other tissue components. Their morphology, size, and neurotransmitter content thus differed from that of primary afferents. These differences are consistent with distinct functional roles for the two main afferent systems 
ascending to the cuneate nucleus.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903530110},
  Institution              = {Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica Generali, Università di Milano, Italy.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Animals; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Medulla Oblongata, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nerve Endings, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Spinal Cord, metabolism/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7714242},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903530110}
}

@Article{Biazoli:2006,
  author    = {Biazoli, C.E. and Goto, M. and Campos, A.M. and Canteras, N.S.},
  title     = {The supragenual nucleus: A putative relay station for ascending vestibular signs to head direction cells},
  year      = {2006},
  volume    = {1094},
  pages     = {138-148},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.101},
  journal   = {Brain Res},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Biber:1983,
  author      = {Biber, J. and Stange, G. and Stieger, B. and Murer, H.},
  title       = {Transport of L-cystine by rat renal brush border membrane vesicles.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {396},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {335--341},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf01063939},
  abstract    = {Brush border membranes were isolated from rat renal cortex by a divalent cation precipitation method. L-35S-cystine uptake into the vesicles was measured by a rapid filtration method. Covalent incorporation of tracer into membrane proteins was observed after prolonged incubations. At short incubation periods (1 min) binding was small and allowed an analysis of transmembrane transport. To guarantee transport of L-cystine, the experiments were performed in the presence of the oxidant diamide. Sodium stimulated L-cystine uptake specifically. A potassium/valinomycin induced inside negative diffusion potential stimulated sodium dependent L-cystine transport. Thus, transport is potential sensitive in the presence of sodium. At low substrate and inhibitor concentrations, L-cystine transport was inhibited by L-lysine, L-ornithine and L-arginine but not by D-lysine in the presence and absence of sodium. At higher inhibitor concentration, the neutral amino acids L-phenylalanine and L-leucine also 
inhibited L-cystine uptake, but only the sodium dependent uptake. These inhibition experiments suggest that L-cystine is transported by the brush border membrane by a transport system for basic amino acids not necessarily requiring sodium. In addition, transport of L-cystine can also proceed via sodium dependent transport pathways for neutral amino acids. In the concentration range tested (up to 0.225 mmoles/l), no saturation of L-cystine transport was observed in the presence and absence of sodium.},
  journal     = {Pflugers Arch},
  keywords    = {Amino Acids, pharmacology; Animals; Biological Transport, drug effects; Cystine, metabolism; Kidney Cortex, metabolism; Male; Microvilli, metabolism; Rats; Sodium, metabolism/pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6844138},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bice:1997,
  author      = {T. N. Bice and J. A. Beal},
  title       = {Quantitative and neurogenic analysis of neurons with supraspinal projections in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat lumbar spinal cord.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {388},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {565--574},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19971201)388:4<565::aid-cne5>3.0.co;2-0},
  abstract    = {Dual retrograde axonal tracers, Fluoro-Gold (FG) and true blue (TB), were used in conjunction with [3H]thymidine autoradiography to determine the number and neurogenic pattern of neurons with supraspinal projections in the superficial dorsal horn (SDH), i.e., laminae I and II, in spinal segment L1 of the rat. FG was injected into rostral brain centers (dorsal thalamus and midbrain), and TB was injected into the caudal brainstem (medulla) in young adult rats previously administered [3H]thymidine in utero. Following stereological correction, each dorsal horn had an average of 1.22 neurons in lamina I and 0.24 neurons in lamina II that had supraspinal projections per 10-microm transverse section. In the SDH, 52\% of the neurons with supraspinal projections were found to project to rostral brain centers alone, 3.0\% only to the caudal brainstem, and 45\% to both areas. There was no significant difference in the percentage distribution of each of the three groups of neurons between lamina I and 
lamina II. Cell counts in the present study, in conjunction with previous observations in the literature, suggest that the majority of supraspinal projection neurons in the SDH fall into two groups: 1) spinomesencephalic neurons with collaterals to the medulla and 2) spinothalamic neurons with collaterals to the midbrain. The neurogenesis of supraspinal projection neurons in the SDH proceeded along an axon-length gradient, whereby neurons with the longest axons, those with projections to rostral brain centers, completed neurogenesis prior to neurons with shorter axons, those with projections only to the caudal brainstem. The generation of all SDH neurons with supraspinal projections was completed on embryonic day 14 (E14), 2 days prior to the completion of neurogenesis for SDH neurons with intraspinal projections.},
  institution = {Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Medical Center in Shreveport, 71130, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping; Cell Count; Embryonic and Fetal Development, physiology; Lumbosacral Region; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Mesencephalon, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology/embryology/physiology; Thalamus, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-0},
  pmid        = {9388016},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bice:1997b,
  author      = {Bice, T. N. and Beal, J. A.},
  title       = {Quantitative and neurogenic analysis of the total population and subpopulations of neurons defined by axon projection in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat lumbar spinal cord.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {388},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {550--564},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19971201)388:4<550::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-1},
  abstract    = {The total neuron population of the superficial dorsal horn (SDH), i.e., laminae I and II, was quantitated in Nissl preparations of spinal segment L1 in the rat. Subpopulations of the SDH, defined by axon projection, were quantitated following strategic intraspinal injections of dual retrograde tracers (Fluoro-Gold and true blue). These methods were used in conjunction with [3H]thymidine (delivered in utero) autoradiography for neurogenic pattern analysis. Following stereological correction, each dorsal horn in spinal segment L1 contained 11 neurons in lamina I and 42.6 neurons in lamina II per 10-microm transverse section. Neurons with long projections, i.e., neurons with projections rostral to spinal segment T5, were only slightly more numerous in lamina I than in lamina II. These neurons made up 34\% of the total neuron population in lamina I and 7.0\% in lamina II. Most of these neurons did not demonstrate descending connections, and many (presumed supraspinal projection neurons) did not 
demonstrate short, ascending, intersegmental connections. Neurons with short propriospinal projections, i.e., neurons with connections caudal to spinal segment T5, made up approximately half of the total neuron population in both lamina I and lamina II: 55\% and 52\%, respectively. Of these, 79\% had both short ascending and descending projections; the remaining 21\% had only descending projections. Neurons that were not labeled with retrograde tracers (presumed local circuit cells) represented 11\% of the neurons in lamina I and 41\% in lamina II. Neurogenesis in the SDH proceeded along an axon-length gradient, whereby neurons with the longest axons completed neurogenesis first, and those with the shortest completed neurogenesis last. The generation of both propriospinal and supraspinal projection neurons began on embryonic day 13 (E13). Nearly equal numbers of neurons in this group were generated in laminae I and II through E14. On E15, neuron production slowed in lamina I and accelerated in lamina II as 
local circuit neurons and the remaining propriospinal neurons were generated. Neuron production ceased simultaneously in both lamina I and lamina II on E16.},
  institution = {Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Medical Center in Shreveport, 71130, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, physiology; Cell Count; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Lumbosacral Region; Male; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology/embryology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-1},
  pmid        = {9388015},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bichler:1983,
  author      = {Bichler, E. and Spoendlin, H. and Rauchegger, H.},
  title       = {Degeneration of cochlear neurons after amikacin intoxication in the rat.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {237},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {201--208},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00453725},
  abstract    = {Intoxication with high doses of the aminoglycoside antibiotic amikacin in a supranormal sensitive period in the rat induces complete destruction of the inner and outer hair cells in the organ of Corti in all turns, whereas the supporting cells remain partially preserved in the upper turns. With increasing survival time, the number of ganglion cells in the spiral ganglion decreases progressively, reaching a minimum of about 10\% surviving cells after 12 months. Both type I and type II neurons are subject to retrograde degeneration, although type-II cells degenerate more slowly than type-I cells. The presence or absence of supporting cells in the organ of Corti does not seem to influence neuronal degeneration. This retrograde degeneration is similar in all animals so far studied but its time course is different from different species. Retrograde degeneration after destruction of Corti's organ is a long-lasting process and is never completed at once. This must be taken into consideration in the 
treatment of total deafness with electric stimulation of surviving neurons.},
  journal     = {Arch Otorhinolaryngol},
  keywords    = {Amikacin, poisoning/toxicity; Animals; Cochlea, drug effects/ultrastructure; Ganglia, ultrastructure; Kanamycin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6870653},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bickford:1989,
  Title                    = {Collateral projections of predorsal bundle cells of the superior colliculus in the rat.},
  Author                   = {M. E. Bickford and W. C. Hall},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {86--106},
  Volume                   = {283},

  Abstract                 = {The deep layers of the superior colliculus contain cells which are premotor in the sense that they respond prior to the onset of shifts in gaze and send axons, by way of a pathway called the predorsal bundle, to the contralateral brainstem gaze centers and cervical spinal cord. Previous studies have suggested that these cells also contribute to other efferent pathways which arise in the deep layers. The present study examines the contributions of the cells of origin of the predorsal bundle to these additional pathways as a step toward understanding their roles in gaze mechanisms. In one series of experiments, retrograde tracers were used to compare the laminar distribution of predorsal bundle cells with the distributions of the cells of origin of three other pathways: those that project to the intralaminar region of the dorsal thalamus, those that project to the contralateral superior colliculus, and those that project to the ipsilateral brainstem tegmentum. Predorsal bundle 
cells were found primarily in stratum griseum intermedium sublayer b. This distribution overlaps extensively with the distribution of colliculus cells that project to the intralaminar region of the thalamus. In contrast, the majority of the colliculus cells that project to either the contralateral superior colliculus or the ipsilateral brainstem tegmentum do not overlap extensively with the predorsal bundle cells; instead, they are primarily located dorsal or ventral to sublayer b of stratum griseum intermedium. In a second series of experiments, two regions were injected with different retrograde fluorescent traces in single animals in order to study the collateral projections of the cells of origin of these pathways. The results indicate that many predorsal bundle cells project to the intralaminar region of the dorsal thalamus but that only a few contribute to the tectotectal pathway. The results also indicate that few tectotectal cells contribute to the ipsilateral tectobulbar pathway.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902830108},
  Institution              = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, cytology; Cats; Fluorescent Dyes; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Thalamus, cytology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pmid                     = {2732363},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902830108}
}

@Article{Bickford:1992,
  Title                    = {The nigral projection to predorsal bundle cells in the superior colliculus of the rat.},
  Author                   = {M. E. Bickford and W. C. Hall},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {11--33},
  Volume                   = {319},

  Abstract                 = {Predorsal bundle cells give rise to the major efferent pathway from the superior colliculus to the premotor centers of the brainstem and spinal cord responsible for initiating orienting movements. The activity of predorsal bundle cells is profoundly influenced by an inhibitory pathway from substantia nigra pars reticulata that uses gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter. The present study examines the morphological basis for this influence of substantia nigra on predorsal bundle cells in the rat. In the first experiments, the laminar distributions of the nigrotectal tract terminals and the predorsal bundle cells were compared. The predorsal bundle cells were labeled by the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase from either the decussation of the predorsal bundle or the cervical spinal cord, while the terminations of the pathway from substantia nigra pars reticulata were labeled by anterograde axonal transport from the substantia nigra. Either 
horseradish peroxidase, wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin were used as anterograde tracers. The results showed that the distributions of both the predorsal bundle cells and the nigrotectal terminals are restricted almost entirely to the intermediate grey layer and that they overlap extensively. Predorsal bundle cells varied in size. Within the areas of maximum overlap, the majority, regardless of size, was closely apposed by nigrotectal terminals. In a second series of experiments, the synaptic contacts between nigrotectal terminals and the tectospinal component of the predorsal bundle were examined in tissue in which both the terminals and the tectospinal cells were labeled for electron microscopy. In the final experiments, the distribution and fine structure of the nigrotectal terminals were compared to those of terminals that had been labeled immunocytochemically with an antibody to glutamic acid decarboxylase, the synthesizing enzyme for 
GABA. The results showed that nigrotectal terminals contain large numbers of mitochondria and pleomorphic vesicles, and form synaptic contacts with the somas and proximal dendrites of tectospinal cells. These synapses have modest postsynaptic densities. In both their distribution and fine structure, these terminations resemble the glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactive terminals that contact tectospinal cells. Taken together, these results support the view that the nigrotectal tract is an important source of GABAergic input to most, if not all, predorsal bundle cells.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903190105},
  Institution              = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1375604},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903190105}
}

@Article{Bickle:2006,
  author    = {Bickle, John},
  title     = {Reducing mind to molecular pathways: Explicating the reductionism implicit in current cellular and molecular neuroscience},
  year      = {2006},
  volume    = {151},
  number    = {3},
  pages     = {411--434},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/966/art%253A10.1007%252Fs11229-006-9015-2.pdf?auth66=1415000564_65e7fe340d41e12d981f35873cf173b9&ext=.pdf},
  journal   = {Synthese},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Springer},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bidmon:1998,
  author      = {H. J. Bidmon and K. Kato and A. Schleicher and O. W. Witte and K. Zilles},
  title       = {Transient increase of manganese-superoxide dismutase in remote brain areas after focal photothrombotic cortical lesion.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {29},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {203--10; discussion 211},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing experiment in the rat. Cortical lesion.},
  abstract    = {Free radicals including superoxide are responsible for postlesional cytotoxicity. In contrast to the constitutive CuZn-superoxide dismutases (SODs), manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) is inducible and has the potential to protect neurons by its superoxide dismutating activity. Therefore, we studied the presence and the regional changes in Mn-SOD within the brain after focal cortical ischemia.Focal cortical photothrombotic lesions were produced in the hindlimb region of rat brains. Animals were anesthetized and transcardially perfused with Zamboni's fixative. Mn-SOD was immunohistochemically localized using an antiserum against rat-Mn-SOD. Changes in Mn-SOD immunoreactivity were quantified by image analysis.Focal photothrombosis caused a perilesional increase in Mn-SOD after 24 hours, followed by a further significant increase at 48 hours in perilesional cortex, ipsilateral corpus callosum, hippocampus, and thalamus, as well as in a homotopic cortical area within the nonlesioned 
hemisphere. At day 2, Mn-SOD was present in neurons and astrocytes. Up to day 7, Mn-SOD increased in the entire ipsilateral and contralateral cortex but remained higher elevated in the ipsilateral hippocampus and thalamus. Thereafter, Mn-SOD decreased globally but remained elevated in some cortical neurons up to day 60.The early transient increase of Mn-SOD in distinct brain regions, which are functionally connected via afferents and efferents, suggests that these regions are affected by the injury. It suggests that Mn-SOD protects the cells in these regions from superoxide-induced damage and therefore may limit the retrograde and anterograde spread of neurotoxicity.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroanatomy, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany. hjb@hirn.uni-duesseldorf.de},
  journal     = {Stroke},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antibodies, diagnostic use; Astrocytes, metabolism/pathology; Brain, metabolism/pathology; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism/pathology; Corpus Callosum, metabolism/pathology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Free Radical Scavengers, metabolism; Free Radicals, metabolism; Hippocampus, metabolism/pathology; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Ischemic Attack, Transient, metabolism/pathology; Male; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism/pathology; Neurons, Efferent, metabolism/pathology; Neurons, metabolism/pathology; Neuroprotective Agents, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rose Bengal, diagnostic use; Superoxide Dismutase, metabolism; Thalamus, metabolism/pathology; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {9445352},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bidmon:1997,
  author      = {H. J. Bidmon and E. Oermann and A. Schleicher and K. Kato and R. Kinscherf and I. Buchkremer-Ratzmann and O. W. Witte and K. Zilles},
  title       = {Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase and isolectin B4 binding are markers for associative and transhemispheric diaschisis induced by focal ischemia in rat cortex.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {228},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {163--166},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing experiment in the rat. Cortical lesion. Focal ischemia with zinc-superoxid-dismutase.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00389-3},
  abstract    = {Copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) belongs to a class of enzymes, identified as essential and highly effective endogenous scavengers of cytotoxic oxygen radicals. These radicals contribute to postlesional neurotoxicity. In order to determine the superoxide-scavenging potential of regions affected by unilateral cortical photothrombosis, we studied the changes in the distribution of Cu/Zn-SOD and the appearance of activated microglia by immunohistochemistry and isolectin B4 binding. Four hours postlesion, Cu/Zn-SOD increased significantly within a homotopic area of the contralateral hemisphere and in ipsilateral thalamic nuclei, whereas isolectin B4-positive microglia were upregulated at days 5 and 7 postlesion within the same regions. The contralateral increase in the amount of the superoxide-scavenging Cu/Zn-SOD indicates that this enzyme is induced by a retrograde reaction carried through callosal connections.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroanatomy, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biological Markers; Brain Ischemia, pathology/physiopathology; Cerebral Cortex, blood supply/pathology/physiopathology; Cerebrovascular Circulation, physiology; Free Radical Scavengers, metabolism; Functional Laterality, physiology; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Lectins, metabolism; NADP, metabolism; Rats; Superoxide Dismutase, metabolism; Thrombosis, pathology/physiopathology; Time Factors; Up-Regulation, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {S0304-3940(97)00389-3},
  pmid        = {9218633},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bieger:1984,
  author      = {Bieger, D.},
  title       = {Muscarinic activation of rhombencephalic neurones controlling oesophageal peristalsis in the rat.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {23},
  number      = {12A},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {1451--1464},
  doi         = {10.1016/0028-3908(84)90088-1},
  abstract    = {The role of muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms in the brainstem in the control of oesophageal peristalsis was investigated in rats anaesthetized with urethane. Primary deglutitive peristalsis, evoked by electrical stimulation of the brainstem or intravenous administration of the serotonin agonist quipazine, was abolished for periods of 1.5 to 2 h by scopolamine and atropine (0.1-0.2 microM/kg) as well as by methscopolamine (1.25-5 microM/kg). In contrast, the buccopharyngeal stage of evoked swallowing was facilitated. A deglutitive effector area was mapped in the intermediolateral portion of the solitary complex by the use of micropneumophoretic application of S-glutamate (35-350 pM) and the cholinoceptor agonists D,L-muscarine and acetylcholine (50-100 pM). Scopolamine partially antagonized single propulsive contractions of the oesophagus evoked by S-glutamate, but completely inhibited rhythmic propulsive or synchronous oesophageal contractions evoked by muscarinic agonists or acetylcholine. 
Injection of S-glutamate or acetylcholine into the ambiguus complex produced propulsive or non-propulsive oesophageal responses depending on location. Responses evoked by acetylcholine were potentiated by systemic administration of physostigmine, but were resistant to scopolamine; propulsive responses evoked by S-glutamate were partially inhibited by scopolamine. Injection of the retrogradely-transported fluorescent tracer bisbenzimide into the rostral ambiguus complex resulted in labelling of a discrete cell group located within the deglutitive region of the solitary complex. It is concluded that this region contains premotor elements forming part of the internuncial network organizing oesophageal peristalsis. The source of postulated cholinergic afferents to these neurones remains to be identified.},
  journal     = {Neuropharmacology},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, pharmacology; Animals; Deglutition, drug effects; Electric Stimulation; Esophagus, physiology; Motor Neurons, drug effects; N-Methylscopolamine; Neurons, drug effects; Parasympatholytics, pharmacology; Peristalsis, drug effects; Physostigmine, pharmacology; Quipazine, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Muscarinic, physiology; Scopolamine Derivatives, pharmacology; Scopolamine Hydrobromide, pharmacology; Synaptic Transmission},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6098853},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bieger:2001,
  author      = {D. Bieger},
  title       = {Rhombencephalic pathways and neurotransmitters controlling deglutition.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {111 Suppl 8A},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {85S--89S},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00824-5},
  abstract    = {Information from neuronal pathway tracing and pharmacologic microstimulation studies, in conjunction with electrophysiological data, has begun to coalesce into a coherent, if still incomplete, picture of the brain stem circuitry responsible for generating the motor patterns underlying deglutition and esophageal peristalsis in the rat. The intermediate, interstitial, and ventral subnuclei of the solitarius complex appear to play a pivotal part, as evidenced by their viscerosensory inputs and extensive projections to the parvicellular intermediate reticular formation of the medulla, to the brain stem deglutitive motor neuron pools, and to general visceral efferent preganglionic neurons controlling the upper alimentary tract striated and smooth musculature, respectively. The dense projections of the solitarial central subnucleus form a separate subcircuit controlling esophageal, and also some aspects of gastric, motility. Although not extensive, direct connections between the latter subnucleus 
and interneurons coordinating the buccopharyngeal stage of swallowing appear to exist. In both subcircuits, fast information transfer uses excitatory amino acidergic transmission by means of several glutamate-receptor subtypes. Release from tonic GABAergic inhibition exerted by local solitarial interneurons may provide a mechanism for triggering deglutitive premotoneuronal activity. Local or reticular cholinergic neurons are implicated in pharyngoesophageal coupling and the generation of propulsive esophagomotor output. The solitary interneurons under investigation engage in complex local dendritic and axonal projections within the solitarius complex. Further analysis of these local circuits and their transmitters should yield essential clues regarding the mechanisms underlying deglutitive motor pattern generation.},
  institution = {Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland A1B 3V6, Canada},
  journal     = {Am J Med},
  keywords    = {Autonomic Nervous System, physiology; Deglutition, physiology; Esophagus, innervation/physiology; Female; Humans; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism; Rhombencephalon, physiology; Sensitivity and Specificity},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0002934301008245},
  pmid        = {11749931},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bieger:1987,
  Title                    = {Viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the medulla oblongata in the rat: the nucleus ambiguus.},
  Author                   = {D. Bieger and D. A. Hopkins},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1987},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {546--562},
  Volume                   = {262},

  Abstract                 = {The nucleus ambiguus has been reported to innervate various thoracic and abdominal viscera in addition to the musculature of the upper alimentary tract. However, the literature is contradictory as to how different regions of the nucleus ambiguus innervate specific organs. Therefore, a systematic investigation of the viscerotopic organization of the nucleus ambiguus was undertaken. In 102 rats, 0.5-10.0 microliter of HRP, WGA-HRP, cholera toxin-HRP or fluorescent tracers were injected into the IXth, Xth, and XIth cranial nerves and the major branches of the Xth as well as organs supplied by them. The results demonstrate that the nucleus ambiguus in the rat is made up of two major longitudinal divisions: a dorsal division comprised of three rostrocaudally aligned subdivisions representing the special visceral efferent component, and a ventral division comprised of at least two subdivisions representing the general visceral efferent component. The dorsal division corresponds to the 
nucleus ambiguus in the narrow sense and comprises a rostral esophagomotor compact formation, an intermediate pharyngolaryngomotor semicompact formation, and a caudal laryngomotor loose formation. Each of these formations displays a characteristic dendroarchitecture. The stylopharyngeal and cricothyroid motoneurons are displaced rostrad from the main pharyngeal and laryngeal motoneuronal pools. Thyropharyngeal (lower constrictor) motoneurons occupy the rostral half of the semi-compact formation and hyopharyngeal (middle constrictor) motoneurons its entire length. The ventral division of the nucleus ambiguus corresponds to the external formation, extends along the entire length of the medulla oblongata, and contains preganglionic neurons innervating the heart and supradiaphragmatic structures innervated by the glossopharyngeal and the superior laryngeal nerves.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902620408},
  Institution              = {Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Digestive System, innervation; Esophagus, innervation; Glossopharyngeal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Pharynx, innervation; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Viscera, innervation},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {3667964},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902620408}
}

@Article{Bielefeldt:2002a,
  author      = {Bielefeldt, Klaus and Ozaki, Noriyuki and Gebhart, Gerald F.},
  title       = {Mild gastritis alters voltage-sensitive sodium currents in gastric sensory neurons in rats.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {122},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {752--761},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1053/gast.2002.31901},
  abstract    = {Visceral hypersensitivity can be found in more than one third of patients with dyspeptic symptoms. We hypothesized that peripheral sensitization plays an important role in the development of hypersensitivity.We induced mild gastritis in Sprague-Dawley rats by adding 0.1\% iodoacetamide to the drinking water. The stomach was injected with a retrograde label to identify gastric sensory neurons. Nodose and T9, T10 dorsal root ganglia were removed 7 days after initiation of iodoacetamide treatment. The cells were dissociated and cultured for 3-8 hours before recording whole cell currents using the patch-clamp technique.Iodoacetamide induced a mild gastritis. Although there were no changes in voltage-sensitive inward and outward currents in nodose neurons, the inward currents increased significantly in T9, T10 spinal neurons. A more detailed analysis of sodium currents showed that this was caused by an increase in the tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current.Mild gastritis increases the tetrodotoxin-
resistant current in gastric spinal sensory neurons. Considering the importance of sodium currents as determinants of neuron excitability, this change may contribute to peripheral sensitization and enhanced neuron excitability.},
  institution = {Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. Bielefeldt@uiowa.edu},
  journal     = {Gastroenterology},
  keywords    = {Alkylating Agents; Anesthetics, Local, pharmacology; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Electrophysiology; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Gastritis, chemically induced/metabolism; Iodoacetamide; Male; Membrane Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium Channels, metabolism; Sodium, metabolism; Stomach, innervation; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0016508502409341},
  pmid        = {11875008},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bielefeldt:2002b,
  author      = {Bielefeldt, K. and Ozaki, N. and Gebhart, G. F.},
  title       = {Experimental ulcers alter voltage-sensitive sodium currents in rat gastric sensory neurons.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {122},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {394--405},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1053/gast.2002.31026},
  abstract    = {Voltage-dependent Na+ currents are important determinants of excitability. We hypothesized that gastric inflammation alters Na+ current properties in primary sensory neurons.The stomach was surgically exposed in rats to inject the retrograde tracer 1.1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,'3-tetramethylindocarbocyanine methanesulfonate and saline (control) or 20\% acetic acid (ulcer group) into the gastric wall. Nodose or thoracic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were harvested after 7 days to culture neurons and record Na+ currents using patch clamp techniques.There were no lesions in the control and 3 +/- 1 ulcers in the ulcer group. Na+ currents recovered significantly more rapidly from inactivation in nodose and DRG neurons obtained from animals in the ulcer group compared with controls. This was partially a result of an increase in the relative contribution of the tetrodotoxin-resistant to the peak sodium current. In addition, the recovery kinetics of the tetrodotoxin-sensitive current were faster. In DRG 
neurons, gastric inflammation shifted the voltage-dependence of activation of the tetrodotoxin-resistant current to more hyperpolarized potentials.Gastric injury alters the properties of Na+ currents in gastric sensory neurons. This may enhance excitability, thereby contributing to the development of dyspeptic symptoms.},
  institution = {Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. klaus-bielefeldt@uiowa.edu},
  journal     = {Gastroenterology},
  keywords    = {Acetic Acid; Anesthetics, Local, pharmacology; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Gastritis, chemically induced/physiopathology; Hyperalgesia, physiopathology; Ion Channel Gating, drug effects/physiology; Male; Membrane Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Nodose Ganglion, cytology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium Channels, physiology; Sodium, metabolism; Stomach Ulcer, chemically induced/physiopathology; Stomach, innervation/physiopathology; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0016508502026392},
  pmid        = {11832454},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bielefeldt:2003,
  Title                    = {Role of nerve growth factor in modulation of gastric afferent neurons in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Bielefeldt, K. and Ozaki, N. and Gebhart, G. F.},
  Journal                  = {Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {G499--G507},
  Volume                   = {284},

  Abstract                 = {Recent studies demonstrated that experimental ulcers are associated with changes in the properties of voltage-sensitive sodium currents in sensory neurons. We hypothesized that nerve growth factor (NGF) contributes to these changes. Gastric ulcers were induced by acetic acid injection into the wall of the rat stomach. NGF expression was determined by ELISA and immunohistochemically. Sensory neurons were labeled by injection of a retrograde tracer into the gastric wall. Sodium currents were recorded in gastric sensory neurons from nodose and dorsal root ganglia cultured for 24 h in the presence of NGF or a neutralizing NGF antibody, respectively. Gastric ulcer formation caused a rise in NGF concentration within the gastric wall and an increase in NGF immunoreactivity. Exposure to NGF caused a significant increase in the TTX-resistant sodium current, whereas the TTX-sensitive sodium current remained unchanged. This was associated with an acceleration of the recovery from 
inactivation in spinal sensory neurons. Production and release of NGF in the gastric wall may contribute to sensitization of primary afferent neurons during gastric inflammation.},
  Doi                      = {10.1152/ajpgi.00356.2002},
  Institution              = {Department of Internal Medicine, 4614 JCP, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. klaus-bielefeldt@uiowa.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Anesthetics, Local, pharmacology; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Electrophysiology; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Gastric Mucosa, pathology; Hyperalgesia, pathology/physiopathology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Growth Factor, pharmacology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium Channels, drug effects; Stomach Ulcer, chemically induced/physiopathology; Stomach, drug effects/innervation/pathology; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {284/3/G499},
  Pmid                     = {12576306},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00356.2002}
}

@Article{Bielefeldt:2002,
  author      = {Bielefeldt, Klaus and Ozaki, Noriyuki and Whiteis, Carol and Gebhart, Gerald F.},
  title       = {Amitriptyline inhibits voltage-sensitive sodium currents in rat gastric sensory neurons.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {47},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {959--966},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Recent studies indicate that peripheral mechanisms contribute to the analgesic effect of amitriptyline. We hypothesized that amitriptyline inhibits voltage-dependent sodium currents in gastric sensory neurons. To label gastric neurons, the stomach was exposed in male Sprague Dawley rats through a midline incision to inject the retrograde tracer DiI into the gastric wall. Seven days after surgery, nodose ganglia were harvested. Neurons were dissociated and cultured for 4-24 hr to record whole cell sodium currents with the patch-clamp technique. Amitriptyline reversibly inhibited voltage-sensitive sodium currents with an IC50 of 20 microM. At clinically relevant concentrations, the peak sodium current decreased by about 15\%. This was associated with a slowed recovery from inactivation, leading to a significantly enhanced cumulative inhibition during brief repetitive depolarizations. These findings are consistent with a use-dependent block of voltage-dependent sodium channels by amitriptyline. 
This effect may contribute to the analgesic properties of tricyclic antidepressants.},
  institution = {Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.},
  journal     = {Dig Dis Sci},
  keywords    = {Amitriptyline, pharmacology; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic, pharmacology; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Male; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium Channels, drug effects; Stomach, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12018921},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bienkowski:2011,
  Title                    = {Immune challenge activates neural inputs to the ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.},
  Author                   = {Bienkowski, Michael S. and Rinaman, Linda},
  Journal                  = {Physiol Behav},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {257--265},
  Volume                   = {104},

  Abstract                 = {Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation in response to infection is an important mechanism by which the nervous system can suppress inflammation. HPA output is controlled by the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Previously, we determined that noradrenergic inputs to the PVN contribute to, but do not entirely account for, the ability of bacterial endotoxin (i.e., lipopolysacharide, LPS) to activate the HPA axis. The present study investigated LPS-induced recruitment of neural inputs to the ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vlBNST). GABAergic projections from the vlBNST inhibit PVN neurons at the apex of the HPA axis; thus, we hypothesize that LPS treatment activates inhibitory inputs to the vlBNST to thereby "disinhibit" the PVN and increase HPA output. To test this hypothesis, retrograde neural tracer was iontophoretically delivered into the vlBNST of adult male rats to retrogradely label central sources of axonal input. After one week, 
rats were injected i.p. with either LPS (200 μg/kg BW) or saline vehicle, and then perfused with fixative 2.5h later. Brains were processed for immunohistochemical localization of retrograde tracer and the immediate-early gene product, Fos (a marker of neural activation). Brain regions that provide inhibitory input to the vlBNST (e.g., caudal nucleus of the solitary tract, central amygdala, dorsolateral BNST) were preferentially activated by LPS, whereas sources of excitatory input (e.g., paraventricular thalamus, medial prefrontal cortex) were not activated or were activated less robustly. These results suggest that LPS treatment recruits central neural systems that actively suppress vlBNST neural activity, thereby removing a potent source of inhibitory control over the HPA axis.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.03.006},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, drug effects; Iontophoresis, methods; Lipopolysaccharides, adverse effects; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism/physiology; Neurons, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septal Nuclei, cytology/drug effects; Stilbamidines, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0031-9384(11)00123-5},
  Pmid                     = {21402087},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.03.006}
}

@Article{Bienkowski:2013,
  Title                    = {Common and distinct neural inputs to the medial central nucleus of the amygdala and anterior ventrolateral bed nucleus of stria terminalis in rats.},
  Author                   = {Bienkowski, Michael S. and Rinaman, Linda},
  Journal                  = {Brain Struct Funct},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {187--208},
  Volume                   = {218},

  Abstract                 = {The central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) and lateral bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BST) are highly interconnected limbic forebrain regions that share similar connectivity with other brain regions that coordinate behavioral and physiological responses to internal and environmental stressors. Their similar connectivity is frequently referred to when describing the CEA and lateral BST together as a unified "central extended amygdala". However, the CEA and BST reportedly play distinct roles in behavioral and physiological responses associated with fear, anxiety, and social defeat, presumably due to differences in connectivity. To identify common and unique sources of input to the CEA and lateral BST, we performed dual retrograde tracing. Fluorogold and cholera toxin β were iontophoresed into the medial CEA (CEAm) and the anterior ventrolateral BST (BSTvl) of adult male rats. The anatomical distribution of tracer-labeled neurons was mapped throughout the brain. Regions with 
overlapping populations of CEAm- and BSTvl-projecting neurons were further examined for the presence of double-labeled neurons. Although most regions with input to the mCEA also projected to the BSTvl, and vice versa, cortical and sensory system-related regions projected more robustly to the CEAm, while motor system-related regions primarily innervated the BSTvl. The incidence of double-labeled neurons with collateralized axonal inputs to the CEAm and BSTvl was relatively small (~2 to 13\%) and varied across regions, suggesting regional differences in the degree of coordinated CEAm and BSTvl input. The demonstrated similarities and differences in inputs to CEAm and BSTvl provide new anatomical insights into the functional organization of these limbic forebrain regions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/s00429-012-0393-6},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {22362201},
  Timestamp                = {18.03.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-012-0393-6}
}

@Article{Bienkowski:2013a,
  Title                    = {Organization of multisynaptic circuits within and between the medial and the central extended amygdala.},
  Author                   = {Bienkowski, Michael S. and Wendel, Elizabeth S. and Rinaman, Linda},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {15},
  Pages                    = {3406--3431},
  Volume                   = {521},

  Abstract                 = {The central and medial extended amygdala comprises the central (CEA) and medial nuclei of the amygdala (MEA), respectively, together with anatomically connected regions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). To reveal direct and multisynaptic connections within the central and medial extended amygdala, monosynaptic and transneuronal viral tracing experiments were performed in adult male rats. In the first set of experiments, a cocktail of anterograde and retrograde tracers was iontophoretically delivered into the medial CEA (CEAm), anterodorsal MEA (MEAad), or posterodorsal MEA (MEApd), revealing direct, topographically organized projections between distinct amygdalar and BST subnuclei. In the second set of experiments, the retrograde transneuronal tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV) was microinjected into the CEAm or MEAad. After 48 hours of survival, there were no significant differences between monosynaptic and PRV cases in the subnuclear distribution or proportions of 
retrogradely labeled BST neurons. However, after 60 hours of survival, CEAm-injected cases displayed an increased proportion of labeled neurons within the anteromedial group of BST subnuclei (amgBST) and within the posterior BST, which do not directly innervate the CEA. MEApd-injected 60-hour cases displayed a significantly increased proportion of retrograde labeling in the amgBST compared with monosynaptic and 48-hour cases, whereas MEAad-injected cases displayed no proportional changes over time. Thus, multisynaptic circuits within the medial extended amygdala overlap the direct connections making up this anatomical unit, whereas the multisynaptic boundaries of the central extended amygdala extend into BST subnuclei previously identified as part of the medial extended amygdala.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.23356},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260.},
  Keywords                 = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Iontophoresis; Male; Nerve Net, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Septal Nuclei, physiology; Synapses, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {23640841},
  Timestamp                = {01.05.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23356}
}

@Article{Biernaskie:2004,
  author      = {Biernaskie, Jeff and Chernenko, Garry and Corbett, Dale},
  title       = {Efficacy of rehabilitative experience declines with time after focal ischemic brain injury.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {1245--1254},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3834-03.2004},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3834-03.2004},
  abstract    = {To maximize the effectiveness of rehabilitative therapies after stroke, it is critical to determine when the brain is most responsive (i.e., plastic) to sensorimotor experience after injury and to focus such efforts within this period. Here, we compared the efficacy of 5 weeks of enriched rehabilitation (ER) initiated at 5 d (ER5), ER14, or ER30 after focal ischemia, as judged by functional outcome and neuromorphological change. ER5 provided marked improvement in skilled forelimb reaching ability and ladder-rung- and narrow-beam-walking tasks and attenuated the stroke-induced reliance on the unaffected forepaw for postural support. ER14 provided improvement to a somewhat lesser extent, whereas recovery was diminished after ER30 such that motor function did not differ from ischemic animals exposed to social housing. To examine potential neural substrates of the improved function, we examined dendritic morphology in the undamaged motor cortex because our previous work (Biernaskie and Corbett, 
2001) suggested that recovery was associated with enhanced dendritic growth in this region. ER5 increased the number of branches and complexity of layer V neurons compared with both social housing and control animals. Dendritic arbor after ER14 (although increased) and ER30 did not differ from those exposed to social housing. These data suggest that the poststroke brain displays heightened sensitivity to rehabilitative experience early after the stroke but declines with time. These findings have important implications for rehabilitation of stroke patients, many of whom experience considerable delays before therapy is initiated.},
  institution = {Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Campus, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3V6.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain Ischemia, pathology/physiopathology/rehabilitation; Corpus Striatum, pathology; Dendrites, pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Forelimb, physiopathology; Male; Motor Activity; Motor Cortex, pathology/physiopathology; Motor Skills; Neurons, pathology; Physical Therapy Modalities, methods; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recovery of Function; Social Environment; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {24/5/1245},
  pmid        = {14762143},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Biesecker:1984,
  author      = {Biesecker, G. and Noble, B. and Andres, G. A. and Koffler, D.},
  title       = {Immunopathogenesis of Heymann's nephritis.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {33},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {333--338},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0090-1229(84)90304-0},
  abstract    = {Renal localization of the C5b-9 membrane attack complex (MAC) in relation to other complement components and immunoglobulins was studied at different stages of Heymann's nephritis and following reimmunization of Lew rats with stage IV disease. Trace amounts of the MAC were found during stages I and IV of disease, whereas during stages II to III, a period of active glomerular and tubular injury, moderate deposits of MAC were observed in glomeruli, periluminal cytoplasm of proximal tubular epithelial cells, and desquamated intraluminal brush border material. Following reimmunization of stage IV animals, a striking increase in the amount of MAC was observed. Moderate to marked deposition of IgG and C3 was also found during stages II and III at sites containing the MAC. Although a slight decrease in detectable IgG was noted during stage IV, a bright, confluent ribbon-like staining pattern was present in reimmunized animals. These data suggest that the MAC is a mediator for acute in situ immune-
complex-induced glomerular and tubular cytoplasmic injury, although subsequent proteinuria may persist without continued complement pathway activation and assembly of the MAC.},
  journal     = {Clin Immunol Immunopathol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antigen-Antibody Complex, analysis; Complement Membrane Attack Complex; Complement System Proteins, immunology; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunoglobulin G, analysis; Kidney Glomerulus, immunology; Kidney, immunology/pathology; Nephritis, immunology/pathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6388926},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bigl:1982,
  author      = {V. Bigl and N. J. Woolf and L. L. Butcher},
  title       = {Cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and cingulate cortices: a combined fluorescent tracer and acetylcholinesterase analysis.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {727--749},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(82)90101-0},
  abstract    = {The morphologies, intercellular organization, and cortical projection patterns of putative cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain of the rat were examined by use of fluorescent tracer histology in combination with the pharmacohistochemical regimen for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Intensity staining AChE-containing cells projecting to frontal sensorimotor (Area 10), parietal (Area 2), and temporal (Area 4) cortices were found ipsilaterally in nucleus preopticus magnocellularis, in nucleus basalis, and in association with the substantia innominata, the ansa lenticularis, and the lateral hypothalamic area; an essentially rostrocaudal topography was observed for these projections. AChE-containing pathways to cingulate (Area 29) and visual (Area 17) cortices derived from ipsilateral somata associated with the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band, nucleus preopticus magnocellularis, rostral portions of nucleus basalis, and the substantia innominata. Neurons innervating Area 29 
were generally located more rostrally than those giving rise to AChE afferents to Area 17. The vast majority of cells appeared to innervate relatively discrete areas of the cortex. Evidence for collateralization was found only in neurons projecting to visual and cingulate cortices, and these represented only 3.2\% of the cells providing AChE afferents to Areas 17 and 29. The basal forebrain AChE projection cells were typically large (greater than 25 micron in maximum cell body extent), and their somata were predominantly oval, with lesser proportions being fusiform or triangular. Many were organized in clusters, particularly in nucleus basalis.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, physiology; Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Aging; Animals; Axonal Transport; Behavior; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Humans; Isoflurophate; Male; Mental Disorders, physiopathology; Nervous System Diseases, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6182962},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bihari:2003,
  author      = {Bihari, Aurelia and Hrycyshyn, A. W. and Brudzynski, Stefan M.},
  title       = {Role of the mesolimbic cholinergic projection to the septum in the production of 22 kHz alarm calls in rats.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {60},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {263--274},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0361-9230(03)00041-8},
  abstract    = {The role of the ascending cholinergic projection from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) to septum in the production of 22 kHz ultrasonic vocalization was studied in adult rats, using behavioral-pharmacological and anatomical tracing methods. Direct application of carbachol, a muscarinic agonist, into the lateral septal region induced species-typical 22 kHz alarm calls. The septum receives cholinergic input from LDT, thus, activation with glutamate of predominantly cholinergic neurons of the LDT induced comparable 22 kHz alarm calls in the same animals. This glutamate-induced response from LDT was significantly reduced when the lateral septum was pretreated with scopolamine, a cholinergic antagonist. To investigate the localization of the cell groups projecting to septum, the fluorescent retrograde tracer, fluorogold, was pressure injected into the lateral septum and sections from these brains were also immunostained against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) to visualize cholinergic 
cell bodies. Several ChAT-fluorogold double-labeled cells within the boundaries of the LDT were found, while other fluorogold-labeled regions did not contain double-labeled cells. These results provide both direct and indirect evidence that at least a part of the mesolimbic ascending cholinergic projection from LDT to septum is involved in the initiation of the 22 kHz vocalization. It is concluded that the septum is an integral part of the medial cholinoceptive vocalization strip and the 22 kHz alarm vocalization is triggered from septum by the cholinergic input from the LDT.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada N6A 5A5.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Acoustics; Afferent Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Behavior, Animal, drug effects/physiology; Carbachol, pharmacology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Cholinergic Agonists, pharmacology; Cholinergic Fibers, drug effects/physiology; Drug Interactions; Glutamic Acid, pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Muscarinic Antagonists, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reaction Time, drug effects; Scopolamine Hydrobromide, pharmacology; Septum of Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Sound Spectrography, methods; Stereotaxic Techniques, instrumentation; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Trace Elements, metabolism; Vocalization, Animal, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0361923003000418},
  pmid        = {12754088},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bikbaev:2007,
  author      = {Bikbaev, Arthur and Manahan-Vaughan, Denise},
  title       = {Hippocampal network activity is transiently altered by induction of long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of freely behaving rats.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  pages       = {7},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3389/neuro.08.007.2007},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.08.007.2007},
  abstract    = {A role for oscillatory activity in hippocampal neuronal networks has been proposed in sensory encoding, cognitive functions and synaptic plasticity. In the hippocampus, theta (5-10 Hz) and gamma (30-100 Hz) oscillations may provide a mechanism for temporal encoding of information, and the basis for formation and retrieval of memory traces. Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission, a candidate cellular model of synaptic information storage, is typically induced by high-frequency tetanisation (HFT) of afferent pathways. Taking into account the role of oscillatory activity in the processing of information, dynamic changes may occur in hippocampal network activity in the period during HFT and/or soon after it. These changes in rhythmic activity may determine or, at least, contribute to successful potentiation and, in general, to formation of memory. We have found that short-term potentiation (STP) and LTP as well LTP-failure are characterised with different profiles of changes in 
theta and gamma frequencies. Potentiation of synaptic transmission was associated with a significant increase in the relative theta power and mean amplitude of theta cycles in the period encompassing 300 seconds after HFT. Where LTP or STP, but not failure of potentiation, occurred, this facilitation of theta was accompanied by transient increases in gamma power and in the mean amplitude of gamma oscillations within a single theta cycle. Our data support that specific, correlated changes in these parameters are associated with successful synaptic potentiation. These findings suggest that changes in theta-gamma activity associated with induction of LTP may enable synaptic information storage in the hippocampus.},
  institution = {Learning and Memory Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum Germany.},
  journal     = {Front Behav Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {18958189},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bilgen:2006a,
  author      = {Bilgen, Mehmet},
  title       = {Imaging corticospinal tract connectivity in injured rat spinal cord using manganese-enhanced MRI.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  pages       = {15},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1186/1471-2342-6-15},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2342-6-15},
  abstract    = {Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEI) offers a novel neuroimaging modality to trace corticospinal tract (CST) in live animals. This paper expands this capability further and tests the utility of MEI to image axonal fiber connectivity in CST of injured spinal cord (SC).A rat was injured at the thoracic T4 level of the SC. The CST was labeled with manganese (Mn) injected intracortically at two weeks post injury. Next day, the injured SC was imaged using MEI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) modalities.In vivo MEI data obtained from cervical SC confirmed that CST was successfully labeled with Mn. Ex vivo MEI data obtained from excised SC depicted Mn labeling of the CST in SC sections caudal to the lesion, which meant that Mn was transported through the injury, possibly mediated by viable CST fibers present at the injury site. Examining the ex vivo data from the injury epicenter closely revealed a thin strip of signal enhancement located ventrally between the dorsal horns. This enhancement was 
presumably associated with the Mn accumulation in these intact fibers projecting caudally as part of the CST. Additional measurements with DTI supported this view.Combining these preliminary results collectively demonstrated the feasibility of imaging fiber connectivity in experimentally injured SC using MEI. This approach may play important role in future investigations aimed at understanding the neuroplasticity in experimental SCI research.},
  institution = {High Field MRI Research Laboratory, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. mbilgen@kumc.edu},
  journal     = {BMC Med Imaging},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {1471-2342-6-15},
  pmid        = {17112375},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bilgen:2006,
  author      = {Mehmet Bilgen and Warner Peng and Baraa Al-Hafez and Numa Dancause and Yong-Yue He and Paul D Cheney},
  title       = {Electrical stimulation of cortex improves corticospinal tract tracing in rat spinal cord using manganese-enhanced MRI.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {156},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {17--22},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.02.001},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.02.001},
  abstract    = {Following bilateral injection of manganese (Mn) into the rat's motor cortex, electrical stimulation of the cortex is shown to increase the transport, uptake and accumulation of Mn in the corticospinal tract (CST), as assessed by manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEI). T(1)-weighted gradient echo images were acquired in 3-D and displayed in different orientations to anatomically delineate the CST pathway from cortex to spinal cord (SC) at the thoracic level. T(1)-maps of the SC were produced from spin-echo based image data to demonstrate the distribution of the T(1) properties of the SC tissue and to quantitatively assess the T(1)-change occurring in the CST due to the presence of Mn therein. Implications for improving the tract tracing ability with the proposed in vivo approach and its application to spinal cord injury (SCI) research are discussed in terms of aiding future experimental investigations of neuroplasticity following an injury.},
  institution = {Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. mbilgen@kumc.edu},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Contrast Media; Electric Stimulation; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Manganese, diagnostic use; Pyramidal Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord Injuries, pathology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0165-0270(06)00109-9},
  pmid        = {16530270},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Billet:1999,
  author      = {Billet, S. and Cant, N. B. and Hall, W. C.},
  title       = {Cholinergic projections to the visual thalamus and superior colliculus.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {847},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {121--123},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01900-9},
  abstract    = {The parabrachial region of the brainstem reticular formation projects to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and to the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus. We used the retrograde axonal transport of two fluorescent labels to demonstrate that individual parabrachial cells project to both structures. The results suggest that cholinergic cells of the parabrachial region may coordinate the relay of visuosensory information to the cortex with the onset of orienting movements.},
  institution = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, analysis; Animals; Cholinergic Fibers, ultrastructure; Geniculate Bodies, chemistry/cytology; Neural Pathways, chemistry/cytology; Neurons, chemistry/cytology; Pons, chemistry/cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, chemistry/cytology; Superior Colliculi, chemistry/cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(99)01900-9},
  pmid        = {10564743},
  timestamp   = {07.06.2013},
}

@Article{Billig:2004,
  Title                    = {Zonal organization of the vestibulo-cerebellum in the control of horizontal extraocular muscles using pseudorabies virus: I. Flocculus/ventral paraflocculus.},
  Author                   = {Billig, I. and Balaban, C. D.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {507--520},
  Volume                   = {125},

  Abstract                 = {Much literature has studied the relationship between the organization of neurons in the flocculus/ventral paraflocculus and vestibulo-ocular reflex pathways. Although activation of a flocculus central zone produces ipsilateral horizontal eye movement, anatomical tracing evidence in rats suggests that there may not be a simple one-to-one correspondence between flocculus/ventral paraflocculus zones and control of single extraocular muscles or coplanar pairs of antagonistic extraocular muscles. This study used the retrograde transynaptic transport of pseudorabies virus to identify the topographical organization of Purkinje cells in the flocculus/ventral paraflocculus that control the lateral rectus (LR) and medial rectus (MR) muscles in rats. A survival time of 80 h and 84 h was necessary to observe consistent transynaptically labeled cells in the flocculus/ventral paraflocculus following injections of pseudorabies virus into the MR and LR, respectively. The organization of 
Purkinje cells in the dorsal flocculus and ventral paraflocculus abided by the traditional boundaries, whereas the labeling pattern in the ventral flocculus showed a more complex, interdigitated arrangement. In agreement with prior studies, transynaptically labeled neurons were also observed in specific vestibular nuclear regions within the medial and superior vestibular nuclei and dorsal Y group. The distribution of labeled neurons in ipsilateral and contralateral vestibular nuclei was associated with features of ipsilateral and contralateral retrograde labeling of Purkinje cells in flocculus/ventral paraflocculus. Importantly, this study provides the first evidence of vestibulo-cerebellar zones controlling individual extraocular muscles and also overlapping distribution of neurons in flocculo-vestibular zones that influence the LR and MR motoneuron pools. This suggests that some of these neurons may be responsible for controlling both muscles.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.051},
  Institution              = {Department of Otolaryngology, Eye and Ear Institute, Room 106A, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. ibillig@pitt.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cell Survival, physiology; Cerebellum, cytology/virology; Functional Laterality; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Luminescent Proteins, metabolism; Male; Motor Neurons, metabolism; Neural Pathways, physiology; Oculomotor Muscles, anatomy /&/ histology/virology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular, physiology; Time Factors; Vestibular Nuclei, cytology/virology; beta-Galactosidase, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S030645220400082X},
  Pmid                     = {15062992},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.051}
}

@Article{Billig:2005,
  author      = {Billig, I. and Balaban, C. D.},
  title       = {Zonal organization of the vestibulo-cerebellar pathways controlling the horizontal eye muscles using two recombinant strains of pseudorabies virus.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {133},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {1047--1059},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.04.005},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.04.005},
  abstract    = {Many studies have documented the influence of the flocculus upon vestibulo-ocular reflex eye movements. Electrical stimulation of Purkinje cells in a central longitudinal zone evoked slow ipsilateral eye movements in the horizontal plane. Recently, the organization of neurons in the vestibulo-cerebellar pathways controlling single lateral rectus and medial rectus muscles was identified in rats using the transynaptic transport of pseudorabies virus. Overlapping distributions of neurons innervating single muscles were located predominantly in a central longitudinal zone of ventral paraflocculi/dorsal flocculi, and the rostral half of ventral flocculi. This study used two isogenic pseudorabies virus recombinants to determine whether individual cells in those brain regions have collateralized projections to motoneuron pools innervating the right lateral rectus and the left medial rectus muscles using different survival times and dual injection paradigms. The infected neurons were detected using 
dual-labeling immunofluorescence. Three populations of labeled neurons were observed: two populations replicated only one reporter while a third contained both viruses (i.e. dual-labeled). Most dual-labeled cells were located in a central longitudinal zone of the ventral paraflocculus, ipsilateral to the injection into the medial rectus, whereas very few were in the flocculus. This finding suggests that the flocculus and ventral paraflocculus may exert influence upon distinct vestibulo-cerebellar pathways. Most Purkinje cells in the ventral paraflocculus may influence the vestibulo-ocular reflex pathways through collateralization, whereas those in the flocculus may instead provide a monocular control of eye movements.},
  institution = {Department of Otolaryngology, Eye and Ear Institute, Room 106A, 203 Lothrop Street, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. ibillig@pitt.edu},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellum, cytology/physiology/virology; Functional Laterality; Green Fluorescent Proteins, metabolism; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology/virology; Oculomotor Muscles, anatomy /&/ histology/virology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Time Factors; Vestibular Nuclei, cytology/physiology/virology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(05)00404-5},
  pmid        = {15923089},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Billig:1995,
  author      = {I. Billig and N. Yatim and C. Compoint and C. Buisseret-Delmas and P. Buisseret},
  title       = {Cerebellar afferences from the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in the rat.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {17},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {2293-2296},
  doi         = {10.1097/00001756-199511270-00006},
  abstract    = {The aim of the present study was to test for and characterize the organization of a direct projection from neurones of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vme) to the cerebellum. WGA-HRP was used as a retrograde tracer following injections in the cerebellar cortex. The extent of each injection site within the sagittal zones was determined according to corticonuclear and olivocortical connections. Retrogradely labelled neurons were observed in the caudal part of the ipsilateral Vme only following vermal injection. The Vme projections reached exclusively the ipsilateral sagittal zone X in the anterior lobe, lobule VI and lobule IX. This identification was confirmed by anterograde labelling of mossy fibre terminals following a biocytin injection restricted to the Vme.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action, CNRS/Collége de France, Paris.},
  journal     = {Neuroreport},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Histocytochemistry; Lysine, administration /&/ dosage/analogs /&/ derivatives; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Molecular Probes, administration /&/ dosage; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate, administration /&/ dosage},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {8747139},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Billig:2007,
  Title                    = {Neurons in the cochlear nuclei controlling the tensor tympani muscle in the rat: a study using pseudorabies virus.},
  Author                   = {Billig, I. and Yeager, M. S. and Blikas, A. and Raz, Y.},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Pages                    = {124--136},
  Volume                   = {1154},

  Abstract                 = {The middle ear muscle reflex has been implicated in modulation of auditory input and protection of the inner ear from acoustic trauma. However, the identification of neurons in the cochlear nuclei participating in this reflex has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we injected the retrograde transynaptic tracer pseudorabies virus into single tensor tympani (TT) muscles, and identified transynaptically labeled cochlear nucleus neurons at multiple survival times. Motoneurons controlling TT were located ventral to the ipsilateral motor trigeminal nucleus and extended rostrally towards the medial aspect of the lateral lemniscus. Transynaptically labeled neurons were observed bilaterally in the dorsal and dorso-medial parts of ventral cochlear nuclei as early as 48 h after virus injection, and had morphological features of radiate multipolar cells. After >or=69 h, labeled cells of different types were observed in all cochlear nuclei. At those times, labeling was also 
detected bilaterally in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and periolivary cell groups in the superior olivary complex. Based on the temporal course of viral replication, our data strongly suggest the presence of a direct projection of neurons from the ventral cochlear nuclei bilaterally to the TT motoneuron pool in rats. The influence of neurons in the cochlear nuclei upon TT activity through direct and indirect pathways may account for multifunctional roles of this muscle in auditory functions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.007},
  Institution              = {reece. ibillig@pitt.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cholera Toxin, pharmacokinetics; Cochlear Nucleus, cytology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Male; Motor Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Tensor Tympani, drug effects/innervation/physiology; Time Factors},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0006-8993(07)00854-2},
  Pmid                     = {17482147},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.007}
}

@Article{Bina:1993,
  Title                    = {Localization of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain and brainstem that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus in rat.},
  Author                   = {K. G. Bina and B. Rusak and K. Semba},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {295--307},
  Volume                   = {335},

  Abstract                 = {In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus is responsible for the generation of most circadian rhythms and their entrainment to environmental cues. Cholinergic agents can alter circadian rhythm phase, and fibres immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase, the biosynthetic enzyme for acetylcholine, are present in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Since there are no cholinergic somata in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, these fibres must represent the terminals of cholinergic neurons whose cell bodies are located elsewhere in the brain. This study was aimed at locating the cholinergic neurons that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus by retrograde and anterograde tract-tracing and immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase in the rat. After injection of fluorogold, a retrograde tracer, into the suprachiasmatic nucleus, retrogradely labelled neurons that were immunopositive for choline acetyltransferase were located throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the cholinergic basal 
nuclear complex, with highest densities in the substantia innominata and the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. A few cells were also located in the medial septum and in the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca. In the brainstem, double-labelled neurons were located in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and the parabigeminal nucleus. Injections of the anterograde tracer biocytin in these three brainstem nuclei resulted in fibre labelling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, consistent with the retrograde findings. No clearly double-labelled cells were located in the retina. These results suggest that the suprachiasmatic nucleus receives cholinergic afferents from both the basal forebrain and mesopontine tegmentum which may mediate cholinergic effects on circadian rhythms.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903350212},
  Institution              = {Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autonomic Pathways, cytology; Brain Stem, cytology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, immunology; Cholinergic Fibers, ultrastructure; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; NADPH Dehydrogenase, diagnostic use; Nerve Endings, physiology; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology; Prosencephalon, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, cytology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8227520},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350212}
}

@Article{Bindels:1991,
  author      = {Bindels, R. J. and Hartog, A. and Timmermans, J. A. and {van Os}, C. H.},
  title       = {Immunocytochemical localization of calbindin-D28k, calbindin-D9k and parvalbumin in rat kidney.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {91},
  pages       = {7--13},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1159/000420150},
  abstract    = {Possible sites involved in active Ca2+ transport were traced by means of immunocytochemical detection of calcium-binding proteins (CaBP) in the mammalian kidney. Antisera were raised in rabbits against calbindin-D28k from chick kidney and calbindin-D9k from bovine intestine and parvalbumin from rabbit muscle. In the rat kidney, parvalbumin and calbindin-D9k were co-localized in the loops of Henle and distal convoluted tubule. In the collecting duct their presence was restricted to the intercalated cells. In all responsive cells parvalbumin and calbindin-D9k were present exclusively along the basolateral membrane. Calbindin-D28k was only present in the outer part of the cortex, where it was localized in the distal convoluted tubule and in the connecting tubule. In these cells calbindin-D28k was evenly distributed through the cytosol. Calbindin-D28k, unlike parvalbumin and calbindin-D9k, could not be demonstrated in the loops of Henle or collecting duct.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.},
  journal     = {Contrib Nephrol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calbindin 1; Calbindins; Calcium, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Kidney, chemistry; Male; Parvalbumins, analysis/immunology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, analysis/immunology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1800013},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bingham:2006,
  Title                    = {Androgen and estrogen receptor-beta distribution within spinal-projecting and neurosecretory neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the male rat.},
  Author                   = {Brenda Bingham and Martin Williamson and Victor Viau},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {911--923},
  Volume                   = {499},

  Abstract                 = {Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is initiated by neurosecretory neurons residing within the medial parvicellular part of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Despite the potency by which sex steroids operate on HPA and medial parvocellular responses to stress, previous topographic and phenotypic studies suggest that gonadal steroid hormone receptors are scarcely, if at all, expressed by PVN neurons controlling anterior pituitary corticotropes. Guided by the pattern of retrograde accumulation of fluorogold, we used a direct connectional approach to define the distribution of androgen receptors (AR) and estrogen-beta receptors (ER-beta) within populations of neurosecretory vs. nonneurosecretory neurons in the PVN. Juxtaposition of AR-immunoreactivity (ir) and ER-beta mRNA to the pattern of intravenous fluorogold labeling showed these steroid hormone receptors to be concentrated within portions of the PVN devoid of neurosecretory neurons. 
Superimposing receptor profiles onto the pattern of spinal retrograde labeling confirmed a selective distribution of AR-ir within autonomic-related cells of the medial parvocellular division, including its dorsal, lateral, and ventral medial components. ER-beta mRNA expression was likewise concentrated within regions accumulating spinal tracer, highest within the ventral aspect of the PVN. These results indicate a direct influence of gonadal hormones on preautonomic effector neurons and remain in keeping with an indirect influence of androgens on adrenocorticotropin-regulating neurons in the PVN.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.21151},
  Institution              = {Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.},
  Keywords                 = {Androgens, metabolism; Animals; Efferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism/secretion; Estrogen Receptor beta, genetics; Estrogens, metabolism; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurosecretory Systems, cytology/metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism/secretion; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Receptors, Androgen, metabolism; Reproduction, physiology; Sex Characteristics; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {17072840},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21151}
}

@Article{Binicewicz:2015,
  author    = {Binicewicz, F.Z.M. and van Strien, N.M. and Wadman, W.J. and van den Heuvel, M.P. and Cappaer, N.L.M.},
  title     = {Graph analysis of the anatomical network organization of the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal region in the rat},
  year      = {2015},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00429-015-0992-0},
  abstract  = {Graph theory was used to analyze the anatomical network of the rat hippocampal formation and the
parahippocampal region (van Strien et al. 2009). For this analysis, the full network was decomposed
along the three anatomical axes, resulting in three networks that describe the connectivity within the
rostrocaudal, dorsoventral and laminar dimensions. The rostrocaudal network had a connection density
of 12% and a path length of 2.4. The dorsoventral network had a high cluster coefficient (0.53), a
relatively high path length (1.62) and a rich club was identified. The modularity analysis revealed three
modules in the dorsoventral network. The laminar network contained most information. The laminar
dimension revealed a network with high clustering coefficient (0.47), a relatively high path length (2.11)
and four significantly increased characteristic network building blocks (structural motifs). Thirteen rich
club nodes were identified, almost all of them situated in the parahippocampal region. Six connector hubs
were detected and all of them were located in the entorhinal cortex. Three large modules were revealed,
indicating a close relationship between the perirhinal and postrhinal cortex as well as between the lateral
and medial entorhinal cortex.
These results confirmed the central position of the entorhinal cortex in the (para)hippocampal network
and this possibly explains why pathology in this region has such profound impact on cognitive function,
as seen in several brain diseases. The results also have implications for the idea of strict separation of the
“spatial” and the “non-spatial” information stream into the hippocampus. This two-stream memory model
suggests that the information influx from respectively the postrhinal – medial entorhinal cortex and the
perirhinal – lateral entorhinal cortex is separate, but the current analysis shows that this apparent
separation is not determined by anatomical constraints.},
  journal   = {Brain Struct Funct},
  keywords  = {graph analysis, hippocampus, neural network, parahippocampal region, rat},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {06.01.2015},
}

@Article{Binns:1998,
  author      = {Binns, K. E. and Salt, T. E.},
  title       = {Developmental changes in NMDA receptor-mediated visual activity in the rat superior colliculus, and the effect of dark rearing.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {120},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {335--344},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s002210050407},
  abstract    = {N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated activity is considered important for experience-dependent plasticity in the developing visual system. We investigated the influence of age and experience on the role of NMDA receptors in the visual transmission in the superficial grey layer of the superior colliculus (SGS) of the superior colliculus, where, in the adult, NMDA receptors mediate a substantial part of the visual response. In normally reared (postnatal day 14, P14, to adult) rats, visual responses were challenged with NMDA receptor-selective iontophoretic applications of the antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (AP5). After eye opening (at P14), there was a significant increase in the number of neurones whose visual responses were reduced during AP5 ejection, which peaked at P22 (85\%; n = 21), and then declined to adult levels (66\%; n = 47) at P25. The mean reduction of the response (from control levels) by AP5 was similar at all ages (approximately 40\%). Dark rearing had 
striking effects on the role of NMDA receptors in visual transmission, especially when comparisons were made between age-matched subjects greater than P25. In these subjects, AP5 ejection reduced the visual responses of all neurones studied. In addition, AP5 ejection caused a significantly larger reduction of visual responses in dark-reared rats (mean reduction 62 +/- 4; n = 29) compared with age-matched controls (mean reduction 44 +/- 8; n = 23). The D,L-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) reduced the visual responses of every neurone studied and there were no age- or experience-dependent effects. We conclude that NMDA receptors, but not AMPA receptors, assume greater importance for visual transmission in the SGS of dark-reared rats.},
  institution = {Department of Visual Science, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK. K.Binns@UCL.ac.uk},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate, pharmacology; 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, pharmacology; Animals; Darkness; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Iontophoresis; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Rats; Reaction Time, drug effects/physiology; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/physiology; Sensory Deprivation, physiology; Superior Colliculi, growth /&/ development/physiology; Vision, Ocular, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9628420},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Biondolillo:2009,
  author      = {Biondolillo, Joseph W. and Williams, Learnel A. and King, Michael S.},
  title       = {Blocking glutamate receptors in the waist area of the parabrachial nucleus decreases taste reactivity behaviors in conscious rats.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {34},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {221--230},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1093/chemse/bjn081},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjn081},
  abstract    = {The "waist" area (W) of the parabrachial nucleus contains neurons that receive orosensory input and play a role in the initiation of oromotor behaviors. Immunohistochemical data indicate that neurons in W receive glutamatergic input and express glutamate receptors, but a behavioral role for glutamate neurotransmission within W has not been investigated. To determine the role of specific glutamate receptors in taste reactivity behaviors, glutamate receptor blockers were delivered into W by reverse microdialysis during intraoral infusion of 0.1 M sodium chloride, 0.1 M sucrose, 0.03 M hydrochloric acid, and 0.003 M quinine hydrochloride. Blocking alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)/kainate ionotropic glutamate receptors in W with 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium (CNQX) reduced ingestive taste reactivity behaviors to each tastant by 72-85\% compared with baseline levels (P's < 0.05). Blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors as well as type 1 and group III 
metabotropic glutamate receptors had minor effects on taste reactivity responses to the tastants. These data provide strong evidence for a behavioral role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in W in conscious rats.},
  institution = {Biology Department, Stetson University, DeLand, FL 32723, USA.},
  journal     = {Chem Senses},
  keywords    = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, pharmacology; Animals; Brain, drug effects/metabolism/surgery; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Kainic Acid, pharmacology; Male; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, AMPA, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Taste, drug effects/physiology; alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {bjn081},
  pmid        = {19174448},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bir:2006,
  author      = {Bir, Levent Sinan and Ercan, Sevim},
  title       = {Effects of intrathecal anandamide on somatosensory evoked responses in rats.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {197},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {386--390},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.10.010},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.10.010},
  abstract    = {Anandamide, endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors produces similar effects of cannabinoids via CB1 receptors in the central nervous system. Its effect on ascending pathways of somatosensory conduction and somatosensory cortex is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of anandamide on somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP). In this study, 24 Wistar male rats were used. The rats were divided into 4 groups. At the beginning, sciatic nerve stimulated scalp SEP traces were obtained from all of the rats. Later, 0.02 cm(3) anhydrous ethanol, 100 microg/kg, 200 microg/kg and 400 microg/kg anandamide dissolved in anhydrous ethanol were injected intrathecally to the first (control), second, third and fourth groups, respectively. Five minutes later, second SEP traces were started. In every SEP trace, two negative waves (N1, N2) following positive deflections were obtained. The latency and amplitudes of these waves assessed were compared in each group. In control and second 
groups, the parameters of these waves before and after the injections were not significantly different. However, in the third and fourth groups, latencies of N1 and N2 after injections were found significantly longer. This effect was dose dependent. In any of the groups, no significant changes were detected in the amplitudes after injections. In conclusion, anandamide, when injected intrathecally in pharmacological doses caused an induction of moderate conduction delay in SEP systems.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, Pamukkale Universitesi Tip Fakültesi Hastanesi Nöroloji AD. B-105, 20070 Kinikli-Denizli, Turkey. sbir@pamukkale.edu.tr},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Arachidonic Acids, pharmacology; Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators, pharmacology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electroencephalography; Endocannabinoids; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory, drug effects; Male; Polyunsaturated Alkamides; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reaction Time, drug effects; Somatosensory Cortex, drug effects; Statistics, Nonparametric},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0014-4886(05)00360-2},
  pmid        = {16289169},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bird:2006,
  author      = {Bird, Gary C. and Han, Jeong S. and Fu, Yu and Adwanikar, Hita and Willis, William D. and Neugebauer, Volker},
  title       = {Pain-related synaptic plasticity in spinal dorsal horn neurons: role of CGRP.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {2},
  pages       = {31},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1186/1744-8069-2-31},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-8069-2-31},
  abstract    = {The synaptic and cellular mechanisms of pain-related central sensitization in the spinal cord are not fully understood yet. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been identified as an important molecule in spinal nociceptive processing and ensuing behavioral responses, but its contribution to synaptic plasticity, cellular mechanisms and site of action in the spinal cord remain to be determined. Here we address the role of CGRP in synaptic plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn in a model of arthritic pain.Whole-cell current- and voltage-clamp recordings were made from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons in spinal cord slices from control rats and arthritic rats (> 6 h postinjection of kaolin/carrageenan into the knee). Monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were evoked by electrical stimulation of afferents in the dorsal root near the dorsal root entry zone. Neurons in slices from arthritic rats showed increased synaptic transmission and excitability compared to controls. A 
selective CGRP1 receptor antagonist (CGRP8-37) reversed synaptic plasticity in neurons from arthritic rats but had no significant effect on normal transmission. CGRP facilitated synaptic transmission in the arthritis pain model more strongly than under normal conditions where both facilitatory and inhibitory effects were observed. CGRP also increased neuronal excitability. Miniature EPSC analysis suggested a post- rather than pre-synaptic mechanism of CGRP action.This study is the first to show synaptic plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn in a model of arthritic pain that involves a postsynaptic action of CGRP on SG neurons.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1069, USA. gbird@cpeducate.com},
  journal     = {Mol Pain},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, drug effects; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Arthritis, physiopathology; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, pharmacology/physiology; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects/physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Peptide Fragments, pharmacology; Posterior Horn Cells, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Spinal Cord, drug effects/physiopathology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {1744-8069-2-31},
  pmid        = {17002803},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Birder:1999b,
  author      = {Birder, L. A. and Perl, E. R.},
  title       = {Expression of alpha2-adrenergic receptors in rat primary afferent neurones after peripheral nerve injury or inflammation.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {515 ( Pt 2)},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {533--542},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.533ac.x},
  abstract    = {1. Immunocytochemistry with polyclonal antibodies directed against specific fragments of intracellular loops of alpha2A- and alpha2C-adrenergic receptors (alpha2A-AR, alpha2C-AR) was used to explore the possibility that expression of these receptors in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones of rat alters as a result of peripheral nerve injury or localized inflammation. 2. Small numbers of neurones with positive alpha2A-AR immunoreactivity (alpha2A-AR-IR) were detected in DRG from normal animals or contralateral to nerve lesions. In contrast, after complete or partial sciatic nerve transection the numbers of ipsilateral L4 and L5 DRG somata expressing alpha2A-AR-IR sharply increased (>5-fold). There was no discernible change in the number of DRG neurones exhibiting alpha2A-AR-IR innervating a region in association with localized chemically induced inflammation. 3. After nerve injury, double labelling with Fluoro-Gold, a marker of retrograde transport from transected fibres, or by 
immunoreactivity for c-jun protein, an indicator of injury and regeneration, suggested that many of the neurones expressing alpha2A-AR-IR were uninjured by the sciatic lesions. 4. In general the largest proportionate increase in numbers of neurones labelled by alpha2A-AR-IR after nerve lesions appeared in the medium-large diameter range (31-40 microm), a group principally composed of cell bodies of low threshold mechanoreceptors. The number of small diameter DRG neurones labelled by alpha2A-AR-IR, a category likely to include somata of nociceptors, also increased but proportionately less. 5. Relatively few DRG neurones exhibited alpha2C-AR-IR; this population did not appear to change after either nerve lesions or inflammation. 6. These observations are considered in relation to effects of nerve injury on excitation of primary afferent neurones by sympathetic activity or adrenergic agents, sympathetically related neuropathy and reports of sprouting of sympathetic fibres in DRG.},
  institution = {Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545, USA.},
  journal     = {J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism/pathology; Isomerism; Male; Neuritis, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha, metabolism; Sciatic Nerve, injuries; Wounds, Penetrating, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10050019},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Birder:1999,
  author      = {Birder, L. A. and Roppolo, J. R. and Erickson, V. L. and {de Groat}, W. C.},
  title       = {Increased c-fos expression in spinal lumbosacral projection neurons and preganglionic neurons after irritation of the lower urinary tract in the rat.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {834},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {55--65},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01546-2},
  abstract    = {Chemical irritation of the lower urinary tract (LUT) induces c-fos expression in neurons in the lumbosacral (L(6) and S(1)) spinal cord. This study used axonal tracing with fluorescent dyes to identify the types of spinal neurons expressing Fos immunoreactivity (IR) after LUT irritation in the rat. Fos-IR was detected in lateral and medial superficial dorsal horn, the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) and lamina X around the central canal. Fos-IR was detected in spinal neurons projecting to supraspinal sites (brainstem and hypothalamus), in preganglionic neurons (PGN) and in unlabeled segmental interneurons. A substantial percentage (20\%) of dye labeled PGN exhibited Fos-IR after LUT irritation; and a larger percentage (36\%) exhibited Fos-IR after electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerve which contains afferent pathways from all of the pelvic organs. The majority (average 55\%) of Fos-positive neurons projecting to supraspinal sites were also located in the region of the SPN. A 
selective distribution of different types of neurons was detected in this region: PGN were located ventral to the spinal projection neurons which in turn were located ventral to the majority of unidentified Fos-positive neurons. The distribution of Fos-positive PGN and projection neurons was similar in spinal intact and spinal transected animals indicating that c-fos expression was mediated by monosynaptic afferent input or input from segmental interneurons and was not due to activation of supraspinal micturition reflex pathways.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1304 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. lbirder+@pitt.edu},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Electric Stimulation; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism/pathology; Immunohistochemistry; Lumbosacral Region; Nervous System, physiopathology; Neurons, physiology; Pelvis, innervation; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Urologic Diseases, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(99)01546-2},
  pmid        = {10407093},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Birder:1991,
  author      = {Birder, L. A. and Roppolo, J. R. and Iadarola, M. J. and {de Groat}, W. C.},
  title       = {Electrical stimulation of visceral afferent pathways in the pelvic nerve increases c-fos in the rat lumbosacral spinal cord.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {129},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {193--196},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(91)90459-7},
  abstract    = {Electrical stimulation (20-35 Hz, 2-5 V, 1.5 h) of the pelvic nerve in urethane-anesthetized rats increased the expression of c-fos protein-immunoreactivity primarily in neurons in the L6-S1 segments of the spinal cord. The neurons were localized to areas receiving afferent input from the pelvic viscera including the superficial dorsal horn, the dorsal commissure, and lateral laminae V-VII in the region of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. These experiments indicate that (1) electrical stimulation of abdominal nerves following surgical exposure is a useful method for tracing visceral afferent pathways and (2) afferent information from the pelvic viscera is received by neurons in specific areas of the dorsal horn.},
  institution = {University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology and Behavioral Neuroscience, PA 15261.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Electric Stimulation; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, immunology/metabolism; Rats; Reflex, physiology; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1745400},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Birinyi:2003,
  Title                    = {Synaptic targets of commissural interneurons in the lumbar spinal cord of neonatal rats.},
  Author                   = {Birinyi, András and Viszokay, Kornél and Wéber, Ildikó and Kiehn, Ole and Antal, Miklós},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {429--440},
  Volume                   = {461},

  Abstract                 = {There is strong evidence that commissural interneurons, neurons with axons that extend to the contralateral side of the spinal cord, play an important role in the coordination of left/right alternation during locomotion. In this study we investigated the projections of commissural interneurons to motor neurons and other commissural interneurons on the other side of the spinal cord in neonatal rats. To establish whether there are direct contacts between axons of commissural interneurons and motor neurons, we carried out two series of experiments. In the first experiment we injected biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the lateral motor column to retrogradely label commissural interneurons that may have direct projections to motor neurons. Stained neurons were recovered in the ventromedial areas of the contralateral gray matter in substantial numbers. In the second experiment BDA was injected into the ventromedial gray matter on one side of the lumbar spinal cord, whereas motor 
neurons were simultaneously labeled on the opposite side by applying biocytin onto the ventral roots. BDA injections into the ventromedial gray matter labeled a strong axon bundle that arose from the site of injection, crossed the midline in the ventral commissure, and extensively arborized in the contralateral ventral gray matter. Many of these axons made close appositions with dendrites and somata of motor neurons and also with commissural interneurons retrogradely labeled with BDA. The results suggest that commissural interneurons may establish monosynaptic contacts with motor neurons on the opposite side of the spinal cord. Our findings also indicate that direct reciprocal connections between commissural interneurons on the two sides of the spinal cord may also exist.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.10696},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4012 Hungary.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Dendrites; Dextrans, metabolism; Efferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Interneurons, cytology/metabolism; Lumbosacral Region; Motor Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Nerve Net, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction; Spinal Cord, cytology; Synapses, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {12746860},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10696}
}

@Article{Birkett:2005,
  author      = {Birkett, Melissa and Fite, Katherine V.},
  title       = {Diurnal variation in serotonin immunoreactivity in the dorsal raphe nucleus.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1034},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {180--184},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.brainres.2004.11.053},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.11.053},
  abstract    = {Serotonin (5-HT) immunostained sections were analyzed using integrated optical density (IOD) measures obtained throughout the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in Mongolian gerbils at selected times during a 12:12 h light:dark cycle. Substantial diurnal variation occurred in 5-HT neuronal staining density, with lowest and highest IOD values occurring at the light/dark and dark/light transitions, respectively. The injection of pargyline and tryptophan increased 5-HT immunostaining comparable to the highest level observed in control animals. Transitions between light and dark periods appear to be major environmental events that influence 5-HT levels in the DRN.},
  institution = {ram, Tobin Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-9271, USA.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation, pharmacology; Automatic Data Processing; Circadian Rhythm, physiology; Darkness; Gerbillinae; Immunohistochemistry; Light; Male; Mesencephalon, cytology/metabolism; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, pharmacology; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Pargyline, pharmacology; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Serotonin, metabolism; Tryptophan, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(04)01894-3},
  pmid        = {15713270},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Birkner:2006,
  author      = {Birkner, Ewa and Grucka-Mamczar, Ewa and Zalejska-Fiolka, Jolanta and Chlubek, Dariusz and Kasperczyk, Slawomir and Stawiarska-Pieta, Barbara and Blaszczyk, Urszula},
  title       = {Influence of sodium fluoride and caffeine on the concentration of fluoride ions, glucose, and urea in blood serum and activity of protein metabolism enzymes in rat liver.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {112},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {169--174},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1385/BTER:112:2:169},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/BTER:112:2:169},
  abstract    = {The aim of the study was examining the effect of fluoride ions and caffeine administration on glucose and urea concentration in blood serum and the activity of protein metabolism enzymes and selected enzymes of the urea cycle in rat liver. The study was carried out using 18 male Sprague-Daowley rats (4.5 mo old). Rats were divided into three groups. Group I received distilled water ad libitum. Group II received 4.9 mg F-/kg body mass/d of sodium fluoride in the water, and group III received sodium fluoride (in the above-mentioned dose) and 3 mg/kg body mass/d of caffeine in the water. After 50 d, the rats were anesthetized with thiopental and fluoride ions, glucose, and urea concentration in blood serum were determined. Also determined were the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase glutamate dehydrogenase, ornithine carbamoylotransferase and arginase in liver homogenates. Liver was taken for pathomorphological examinations. The applied doses of F- (4.9 mg/kg body 
mass/d) and F- + caffeine (4.9 mg F-/kg body mass/d + 3 mg caffeine/kg body mass/d) resulted in a statistically significant increase of fluoride ion concentration in blood serum, a slight increase of the glucose concentration, and no changes in the concentration of urea in blood serum. This might testify to the absence of kidney lesions for the applied concentrations of F-. No change in the functioning of hepatocytes was observed; however, slight disturbances have been noted in the functioning of the liver, connected with the activation of urea cycle, increase of arginase activity, and accumulation of F- in this organ. There was no observed significant influence of caffeine supplementation on the obtained results.},
  institution = {Department of Biochemistry in Zabrze, Silesian University of Medicine in Katowice, Poland.},
  journal     = {Biol Trace Elem Res},
  keywords    = {Alanine Transaminase, metabolism; Animals; Arginase, metabolism; Aspartate Aminotransferases, metabolism; Blood Glucose, analysis; Caffeine, pharmacology; Fluorides, blood; Glutamate Dehydrogenase, metabolism; Liver, drug effects/enzymology; Male; Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium Fluoride, pharmacology; Urea, blood},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {BTER:112:2:169},
  pmid        = {17028382},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bisby:1977,
  author      = {Bisby, M. A.},
  title       = {Retrograde axonal transport of endogenous protein: differences between motor and sensory axons.},
  year        = {1977},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {28},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {249--251},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1471-4159.1977.tb07737.x},
  journal     = {J Neurochem},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Leucine, metabolism; Male; Motor Neurons, metabolism; Nerve Crush; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Rats; Sciatic Nerve, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {64590},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bisby:1985,
  author      = {Bisby, M. A. and Keen, P.},
  title       = {Axonal transport of substance P-like immunoreactivity in regenerating rat sciatic nerve.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {361},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {396--399},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)91311-3},
  abstract    = {Anterograde axonal transport of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) decreases after injury (crush or resection) to rat sciatic nerve. If the axons regenerate a partial recovery of transport occurs. If regeneration is impeded the decrease in transport is more severe and prolonged. No changes in the proportion of mobile SPLI (31\%) or transport velocity (10.0 mm/h) occur. The decrease in SPLI transport largely accounts for the decline in SPLI content which occurs in nerve following injury and probably reflects decreased cell body synthesis.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Kinetics; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Regeneration; Sciatic Nerve, physiology; Substance P, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(85)91311-3},
  pmid        = {2417664},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bisetti:2006,
  author      = {Bisetti, A. and Cvetkovic, V. and Serafin, M. and Bayer, L. and Machard, D. and Jones, B. E. and Mühlethaler, M.},
  title       = {Excitatory action of hypocretin/orexin on neurons of the central medial amygdala.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {142},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {999--1004},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.018},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.018},
  abstract    = {The neurons of the lateral hypothalamus that contain hypocretin/orexin (hcrt/orx) are thought to promote arousal through the excitatory action they exert on the multiple areas to which they project within the CNS. We show here that the hcrt/orx peptides can also exert a strong action on the amygdala, a structure known for its implication in emotional aspects of behavior. Indeed, the hcrt/orx peptides, applied in acute rat brain slices, excite a specific class of "low threshold burst" neurons in the central medial (CeM) nucleus which is considered as a major output of the amygdala. These excitatory effects are postsynaptic, mediated by Hcrt2/OX2 receptors and result from the closure of a potassium conductance. They occur on a class of neurons that are also excited by vasopressin acting through V1a receptors. These results suggest that the hcrt/orx system can act through the amygdala to augment arousal and evoke the autonomic and behavioral responses associated with fear, stress or emotion.},
  institution = {Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Amygdala, drug effects/metabolism; Animals; Arousal, drug effects/physiology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Fear, drug effects/physiology; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, metabolism/pharmacology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/metabolism; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Neuropeptides, metabolism/pharmacology; Orexin Receptors; Organ Culture Techniques; Potassium Channels, drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, drug effects/metabolism; Receptors, Neuropeptide, drug effects/metabolism; Receptors, Vasopressin, agonists/metabolism; Stress, Psychological, metabolism/physiopathology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Vasopressins, metabolism/pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(06)00934-1},
  pmid        = {16996221},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bishop:1984,
  author      = {G. A. Bishop},
  title       = {The origin of the reticulo-olivary projection in the rat: a retrograde horseradish peroxidase study.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {487--496},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(84)90039-3},
  abstract    = {Electrophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase were made in different parts of the rat inferior olivary complex using a ventral approach. Data from these injections provide anatomical evidence for the existence of a projection to the inferior olive which takes origin from reticular nuclei in the brainstem. The majority of reticulo-olivary neurons are located in the nucleus raphe obscurus and nucleus raphe pallidus. Other reticular nuclei which contribute to this projection include the nucleus reticularis ventralis and nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. Analysis of injections confined to specific parts of the olivary complex reveals a topographical pattern in the reticulo-olivary projection. Caudal parts of the complex receive input primarily from the nucleus reticularis ventralis. As more rostral and medial parts of the inferior olive are included in the injection, there is concomitant shifting of labeled neurons to the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and the raphe nuclei. 
The reticulo-olivary neurons may serve several non-mutually exclusive roles in olivary circuitry. They may be the source of serotonin and/or substance P to the nucleus. Physiologically, they may provide the inhibitory input observed in the nucleus. Finally, some of these neurons may be the brainstem relay of the lateral funiculus and dorsolateral funiculus spino-olivo-cerebellar pathway proposed by Larson and his co-workers (J. Physiol., Lond. 203, 611-640, 641-649).},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, cytology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Electric Conductivity; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neurons, physiology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Stereotaxic Techniques},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(84)90039-3},
  pmid        = {6201782},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bishop:1982,
  author      = {Bishop, G. A. and Chang, H. T. and Kitai, S. T.},
  title       = {Morphological and physiological properties of neostriatal neurons: an intracellular horseradish peroxidase study in the rat.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {179--191},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the adult normal rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(82)90159-2},
  abstract    = {The physiological and morphological (light and electron microscopic) properties of four categories of neostriatal neurons (two types of medium spiny cells and two types of aspiny cells) were analyzed using the technique of intracellular recording and intracellular labeling with horseradish peroxidase. All of the neurons in this study had excitatory responses following stimulation of the cortex and substantia nigra except for the large aspiny neuron for which only substantia nigra inputs were tested. Morphologically, these neurons differed with respect to the size and shape of their somata, density and distribution of dendritic spines and distribution of their axons and axon collaterals. Ultrastructurally, observed somatic differences included the quantity and distribution of organelles and conformation of the nuclear envelope. The axons of one type of medium spiny neuron and the large aspiny neuron were myelinated. Unmyelinated axon collaterals arose from the axons of both types of medium 
spiny neurons and formed synapses on the dendritic shafts and possibly with the necks of spines of other neostriatal neurons. The parent axons of the most common type of medium spiny neurons were followed to the globus pallidus and, in some cases, to the internal capsule.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Corpus Striatum, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Frontal Lobe, physiology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7078725},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Bishop:1985,
  author      = {G. A. Bishop and R. H. Ho},
  title       = {The distribution and origin of serotonin immunoreactivity in the rat cerebellum.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {331},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {195--207},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)91545-8},
  abstract    = {The distribution of serotonin immunoreactivity in the rat cerebellum was studied using the indirect antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique of Sternberger. Furthermore, the origin of these chemically defined cerebellar afferents was studied using a procedure which combines the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with the PAP technique. Serotoninergic fibers and varicosities distribute throughout the cerebellar cortex. However, within the cortex there are density variations in the distribution of this indoleamine to the granule cell and molecular layers as well as differences in the spatial orientation of labeled elements, especially in the latter lamina. Serotonin-positive fibers are also present in the Purkinje cell layer. Some of the fibers pass from this layer into the overlying molecular layer while others form a plexus around the somata of Purkinje cells. Subsequent to injections of HRP into the vermis and immediately adjacent portions of the cerebellar 
cortex, several reticular and raphe nuclei (n.) were found to project to the cerebellum including the paramedian reticular nucleus, n. raphe pallidus, n. raphe obscurus, n. raphe magnus, n. reticularis gigantocellularis, n. reticularis paragigantocellularis, n. pontis oralis, n. reticularis tegmenti pontis and n. centralis superioris. Double-labeling experiments, however, reveal that the neurons giving rise to serotoninergic afferents to the cerebellum are located almost exclusively in the n. reticularis gigantocellularis, the n. reticularis paragigantocellularis and the n. pontis oralis. In conclusion, the findings of the present study further support the view that the cerebellar cortex is not uniform in its histological structure. Although serotoninergic elements are distributed throughout the cerebellar cortex, there are lobular variations in the laminar distribution of this indoleamine. These data suggest that serotonin may be exerting its physiological effect on different populations of cortical neurons 
in different lobules. Thus this putative neurotransmitter may play different roles in the circuitry of the cerebellum in disparate regions of the cortex. Further, the data obtained in the double-label experiments demonstrate a fairly restricted origin for serotoninergic afferents in the medullary and pontine reticular formation. Moreover, the majority are not located in the raphe nuclei.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Medulla Oblongata, metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Serotonin, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(85)91545-8},
  pmid        = {3986565},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bishop:1986,
  author      = {G. A. Bishop and R. H. Ho},
  title       = {Cell bodies of origin of serotonin-immunoreactive afferents to the inferior olivary complex of the rat.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {399},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {369-373},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)91530-1},
  abstract    = {Previous studies have used immunohistochemistry to localize serotonin to distinct olivary nuclei in several mammalian species. However, the location of the cell bodies of origin for the serotoninergic projection to the inferior olive in any of these species was unknown. In the present study, a paradigm which combines transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and serotonin immunohistochemistry (PAP) was used to identify the cell bodies of origin of this afferent system to the inferior olivary complex of the rat. Cells which contain both retrogradely transported HRP and brown cytoplasmic staining indicating that they are serotoninergic cells that project to the inferior olivary complex are found exclusively in an area dorsal to the rostrolateral dorsal accessory olive within the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis. Neurons within this nucleus were also found to be a source of serotoninergic afferents to the cerebellum and spinal cord of the rat. This raises the possibility that 
individual serotonin-immunoreactive neurons within this nucleus may project to all 3 areas. Future studies will be designed to address this possibility. No double-labeled cells were observed within any of the raphe nuclei.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/metabolism; Olivary Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {0006-8993(86)91530-1},
  pmid        = {3828771},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bishop:1986a,
  author      = {Bishop, G. A. and King, J. S.},
  title       = {Reticulo-olivary circuits: an intracellular HRP study in the rat.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {371},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {133--145},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)90818-8},
  abstract    = {Intracellular recordings were obtained from medullary reticular neurons subsequent to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral or contralateral inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP) and/or the midbrain. After recording physiological data, the neurons were intracellularly injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Thirty-four HRP filled neurons were subjected to light microscopic analysis. They could be divided into two general groups: those which extend dendritic processes into the neuropil of the inferior olivary complex (n = 19); and those that have no anatomical relationship to the inferior olive (n = 15). These two populations of reticular neurons differ in their distribution, morphological characteristics and physiological responses. Neurons which extend dendritic processes into the inferior olive are located within 200 microns of the dorsal border of this nuclear complex, between the exiting fibers of the XIIth nerve and the raphe. The cell bodies are located in the nucleus reticularis 
gigantocellularis and are fusiform or multipolar in shape. Their dendrites extend for long distances in the mediolateral direction; are thin and relatively spine-free except at their distal tips where spines and varicose appendages are evident. Physiologically, midbrain stimulation elicits a fast rising hyperpolarization which is identified as an inhibitory postsynaptic potential. However, only rarely is a response observed subsequent to stimulation of either the ipsilateral or contralateral ICP. Dendrites from 4 neurons from the first group of reticular cells were analyzed at the ultrastructural level. Based on random and serial thin sections, the following features were noted: they contain numerous mitochondria when compared to olivary dendrites; they contribute to the postsynaptic elements within olivary synaptic clusters (glomeruli); and they exhibit focal clusters of synaptic vesicles although conventional synaptic complexes have not been observed. Reticular neurons of the second group, those that do 
not extend dendritic processes into the inferior olive, are located either lateral to the XIIth nerve or at distances greater than 200 microns from the dorsal border of the inferior olivary complex. Their cell bodies and dendrites are comparable morphologically to the reticular neurons whose dendrites do arborize in the inferior olive. However, rarely are the distal tips of their dendrites characterized by spines or varicose appendages. Physiologically, this population of reticular neurons respond to midbrain stimulation with a low amplitude, short latency depolarizing potential which is interrupted by a hyperpolarizing potential.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(86)90818-8},
  pmid        = {3708339},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Bishop:1981,
  author      = {Bishop, M. A.},
  title       = {A fine-structural survey of the pulpal innervation in the rat mandibular incisor.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {160},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {213--229},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/aja.1001600207},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001600207},
  abstract    = {The innervation of the rat incisor pulp has been studied using transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy. Transverse sections of mandibular incisor pulp (380-460 gm rats) from numerous positions in the long axis of the tooth were examined systematically in the electron microscopy. Quantitative data on total axon populations were obtained. The nerve fibers were found to pass through the lingual half of the pulp from the apical end to within 2 mm of the incisal tip. Although the nerve fibers were seen to lie amongst the connective tissue cells between the blood vessels, the electron microscopic observations showed that the blood vessels are not innervated. Throughout their pulpal course the nerve fibers showed no trace of perineurial investment. Virtually all the axons were unmyelinated. Total numbers of axons were small (233-328) and peak diameters of 0.3-0.4 microM confirmed the observed immature appearance of the nerve supply. Obvious nerve endings were seldom observed and the 
axons showed no structural association with odontoblasts. The evidence indicates that, although most axons terminate near the incisal end of the tooth, no specific structure is supplied. The qualitative features of the axons do not suggest autonomic function; however, they are consistent with a sensory role.},
  journal     = {Am J Anat},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Dental Pulp, innervation; Incisor, innervation; Male; Mandible; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Rats; Schwann Cells, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7270468},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bissiere:2008,
  Title                    = {The rostral anterior cingulate cortex modulates the efficiency of amygdala-dependent fear learning.},
  Author                   = {Stephanie Bissière and Nicolas Plachta and Daniel Hoyer and Kevin H McAllister and Hans-Rudolf Olpe and Anthony A Grace and John F Cryan},
  Journal                  = {Biol Psychiatry},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {821--831},
  Volume                   = {63},

  Abstract                 = {The rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) and the amygdala consistently emerge from neuroimaging studies as brain regions crucially involved in normal and abnormal fear processing. To date, however, the role of the rACC specifically during the acquisition of auditory fear conditioning still remains unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate a possible top-down control of a specific rACC sub-region over amygdala activation during pavlovian fear acquisition.We performed excitotoxic lesions, temporal inactivation, and activation of a specific sub-region of the rACC that we identified by tracing studies as supporting most of the connectivity with the basolateral amygdala (r(Amy)-ACC). The effects of these manipulations over amygdala function were investigated with a classical tone-shock associative fear conditioning paradigm in the rat.Excitotoxic lesions and transient inactivation of the r(Amy)-ACC pre-training selectively produced deficits in the acquisition of the tone-
shock associative learning (but not context). This effect was specific for the acquisition phase. However, the deficit was found to be transient and could be overcome by overtraining. Conversely, pre-training transient activation of the r(Amy)-ACC facilitated associative learning and increased fear expression.Our results suggest that a subregion of the rACC is key to gating the efficiency of amygdala-dependent auditory fear conditioning learning. Because r(Amy)-ACC inputs were confirmed to be glutamatergic, we propose that recruitment of this brain area might modulate overall basolateral amygdala excitatory tone during conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus concomitant processing. In the light of clinical research, our results provide new insight on the effect of inappropriate rACC recruitment during emotional events.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.10.022},
  Institution              = {Neuroscience Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.},
  Keywords                 = {Acoustic Stimulation; Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Association Learning, physiology; Brain Mapping; Conditioning, Classical, physiology; Cues; Electroshock; Fear, physiology; Glutamic Acid, physiology; Gyrus Cinguli, physiology; Nerve Net, physiopathology; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology; Rats; Recruitment, Neurophysiological, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0006-3223(07)01058-X},
  Pmid                     = {18155183},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.10.022}
}

@Article{Bittencourt:1991,
  author      = {Bittencourt, J. C. and Benoit, R. and Sawchenko, P. E.},
  title       = {Distribution and origins of substance P-immunoreactive projections to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei: partial overlap with ascending catecholaminergic projections.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {4},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {63--78},
  doi         = {10.1016/0891-0618(91)90032-8},
  abstract    = {Anatomical and pharmacological evidence suggests a role for substance P (SP) in the control of vasopressin secretion, but the origins of SP-immunoreactive (IR) projections to the paraventricular (PVH) and supraoptic (SO) nuclei of the hypothalamus have not yet been identified. Combined axonal transport, immunohistochemical, and ablation approaches were used to characterize the organization of SP-IR projections to the PVH. The results may be summarized as follows: (1) SP-IR projections are broadly and prominently distributed throughout the SO and both the magnocellular and parvicellular divisions of the PVH. The distribution within the PVH is quite uniform. (2) Combined retrograde transport-immunohistochemical analyses identified multiple potential sources of SP-IR inputs to the PVH. These included a number of hypothalamic cell groups, the laterodorsal and peduculopontine tegmental nuclei, and the rostral and caudal aspects of the ventrolateral medulla. Portions of the tegmental and medullary 
SP-IR neurons that were retrogradely labelled following tracer deposits in the PVH also stained positively for choline acetyltransferase or tyrosine hydroxylase, respectively. (3) To evaluate the distribution and prominence of medullary SP-IR projections to the PVH and SO, staining for SP and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes was carried out in animals that had previously received knife cuts at the level of the pontomedullary border. Pronounced, and roughly parallel decrements in staining for peptide and amines were seen in the magnocellular division of the PVH and in the SO; less marked reductions in SP-IR varicosities are in a position to influence multiple visceral regulatory cell types in the PVH and SO. Inputs to the magnocellular neurosecretory system arise in large measure from medullary neurons in which SP coexists with catecholamines. SP-IR projections to the parvicellular division of the PVH appear to originate from a number of sources.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA.},
  journal     = {J Chem Neuroanat},
  keywords    = {Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Axonal Transport; Benzofurans; Catecholamines, physiology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substance P, analysis/physiology; Supraoptic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Tissue Distribution; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0891-0618(91)90032-8},
  pmid        = {1707281},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bittencourt:1993,
  author      = {Bittencourt, J. C. and Elias, C. F.},
  title       = {Diencephalic origins of melanin-concentrating hormone immunoreactive projections to medial septum/diagonal band complex and spinal cord using two retrograde fluorescent tracers.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {680},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {462--465},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb19708.x},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Axonal Transport; Diencephalon, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Hypothalamic Hormones; Melanins, analysis; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Pituitary Hormones, analysis; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7685576},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bittencourt:1998,
  author      = {J. C. Bittencourt and C. F. Elias},
  title       = {Melanin-concentrating hormone and neuropeptide EI projections from the lateral hypothalamic area and zona incerta to the medial septal nucleus and spinal cord: a study using multiple neuronal tracers.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {805},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {1--19},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00598-8},
  abstract    = {The projection pathways of neurons containing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and neuropeptide EI (NEI), two peptides colocalized in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of the rat, were mapped using the retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes, true blue (TB) and diamidino yellow (DY). TB and DY were injected into the medial septum/diagonal band complex (MS/DBC) and the thoracic level of the spinal cord (SpCd), respectively. Brains from rats receiving only one or both tracer injections were immunohistochemically stained for MCH in the spinal cord and NEI in the forebrain. In the MS/DBC, NEI-immunoreactive (-ir) fibers are concentrated in the MS and in the vertical and horizontal limbs of the DBC. In the SpCd, MCH-ir fibers are concentrated primarily in lamina X. Of the diencephalic NEI-ir neurons, 37.15\% project to the MS/DBC and reside in the rostromedial zona incerta (ZIm), in the LHAt and LHAp, and in the perifornical region. Of the diencephalic MCH-ir neurons, 20.2\% project to the 
SpCd and reside in the LHAt and LHAp. In addition, 2. 2\% of the MCH-ir cells and 8.7\% of the NEI-ir cells in the hypothalamus were labeled with both retrograde tracers and thus project to both the MS/DBC and SpCd. These dual projection neurons are located mainly in the LHAt and LHAp. Anterograde injections of the tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the LHAt and ZIm corroborated our findings in the retrograde studies. Potential autonomic and behavioral roles of the NEI and MCH systems in the MS/DBC and the SpCd are discussed.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil. jacibi@usp.br},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Animals; Benzofurans; Brain, physiology; Diencephalon, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, physiology; Hypothalamic Hormones, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Melanins, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Oligopeptides, metabolism; Pituitary Hormones, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Septal Nuclei, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Tissue Distribution},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(98)00598-8},
  pmid        = {9733903},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bittencourt:1999,
  author      = {Bittencourt, J. C. and Vaughan, J. and Arias, C. and Rissman, R. A. and Vale, W. W. and Sawchenko, P. E.},
  title       = {Urocortin expression in rat brain: evidence against a pervasive relationship of urocortin-containing projections with targets bearing type 2 CRF receptors.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {415},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {285--312},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19991220)415:3<285::aid-cne1>3.0.co;2-0},
  abstract    = {Histochemical and axonal transport methods were used to clarify the central organization of cells and fibers that express urocortin (UCN), a recently discovered corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-related neuropeptide, which has been proposed as an endogenous ligand for type 2 CRF receptors (CRF-R2). Neurons that display both UCN mRNA and peptide expression were found to be centered in the Edinger-Westphal (EW), lateral superior olivary (LSO), and supraoptic nuclei; lower levels of expression are seen in certain cranial nerve and spinal motoneurons and in small populations of neurons in the forebrain. Additional sites of UCN mRNA and peptide expression detected only in colchicine-treated rats are considered to be minor ones. UCN-immunoreactive projections in brain are predominantly descending and largely consistent with central projections attributed to the EW and LSO, targeting principally accessory optic, precerebellar, and auditory structures, as well as the spinal intermediate gray. 
Although neither the EW nor LSO are known to project to the forebrain, UCN-ir neurons in the EW were identified that project to the lateral septal nucleus, which houses a prominent UCN-ir terminal field. Although substantial UCN-ir projections were observed to several brainstem cell groups that express CRF-R2, including the dorsal raphe and interpeduncular nuclei and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), most prominent seats of CRF-R2 expression were found to contain inputs immunopositive for piscine urotensin I, but not rat UCN. The results define a central UCN system whose organization suggests a principal involvement in motor control and sensorimotor integration; its participation in stress-related mechanisms would appear to derive principally by virtue of projections to the spinal intermediolateral column, the NTS, and the paraventricular nucleus. Several observations, including the lack of a pervasive relationship of UCN-ir projections with CRF-R2-expressing targets, support the existence of still 
additional CRF-related peptides in mammalian brain.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies and Foundation for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Binding, Competitive; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Colchicine, pharmacology; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, genetics/immunology/metabolism/physiology; Female; Gene Expression, drug effects; Immune Sera; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Neural Pathways, metabolism/physiology; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; RNA, Messenger, analysis/genetics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, chemistry/metabolism; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism; Stress, Physiological, physiopathology; Urocortins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-0},
  pmid        = {10553117},
  timestamp   = {27.07.2015},
}

@Article{Bizzini:1981,
  author      = {Bizzini, B. and Grob, P. and Akert, K.},
  title       = {Papain-derived fragment IIc of tetanus toxin: its binding to isolated synaptic membranes and retrograde axonal transport.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {210},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {291--299},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(81)90902-1},
  abstract    = {The papain-derived fragment IIc of tetanus toxin, which is immunologically identical to the B-IIb fragment, has previously been shown to bind gangliosides. As could be expected from its analogy with the B-IIb fragment, the IIc fragment was also found to bind to isolated synaptic membranes and to be transported retrogradely from the axonal endings within muscle to the motoneuronal perikarya. It is concluded that the IIc fragment--like the B-IIb fragment--might also serve as a specific carrier for chemical and chemotherapeutical agents into the central nervous system.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism; Animals; Axonal Transport; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Kinetics; Papain; Peptide Fragments, metabolism; Protein Binding; Rats; Synaptic Membranes, metabolism; Tetanus Toxin, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(81)90902-1},
  pmid        = {6164441},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bjoerkeland:1984a,
  author      = {Bj{\"{o}}rkeland, M. and Boivie, J.},
  title       = {The termination of spinomesencephalic fibers in cat. An experimental anatomical study.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {170},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {265--277},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00318730},
  abstract    = {The projections to the midbrain from the spinal cord have been investigated in the cat with the degeneration technique and by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as an anterograde tracer. Two types of spinal cord lesions were performed: 1) Cordotomies at cervical or thoracic levels transecting the ventral and lateral funiculi. 2) Transections of the ventral, ventrolateral, dorsolateral or dorsal funiculus, respectively, at cervical levels. In the anterograde tracing experiments HRP was injected into the spinal cord at cervical, lumbar or sacral levels. The results show large projections to the lateral and ventrolateral parts of the periaqueductal gray (PAG1), the posterior pretectal nucleus (PP) and the nucleus of Darkschewitsch (D). More moderate projections go to the medial division of the periaqueductal gray (PAGm), the cuneiform nucleus (CF), the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF), lateral part of the deep layer of the superior colliculus (SP) and magnocellular medial geniculate 
nucleus (GMmc), while scattered spinal fibers are present in the dorsal part of the periaqueductal gray (PAGd), the external inferior collicular nucleus (IX), the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus (SI), the lateral part of the red nucleus (NR) and in the Edinger-Westphal portion of the oculomotor nucleus (3). In addition a few fibers are present in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (CA) and anterior pretectal nucleus (PAc). The results indicate that at midcervical levels most of the spinomesencephalic fibers ascend in the ventral funiculus, with only a moderate fraction ascending in the ventral half of the lateral funiculus. Almost no fibers ascend in the dorso-lateral funiculus and none appear to pass in the dorsal funiculus. No distinct somatotopic pattern was found in the spinomesencephalic projections, but more fibers from cervicobrachial segments terminate in the rostral than in the caudal parts of the terminal fields in PAG, CF, SP and IX, while the lumbar fibers were more numberous in the 
caudal parts. PP seems to receive spinal fibers mainly from the caudal half of the cord.},
  journal     = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cats; Haplorhini; Horseradish Peroxidase; Humans; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Nerve Fibers, anatomy /&/ histology; Opossums; Pan troglodytes; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6441483},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Bjoerklund:1975a,
  author      = {Bj{\"{o}}rklund, A. and Baumgarten, H. G. and Lachenmayer, L. and Rosengren, E.},
  title       = {Recovery of brain noradrenaline after 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine-induced axonal lesions in the rat.},
  year        = {1975},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {161},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {145--155},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00220363},
  abstract    = {Time-dependent changes in regional CNS noradrenaline (NA) concentration, 3H-NA uptake and fluorescence morphology of CNS NA neurons were analysed in the adult rat up to 6 months after intraventricular injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), and compared with the time-course of changes in brain and spinal cord indolamine neurons. Following a substantial depletion of both amines in all CNS regions (telodiencephalon, brainstem and spinal cord) at 10 days after 150 mug 5,7-DHT, brain NA--but not 5-HT--levels recovered to near-normal values in brainstem and forebrain (35\% below the age-matched controls) within 4 months. This was accompanied by a total restoration of the initially decreased capacity of the brain tissue to accumulate 3H-NA in vitro. Within 10 days after 5,7-DHT, there was a disappearance of NA terminals from many telencephalic, diencephalic and lower brain stem nuclei, from the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and the grey matter of the spinal cord, concomitant with the 
appearance of numerous distorted, highly fluorescent swellings along the non-terminal axons of the major noradrenergic projection pathways. The recovery of the NA levels was paralleled by a re-appearance of fluorescent fibres, signifying an intense sprouting and regrowth of the drug-lesioned axons, which eventually re-innervated some of the previously denervated telodiencephalic regions. Except for a permanent loss of some surface-near perikarya in group A1 (the main source of the bulbospinal projections) there was no evidence of a retrograde degeneration of noradrenergic cell bodies in the rat CNS. The results are compatible with the idea that 5,7-DHT mainly causes a lesion of NA axons at a distance from the cell bodies, and this is followed by sprouting and regrowth of axons from the lisioned neurites, and formation of new terminal-like fibres in some previously denervated telodiencephalic regions. These findings indicate that chemical axotomy of central NA neurons induced by 5,7-DHT is--in contrast to 
that induced by 6-hydroxydopamine--followed by extensive axonal regeneration.},
  journal     = {Cell Tissue Res},
  keywords    = {5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Animals; Axons, drug effects; Brain Stem, metabolism; Central Nervous System, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Diencephalon, metabolism; Female; Injections, Intraventricular; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons, metabolism; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Rats; Serotonin, metabolism; Spinal Cord, metabolism; Tryptamines, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1175203},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Bjoerklund:1979a,
  author      = {Bj{\"{o}}rklund, A. and Skagerberg, G.},
  title       = {Evidence for a major spinal cord projection from the diencephalic A11 dopamine cell group in the rat using transmitter-specific fluorescent retrograde tracing.},
  year        = {1979},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {177},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {170--175},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(79)90927-2},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Dopamine, metabolism; Female; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(79)90927-2},
  pmid        = {497819},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Bjoerklund:1979c,
  author      = {Bj{\"{o}}rklund, A. and Skagerberg, G.},
  title       = {Simultaneous use of retrograde fluorescent tracers and fluorescence histochemistry for convenient and precise mapping of monoaminergic projections and collateral arrangements in the CNS.},
  year        = {1979},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {261--277},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-0270(79)90038-4},
  abstract    = {A procedure is described for the use of fluorescent retrograde tracers in conjunction with monamine fluorescence histochemistry for single or double labeling studies of the projections of identified catecholamine or indoleamine neurons in the CNS. A number of fluorescent tracers, including Evans Blue, bisbenzimide, DAPI, 'True Blue', 'Granular Blue' and propidium iodide, have been tested and characterized microspectrofluorometrically. Of these, 'True Blue', propidium iodide and Evans Blue were found to have the most suitable properties to be studied concomitant with the monoamine fluorphores. A combination of two of these tracers--'True Blue' fluorescing blue and propidium iodide or Evans Blue fluorescing orange to red--and the catecholamines and indoleamines fluorescing yellow-green and yellow to brownish yellow, respectively, makes possible simultaneous use of four different fluorescent markers in one and the same section. The present procedure has great practical advantages over available 
HRP techniques and should in modified form also be applicable to other types of transmitter-specific neuronal tracing based on immunocytochemistry or enzyme histochemistry.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biogenic Amines, metabolism; Brain Mapping, methods; Caudate Nucleus, metabolism; Central Nervous System, metabolism; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism; Dopamine, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Histocytochemistry, methods; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Putamen, metabolism; Rats; Serotonin, metabolism; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Spinal Cord, metabolism; Substantia Nigra, metabolism; Thalamic Nuclei, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0165-0270(79)90038-4},
  pmid        = {544971},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Bjaalie:2005,
  author      = {J. G. Bjaalie and T. B. Leergaard and S. Lillehaug and F. Odeh and I. A. Moene and J. O. Kjode and D. Darin},
  title       = {Database and tools for analysis of topographic organization and map transformations in major projection systems of the brain.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {136},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {681-695},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.036},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.036},
  abstract    = {Integration of dispersed and complicated information collected from the brain is needed to build new knowledge. But integration may be hampered by rigid presentation formats, diversity of data formats among laboratories, and lack of access to lower level data. We have addressed some of the fundamental issues related to this challenge at the level of anatomical data, by producing a coordinate based digital atlas and database application for a major projection system in the rat brain: the cerebro-ponto-cerebellar system. This application, Functional Anatomy of the Cerebro-Cerebellar System in rat (FACCS), is available via the Rodent Brain WorkBench (http://www.rbwb.org). The data included are x,y,z-coordinate lists describing exact distributions of tissue elements (axonal terminal fields of axons, or cell bodies) that are labeled with axonal tracing techniques. All data are translated to a common local coordinate system to facilitate across animal comparison. A search capability allows queries 
based on, e.g. location of tracer injection sites, tracer category, size of the injection sites, and contributing author. A graphic search tool allows the user to move a volume cursor inside a coordinate system to detect particular injection sites having connections to a specific tissue volume at chosen density levels. Tools for visualization and analysis of selected data are included, as well as an option to download individual data sets for further analysis. With this application, data and metadata from different experiments are mapped into the same information structure and made available for re-use and re-analysis in novel combinations. The application is prepared for future handling of data from other projection systems as well as other data categories.},
  institution = {Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1105 Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway. j.g.bjaalie@medisin.uio.no},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Anatomy, Artistic, methods; Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Databases as Topic; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, methods; Information Systems; Medical Illustration; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(05)00634-2},
  pmid        = {16344144},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bjelke:1996,
  author      = {Bjelke, K. and Aldskogius, H. and Arvidsson, J.},
  title       = {Short- and long-term transganglionic changes in the central terminations of transected vibrissal afferents in the rat.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {112},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {268--276},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00227645},
  abstract    = {Previous light and electron microscopic studies in rat and cat have shown that transection of peripheral sensory nerve branches leads to alterations in the central branches of primary sensory neurons, so-called transganglionic changes. In this study the changes in choleragenoid (B)-horseradish peroxidase B-HRP-labeled primary sensory terminals and axons in the trigeminal nuclear complex 3-90 days following transection of vibrissae nerves in the rat have been studied. Since regeneration of the transected vibrissa nerve was not prevented, these experiments allowed the examination of degenerative changes in the earlier stage after nerve injury as well as those present during nerve regeneration and target reinnervation. Two different experimental approaches were used, depending on the postlesion survival time. For short-term experiments the deep vibrissa nerve was injected with a solution of B-HRP. Forty-eight hours later the nerve was transected at its entry in the follicle, and after survival 
times ranging from 3 to 15 days sections from the subnucleus caudalis and spinal trigeminal nucleus, were prepared for electron microscopic examination. For long-term experiments involving a 16- to 90-day posttransection survival time, the deep vibrissa nerve was cut first. Then B-HRP was injected into the reinnervated follicle 2 days before killing the rats. Atypical HRP-labeled terminals were seen from 4 to 90 days survival time. The changes observed included atypical swollen vesicles or lack of vesicles in parts of the terminals apposed to the synaptic cleft. Other terminals displayed dense clusters of vesicles, flocculent cytoplasm, and/or neurofilamentous hyperplasia. No evidence of complete disintegration or phagocytosis by glial cells was observed. From 4 to 12 days survival time the changes were most commonly seen in the larger terminals, from 19-90 days in smaller terminals. From 10 days survival time and onward, changes in axons were observed. The most commonly seen alterations were axons with 
expanded myelin sheaths. Normal-labeled terminals were seen at all survival times examined. Compared with earlier studies of transganglionic changes in the vibrissa system occurring after infraorbital nerve or vibrissa row nerve injury, the changes seen in this study are less pronounced. These observations indicate (1) that the initial changes in the central processes of peripherally injured vibrissae nerves are less extensive than those occurring after infraorbital nerve transection, possibly because of the distally located lesion, and (2) that transganglionic changes occur also after the injured nerve has regenerated.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Denervation; Female; Ganglia, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Electron; Myelin Sheath, ultrastructure; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Neuroglia, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Time Factors; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, physiology/ultrastructure; Vibrissae, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8951395},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Bjijou:2002,
  author      = {Bjijou, Y. and {De Deurwaerdere}, P. and Spampinato, U. and Stinus, L. and Cador, M.},
  title       = {D-amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization: effect of lesioning dopaminergic terminals in the medial prefrontal cortex, the amygdala and the entorhinal cortex.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {109},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {499--516},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00508-5},
  abstract    = {The behavioral sensitization produced by the repeated administration of D-amphetamine is known to involve dopaminergic neurons in the mesoaccumbens pathway. Induction of this process is dependent on action of the drug in the ventral tegmental area while its expression involves action in the nucleus accumbens. We studied here the putative involvement of dopaminergic projections other than the mesoaccumbens in this phenomenon. We examined the influence of dopaminergic lesion of the medial prefrontal cortex, the amygdala and the entorhinal cortex in the behavioral sensitization produced by repeated injections of amphetamine either peripherally or directly into the ventral tegmental area of the brain. The repeated administration of amphetamine induced a behavioral sensitization, with the ventral tegmental area a critical site for induction of the process. This sensitization to amphetamine cross-reacted with morphine and was still observed 2 weeks after cessation of the treatment. Bilateral 6-
hydroxydopamine lesion of dopaminergic terminals in either the medial prefrontal cortex or the amygdala, but not in the entorhinal cortex, prevented the development of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine and the cross-sensitization with morphine, whether the amphetamine pretreatment was administered peripherally or directly into the ventral tegmental area. In conclusion, these results indicated that behavioral sensitization to amphetamine, which involves dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area, is also dependent on dopaminergic neurotransmission of the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala but not of the entorhinal cortex.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neuropsychobiologie des Désadaptations, CNRS-UMR5541, P.O. Box 31, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux II, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Cedex, Bordeaux, France.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, drug effects/injuries/physiopathology; Animals; Behavior, Animal, drug effects/physiology; Dextroamphetamine, pharmacology; Dopamine, metabolism; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Interactions, physiology; Drug Tolerance, physiology; Entorhinal Cortex, drug effects/injuries/physiopathology; Male; Morphine, pharmacology; Motor Activity, drug effects/physiology; Oxidopamine, pharmacology; Prefrontal Cortex, drug effects/injuries/physiopathology; Presynaptic Terminals, drug effects/metabolism/pathology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sympatholytics, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452201005085},
  pmid        = {11823062},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bjoerkeland:1984,
  author      = {Björkeland, M. and Boivie, J.},
  title       = {The termination of spinomesencephalic fibers in cat. An experimental anatomical study.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {170},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {265--277},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00318730},
  abstract    = {The projections to the midbrain from the spinal cord have been investigated in the cat with the degeneration technique and by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as an anterograde tracer. Two types of spinal cord lesions were performed: 1) Cordotomies at cervical or thoracic levels transecting the ventral and lateral funiculi. 2) Transections of the ventral, ventrolateral, dorsolateral or dorsal funiculus, respectively, at cervical levels. In the anterograde tracing experiments HRP was injected into the spinal cord at cervical, lumbar or sacral levels. The results show large projections to the lateral and ventrolateral parts of the periaqueductal gray (PAG1), the posterior pretectal nucleus (PP) and the nucleus of Darkschewitsch (D). More moderate projections go to the medial division of the periaqueductal gray (PAGm), the cuneiform nucleus (CF), the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF), lateral part of the deep layer of the superior colliculus (SP) and magnocellular medial geniculate 
nucleus (GMmc), while scattered spinal fibers are present in the dorsal part of the periaqueductal gray (PAGd), the external inferior collicular nucleus (IX), the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus (SI), the lateral part of the red nucleus (NR) and in the Edinger-Westphal portion of the oculomotor nucleus (3). In addition a few fibers are present in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (CA) and anterior pretectal nucleus (PAc). The results indicate that at midcervical levels most of the spinomesencephalic fibers ascend in the ventral funiculus, with only a moderate fraction ascending in the ventral half of the lateral funiculus. Almost no fibers ascend in the dorso-lateral funiculus and none appear to pass in the dorsal funiculus. No distinct somatotopic pattern was found in the spinomesencephalic projections, but more fibers from cervicobrachial segments terminate in the rostral than in the caudal parts of the terminal fields in PAG, CF, SP and IX, while the lumbar fibers were more numberous in the 
caudal parts. PP seems to receive spinal fibers mainly from the caudal half of the cord.},
  journal     = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cats; Haplorhini; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Humans; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Nerve Fibers, anatomy /&/ histology; Opossums; Pan troglodytes; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6441483},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bjoerklund:1975,
  author      = {A. Björklund and H. G. Baumgarten and L. Lachenmayer and E. Rosengren},
  title       = {Recovery of brain noradrenaline after 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine-induced axonal lesions in the rat.},
  year        = {1975},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {161},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {145-155},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00220363},
  abstract    = {Time-dependent changes in regional CNS noradrenaline (NA) concentration, 3H-NA uptake and fluorescence morphology of CNS NA neurons were analysed in the adult rat up to 6 months after intraventricular injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), and compared with the time-course of changes in brain and spinal cord indolamine neurons. Following a substantial depletion of both amines in all CNS regions (telodiencephalon, brainstem and spinal cord) at 10 days after 150 mug 5,7-DHT, brain NA-but not 5-HT-levels recovered to near-normal values in brainstem and forebrain (35\% below the age-matched controls) within 4 months. This was accompanied by a total restoration of the initially decreased capacity of the brain tissue to accumulate 3H-NA in vitro. Within 10 days after 5,7-DHT, there was a disappearance of NA terminals from many telencephalic, diencephalic and lower brain stem nuclei, from the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and the grey matter of the spinal cord, concomitant with the 
appearance of numerous distorted, highly fluorescent swellings along the non-terminal axons of the major noradrenergic projection pathways. The recovery of the NA levels was paralleled by a re-appearance of fluorescent fibres, signifying an intense sprouting and regrowth of the drug-lesioned axons, which eventually re-innervated some of the previously denervated telodiencephalic regions. Except for a permanent loss of some surface-near perikarya in group A1 (the main source of the bulbospinal projections) there was no evidence of a retrograde degeneration of noradrenergic cell bodies in the rat CNS. The results are compatible with the idea that 5,7-DHT mainly causes a lesion of NA axons at a distance from the cell bodies, and this is followed by sprouting and regrowth of axons from the lisioned neurites, and formation of new terminal-like fibres in some previously denervated telodiencephalic regions. These findings indicate that chemical axotomy of central NA neurons induced by 5,7-DHT is-in contrast to that 
induced by 6-hydroxydopamine-followed by extensive axonal regeneration.},
  journal     = {Cell Tissue Res},
  keywords    = {5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Animals; Axons, drug effects; Brain Stem, metabolism; Central Nervous System, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Diencephalon, metabolism; Female; Injections, Intraventricular; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons, metabolism; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Rats; Serotonin, metabolism; Spinal Cord, metabolism; Tryptamines, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {1175203},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@InCollection{Bjoerklund:1978,
  author    = {Björklund, Anders and Lindvall, Olle},
  title     = {The meso-telencephalic dopamine neuron system: a review of its anatomy},
  booktitle = {Limbic mechanisms},
  year      = {1978},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {307--331},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4757-0716-8_11},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {03.05.2016},
}

@Article{Bjoerklund:1979,
  author      = {A. Björklund and G. Skagerberg},
  title       = {Evidence for a major spinal cord projection from the diencephalic A11 dopamine cell group in the rat using transmitter-specific fluorescent retrograde tracing.},
  year        = {1979},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {177},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {170--175},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(79)90927-2},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Dopamine, metabolism; Female; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {0006-8993(79)90927-2},
  pmid        = {497819},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bjoerklund:1979b,
  author      = {Björklund, A. and Skagerberg, G.},
  title       = {Simultaneous use of retrograde fluorescent tracers and fluorescence histochemistry for convenient and precise mapping of monoaminergic projections and collateral arrangements in the CNS.},
  year        = {1979},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {261--277},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-0270(79)90038-4},
  abstract    = {A procedure is described for the use of fluorescent retrograde tracers in conjunction with monamine fluorescence histochemistry for single or double labeling studies of the projections of identified catecholamine or indoleamine neurons in the CNS. A number of fluorescent tracers, including Evans Blue, bisbenzimide, DAPI, 'True Blue', 'Granular Blue' and propidium iodide, have been tested and characterized microspectrofluorometrically. Of these, 'True Blue', propidium iodide and Evans Blue were found to have the most suitable properties to be studied concomitant with the monoamine fluorphores. A combination of two of these tracers--'True Blue' fluorescing blue and propidium iodide or Evans Blue fluorescing orange to red--and the catecholamines and indoleamines fluorescing yellow-green and yellow to brownish yellow, respectively, makes possible simultaneous use of four different fluorescent markers in one and the same section. The present procedure has great practical advantages over available 
HRP techniques and should in modified form also be applicable to other types of transmitter-specific neuronal tracing based on immunocytochemistry or enzyme histochemistry.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biogenic Amines, metabolism; Brain Mapping, methods; Caudate Nucleus, metabolism; Central Nervous System, metabolism; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism; Dopamine, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Histocytochemistry, methods; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Putamen, metabolism; Rats; Serotonin, metabolism; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Spinal Cord, metabolism; Substantia Nigra, metabolism; Thalamic Nuclei, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0165-0270(79)90038-4},
  pmid        = {544971},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Blaabjerg:2007,
  author      = {Blaabjerg, Morten and Zimmer, Jens},
  title       = {The dentate mossy fibers: structural organization, development and plasticity.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {163},
  pages       = {85--107},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/S0079-6123(07)63005-2},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(07)63005-2},
  abstract    = {Hippocampal mossy fibers are the axons of the dentate granule cells and project to hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells and mossy cells of the dentate hilus (CA4) as well as a number of interneurons in the two areas. Besides their role in hippocampal function, studies of which are still evolving and taking interesting turns, the mossy fibers display a number of unique features with regard to axonal projections, terminal structures and synaptic contacts, development and variations among species and strains, as well as to normal occurring and lesion-induced plasticity and neural transplantation. These features are the topic of this review, which will use the mossy fiber system of the rat as basis and reference in its aim to provide an up-to-date, yet historically based guide to students in the field.},
  institution = {Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Winslowparken 21, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.},
  journal     = {Prog Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Dentate Gyrus, cytology/growth /&/ development; Humans; Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal, anatomy /&/ histology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neurons, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0079-6123(07)63005-2},
  pmid        = {17765713},
  timestamp   = {14.07.2015},
}

@Article{Black:1997,
  author      = {Black, J. A. and Langworthy, K. and Hinson, A. W. and Dib-Hajj, S. D. and Waxman, S. G.},
  title       = {NGF has opposing effects on Na+ channel III and SNS gene expression in spinal sensory neurons.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {9-10},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {2331--2335},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1097/00001756-199707070-00046},
  abstract    = {Following sciatic nerve transection, the expression of sodium channel III (alpha-III) transcripts increases and SNS (alpha-SNS) transcripts decreases in small (< 25 microns diameter) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which may reflect an interruption of retrograde transport of peripherally derived factor(s) involved in the regulation of these channels. To test the hypothesis that the neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF), which is abundant in peripheral targets, participates in the modulation of the expression of these sodium channel transcripts, we examined the hybridization signal of alpha-SNS and alpha-III mRNAs in small DRG neurons from adult rats that had been dissociated and maintained for 7 days in the absence or presence of exogenous NGF. Neurons maintained in control (no added NGF) cultures showed changes in alpha-III and alpha-SNS hybridization signal similar to those induced by axotomy, with increased alpha-III mRNA levels and decreased alpha-SNS mRNA levels, compared with 
those observed in small DRG neurons at 1 day in vitro. The addition of exogenous NGF to DRG cultures attenuated these alterations in transcript levels, decreasing alpha-III mRNA and increasing alpha-SNS mRNA expression. These results suggest that NGF participates in the regulation of membrane excitability in small DRG neurons by pathways that include opposing effects on different sodium channel genes.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.},
  journal     = {Neuroreport},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cells, Cultured; Ganglia, Spinal, drug effects/metabolism; Gene Expression, drug effects; Immunohistochemistry; NAV1.8 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel; Nerve Growth Factors, pharmacology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Sodium Channels, drug effects/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9243635},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Blackshaw:2000,
  author      = {Blackshaw, L. A. and Smid, S. D. and O'Donnell, T. A. and Dent, J.},
  title       = {GABA(B) receptor-mediated effects on vagal pathways to the lower oesophageal sphincter and heart.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {130},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {279--288},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/sj.bjp.0703244},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0703244},
  abstract    = {GABA(B) receptors influencing vagal pathways to the lower oesophageal sphincter and heart were investigated. In urethane-anaesthetized ferrets, the GABA(B) agonist baclofen (7 micromol kg(-1) i.v.) increased basal lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressure. This was reversed by antagonism with CGP35348 (100 micromol kg(-1) i.v.). Baclofen's effect was abolished by vagotomy, suggesting a central action, yet it was ineffective when given centrally (3 - 6 nmol i.c.v.). Peripheral vagal stimulation (10 Hz, 5 s duration) caused LOS inhibition, followed by excitation, then prolonged inhibition. Bradycardia was also evoked during stimulation. Bradycardia and LOS responses were abolished after chronic supranodose vagotomy, indicating that they were due to stimulation of vagal pre-ganglionic neurones, not antidromic stimulation of afferents. Baclofen (1 - 10 micromol kg(-1)) reduced bradycardia and enhanced LOS excitation, which was also seen in animals pretreated with atropine (400 microgram kg(-1) 
i.v.) and guanethidine (5 mg kg(-1) i.v.), but not in those pretreated with L-NAME (100 mg kg(-1) i.v.). Effects of baclofen (7 micromol kg(-1) i.v.) on vagal stimulation-induced LOS and cardiac responses were unchanged by the GABA(B) antagonists CGP35348 or CGP36742 (up to 112 micromol kg(-1) i.v.), but were reversed by CGP62349 (ED(50) 37 nmol kg(-1) i.v.) or CGP54626 (ED(50) 100 nmol kg(-1) i.v.). Responses of isolated LOS strips to electrical stimulation, capsaicin, NK-1, NK-2 and nicotinic receptor agonists were all unaffected by baclofen (</=200 microM). We conclude that baclofen reduces vagal output at two peripheral sites: one presynaptically on pre-ganglionic neurones (CGP35348-insensitive), and another (CGP35348-sensitive) that could not be identified. This demonstrates heterogeneity of GABA(B) receptors through differential sensitivity to antagonists.},
  institution = {Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. ablacksh@mail.rah.sa.gov.au},
  journal     = {Br J Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Capsaicin, pharmacology; Esophagus, innervation/physiology; Female; Ferrets, surgery; Heart Rate; Heart, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways; Nicotinic Agonists; Receptors, GABA-B, metabolism; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, agonists; Vagus Nerve, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10807664},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Blackstad:1975,
  author      = {Blackstad, T. W.},
  title       = {Electron microscopy of experimental axonal degeneration in photochemically modified Golgi preparations: a procedure for precise mapping of nervous connections.},
  year        = {1975},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {95},
  number      = {2-3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {191--210},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(75)90101-8},
  abstract    = {A new version is presented of a procedure for bleaching (deimpregnating) silver chromate Golgi preparations through ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation followed by thiosulphate treatment, leaving only scattered particles of metallic silver. This version gives a better ultrastructure of the tissue than obtained before. Moreover, the results of studying a specific connection in such material are reported. The perforant path, connecting the entorhinal area with the hippocampus and fascia dentata, was transected in the rat and after a 2-day survival the brain was subjected to Golgi impregnation followed by the deimpregnation procedure. Blocks of tissue containing impregnated fascia dentata granule cell dendrites were selected for electron microscopy. Postsynaptic thickenings associated with degenerated boutons could be discerned within the deimpregnated dendrites, proving that the entorhino-dentate fibres end on the dendrites of the granule cells (smooth surfaces as well as spines) and that they 
end at asymmetric junctions (of Gray's type 1). While this conclusion was as expected from previous experimental studies carried out with different methods it is thought that the same strategy for cell-to-cell mapping of nervous connections may be used also in other parts of the central nervous system.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, radiation effects/ultrastructure; Brain Mapping, methods; Hippocampus, ultrastructure; Histological Techniques; Microtubules, ultrastructure; Nerve Degeneration; Neural Pathways; Radiation Effects; Rats; Synapses, ultrastructure; Ultraviolet Rays; Wallerian Degeneration},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(75)90101-8},
  pmid        = {1098734},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@InCollection{Blackstad:1981,
  author    = {Blackstad, Theodor W},
  title     = {Tract tracing by electron microscopy of Golgi preparations},
  booktitle = {Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Methods},
  year      = {1981},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {407--440},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4613-3189-6_12},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {03.05.2016},
}

@Article{Blackstad:1970,
  author      = {Blackstad, T. W. and Brink, K. and Hem, J. and Jeune, B.},
  title       = {Distribution of hippocampal mossy fibers in the rat. An experimental study with silver impregnation methods.},
  year        = {1970},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {138},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {433--449},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.901380404},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901380404},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, cytology/physiology; Brain Mapping; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology; Histological Techniques; Limbic System, cytology; Microtomy; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, cytology; Neural Pathways; Rats; Silver},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {4907846},
  timestamp   = {08.01.2015},
}

@Article{Blaha:1996,
  author      = {Blaha, C. D. and Allen, L. F. and Das, S. and Inglis, W. L. and Latimer, M. P. and Vincent, S. R. and Winn, P.},
  title       = {Modulation of dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens after cholinergic stimulation of the ventral tegmental area in intact, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-lesioned, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus-lesioned rats.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {714--722},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/16/2/714.long},
  abstract    = {Microinjections of the cholinergic receptor agonist nicotine and the cholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine were made into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of urethane-anesthetized rats, and dopamine (DA) efflux in the nucleus accumbens was measured using in vivo chronoamperometry. Dose-dependent increases in the chronoamperometric signals corresponding to increased DA efflux were observed in the nucleus accumbens of normal intact rats after cholinergic stimulation of the VTA. The source of the cholinergic input to the VTA was investigated by making excitotoxic lesions in either the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg) or the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg). Compared with sham-operated control animals, which showed the same response as intact, nonlesioned rats, ibotenate lesions of the LDTg attenuated the stimulatory effects of intra-VTA neostigmine on DA efflux in the nucleus accumbens. In contrast, rats with ibotenate lesions of the PPTg showed normal nucleus accumbens DA eflux 
after intra-VTA injections of neostigmine. Such lesions in the PPTg attenuate DA efflux in the caudate-putamen stimulated by injections of neostigmine into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The present data show that cholinergic neurons in the LDTg, but not the PPTg, regulate the activity of DA-containing neurons in the VTA, which complements previous data showing that cholinergic neurons in the PPTg regulate DA-containing neurons in the SNc.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Dopamine, metabolism; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Microinjections; Neostigmine, pharmacology; Nicotine, pharmacology; Nucleus Accumbens, drug effects; Pons, drug effects; Rats; Time Factors; Ventral Tegmental Area, drug effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8551354},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@PhdThesis{Blakeley:2007,
  author    = {Blakeley, Hillary Joy},
  title     = {Functional roles of arg-vasopressin and oxytocin on cellular excitability in neurons of the rat lateral amygdala.},
  year      = {2007},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {https://beardocs.baylor.edu/xmlui/handle/2104/5127},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Blaker:1985,
  author      = {Blaker, W. D.},
  title       = {GABAergic control of the cholinergic projections to the frontal cortex is not tonic.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {325},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {389--390},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)90347-6},
  abstract    = {The turnover rate of acetylcholine was measured in the frontal cortex of rats after either microinjection of bicuculline into the substantia inominata (the source of the cortical cholinergic innervation) or kainic acid lesioning of the nucleus accumbens (the source of GABAergic innervation of the substantia inominata). Neither treatment affected cortical acetylcholine metabolism, suggesting that the GABAergic inhibition of the substantia inominata-cortical cholinergic pathway is not tonic.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, physiology; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Cholinergic Fibers, physiology; Frontal Lobe, physiology; Kainic Acid, pharmacology; Male; Nucleus Accumbens, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septal Nuclei, physiology; Substantia Innominata, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(85)90347-6},
  pmid        = {3978431},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Blanco-Prieto:1996a,
  author      = {Blanco-Pr{\'{i}}eto, M. J. and Durieux, C. and Daug{\'{e}}, V. and Fattal, E. and Couvreur, P. and Roques, B. P.},
  title       = {Slow delivery of the selective cholecystokinin agonist pBC 264 into the rat nucleus accumbens using microspheres.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {67},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {2417--2424},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67062417.x},
  abstract    = {Neuropeptides have been shown to play a critical role in adaptational processes, probably by long-term modulation of neuronal pathways. It could therefore be interesting to study behavioral changes induced by chronic local stimulation of neuropeptide receptors. With this aim poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres loaded with a highly potent, peptidase-resistant, cholecystokinin (CCK)-B-selective CCK peptidomimetic agonist (pBC 264) were prepared by a water in oil in water emulsion solvent evaporation method and stereotaxically implanted into the anterior part of the rat nucleus accumbens. Two different kinds of loaded polymeric microspheres differing only by the stabilizing agent [ovalbumin (OVA) or Pluronic F 68] added to the inner emulsion were used. The histological and behavioral studies done 24 h and 8 days after implantation of nonloaded microspheres in the nucleus accumbens indicated that the microspheres were well tolerated. The in vivo release of the selective CCK-B agonist pBC 264 
(associated with a tracer dose of [3H]pBC 264) from microspheres prepared with OVA was very fast (92\% after 6 h), whereas only 26\% (88 pmol) of pBC 264 was released from the formulation with Pluronic F 68 after 24 h. Eight days after implantation 36\% of pBC 264 had diffused from the microspheres, and 8\% (approximately 30 pmol) was still present in the brain concentrated around the site of administration. In all cases the released material was found to correspond to intact pBC 264, thus demonstrating the possibility of obtaining a slow controlled release of peptide in vivo. This method opens up interesting perspectives to study the long-term effects of neuropeptides.},
  institution = {Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale, U. 266 INSERM-URA D 1500 CNRS, Université René Descartes, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {J Neurochem},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Cholecystokinin, administration /&/ dosage/agonists/analogs /&/ derivatives; Delayed-Action Preparations; Lactic Acid; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Microspheres; Nucleus Accumbens, drug effects; Peptide Fragments, administration /&/ dosage; Polyglycolic Acid; Polymers; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8931474},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Blanco-Prieto:1996,
  author      = {M. J. Blanco-Príeto and C. Durieux and V. Daugé and E. Fattal and P. Couvreur and B. P. Roques},
  title       = {Slow delivery of the selective cholecystokinin agonist pBC 264 into the rat nucleus accumbens using microspheres.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {67},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {2417--2424},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67062417.x},
  abstract    = {Neuropeptides have been shown to play a critical role in adaptational processes, probably by long-term modulation of neuronal pathways. It could therefore be interesting to study behavioral changes induced by chronic local stimulation of neuropeptide receptors. With this aim poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres loaded with a highly potent, peptidase-resistant, cholecystokinin (CCK)-B-selective CCK peptidomimetic agonist (pBC 264) were prepared by a water in oil in water emulsion solvent evaporation method and stereotaxically implanted into the anterior part of the rat nucleus accumbens. Two different kinds of loaded polymeric microspheres differing only by the stabilizing agent [ovalbumin (OVA) or Pluronic F 68] added to the inner emulsion were used. The histological and behavioral studies done 24 h and 8 days after implantation of nonloaded microspheres in the nucleus accumbens indicated that the microspheres were well tolerated. The in vivo release of the selective CCK-B agonist pBC 264 
(associated with a tracer dose of [3H]pBC 264) from microspheres prepared with OVA was very fast (92\% after 6 h), whereas only 26\% (88 pmol) of pBC 264 was released from the formulation with Pluronic F 68 after 24 h. Eight days after implantation 36\% of pBC 264 had diffused from the microspheres, and 8\% (approximately 30 pmol) was still present in the brain concentrated around the site of administration. In all cases the released material was found to correspond to intact pBC 264, thus demonstrating the possibility of obtaining a slow controlled release of peptide in vivo. This method opens up interesting perspectives to study the long-term effects of neuropeptides.},
  institution = {Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale, U. 266 INSERM-URA D 1500 CNRS, Université René Descartes, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {J Neurochem},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Cholecystokinin, administration /&/ dosage/agonists/analogs /&/ derivatives; Delayed-Action Preparations; Lactic Acid; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Microspheres; Nucleus Accumbens, drug effects; Peptide Fragments, administration /&/ dosage; Polyglycolic Acid; Polymers; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8931474},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@InCollection{Bland:2000,
  author    = {Bland, Brian H},
  title     = {The medial septum: node of the ascending brainstem hippocampal synchronizing pathways},
  booktitle = {The behavioral neuroscience of the septal region},
  year      = {2000},
  editor    = {Numan},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {115--145},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4612-1302-4_6},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {03.05.2016},
}

@Article{Bland:2007,
  author      = {Bland, Brian H. and Declerck, Shandra and Jackson, Jesse and Glasgow, Stephen and Oddie, Scott},
  title       = {Septohippocampal properties of N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced theta-band oscillation and synchrony.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {61},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {185--197},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/syn.20357},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.20357},
  abstract    = {Microinfusion of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) into apical dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells of urethane-anesthetized rats resulted in long lasting (20-30 min) induction of hippocampal synchrony at the field and cellular level. Power but not frequency of NMDA-induced theta was significantly greater than tail pinch-induced theta activity. This effect was antagonized by intrahippocampal infusion of AP5, but unaffected by i.v. atropine sulfate. During AP5 blockade tail pinch theta frequency and power were significantly reduced. Microinfusion of NMDA into the medial septum also resulted in long lasting induction of hippocampal theta field activity. Contrary to the results of hippocampal NMDA microinfusions, frequency but not power of NMDA-induced theta was significantly greater than tail pinch- induced theta activity. Microinfusion of AP5 into the medial septum significantly lowered power of tail pinch-induced theta but did not affect frequency. Wheel running behavior of rats induced by 
low levels of electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus (PH) was completely abolished by microinfusion of AP5 into the medial septum, accompanied by a significant reduction in theta power and frequency. Wheel running and theta were maintained at control levels with high intensity PH stimulation. We propose that: (1) the glutamatergic septohippocampal projection represents a third pathway capable of generating hippocampal field and cellular synchrony, independent of that generated by the septohippocampal cholinergic and GABAergic projections, and (2) the septohippocampal glutamatergic projection serves to function as an interface between cholinergic and GABAergic modulated sensory processing Type 2 theta and movement related Type 1 theta.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Group, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. bhbland@ucalgary.ca},
  journal     = {Synapse},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, metabolism; Animals; Biological Clocks, drug effects/physiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Hippocampus, drug effects/metabolism; Hypothalamus, Posterior, drug effects/metabolism; Male; Motor Activity, drug effects/physiology; N-Methylaspartate, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, agonists/metabolism; Septal Nuclei, drug effects/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Theta Rhythm, drug effects; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {17173326},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bland:1998,
  author      = {Bland, B. H. and Oddie, S. D.},
  title       = {Anatomical, electrophysiological and pharmacological studies of ascending brainstem hippocampal synchronizing pathways.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {22},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {259--273},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0149-7634(97)00013-4},
  abstract    = {The present review has provided evidence that very potent ascending brainstem hippocampal synchronizing pathways originate in the rostral pons region (RPO and PPT), and ascend to and synapse with several midline caudal diencephalic nuclei (posterior hypothalamic and supramammillary) which send projections to the medial septal region (MS/vDBB). The medial septal region in turn is a critical nodal point, sending projections to limbic structures such as the hippocampal formation, cingulate cortex, and entorhinal cortex. The pontine and diencephalic nuclei appear to play a critical role in determining the translation of increasing levels of activation into moment to moment changes in the frequency of hippocampal theta field and theta-related cellular discharges, relayed to the MS/vDBB nuclei. The MS/vDBB nuclei appear to play a critical role in translating increasing levels of ascending synchronizing activation into moment to moment changes in the amplitude of hippocampal theta field activity 
and the accompanying rate and pattern of phasic theta-ON cells. The MS/vDBB carries out this role through a balance of activity in the septohippocampal cholinergic and GABA-ergic projections. Cholinergic projections provide the afferent excitatory drive for hippocampal theta-ON cells and the GABA-ergic projections act to reduce the overall level of inhibition by inhibiting hippocampal GABA-ergic interneurons (theta-OFF cells). Both activities must be present for the generation of hippocampal theta and theta-related cellular activities. The balance between the cholinergic and GABA-ergic projections may determine whether hippocampal synchrony (theta) or asynchrony (LIA, large amplitude irregular activity) occurs. These same ascending pathways influence the electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of the neocortex as well. The functional significance of the ascending brainstem synchronizing pathways is the generalized regulation of activities in these cortical structures as they relate to 
sensorimotor behavior.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Biobehav Rev},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Electrophysiology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Humans; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0149-7634(97)00013-4},
  pmid        = {9579317},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bland:2004,
  author      = {Bland, S. T. and Twining, C. and Schmid, M. J. and Der-Avakian, A. and Watkins, L. R. and Maier, S. F.},
  title       = {Stress potentiation of morphine-induced dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens shell is dependent upon stressor uncontrollability and is mediated by the dorsal raphe nucleus.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {126},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {705--715},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.04.025},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.04.025},
  abstract    = {A single session of uncontrollable (inescapable tailshock, IS), but not controllable (escapable tailshock, ES), stress is known to selectively potentiate subsequent morphine-conditioned place preference in a dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) serotonin (5-HT) dependent manner. Here, in vivo microdialysis is used to test the hypothesis that prior IS, but not ES, will potentiate morphine-induced dopamine (DA) efflux in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and that this will occur by a pathway involving DRN 5-HT neurons. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to yoked IS, ES, or no stress. Twenty-four hours later, morphine (3 mg/kg s.c.) or saline was administered during microdialysis. As predicted, prior IS selectively potentiated morphine-induced DA, but not 5-HT, efflux in the NAc. This potentiation was due to morphine's action in the DRN because it was blocked by intra-DRN microinjection of the opioid antagonist naltrexone (10 microg). IS potentiation of morphine-induced DA efflux in the NAc was also 
dependent upon activation of 5-HT neurons in the DRN because it was blocked by intra-DRN microinjection of the 5-HT1A autoreceptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-di-n-(propylamino)-tetralin (1 microg). No effect of IS was found on morphine-induced 5-HT or DA efflux in the ventral tegmental area. These results suggest a neural substrate for stress potentiation of morphine reward involving 5-HT neurotransmission in the DRN.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Campus Box 345, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA. sondra.bland@colorado.edu},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dopamine, secretion; Electroshock; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Microdialysis; Morphine, pharmacology; Naloxone, administration /&/ dosage; Narcotic Antagonists, administration /&/ dosage; Narcotics, pharmacology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, drug effects/metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin, metabolism; Stress, Psychological},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452204002738},
  pmid        = {15183519},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Blandizzi:2003,
  author      = {Blandizzi, Corrado and Fornai, Matteo and Colucci, Rocchina and Baschiera, Fabio and Barbara, Giovanni and {De Giorgio}, Roberto and {De Ponti}, Fabrizio and Breschi, Maria Cristina and {Del Tacca}, Mario},
  title       = {Altered prejunctional modulation of intestinal cholinergic and noradrenergic pathways by alpha2-adrenoceptors in the presence of experimental colitis.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {139},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {309--320},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/sj.bjp.0705249},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705249},
  abstract    = {1 This study investigates the influence of intestinal inflammation on: (1) the control of intestinal neurotransmission and motility by prejunctional alpha(2)-adrenoceptors and (2) the expression of intestinal alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. Experimental colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (DNBS) to rats. 2 UK-14,304 inhibited atropine-sensitive electrically evoked contractions of ileal and colonic longitudinal muscle preparations. UK-14,304 acted with similar potency, but higher efficacy, on tissues from DNBS-treated animals; its effects were antagonized with greater potency by phentolamine than rauwolscine. 3 Electrically induced [(3)H]noradrenaline release from ileal preparations was reduced in the presence of colitis. Tritium outflow was decreased by UK-14,304 and stimulated by rauwolscine or phentolamine: these effects were enhanced in preparations from animals with colitis. 4 Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assay 
demonstrated the protein expression of alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors in mucosal and muscular tissues isolated from ileum and colon. The induction of colitis increased alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor expression in both ileal and colonic muscular layers, without concomitant changes in mucosal tissues. 5 Induction of colitis reduced gastrointestinal propulsion of a charcoal suspension in vivo. In this setting, the gastrointestinal transit was inhibited by intraperitoneal (i.p.) UK-14,304 and stimulated by i.p. rauwolscine. After pretreatment with guanethidine, the stimulant action of rauwolscine no longer occurred, and UK-14,304 exerted a more prominent inhibitory effect that was antagonized by rauwolscine. 6 The present results indicate that, in the presence of intestinal inflammation, prejunctional alpha(2)-adrenoceptors contribute to an enhanced inhibitory control of cholinergic and noradrenergic transmission both at inflamed and noninflamed distant sites. Evidence was obtained that such modulatory actions depend on an 
increased expression of alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors within the enteric nervous system.},
  institution = {Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Oncology, Transplants and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 55, Pisa 56126, Italy.},
  journal     = {Br J Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/secretion; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Colitis, chemically induced/physiopathology; Colon, innervation/metabolism/secretion; Dinitrofluorobenzene, analogs /&/ derivatives; Electric Stimulation; Enteric Nervous System, drug effects/physiology; Gastrointestinal Motility, drug effects/physiology; Gastrointestinal Transit, drug effects/physiology; Ileum, innervation/metabolism/secretion; Male; Muscle Contraction, drug effects; Muscle, Smooth, drug effects/physiology; Norepinephrine, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/secretion; Quinoxalines, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2, biosynthesis; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Yohimbine, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12770936},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Blank:2004,
  author      = {Blank, Thomas and Nijholt, Ingrid and Kye, Min-Jeong and Spiess, Joachim},
  title       = {Small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels as targets of CNS drug development.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {3},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {161--167},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat},
  doi         = {10.2174/1568007043337472},
  abstract    = {In most central neurons, small conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (SK channels) contribute to afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs), which control neuronal excitability. The medium AHP has pharmacological properties similar to recombinant SK channels, consistent with the hypothesis that SK channels generate this afterhyperpolarization component. It is still unclear how recombinant SK channels are functionally related to the slow AHP component. Cloned SK channels are heteromeric complexes of SK channel subunits and calmodulin. The channels are activated by Ca(2+) binding to calmodulin that induces conformational changes resulting in channel opening. Channel deactivation is the reverse process brought about by dissociation of Ca(2+) from calmodulin. In the mammalian brain, the three SK channel subunits (SK1-3) display partially overlapping distributions. Most of the higher brain regions such as the neocortex and hippocampus show expression of both genes encoding SK1 and SK2 channels, whereas 
phylogenetically older brain regions such as the thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and brainstem show high levels of SK3 gene expression. At present, it is still unclear whether native SK channels are generated as heteromeric or homomeric channels. Peptide toxins such as apamin and scyllatoxin, as well as organic compounds such as quaternary salts of bicuculline, dequalinium, UCL 1684 and UCL 1848 serve as non-specific SK channel blockers. The only known exceptions so far are the scorpion toxin tamapin and the peptide inhibitor Lei-Dab(7), which bind preferentially to SK2. Electrophysiological and behavioral studies indicate that blockade of SK channels by apamin increases excitability, lowers the threshold for the induction of synaptic plasticity, and facilitates hippocampus-dependent memory. The potential value of pharmacological SK channel modulation in various pathological states such as increased epileptiform activity, cognitive impairment, pain, mood disorders and schizophrenia will be discussed.},
  institution = {Department of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany. blank@em.mpg.de},
  journal     = {Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord},
  keywords    = {Animals; Apamin, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Brain, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Design; Epilepsy, drug therapy/physiopathology; Humans; Learning, physiology; Membrane Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Mental Disorders, drug therapy/physiopathology; Mood Disorders, drug therapy/physiopathology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Pain, drug therapy/physiopathology; Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated, drug effects/physiology; Potassium Channels, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Schizophrenia, drug therapy/physiopathology; Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels; Tissue Distribution},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {15180477},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Blanks:1982,
  author      = {R. H. Blanks and R. A. Giolli and S. V. Pham},
  title       = {Projections of the medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system upon pretectal nuclei in the pigmented rat.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {48},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {228--237},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00237218},
  abstract    = {The projections of the medial terminal nucleus (MTN) of the accessory optic system (AOS) upon pretectal nuclei have been studied in pigmented rats by means of (i) the anterograde transport of 3H-leucine with the use of light autoradiography and (ii) the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Injections of 3H-leucine largely restricted to the MTN and minimally involving adjacent ventral midbrain structures, produced heavy terminal axonal labeling within the ipsilateral nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) and the dorsal terminal nucleus (DTN) of the AOS. Terminal labeling was observed in all superficial portions of the NOT, except for a small ventromedial segment in the rostral two thirds and a larger medial segment in the caudal one third of this nucleus. Thus the MTN-NOT projections we describe entirely overlap the retinal-NOT projection and partially overlap the visual cortical-NOT, as reported by others. Within the DTN, the dense terminal fields covered the entire nucleus. 
After postinjection survival times of 3-7 days, the pattern of axonal labeling showed that the MTN-NOT projection consisted of three bundles: (i) a superficial mesencephalic bundle coursing within the superior fasciculus, posterior fibers of the AOS which enters the caudal portions of the NOT and the DTN; (ii) a deep mesencephalic bundle that traversed the midbrain tegmentum dorsolaterally, also reaching the caudal one-half of the NOT and all of the DTN; and (iii) a mesodiencephalic bundle that passed first laterally through midbrain tegmentum and then dorsally through lateral thalamus to enter the rostral one-half of the NOT. Pretectal injections of HRP that invade the NOT and DTN produced retrograde labeling of most (ca. 75\%) of the neurons of the ipsilateral MTN, without labeling the adjacent substantia nigra or ventral tegmental area. This finding confirms our autoradiographic data by showing that the MTN provides the major, ventral tegmental projection to the NOT and DTN. The present finding of a MTN-
NOT projection, combined with available anatomical and physiological data, suggests that the MTN may play a more significant role in visual-vestibular aspects of oculomotor control than formerly thought.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Muridae; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Oculomotor Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Optic Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Retina, anatomy /&/ histology; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7173360},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Blanks:1983,
  author      = {R. H. Blanks and W. Precht and Y. Torigoe},
  title       = {Afferent projections to the cerebellar flocculus in the pigmented rat demonstrated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {52},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {293-306},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00236639},
  abstract    = {The horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport method was used to identify brainstem afferents to the cerebellar flocculus in the pigmented rat. Injections of the enzyme were made through recording microelectrodes, making it possible to localize the injection site by physiological criteria. Clearly, the largest number of afferents arise from the bilateral vestibular and perihypoglossal nuclei and from the contralateral dorsal cap (of Kooy) of the inferior olive. Additionally, a substantial number arise bilaterally from: (1) the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP); (2) several of the cranial motor nuclei including the abducens, retrofacial and facial nuclei and the nucleus ambiguus; (3) the rostral part of the lateral reticular nucleus (subtrigeminal nucleus); (4) the raphe pontis and raphe magnus and (5) neurons intercalated among the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) just rostral to the hypoglossal nucleus and another group rostral to the abducens nucleus. The basilar 
pontine nuclei contained a large number of lightly labeled neurons in all flocculus injections which were discretely located within the dorsolateral, lateral and medial divisions. These areas were labeled bilaterally but with a slight contralateral preponderance. Injection into the flocculus, but involving the adjacent ventral paraflocculus, produced a heavier labeling of pontine neurons with a slightly different distribution. Therefore, we tentatively conclude that the flocculus receives input from these pontine visual centers (dorsolateral, lateral and medial nuclei), perhaps through collateral projections from neurons projecting to the paraflocculus. The present study demonstrates strong similarities between the rat and other species studied (e.g., rabbit, cat, monkey) in terms of the brainstem nuclei projecting to the flocculus. Most noticeable in quantitative terms are the pathways known to mediate vestibular (vestibular and perihypoglossal nuclei) and visual (optokinetic) information (e.g., NRTP). 
Additionally, we can provide morphological evidence that the midline and paramedian pontine tegmentum, identified in the cat and monkey as containing saccade-related neurons, send large numbers of projections to the rat flocculus. Given these similarities, the rat may be a suitable animal model in which to study the pathways underlying visual-vestibular interaction and saccadic mechanisms in the flocculus.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Abducens Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {6641889},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Blasco-Ibanez:1995,
  author      = {Blasco-Ibáñez, J. M. and Freund, T. F.},
  title       = {Synaptic input of horizontal interneurons in stratum oriens of the hippocampal CA1 subfield: structural basis of feed-back activation.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {10},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {2170--2180},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00638.x},
  abstract    = {The synaptic input of interneurons with horizontal dendrites in stratum oriens of the CA1 region was investigated, with particular attention to the portion of synapses originating from local pyramidal cells. Most of these GABAergic interneurons are known to contain somatostatin, and terminate on pyramidal dendrites in conjunction with entorhinal afferents in stratum lacunosum-moleculare. A smaller number of horizontal cells in this layer are immunoreactive for calbindin, and project to the medial septum. Selective ischaemic degeneration was used to label local axon collaterals of CA1 pyramidal cells, and immunostaining for mGluR1 or calbindin to visualise somatostatin- and calbindin-containing horizontal interneurons, respectively, at the stratum oriens-alveus border. The number of degenerating and intact synaptic boutons was counted on mGluR1- as well as on calbindin-positive dendrites and somata, whereas in another group of animals the proportion of GABA-immunoreactive synapses was 
estimated on calbindin-positive dendrites. On average, > 60\% of the total presynaptic elements of both cell types were degenerating, i.e. originated from CA1 pyramidal cells, whereas GABA-positive boutons, which are known to survive ischaemia, are likely to account for a large proportion of non-degenerating boutons. Thus the vast majority of presumed excitatory synapses on somatostatin- and calbindin-containing horizontal neurons derives from local collaterals of CA1 pyramidal cells. The remaining GABA-negative synapses surviving ischaemia may also originate from CA1 pyramidal cells, e.g. from those in the ventral hippocampus, which are rarely damaged by global forebrain ischaemia. Alternative sources may include subcortical afferents known to innervate interneurons, or ipsi- and contralateral CA3 pyramidal cells, which, according to the present results, may account only for a negligible number of synapses on these interneurons types. We conclude that somatostatin-containing neurons at the oriens-alveus 
border of CA1, which are likely to mediate an inhibitory control of the efficacy and/or plasticity of entorhinal synapses on pyramidal cell dendrites, are driven primarily in a feed-back manner. The source of afferent excitation for calbindin-containing horizontal neurons in this region is very similar, suggesting that the GABAergic hippocamposeptal feed-back is also activated by local pyramidal cell collaterals.},
  institution = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Corpus Striatum, physiology; Feedback, physiology; Hippocampus, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, physiology; Ischemia; Male; Pyramidal Cells, immunology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, immunology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8542073},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Blasiak:2013,
  Title                    = {Relaxin-3 innervation of the intergeniculate leaflet of the rat thalamus - neuronal tract-tracing and in vitro electrophysiological studies.},
  Author                   = {Blasiak, Anna and Blasiak, Tomasz and Lewandowski, Marian H. and Hossain, Mohammed Akhter and Wade, John D. and Gundlach, Andrew L.},
  Journal                  = {Eur J Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {1284--1294},
  Volume                   = {37},

  Abstract                 = {Behavioural state is controlled by a range of neural systems that are sensitive to internal and external stimuli. The relaxin-3 and relaxin family peptide receptor 3 (RXFP3) system has emerged as a putative ascending arousal network with putative involvement in regulation of stress responses, neuroendocrine control, feeding and metabolism, circadian activity and cognition. Relaxin-3/γ-aminobutyric acid neuron populations have been identified in the nucleus incertus, pontine raphe nucleus, periaqueductal grey (PAG) and an area dorsal to the substantia nigra. Relaxin-3-positive fibres/terminals densely innervate arousal-related structures in the brainstem, hypothalamus and limbic forebrain, but the functional significance of the heterogeneous relaxin-3 neuron distribution and its inputs to specific brain areas are unclear. Therefore, in this study, we used neuronal tract-tracing and immunofluorescence staining to explore the source of the dense relaxin-3 innervation of the 
intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of the thalamus, a component of the neural circadian timing system. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed that relaxin-3-positive neurons retrogradely labelled from the IGL were predominantly present in the PAG and these neurons expressed corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-like immunoreactivity. Subsequently, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings revealed heterogeneous effects of RXFP3 activation in the IGL by the RXFP3 agonist, relaxin-3 B-chain/insulin-like peptide-5 A-chain (R3/I5). Identified, neuropeptide Y-positive IGL neurons, known to influence suprachiasmatic nucleus activity, were excited by R3/I5, whereas neurons of unidentified neurotransmitter content were either depolarized or displayed a decrease in action potential firing and/or membrane potential hyperpolarization. Our data identify a PAG to IGL relaxin-3/RXFP3 pathway that might convey stress-related information to key elements of the circadian system and influence behavioural state rhythmicity.},
  Doi                      = {10.1111/ejn.12155},
  Institution              = {Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {23432696},
  Timestamp                = {26.04.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12155}
}

@Article{Blasiak:2015,
  Title                    = {Excitatory orexinergic innervation of rat nucleus incertus - Implications for ascending arousal, motivation and feeding control.},
  Author                   = {Blasiak, Anna and Siwiec, Marcin and Grabowiecka, Agnieszka and Blasiak, Tomasz and Czerw, Anna and Blasiak, Ewa and Kania, Alan and Rajfur, Zenon and Lewandowski, Marian H. and Gundlach, Andrew L.},
  Journal                  = {Neuropharmacology},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Pages                    = {432--447},
  Volume                   = {99},

  Abstract                 = {Orexin/hypocretin peptides play a central role in the integrated control of feeding/reward and behavioural activation, principally via interactions with other neural systems. A brainstem area involved in behavioural activation is the nucleus incertus (NI), located in the posterior ventromedial central grey. Several studies have implicated NI in control of arousal/stress and reward/feeding responses. Orexin receptor mRNA expression identifies NI as a putative target of orexin modulation. Therefore, in this study we performed neural tract-tracing and immunofluorescence staining to characterise the orexinergic innervation of NI. Our results indicate a convergent innervation of the NI area by different orexin neuron populations, with an abundance of orexin-A-containing axons making putative synaptic contacts with relaxin-3-positive NI neurons. The influence of orexin-A on NI neuron activity was investigated using patch-clamp recordings. Orexin-A depolarised the majority (64\%) of 
recorded neurons and this effect was maintained in the presence of tetrodotoxin and glutamate and GABA receptor antagonists, indicating a likely postsynaptic action. Voltage-clamp experiments revealed that in 'type I' NI neurons comprising relaxin-3-positive cells, orexin-A acted via L-type calcium channels, whereas in 'type II' relaxin-3-negative neurons, activation of a sodium/calcium exchanger was involved. A majority of the orexin-A sensitive neurons tested for the presence of orexin receptor mRNA, were OX2 mRNA-positive. Immunohistochemical staining for putative orexin receptors on NI neurons, confirmed stronger expression of OX2 than OX1 receptors. Our data demonstrate a strong influence of orexin-A on NI neurons, consistent with an important role for this hypothalamic/tegmental circuit in the regulation of arousal/vigilance and motivated behaviours.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.014},
  Institution              = {, Victoria 3010, Australia. Electronic address: andrewlg@unimelb.edu.au.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {aheadofprint},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0028-3908(15)30060-5},
  Pmid                     = {26265304},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.014}
}

@Article{Blaustein:1994,
  author      = {Blaustein, J. D. and Tetel, M. J. and Ricciardi, K. H. and Delville, Y. and Turcotte, J. C.},
  title       = {Hypothalamic ovarian steroid hormone-sensitive neurons involved in female sexual behavior.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {19},
  number      = {5-7},
  pages       = {505--516},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4530(94)90036-1},
  abstract    = {Estradiol and progesterone regulate sexual behaviors in guinea pigs and rats, at least in part, through interaction with intracellular steroid hormone receptors. In the present review of work from the laboratory of the authors, we summarize recent work which has focused on one of the sites of hormone action in female guinea pigs--the ventrolateral hypothalamus. We summarize results of earlier experiments in which the regulation of steroid hormone receptors in this area was assessed after hormonal treatments with predictable effects on female sexual behavior. We then review the results of recent tract-tracing experiments in which we have examined the projections from the steroid receptor-immunoreactive neurons in this region, as well as the afferent projections from other neuroanatomical areas, including neurons which themselves contain estrogen receptors. We also present studies on the afferent input into these neurons by noradrenergic neurons and discuss the possibility that noradrenergic 
input influences steroid hormone sensitivity in these neurons. Finally, we discuss the results of experiments in which Fos-immunocytochemistry was used in rats to identify the neurons responding to a particular tactile stimulus associated with female reproduction, i.e., vaginal-cervical stimulation. These experiments further define a complex neuroanatomical system, in which many of the elements are estradiol or progesterone-responsive, that is involved in the hormonal regulation of sexual behavior in guinea pigs and rats.},
  institution = {Psychology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003-7710.},
  journal     = {Psychoneuroendocrinology},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Estradiol, physiology; Female; Guinea Pigs; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, physiology; Hypothalamus, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Norepinephrine, physiology; Progesterone, physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, physiology; Rats; Receptors, Estrogen, physiology; Receptors, Progesterone, physiology; Sex Differentiation, physiology; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Sexual Maturation, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7938350},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Book{Bleier:1984,
  author    = {Bleier, R.},
  title     = {The Hypothalmus of the Rhesus Monkey: A Cytoarchitectonic Atlas},
  year      = {1984},
  editor    = {Bleier, R.},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {University of Wisconsin Pr},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@InBook{Bleier:1979,
  author    = {Bleier, R.; Cohn, P.; Siggelkow, I.R.},
  title     = {A cytoarchitectonic atlas of the hypothalamus and hypothalamic third ventricle of the rat's},
  year      = {1979},
  editor    = {Morgane, P.J.; Panksepp, J.},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Marcel Dekker},
  chapter   = {3},
  pages     = {137-220},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bless:2000,
  author      = {Bless, E. P. and Westaway, W. A. and Schwarting, G. A. and Tobet, S. A.},
  title       = {Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptor manipulation on migrating gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons through the entire migratory route in vivo and in vitro.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {141},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {1254--1262},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1210/endo.141.3.7348},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.141.3.7348},
  abstract    = {GnRH neurons originate in the nasal compartment and migrate along vomeronasal fibers over the cribiform plate to the forebrain. Previously, we found gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) present in GnRH neurons during development. To clarify the influence of GABA across the entire GnRH migration route, we examined the effects of muscimol and bicuculline (GABA(A) agonist and antagonist) in vivo and in vitro, maintaining the integrity of the nasal-forebrain connection. For in vivo experiments, mice were administered muscimol, bicuculline, or vehicle on days 10-15 of pregnancy and were killed on embryonic day 15 (E15). For in vitro experiments, 250-microm parasagittal slices of whole heads of E13 mice were incubated with muscimol, bicuculline, or vehicle for 2 days. Muscimol inhibited GnRH cell migration and decreased extension of GnRH fibers. Bicuculline treatment led to a disorganized distribution of GnRH cells in the forebrain and a concomitant dissociation of GnRH cells from fibers of guidance. 
These results suggest that GABA's influence on GnRH development changes as the cells move out of the nasal compartment and extend processes toward the median eminence.},
  institution = {Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Waltham, Massachusetts 02452, USA. ebless@shriver.org},
  journal     = {Endocrinology},
  keywords    = {Animals; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Cell Count; Cell Movement, drug effects; Female; GABA Agonists, pharmacology; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; GABA-A Receptor Agonists; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microscopy, Confocal; Muscimol, pharmacology; Nerve Fibers, metabolism; Neurons, physiology; Pituitary Gland, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Pregnancy; Prosencephalon, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Receptors, GABA-A, drug effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10698203},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Blessing:1991,
  author    = {Blessing, WW and Li, Y-W and Wesselingh, SL},
  title     = {Transneuronal transport of herpes simplex virus from the cervical vagus to brain neurons with axonal inputs to central vagal sensory nuclei in the rat},
  year      = {1991},
  volume    = {42},
  pages     = {261-274},
  doi       = {10.1016/0306-4522(91)90163-i},
  journal   = {Neuroscience},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Blessing:1998,
  author      = {W. W. Blessing and D. A. Lappi and R. G. Wiley},
  title       = {Destruction of locus coeruleus neuronal perikarya after injection of anti-dopamine-B-hydroxylase immunotoxin into the olfactory bulb of the rat.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {243},
  number      = {1-3},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {85--88},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00090-1},
  abstract    = {Saporin, a ribosome-inactivating protein, was coupled to a monoclonal antibody to dopamine-B-hydroxylase (DBH) and injected unilaterally into the olfactory bulb of rats. After 4-13 days survival, the rat brain was processed histologically and the locus coerulei (LC) examined with Nissl and anti-DBH staining. There were degenerating dendrites in surviving LC neurons on the side ipsilateral to the immunotoxin-injected olfactory bulb. The number of Nissl-positive LC neurons in a transverse section through the caudal one third of the LC was reduced from 116+/-10 to 50+/-8 neurons (P < 0.01, n = 7) and the number of DBH-positive neurons in the more rostral LC sections was reduced from 13+/-2 to 5+/-1 (P < 0.05, n = 4). Our results indicate that it is possible to lesion LC neurons via retrograde intraaxonal transport of saporin-anti-DBH immunotoxin from the olfactory bulb.},
  institution = {ersity Medical Centre, SA, Australia. w.w.blessing@flinders.edu.au},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, immunology; Immunotoxins, pharmacokinetics; Locus Coeruleus, pathology; Male; Microinjections; Nerve Degeneration, chemically induced/metabolism; Neural Pathways; Nissl Bodies, chemistry/pathology; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Olfactory Bulb, cytology/enzymology; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Ribosomes, chemistry/pathology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9535119},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Blessing:1985,
  author      = {W. W. Blessing and J. O. Willoughby and T. H. Joh},
  title       = {Evidence that catecholamine-synthesizing perikarya in rat medulla oblongata do not contribute axons to the vagus nerve.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {348},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {397--400},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)90465-2},
  abstract    = {We attempted to confirm reports that medullary catecholamine-synthesizing neurons in the rat contribute axons to the vagus nerve. Vagal preganglionic neurons in the medulla were identified by the retrograde intra-axonal transport of Fast Blue from the cervical vagus. Catecholamine-synthesizing neurons were identified using a specific antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase. A rhodamine-labelled second antibody was used to ensure that Fast Blue and tyrosine hydroxylase could be viewed entirely independently. We did not find any medullary neurons which contained both tyrosine hydroxylase and Fast Blue. Although further investigations by other laboratories are necessary, we believe that previous studies, using punctate versus diffuse horseradish peroxidase staining to doubly label neurons may have produced false positive results.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Axons, metabolism; Catecholamines, biosynthesis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, enzymology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism; Vagus Nerve, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(85)90465-2},
  pmid        = {2866812},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Blevins:2009,
  author      = {Blevins, James E. and Morton, Gregory J. and Williams, Diana L. and Caldwell, David W. and Bastian, Lloyd S. and Wisse, Brent E. and Schwartz, Michael W. and Baskin, Denis G.},
  title       = {Forebrain melanocortin signaling enhances the hindbrain satiety response to CCK-8.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {296},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {R476--R484},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1152/ajpregu.90544.2008},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90544.2008},
  abstract    = {Melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4R) are hypothesized to mediate the central nervous system actions of leptin to enhance the satiety effects of cholecystokinin (CCK). To further elucidate this mechanism, we confirmed that peripheral administration of CCK-8 is less effective in producing this effect in MC4R-deficient mice (MC4R(-/-)). Whereas intraperitoneal (ip) CCK-8 at 0.75 nmol/kg lean body mass (lbm) suppressed food intake in wild-type mice, CCK-8 doses of 7.5 nmol/kg lbm were required to attenuate food intake in MC4R(-/-) mice. To determine whether melanocortin signaling in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) participates in regulating this CCK satiety response, we administered the MC3/MC4R antagonist, SHU9119, into the PVN of rats before ip CCK-8 administration. PVN administration of SHU9119 attenuated the ability of CCK-8 to reduce 30-min food intake by 20\%. To determine whether MC4R are expressed by PVN neurons that project directly to hindbrain nuclei involved in the satiety 
response to ip CCK-8, the retrograde tracer fluorescent cholera toxin subunit B was injected into the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the hindbrain. After 4 days, labeled PVN neurons were collected by laser capture microdissection and found to express MC4R mRNA by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. These data provide evidence for a neuroanatomical link between hypothalamic melanocortin signaling in the PVN and NTS neurons that regulate food intake. These findings highlight the contribution of melanocortin signaling in the PVN toward regulating the satiety effects of CCK-8 while acknowledging that melanocortin-dependent pathways in other brain regions and/or melanocortin-independent mechanisms are also important in this mechanism.},
  institution = {VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Mail stop S-151, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA. jeblevin@u.washington.edu},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Eating, drug effects/physiology; Fourth Ventricle, physiology; Male; Melanocortins, physiology; Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones, pharmacology; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, physiology; Prosencephalon, physiology; RNA, Messenger, biosynthesis/genetics; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4, genetics; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rhombencephalon, drug effects; Satiety Response, drug effects; Signal Transduction, drug effects/physiology; Sincalide, pharmacology; Stereotaxic Techniques},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {90544.2008},
  pmid        = {19109369},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2013},
}

@Article{Bleys:2001,
  Title                    = {Cavernous sinus ganglia are sources for parasympathetic innervation of cerebral arteries in rat.},
  Author                   = {Bleys, R. L. and Thrasivoulou, C. and Cowen, T.},
  Journal                  = {J Cereb Blood Flow Metab},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {149--156},
  Volume                   = {21},

  Abstract                 = {Retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry was used in rats to investigate whether the ganglia in the cavernous sinus contribute to cerebrovascular innervation. The cavernous sinus ganglia in rat include the cavernous part of the pterygopalatine ganglion (PGC) and small cavernous ganglia (CG). The tracers, fluorogold and fast blue, were applied to the middle cerebral artery in eight rats. After 1 to 4 days, the cavernous sinuses were dissected out and studied as whole mount preparations and sections. A moderate number of labeled neurons were visible in the ipsilateral PGC and CG. Furthermore, fibers in the cavernous nerve plexus and abducens nerve were labeled, suggesting that the pathway from the cavernous sinus ganglia to the cerebral arteries runs through the cavernous plexus and then retrogradely along the abducens nerve to the internal carotid artery. Selected sections were immunohistochemically stained for the cholinergic marker, vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT)
. Most cells in the PGC and CG were VAChT-immunoreactive, some of which also contained tracer. It is concluded that in rat, the cavernous sinus ganglia, consisting of the PGC and small CG, contribute to parasympathetic cerebrovascular innervation and that the cavernous nerve plexus and abducens nerve are involved in the pathway from these ganglia to the cerebral arteries.},
  Doi                      = {10.1097/00004647-200102000-00006},
  Institution              = {Department of Functional Anatomy, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.},
  Keywords                 = {Acetylcholinesterase, analysis; Animals; Axonal Transport; Carrier Proteins, analysis; Cavernous Sinus, innervation; Cerebral Arteries, innervation; Ganglia, physiology; Histocytochemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Membrane Transport Proteins; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Parasympathetic Nervous System; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins; Vesicular Transport Proteins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {11176280},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200102000-00006}
}

@Article{Blits:2003,
  author      = {Blits, B. and Oudega, M. and Boer, G. J. and {Bartlett Bunge}, M. and Verhaagen, J.},
  title       = {Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated neurotrophin gene transfer in the injured adult rat spinal cord improves hind-limb function.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {118},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {271--281},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00970-3},
  abstract    = {To foster axonal growth from a Schwann cell bridge into the caudal spinal cord, spinal cells caudal to the implant were transduced with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors encoding for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (AAV-NT-3). Control rats received AAV vectors encoding for green fluorescent protein or saline. AAV-BDNF- and AAV-NT-3-transduced 293 human kidney cells produced and secreted BDNF or NT-3, respectively, in vitro. The secreted neurotrophins were biologically active; they both promoted outgrowth of sensory neurites in vitro. In vivo, transgene expression was observed predominantly in neurons for at least 16 weeks after injection. Compared with controls, a modest though significant improvement in hind-limb function was found in rats that received AAV-BDNF and AAV-NT-3. Retrograde tracing demonstrated that twice as many neurons with processes extending toward the Schwann cell graft were present in the second lumbar cord segment of AAV-BDNF- and AAV-NT-3-
injected animals compared with controls. We found no evidence, however, for growth of regenerated axons from the Schwann cell implant into the caudal cord. Our results suggest that AAV vector-mediated overexpression of BDNF and NT-3 in the cord caudal to a Schwann cell bridge modified the local lumbar axonal circuitry, which was beneficial for locomotor function.},
  institution = {Graduate School for Neurosciences Amsterdam, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Adenoviridae, genetics; Animals; Brain Tissue Transplantation; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, genetics/therapeutic use; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Gene Transfer Techniques, trends; Genetic Vectors, therapeutic use; Graft Survival, genetics; Growth Cones, metabolism/ultrastructure; Hindlimb, innervation/physiopathology; Nerve Growth Factors, genetics/therapeutic use; Nerve Regeneration, genetics; Neural Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development/surgery; Neurotrophin 3, genetics/therapeutic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Recombinant Fusion Proteins, diagnostic use; Recovery of Function, genetics; Schwann Cells, cytology/transplantation; Spinal Cord Injuries, genetics/therapy; Spinal Cord, cytology/growth /&/ development/surgery; Treatment Outcome},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452202009703},
  pmid        = {12676157},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bloechlinger:2001,
  author      = {Blöchlinger, S. and Weinmann, O. and Schwab, M. E. and Thallmair, M.},
  title       = {Neuronal plasticity and formation of new synaptic contacts follow pyramidal lesions and neutralization of Nogo-A: a light and electron microscopic study in the pontine nuclei of adult rats.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {433},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {426--436},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.1150},
  abstract    = {Regeneration and compensatory sprouting are limited after lesions in the mature mammalian central nervous system in contrast to the developing central nervous system (CNS). After neutralization of the growth inhibitor Nogo-A, however, massive sprouting and rearrangements of fiber connections occurred after unilateral pyramidal tract lesions in adult rats: Corticofugal fibers from the lesioned side crossed the midline of the brainstem and innervated the contralateral basilar pontine nuclei. To determine whether these newly sprouted fibers formed synaptic contacts, we analyzed the corticofugal fibers in the basilar pontine nuclei contralateral to the lesion by light and electron microscopy 2 weeks after pyramidotomy and treatment with the Nogo-A-inhibiting monoclonal antibody IN-1 (mAb IN-1). The mAb IN-1, but not a control antibody, led to structural changes in the basilar pons ipsilateral and contralateral to the lesion site. Fibers sprouted across the pontine midline and terminated 
topographically. They established asymmetric synaptic contacts with the characteristics of normal corticopontine terminals. These results show that adult CNS fibers are able to sprout and to form new synaptic contacts after a lesion when a growth-permissive microenvironment is provided.},
  institution = {Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology-Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, pathology/physiopathology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Myelin Proteins, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Neuronal Plasticity; Pons, pathology/physiopathology; Pyramidal Tracts, pathology/physiopathology; Rats, Inbred Lew; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11298366},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Block:1989,
  author      = {Block, C. H. and Hoffman, G. and Kapp, B. S.},
  title       = {Peptide-containing pathways from the parabrachial complex to the central nucleus of the amygdala.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {10},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {465--471},
  doi         = {10.1016/0196-9781(89)90060-0},
  abstract    = {The present investigation was undertaken to examine the organization of peptidergic projections that exist between the parabrachial nuclear complex (PB) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA). The retrograde tracer True Blue was injected into the CNA of adult rats. The brain tissue was then reacted immunocytochemically to localize neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP), methionine enkephalin (ENK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SS), and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK). Following microinjection of True Blue in the CNA, retrogradely-labeled neurons were located primarily in the external lateral subnucleus, abutting the brachium conjunctivum. In animals that received colchicine pretreatment, two populations of neurons, containing either SP or NT, were found to project to the CNA. In addition, cells containing CCK, ENK, VIP, or SS were not found to be a part of this projection system. These data suggest that neurons in the PB project to the CNA and are, in part 
peptide-containing.},
  institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester, NY.},
  journal     = {Peptides},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Neurons, physiology; Neuropeptides, analysis; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0196-9781(89)90060-0},
  pmid        = {2474157},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Block:2005,
  author      = {Block, F. and Dihné, M. and Loos, M.},
  title       = {Inflammation in areas of remote changes following focal brain lesion.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {75},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {342--365},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.03.004},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.03.004},
  abstract    = {Focal brain lesions can lead to metabolic and structural changes in areas distant from but connected to the lesion site. After focal ischemic or excitotoxic lesions of the cortex and/or striatum, secondary changes have been observed in the thalamus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, hippocampus and spinal cord. In all these regions, inflammatory changes characterized by activation of microglia and astrocytes appear. In the thalamus, substantia nigra pars reticulata and hippocampus, an expression of proinflammatory cytokine like tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta is induced. However, time course of expression and cellular localisation differ between these regions. Neuronal damage has consistently been observed in the thalamus, substantia nigra and spinal cord. It can be present in the hippocampus depending on the procedure of induction of focal cerebral ischemia. This secondary neuronal damage has been linked to antero- and retrograde degeneration. Anterograde degeneration is 
associated with somewhat later expression of cytokines, which is localised in neurons. In case of retrograde degeneration, the expression of cytokines is earlier and is localised in astrocytes. Pharmacological intervention aiming at reducing expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha leads to reduction of secondary neuronal damage. These first results suggest that the inflammatory changes in remote areas might be involved in the pathogenesis of secondary neuronal damage.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology UK Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52057 Aachen, Germany. fblock@ukaachen.de},
  journal     = {Prog Neurobiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Ischemia, complications/pathology; Brain, pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Inflammation, etiology/pathology; Mice; Neuroglia, physiology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0301-0082(05)00032-8},
  pmid        = {15925027},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Blocka:1983,
  author      = {Blocka, K.},
  title       = {Auranofin versus injectable gold. Comparison of pharmacokinetic properties.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {75},
  number      = {6A},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {114--122},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002934383904837},
  abstract    = {The new oral gold compound auranofin differs pharmacokinetically from the existing injectable gold compounds such as gold sodium thiomalate. Following a standard 50 mg intramuscular injection of gold sodium thiomalate, plasma gold levels rise sharply, peak between 400 and 800 micrograms/dl in approximately two hours, then decline to approximately 300 micrograms/dl by seven days. With repeated 50 mg weekly injections, stable plasma concentrations are gradually achieved, although absolute levels vary greatly among individual subjects. On the other hand, auranofin is associated with lower (50 to 70 micrograms/dl) and more predictable plasma concentrations. Single-dose kinetic studies using isotopically labelled gold show that the plasma disappearance half-time for gold sodium thiomalate is relatively rapid (approximately six days) compared with 17 days for auranofin. Both compounds are retained within the body over prolonged periods. Retention of auranofin is much less, about 1 percent of the 
original tracer dose remaining at 180 days, compared with more than 30 percent retention of gold sodium thiomalate. Excretory pathways are notable different. The majority of gold sodium thiomalate (greater than 70 percent) is excreted by the kidneys, with the remaining fraction appearing erratically in the stool. In contrast, the enteric pathway represents the major excretory route for auranofin, with nearly 85 percent of the dose eventually recoverable in the stool and less than 15 percent in the urine. In human subjects, parenterally administered gold is almost universally dispersed among body tissues, although highest concentrations occur in the organs of the reticuloendothelial system and the adrenal and renal cortices. Comparable studies are not available for auranofin, but animal studies show comparatively less affinity for liver, kidney, and spleen. To date, attempts to correlate the pharmacokinetics of the injectable gold compounds with clinical response and toxicity have been largely unsuccessful. 
The distinctive pharmacokinetic profile of auranofin, when compared with gold sodium thiomalate, may nonetheless account in part for the clinical and pharmacologic differences between these compounds.},
  journal     = {Am J Med},
  keywords    = {Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, administration /&/ dosage/blood/metabolism; Auranofin; Aurothioglucose, administration /&/ dosage/analogs /&/ derivatives/blood/metabolism; Gold, administration /&/ dosage/analogs /&/ derivatives/blood/metabolism; Half-Life; Humans; Kinetics; Mice; Protein Binding; Rabbits; Rats; Tissue Distribution},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6419592},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Blok:2000,
  author      = {B. F. Blok and G. Holstege},
  title       = {The pontine micturition center in rat receives direct lumbosacral input. An ultrastructural study.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {282},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {29--32},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0304-3940(00)00833-8},
  abstract    = {The act of micturition differs strongly among species. For example, adult cats and humans urinate primarily in a safe environment ('guarded urination'), while rats urinate more reflexively ('reflex urination'). This study in adult rats investigates the existence of direct lumbosacral cord projections to spinally projecting neurons in the pontine micturition center (PMC). Bilateral injections of wheat germ agglutinin horseradish peroxidase in the caudal lumbar and rostral sacral cord resulted in labeled profiles, including retrogradely labeled neurons in the PMC. At the ultrastructural level, anterogradely labeled terminals in the PMC were found, which were filled with many round and some pleiomorphic and flat vesicles. About eleven percent of the terminals contacted retrogradely labeled dendrites. Of the labeled terminals 80\% contained asymmetric synaptic clefts, and 20\% symmetric synaptic clefts. The results provide evidence that in the rat, unlike the cat, a direct lumbosacral pathway to 
the PMC exists, which might explain the differences in micturition behavior between rats and cats.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, Oostersingel 69, 9713 EZ, Groningen, Netherlands. b.f.blok@amc.uva.nl},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Pons, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Synapses, ultrastructure; Urination, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0304-3940(00)00833-8},
  pmid        = {10713388},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Blok:1996,
  author      = {Blok, B. F. and Roukema, G. and Geerdes, B. and Holstege, G.},
  title       = {Location of external anal sphincter motoneurons in the sacral cord of the female domestic pig.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {216},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {203--206},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(96)13043-3},
  abstract    = {The location of the striated external anal sphincter motoneurons in the spinal cord was investigated in 12, between 3 and 4 months old, female domestic pigs using the retrograde tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Their motoneuronal cell bodies were found in the spinal segments S1-S3, and were not located in the ventral horn, but dorsolateral to the central canal. This location within the spinal gray matter strongly differs from the location of the external and sphincter motoneurons in rat, cat, dog, monkey and humans, but is similar to that in the Mongolian gerbil. The possible relevance of this 'aberrant' location is discussed.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. b.f.m.blok@med.rug.nl},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Anal Canal, cytology; Animals; Female; Motor Neurons, cytology; Neural Pathways; Spinal Cord, cytology; Swine},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0304394096130433},
  pmid        = {8897493},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Blomhoff:1984,
  author      = {Blomhoff, R. and Eskild, W. and Berg, T.},
  title       = {Endocytosis of formaldehyde-treated serum albumin via scavenger pathway in liver endothelial cells.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {218},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {81--86},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1042/bj2180081},
  abstract    = {Denatured or modified proteins (including albumin and low-density lipoprotein) are catabolized in vitro via scavenger receptors. We have studied the distribution of formaldehyde-denatured albumin in rat liver cells after intravenous injection of tracer doses of the protein. At 12 min after injection, most of the formaldehyde-denatured albumin (about 70\% of the injected dose) was recovered in liver endothelial cells. Furthermore, isolated liver endothelial cells in suspension and in surface culture took up formaldehyde-denatured albumin by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Our data indicate that the scavenger receptor in liver is mainly located on the endothelial cells. Implications for the catabolism of low-density lipoproteins are discussed.},
  journal     = {Biochem J},
  keywords    = {Animals; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Endocytosis; Endothelium, metabolism; Formaldehyde, pharmacology; Liver, cytology/metabolism; Male; Membrane Proteins; Protein Denaturation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Cell Surface, metabolism; Receptors, Immunologic; Receptors, Lipoprotein; Receptors, Scavenger; Scavenger Receptors, Class B; Serum Albumin, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6324753},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Blondeau:2002,
  author      = {C. Blondeau and N. Clerc and A. Baude},
  title       = {Neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptors are expressed in vagal efferent neurons that innervate different parts of the gastro-intestinal tract.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {110},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {339--349},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00452-3},
  abstract    = {Vagal efferent neurons innervating the digestive tract are mainly contained in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Previous studies have suggested that neurokinins and their neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptors are involved in the parasympathetic control of digestive functions. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the distribution of neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptors amongst vagal efferent neurons innervating the stomach, the duodenum, the ileum and the cecum. The immunocytochemical detection of neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptors was combined with the immunocytochemical detection of retrogradely transported cholera toxin-B subunit, previously injected in the gut wall. Neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptors were present in 19+/-7\% and 8+/-3\% of retrogradely labeled neurons innervating the stomach. Almost half of the labeled neurons innervating the duodenum (46+/-7\%) expressed neurokinin-1 receptors but less than 0.5\% contained neurokinin-3 receptors. None of 
the retrogradely labeled vagal efferent neurons innervating the ileum and the cecum were immunoreactive for neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptors. We conclude that neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptors are located on vagal efferent neurons which innervate the stomach and that neurokinin-1 receptors are common, whereas neurokinin-3 receptors are rare on neurons projecting to the duodenum. Additionally, the distal part of the rat small intestine is innervated by vagal efferent neurons that do not express neurokinins receptors on their membrane. This suggests that neurokinins may influence the parasympathetic control of different regions of the gastro-intestinal tract in specific ways.},
  institution = {ITIS Laboratory, CNRS, Bâtiment N', 31 chemin J. Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cecum, innervation/metabolism; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Digestive System, innervation/metabolism; Duodenum, innervation/metabolism; Efferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Female; Ileum, innervation/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, metabolism; Receptors, Neurokinin-3, metabolism; Stomach, innervation/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Tachykinins, metabolism; Vagus Nerve, cytology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452201004523},
  pmid        = {11958875},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Blottner:1992,
  Title                    = {Nitric oxide synthetase (NOS)-containing sympathoadrenal cholinergic neurons of the rat IML-cell column: evidence from histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and retrograde labeling.},
  Author                   = {D. Blottner and H. G. Baumgarten},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {45--55},
  Volume                   = {316},

  Abstract                 = {Nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) can be selectively stained in neurons by either NADPH-diaphorase (i.e., NOS)-histochemistry or immunohistochemistry with antibodies raised against NOS, which apparently label identical reactive sites (Hope, B.T., G.J. Michael, K.M. Knigge, and S.R. Vincent, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:2811-2814, '91). We provide histochemical evidence for the existence of a neuron-specific NOS-activity in autonomic neurons of the thoracic spinal cord. Among the four main preganglionic cell clusters investigated at mid-thoracic levels, Th7-10, the intermediolateral (IML)-cell column was the most prominently stained cell group. The histochemical staining was absent in other spinal cord neurons and non-neuronal cells, e.g., GFAP-positive glial cells. Staining was completely blocked by N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), a potent NOS-inhibitor for brain and peripheral autonomic neurons, but was still observed in the presence of another NOS-inhibitor, N omega-monomethyl-
L-arginine (MeArg). The NOS-activity co-localized with nearly half of the ChAT-immunostained neurons located in the mid-thoracic IML-cell column as quantified by cell counts in single and double-stained tissue sections. We conclude that NOS-activity-containing neurons represent a distinct group among cholinergic IML-neurons, which suggests a more general function of this newly defined subpopulation of the spinal cord autonomic system. In vivo Fast blue retrograde labeling combined with histochemical staining and immunostaining revealed that sympathoadrenal projection neurons belong to the distinct NOS and ChAT-positive IML-cell group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903160105},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Free University of Berlin, Germany.},
  Keywords                 = {Amidines; Amino Acid Oxidoreductases, metabolism; Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Female; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, enzymology; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/enzymology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology/enzymology; Staining and Labeling; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/enzymology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1374081},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903160105}
}

@Article{Blottner:1992a,
  Title                    = {Insulin-like growth factor-I counteracts bFGF-induced survival of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-positive spinal cord neurons after target-lesion in vivo.},
  Author                   = {Blottner, D. and Baumgarten, H. G.},
  Journal                  = {J Neurosci Res},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {471--480},
  Volume                   = {32},

  Abstract                 = {We have used nitric oxide synthase (NOS) histochemistry as a perikaryal viability marker to trace the retrograde reaction of spinal cord intermediolateral (IML) sympathoadrenal projection (SAP)-neurons to target-removal, i.e., selective adrenomedullectomy and local administration of either insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or a combination of both. Counting of NOS-positive preganglionic spinal cord neurons 4 weeks post surgery indicated that more than 80\% of stained neurons were lost from the IML-cell column. This percentage loss corresponds to the numerical loss of NOS-stained SAP-neurons labeled retrogradely with Fast-blue prior to adrenomedullectomy. Basic FGF-supplementation at the site of lesion resulted in maintenance of the majority of NOS-positive IML-neurons, a finding confirmed by the survival rate of Fast-blue prelabeled SAP-neurons. Thus, besides maintenance of the structural integrity of SAP-neurons, bFGF prevents loss of 
intracellular NOS-activity which may reflect unaltered cell metabolism (and function) of these neurons following target-removal in vivo. By contrast, IGF-I failed to alter the rate of disappearance of NOS-staining and labeling index of neurons within the IML-cell column postlesion, suggesting that IGF-I is not neurotrophic for SAP-neurons by itself. Combined treatment with both factors resulted in a more widespread loss of NOS-stained and Fast-blue-prelabeled SAP-neurons than registered after bFGF-only treatment. No co-trophic effect of bFGF and IGF-I was evident; rather, the pronounced bFGF-induced rescuing effect was significantly suppressed by exogenous IGF-I in vivo, supporting the idea that this or another molecule induced by the treatment enhances rather than prevents retrograde degeneration and neuronal death within the adult lesioned IML-adrenal pathway.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/jnr.490320403},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Free University of Berlin, Germany.},
  Keywords                 = {Adrenal Medulla, physiology; Adrenalectomy; Amino Acid Oxidoreductases, metabolism; Animals; Cell Survival, drug effects; Female; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/pharmacology; Histocytochemistry; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, pharmacology; NADPH Dehydrogenase, analysis; Neurons, drug effects/enzymology; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Recombinant Proteins, pharmacology; Spinal Cord, cytology/drug effects; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/drug effects},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1382135},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490320403}
}

@Article{Blottner:1989,
  author      = {Blottner, D. and Brüggemann, W. and Unsicker, K.},
  title       = {Ciliary neurotrophic factor supports target-deprived preganglionic sympathetic spinal cord neurons.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {105},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {316--320},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(89)90640-x},
  abstract    = {Spinal cord neurons in the intermediolateral column (IML) that innervate the adrenal medulla require target-derived factor(s) for their maintenance in vivo. Selective destruction of the adult rat adrenal medulla causes an approximate 25\% loss of Nissl-stained IML neurons between spinal cord levels Th 4 weeks after surgery. We have previously suggested that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) or closely related molecules are present in adrenal chromaffin cells and granules. Basic FGF supplemented in gelfoams to the medullectomized adrenal gland fully prevented IML neuron losses. These results are now extended by demonstrating that (i) CNTF administered in vivo (7.2 micrograms/gelfoam) also rescues IML neurons, and (ii) the rescue effect is abolished by splanchnicotomy, i.e. interruption of axonal pathway from the spinal cord to the adrenal gland. These data would be consistent with CNTF being a retrograde trophic messenger to the spinal cord, but do 
not exclude the possibility that CNTF mimics or induces the formation of an endogenous trophic factor.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, F.R.G.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Adrenalectomy; Animals; Chick Embryo; Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor; Female; Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable; Nerve Growth Factors, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Nerve Tissue Proteins, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Neurons, drug effects; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology/drug effects; Splanchnic Nerves, surgery},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2594216},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Blundon:2011,
  author      = {Blundon, Jay A. and Bayazitov, Ildar T. and Zakharenko, Stanislav S.},
  title       = {Presynaptic gating of postsynaptically expressed plasticity at mature thalamocortical synapses.},
  year        = {2011},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {31},
  number      = {44},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {16012--16025},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3281-11.2011},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3281-11.2011},
  abstract    = {Thalamocortical (TC) projections provide the major pathway for ascending sensory information to the mammalian neocortex. Arrays of these projections form synaptic inputs on thalamorecipient neurons, thus contributing to the formation of receptive fields (RFs) in sensory cortices. Experience-dependent plasticity of RFs persists throughout an organism's life span but in adults requires activation of cholinergic inputs to the cortex. In contrast, synaptic plasticity at TC projections is limited to the early postnatal period. This disconnect led to the widespread belief that TC synapses are the principal site of RF plasticity only in neonatal sensory cortices, but that they lose this plasticity upon maturation. Here, we tested an alternative hypothesis that mature TC projections do not lose synaptic plasticity but rather acquire gating mechanisms that prevent the induction of synaptic plasticity. Using whole-cell recordings and direct measures of postsynaptic and presynaptic activity (two-photon 
glutamate uncaging and two-photon imaging of the FM 1-43 assay, respectively) at individual synapses in acute mouse brain slices that contain the auditory thalamus and cortex, we determined that long-term depression (LTD) persists at mature TC synapses but is gated presynaptically. Cholinergic activation releases presynaptic gating through M(1) muscarinic receptors that downregulate adenosine inhibition of neurotransmitter release acting through A(1) adenosine receptors. Once presynaptic gating is released, mature TC synapses can express LTD postsynaptically through group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. These results indicate that synaptic plasticity at TC synapses is preserved throughout the life span and, therefore, may be a cellular substrate of RF plasticity in both neonate and mature animals.},
  institution = {Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA. stanislav.zakharenko@stjude.org},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects/genetics; Glutamates, pharmacology; Indoles, pharmacology; Ion Channel Gating, drug effects/genetics; Long-Term Synaptic Depression, drug effects/genetics/physiology; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Presynaptic Terminals, drug effects/physiology; Pyridinium Compounds, metabolism; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, metabolism; Receptor, Adenosine A1, deficiency; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, genetics/physiology; Thalamus, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {31/44/16012},
  pmid        = {22049443},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bo:1986,
  author      = {A. Del Bo and A. Rosina},
  title       = {Potential disynaptic pathways connecting the fastigial pressor area and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the rat.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {71},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {37-42},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(86)90253-3},
  abstract    = {Efferents from the cardiovascular portion of the fastigial nucleus (rFN), whose electrical stimulation has been found to elicit secretion of vasopressin in the rat, have been traced by use of the anterograde fluorescent tracer Fast blue (FB). In the same animal the retrograde marker Diamidino yellow (DY) was injected in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) to trace afferents to the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus. Frontal sections of the brainstem have been analyzed and the FB-labeled axons and terminals and the DY-labeled cells mapped. Both efferents from the rFN and cells projecting to the PVH were found in close contact in the region of the locus coeruleus and parabrachial nucleus (lateral division) and in the caudal ventrolateral medulla, dorsal to the lateral reticular nucleus. Those two regions may function as putative relay stations of disynaptic pathways linking the rFN to the PVH.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {0304-3940(86)90253-3},
  pmid        = {3785734},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bobillier:1979,
  author      = {P. Bobillier and S. Seguin and A. Degueurce and B. D. Lewis and J. F. Pujol},
  title       = {The efferent connections of the nucleus raphe centralis superior in the rat as revealed by radioautography.},
  year        = {1979},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {166},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {1--8},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(79)90644-9},
  abstract    = {By chronically implanting a glass micropipette filled with tritiated leucine in the raphe centralis superior of the rat, the projection of this nucleus was traced by radioautography. The majority of the ascending projections were located within the ventral tegmental area and, further rostrally, the median forebrain bundle. Along the course of this bundle numerous fibers branched successively into the mammillary peduncle, the fasciculus retroflexus, the stria medullaris, the fornix and the cingulum. The most significant projections included the ones to the interpeduncular nucleus, the mammillary bodies, the habenular nuclei and the hippocampus. No projections were detected in the striatum, the cortex piriformis or the amygdala. Descending projections diffused to the pontine reticular formation and central gray through the medial and the dorsal longitudinal bundles. In addition widespread projections were also seen in nuclei located near the raphe centralis superior: raphe nuclei, dorsal and 
ventral tegmental nuclei.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(79)90644-9},
  pmid        = {421148},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Boccara:2010,
  author      = {Boccara, Charlotte N. and Sargolini, Francesca and Thoresen, Veslemøy Hult and Solstad, Trygve and Witter, Menno P. and Moser, Edvard I. and Moser, May-Britt},
  title       = {Grid cells in pre- and parasubiculum.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {13},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {987--994},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/nn.2602},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2602},
  abstract    = {Allocentric space is mapped by a widespread brain circuit of functionally specialized cell types located in interconnected subregions of the hippocampal-parahippocampal cortices. Little is known about the neural architectures required to express this variety of firing patterns. In rats, we found that one of the cell types, the grid cell, was abundant not only in medial entorhinal cortex (MEC), where it was first reported, but also in pre- and parasubiculum. The proportion of grid cells in pre- and parasubiculum was comparable to deep layers of MEC. The symmetry of the grid pattern and its relationship to the theta rhythm were weaker, especially in presubiculum. Pre- and parasubicular grid cells intermingled with head-direction cells and border cells, as in deep MEC layers. The characterization of a common pool of space-responsive cells in architecturally diverse subdivisions of parahippocampal cortex constrains the range of mechanisms that might give rise to their unique functional discharge 
phenotypes.},
  institution = {Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for the Biology of Memory, MTFS, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.},
  journal     = {Nat Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain, cytology; Electrodes, Implanted; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Theta Rhythm},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {nn.2602},
  pmid        = {20657591},
  timestamp   = {17.01.2013},
}

@Article{Bochorishvili:2014,
  Title                    = {The orexinergic neurons receive synaptic input from C1 cells in rats.},
  Author                   = {Bochorishvili, Genrieta and Nguyen, Thanh and Coates, Melissa B. and Viar, Kenneth E. and Stornetta, Ruth L. and Guyenet, Patrice G.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = {Jul},

  Abstract                 = {The C1 cells, located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), are activated by pain, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, infection and hypotension and elicit cardiorespiratory stimulation, adrenaline and ACTH release, and arousal. The orexin neurons contribute to the autonomic responses to acute psychological stress. Here, using an anatomical approach, we consider whether the orexin neurons could also be contributing to the autonomic effects elicited by C1 neuron activation. Phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase-immunoreactive (PNMT-ir) axons were detected amongst orexin-ir somata and close appositions between PNMT-ir axonal varicosities and orexin-ir profiles were observed. The existence of synapses between PNMT-ir boutons labeled with diaminobenzidine and orexinergic neurons labeled with immunogold was confirmed by electron microscopy. We labeled RVLM neurons with a lentiviral vector that expresses the fusion protein ChR2-mCherry under the control of the catecholaminergic neuron-
selective promoter PRSx8 and obtained light and ultrastructural evidence that these neurons innervate the orexin cells. Using a Cre-dependent adeno-associated vector and TH-Cre rats we confirmed that the projection from RVLM catecholaminergic neurons to the orexinergic neurons originates predominantly from PNMT-ir catecholaminergic (i.e. C1 cells). The C1 neurons were found to establish predominantly asymmetric synapses with orexin-ir cell bodies or dendrites. These synapses were packed with small clear vesicles and also contained dense core vesicles. In summary, the orexin neurons are among the hypothalamic neurons contacted and presumably excited by the C1 cells. The C1-orexin neuronal connection is probably one of several suprabulbar pathways through which the C1 neurons activate breathing and the circulation, raise blood glucose and facilitate arousal from sleep. J. Comp. Neurol., 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.23643},
  Institution              = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {aheadofprint},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {24984694},
  Timestamp                = {07.07.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23643}
}

@Article{Bochorishvili:2012,
  Title                    = {Pre-Bötzinger complex receives glutamatergic innervation from galaninergic and other retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons.},
  Author                   = {Bochorishvili, Genrieta and Stornetta, Ruth L. and Coates, Melissa B. and Guyenet, Patrice G.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1047--1061},
  Volume                   = {520},

  Abstract                 = {The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains CO(2) -responsive neurons that regulate breathing frequency and amplitude. These neurons (RTN-Phox2b neurons) contain the transcription factor Phox2b, vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) mRNA, and a subset contains preprogalanin mRNA. We wished to determine whether the terminals of RTN-Phox2b neurons contain galanin and VGLUT2 proteins, to identify the specific projections of the galaninergic subset, to test whether RTN-Phox2b neurons contact neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex, and to identify the ultrastructure of these synapses. The axonal projections of RTN-Phox2b neurons were traced by using biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), and many BDA-ir boutons were found to contain galanin immunoreactivity. RTN galaninergic neurons had ipsilateral projections that were identical with those of this nucleus at large: the ventral respiratory column, the caudolateral nucleus of the solitary tract, and the pontine Kölliker-Fuse, 
intertrigeminal region, and lateral parabrachial nucleus. For ultrastructural studies, RTN-Phox2b neurons (galaninergic and others) were transfected with a lentiviral vector that expresses mCherry almost exclusively in Phox2b-ir neurons. After spinal cord injections of a catecholamine neuron-selective toxin, there was a depletion of C1 neurons in the RTN area; thus it was determined that the mCherry-positive terminals located in the pre-Bötzinger complex originated almost exclusively from the RTN-Phox2b (non-C1) neurons. These terminals were generally VGLUT2-immunoreactive and formed numerous close appositions with neurokinin-1 receptor-ir pre-Bötzinger complex neurons. Their boutons (n = 48) formed asymmetric synapses filled with small clear vesicles. In summary, RTN-Phox2b neurons, including the galaninergic subset, selectively innervate the respiratory pattern generator plus a portion of the dorsolateral pons. RTN-Phox2b neurons establish classic excitatory glutamatergic synapses with pre-Bötzinger 
complex neurons presumed to generate the respiratory rhythm.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.22769},
  Institution              = {Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Galanin, physiology; Glutamic Acid, physiology; Molecular Sequence Data; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiratory Center, physiology; Rhombencephalon, cytology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {21935944},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22769}
}

@Article{Bock:2011,
  author      = {Bock, A. S. and Olavarria, J. F.},
  title       = {Neonatal enucleation during a critical period reduces the precision of cortico-cortical projections in visual cortex.},
  year        = {2011},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {501},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {152--156},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat. No exact description of targets.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neulet.2011.07.005},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.07.005},
  abstract    = {Previous studies have reported that intrahemispheric connections between area 17 (V1, striate cortex) and other cortical visual areas are not point-to-point, but instead have some degree of convergence and divergence. Many pathological conditions can interfere with the normal development of patterns of cortico-cortical connections, but there is little information regarding whether or not early pathological insults can also induce permanent changes in the convergence and divergence of cortical connections. Obtaining this information is important because loss of precision in neural projections can contribute to functional deficits and behavioral impairment. In the present study we investigated whether retinal input is required for the development of normal values of convergence and divergence in the visual callosal pathway. We found that enucleation performed at birth induced significant increases in convergence and divergence compared to control animals. In contrast, values of convergence and 
divergence in rats enucleated at postnatal day 7 (P7) were similar to those in controls. Previous studies have shown that retinal input during the first postnatal week is required for the specification of the overall distribution and internal topography of visual callosal pathways. Our present results therefore extend these previous finding by showing that retinal input during the first postnatal week also specifies the precision of cortico-cortical projections. These findings raise the possibility that the precision of neural connections may be reduced in other pathological conditions that affect early development of neural connections.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, physiology; Blindness, physiopathology; Critical Period (Psychology); Disease Models, Animal; Neural Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Visual Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development; Visual Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0304-3940(11)01038-X},
  pmid        = {21782890},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bockstaele:1999,
  author    = {van Bockstaele, EJ and Peoples, J and Valentino, RJ},
  title     = {Anatomic basis for differential regulation of the rostrolateral peri-locus coeruleus region by limbic afferents},
  year      = {1999},
  volume    = {46},
  pages     = {1352-1363},
  doi       = {10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00213-9},
  journal   = {Biol Psychiatry},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bockstaele:1996a,
  author      = {E. J. van Bockstaele and E. E. Colago and V. M. Pickel},
  title       = {Enkephalin terminals form inhibitory-type synapses on neurons in the rat nucleus locus coeruleus that project to the medial prefrontal cortex.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {71},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {429--442},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00432-7},
  abstract    = {Norepinephrine-containing fibres in the medial prefrontal cortex derive from the locus coeruleus, a brainstem nucleus which also receives a dense innervation of enkephalin-immunoreactive axon terminals. We combined immunogold-silver labelling of retrogradely transported FluoroGold from the medial prefrontal cortex with immunoperoxidase detection of leucine5-enkephalin in the same section of tissue through the locus coeruleus of adult rats. This dual-labelling experiment was conducted to determine whether axon terminals containing lecuine5-enkephalin target neurons in the locus coeruleus that project to the frontal cortex and, if so, what are their morphological characteristics. By light microscopy, enkephalin-labelled processes overlapped FluoroGold retrogradely labelled neurons in the locus coeruleus. By electron microscopy, retrogradely labelled perikarya and dendrites were commonly enveloped by astrocytic processes and received few afferents in the plane of section examined. However, at 
sites unoccupied by glial processes, abundant afferent input could be identified. In addition, some FluoroGold-labelled perikarya and dendrites lacked this glial ensheathment but were more frequently apposed by axon terminals. Of 163 FluoroGold-labelled perikarya and dendrites examined where enkephalin immunoreactivity was present in the neuropil, 42\% were contacted by enkephalin-immunoreactive axon terminals. The peroxidase-labelled enkephalin terminals as well as the unlabelled terminals often contained both small, clear and large dense core vesicles. Both labelled and unlabelled terminals also formed primary symmetric synapses characteristic of inhibitory transmitters with retrogradely labelled perikarya and proximal dendrites. At times, more than one enkephalin-labelled terminal was found to converge on a common retrogradely labelled perikarya or dendrite. These results demonstrate cellular sites where enkephalin-containing afferents may directly modulate and most likely inhibit the activity of 
cortically projecting neurons in the locus coeruleus.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Enkephalins, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306452295004327},
  pmid        = {9053798},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bockstaele:1992,
  author      = {E. J. Van Bockstaele and G. Aston-Jones},
  title       = {Collateralized projections from neurons in the rostral medulla to the nucleus locus coeruleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the periaqueductal gray.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {49},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {653--668},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(92)90234-s},
  abstract    = {We have examined collateral projections of locus coeruleus afferent neurons in the rostral medulla to the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract or to the periaqueductal gray using double retrograde labeling techniques in the rat. The present findings confirm previously reported connections to the locus coeruleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the lateral periaqueductal gray from the nucleus paragigantocellularis in the rostral ventral medulla. Our results also reveal previously unreported projections from the rostral dorsomedial medulla (in a similar region as locus coeruleus-projecting neurons) to the lateral periaqueductal gray. Following retrograde tracer injections into the nucleus of the solitary tract and the locus coeruleus, doubly labeled neurons were seen in both the nucleus paragigantocellularis and in the rostral dorsomedial medulla. Cell counts revealed that approximately 25\% of locus coeruleus-projecting neurons in the nucleus paragigantocellularis, and 12\% in the 
dorsomedial medulla, also innervate the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract. In contrast, no doubly labeled neurons within the rostral ventral medulla were found following injections into the lateral periaqueductal gray and the locus coeruleus, although singly labeled neurons for the two tracers were interdigitated in some regions. Following these injections, numerous neurons were also retrogradely labeled in the dorsomedial medulla in the region of the medial prepositus hypoglossi and the perifascicular reticular formation. A small percentage of locus coeruleus afferents in the dorsal medulla (approximately 10\%) also projected to the lateral periaqueductal gray. These results indicate that neurons in both the ventrolateral and dorsomedial rostral medulla frequently send collaterals to both the locus coeruleus and the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract. A small number of neurons in the dorsomedial medulla project to both the locus coeruleus and the lateral periaqueductal gray, but separate populations of 
neurons project to the locus coeruleus and the lateral periaqueductal gray from the ventrolateral medulla. These results functionally link the locus coeruleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract by virtue of common afferents, and support other studies indicating the importance of central autonomic circuitry in the afferent control of locus coeruleus neurons.},
  institution = {hnemann University, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Fluorescent Dyes; Iontophoresis; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, cytology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(92)90234-S},
  pmid        = {1380136},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bockstaele:1991,
  Title                    = {Subregions of the periaqueductal gray topographically innervate the rostral ventral medulla in the rat.},
  Author                   = {E. J. Van Bockstaele and G. Aston-Jones and V. A. Pieribone and M. Ennis and M. T. Shipley},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1991},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {305--327},
  Volume                   = {309},

  Abstract                 = {Previous anatomical and physiological studies have revealed a substantial projection from the periaqueductal gray (PAG) to the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi). In addition, physiological studies have indicated that the PAG is composed of functionally distinct subregions. However, projections from PAG subregions to PGi have not been comprehensively examined. In the present study, we sought to examine possible topographic specificity for projections from subregions of the PAG to PGi. Pressure or iontophoretic injections of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase, or of Fluoro-Gold, placed into the PGi of the rat retrogradely labeled a substantial number of neurons in the PAG from the level of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus to the caudal midbrain. Retrogradely labeled neurons were preferentially aggregated in distinct subregions of the PAG. Rostrally, at the level of the oculomotor nucleus, labeled neurons were i) compactly aggregated in the ventromedial portion 
of the PAG corresponding closely to the supraoculomotor nucleus of the central gray, ii) in the lateral and ventrolateral PAG, and iii) in medial dorsal PAG. More caudally, retrogradely labeled neurons became less numerous in the dorsomedial PAG but were more widely scattered throughout the lateral and ventrolateral parts of the PAG. Only few retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the ventromedial part of the PAG at caudal levels. Injections of retrograde tracers restricted to subregions of the PGi suggested topography for afferents from the PAG. Injections into the lateral portion of the PGi yielded the greatest number of labeled neurons within the rostral ventromedial PAG. Medially placed injections yielded numerous retrogradely labeled neurons in the lateral and ventrolateral PAG. Injections placed in the rostral pole of the PGi (medial to the facial nucleus) produced the greatest number of retrogradely labeled neurons in the dorsal PAG. To examine the pathways taken by fibers projecting from PAG 
neurons to the medulla, and to further specify the topography for the terminations of these afferents in the PGi, the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin was iontophoretically deposited into subregions of the PAG that contained retrogradely labeled neurons in the above experiments. These results revealed distinct fiber pathways to the rostral medulla that arise from the dorsal, lateral/ventrolateral, and ventromedial parts of the PAG. These injections also showed that there are differential but overlapping innervation patterns within the PGi. Consistent with the retrograde tracing results, injections into the rostral ventromedial PAG near the supraoculomotor nucleus yielded anterograde labeling immediately ventral to the nucleus ambiguus in the ventrolateral medulla, within the retrofacial portion of the PGi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903090303},
  Institution              = {Department of Mental Health Sciences, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-1192.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Fluorescent Dyes; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1717516},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903090303}
}

@Article{Bockstaele:1993,
  author      = {E. J. Van Bockstaele and A. Biswas and V. M. Pickel},
  title       = {Topography of serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus that send axon collaterals to the rat prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {624},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {188--198},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(93)90077-z},
  abstract    = {Diverse physiological actions have been reported for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the nucleus accumbens (Acb) suggesting that the 5-HT innervation of these forebrain areas may be derived from different populations of neurons. We examined this possibility by mapping the distribution of 5-HT-immunoreactive (ir) and non-5-HT-ir neurons containing retrograde labeling following injections of different tracers into both these target regions. The analysis was focused in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of the midbrain, since 5-HT pathways to the MPFC and Acb primarily originate from this area. Volume microinjections of the fluorescent retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold (FG), were placed into the MPFC and microinjections of cholera toxin B subunit coupled to 15 nm gold particles (CT-Au) were placed into the Acb of the same animal. Sections through the DRN containing retrogradely labeled neurons were further processed for immunofluorescent localization of 
5-HT using a rhodamine marker. Neurons retrogradely labeled from the Acb were greater in number overall than those projecting to the MPFC. In addition, Acb-projecting neurons extended into the lateral wings of the DRN, whereas MPFC-projecting neurons were more restricted to the midline. Both groups of retrogradely labeled neurons, however, were more numerous in the caudal aspect of the dorsal raphe nucleus and were scattered amongst 5-HT immunoreactive perikarya. Of 783 +/- 69 CT-Au labeled cells, 15\% also contained the FG label and 11\% contained FG and 5-HT immunoreactivity. Of 613 +/- 48 FG labeled cells, 24\% also contained the CT-Au label and 21\% were also immunoreactive to 5-HT. The results suggest a more prominent input to the Acb from both 5-HT-ir and non-5-HT-ir neurons in the caudal aspect of the DRN and further indicate that while most 5-HT-ir and non-5-HT-ir neurons project differentially to both forebrain regions, a few cells also show collateralization to the MPFC and Acb. Such 
collateralization of single serotonergic neurons to divergent targets may integrate cognitive and motor activities in response to pharmacological manipulations of ascending serotonergic pathways.},
  institution = {Department of Neurobiology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, metabolism/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin, metabolism; Synaptic Transmission},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(93)90077-Z},
  pmid        = {8252391},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bockstaele:1996,
  Title                    = {Input from central nucleus of the amygdala efferents to pericoerulear dendrites, some of which contain tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity.},
  Author                   = {E. J. Van Bockstaele and J. Chan and V. M. Pickel},
  Journal                  = {J Neurosci Res},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {289--302},
  Volume                   = {45},

  Abstract                 = {Light microscopic anterograde tracing studies indicate that neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) project to a region of the dorsal pontine tegmentum ventral to the superior cerebellar peduncle which contains noradrenergic dendrites of the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). However, it has not been established whether the efferent terminals from the CNA target catecholamine-containing dendrites of the LC or dendrites of neurons from neighboring nuclei which may extend into this region. To examine this question, we combined immunoperoxidase labeling of the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) from the CNA with immunogold-silver labeling of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tryrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the rostrolateral LC region of adult rats. By light microscopy, BDA-labeled processes were dense in the dorsal pons within the parabrachial nuclei as well as in the pericoerulear region immediately ventral to the superior cerebellar peduncle. Higher 
magnification revealed that BDA-labeled varicose fibers overlapped TH-labeled processes in this pericoerulear region. By electron microscopy, anterogradely labeled axon terminals contained small, clear as well as some large dense core vesicles and were commonly apposed to astrocytic processes along some portion of their plasmalemma. BDA-labeled terminals mainly formed symmetric type synaptic contacts characteristic of inhibitory transmitters. Of 250 BDA-labeled axon terminals examined where TH immunoreactivity was present in the neuropil, 81\% contacted unlabeled and 19\% contacted TH-labeled dendrites. Additionally, amygdala efferents were often apposed to unlabeled axon terminals forming asymmetric (excitatory type) synapses. These results demonstrate that amygdaloid efferents may directly alter the activity of catecholaminergic and non-catecholaminergic neurons in this pericoerulear region of the rat brain. Furthermore, our study suggests that CNA efferents may indirectly affect the activity of 
pericoerulear neurons through modulation of excitatory afferents. Amygdaloid projections to noradrenergic neurons may help integrate behavioral and visceral responses to threatening stimuli by influencing the widespread noradrenergic projections from the LC.},
  Doi                      = {gt;3.0.CO;2-},
  Institution              = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Amygdala, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Animals; Catecholamines, physiology; Dendrites, enzymology/ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, Efferent, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Pons, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, enzymology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {3.0.CO;2-},
  Pmid                     = {8841990},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-}
}

@Article{Bockstaele:1999a,
  author      = {E. J. Van Bockstaele and J. Peoples and P. Telegan},
  title       = {Efferent projections of the nucleus of the solitary tract to peri-locus coeruleus dendrites in rat brain: evidence for a monosynaptic pathway.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {412},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {410--428},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990927)412:3<410::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-f},
  abstract    = {Locus coeruleus (LC) neurons respond to autonomic influences, are activated by physiological stressors, and discharge in parallel with peripheral sympathetic nerves. The circuitry underlying modulation of LC activity by physiological manipulations (i.e., hemodynamic stress, hypovolumia) remains unclear. Specifically, monosynaptic projections from primary baroreceptor centers to the LC have been suggested by electrophysiological studies but have not been unequivocally established. Light microscopic anterograde tract-tracing studies have previously shown that neurons originating in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) project to a region of the rostrodorsal pontine tegmentum, which contains noradrenergic dendrites of the LC; however, it is not known whether these NTS efferents specifically target LC dendrites. Therefore, we combined peroxidase labeling of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) or Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) from the NTS with gold-silver labeling for tyrosine 
hydroxylase (TH) in the rostrolateral peri-LC region. Injections placed into neighboring nuclei (nucleus gracilis, hypoglossal nucleus) served as controls. Only injections centered in the NTS produced anterograde labeling in peri-LC regions containing TH processes. By electron microscopy, BDA- or PHA-L-labeled axon terminals originating from the NTS contained small, clear, and some large dense-core vesicles and formed heterogeneous synaptic contacts characteristic of both excitatory- and inhibitory-type transmitters. Approximately 19\% of the BDA and PHA-L axon terminals examined originating from the commissural portion of the NTS formed synaptic specializations with dendrites exhibiting TH immunoreactivity in the peri-LC. These results demonstrate that neurons projecting from the cardiovascular-related portion of the NTS target noradrenergic dendrites, indicating that barosensitive NTS neurons may directly modulate the activity of LC neurons and may serve to integrate autonomic responses in brain by 
influencing the widespread noradrenergic projections of the LC. In addition, these findings demonstrate that extranuclear dendrites are an important termination site for afferents to the LC.},
  institution = {Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA. elisabeth.vanbockstaele@mail.tju.edu},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biological Transport; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Brain Mapping; Dendrites, physiology; Dextrans; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Iontophoresis; Locus Coeruleus, physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, physiology; Synapses, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-F},
  pmid        = {10441230},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bockstaele:1995,
  author      = {E. J. Van Bockstaele and V. M. Pickel},
  title       = {GABA-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area project to the nucleus accumbens in rat brain.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {682},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {215--221},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(95)00334-m},
  abstract    = {The ventral tegmental area receives a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) innervation from the nucleus accumbens and contains GABA immunoreactive neurons believed to be interneurons. We combined the immunocytochemical detection of retrogradely transported Fluoro-Gold (FG) from the nucleus accumbens (Acb) with the detection of GABA within the same section of tissue in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the rat brain to determine whether there might also be reciprocal GABAergic projections in the mesolimbic pathway. Immunoperoxidase labeling for FG and immunogold-silver labeling for GABA were most readily distinguished within perikarya and dendrites in sections examined by electron microscopy. Ultrastructural observations indicated that 36\% (n = 110) of the FG-labeled perikarya and dendrites also contained GABA immunoreactivity. The present results provide the first evidence that GABA is contained in a subpopulation of neurons in the mesolimbic pathway from the VTA to the Acb. The reciprocity of 
this circuitry may provide an important feedback loop thus facilitating inhibition of motor activity.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology/metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(95)00334-M},
  pmid        = {7552315},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bockstaele:1989,
  Title                    = {Diverse afferents converge on the nucleus paragigantocellularis in the rat ventrolateral medulla: retrograde and anterograde tracing studies.},
  Author                   = {E. J. Van Bockstaele and V. A. Pieribone and G. Aston-Jones},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {561--584},
  Volume                   = {290},

  Abstract                 = {The nucleus paragigantocellularis in the ventrolateral medulla has been implicated in cardiovascular, pain, and analgesic functions; and it has also been found to be a major afferent to the pontine nucleus locus coeruleus. In the present study, afferents to the nucleus paragigantocellularis were identified in the rat by means of the retrograde tracers wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase or Fluoro-Gold. Projections to the nucleus paragigantocellularis arise from a wide variety of nuclei with autonomic, visceral, and sensory-related functions. Major afferents with consistent and robust retrograde labeling include most laminae of the spinal cord, the caudal lateral medulla, the contralateral paragigantocellularis, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the A1 area, the lateral parabrachialis, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, and a preoculomotor nucleus in the ventral central gray, the supraoculomotor nucleus. Other notable afferents, seen only 
after large caudal injections into the nucleus paragigantocellularis, include the lateral hypothalamus, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the medial prefrontal cortex. Minor afferents include the gigantocellular nucleus, the area postrema, the caudal raphe groups, the inferior colliculus, the A5 area, and the locus coeruleus. The projection from the supraoculomotor nucleus, not previously reported as an afferent to the ventrolateral medulla, was confirmed with anterograde tracing by means of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. Iontophoretic deposits of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin into the nucleus of the solitary tract (commissuralis level) or into the periaqueductal gray also yielded terminal fiber labeling in the nucleus paragigantocellularis. Fibers from the supraoculomotor nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract were densest in the lateral aspect of the nucleus paragigantocellularis (corresponding to the rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus), while fibers from the 
periaqueductal gray were more medially located. Previous studies have defined inputs to the rostral ventrolateral medulla from the cochlear nucleus as well as from the colliculi. In the present study, deposits of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase or Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin into the cochlear nucleus or the superior colliculus yielded only sparse anterograde labeling in the nucleus paragigantocellularis, but heavily labeled adjacent areas. The inferior collicular injections yielded strong but restricted anterograde labeling in the rostromedial paragigantocellularis, medial to the facial nucleus. These results indicate that the paragigantocellularis area receives inputs from diverse brain structures. Neurons in the nucleus paragigantocellularis afferent to the locus coeruleus, being distributed throughout this region, may provide a channel where several types of information are integrated and transmitted to the extensive locus coeruleus noradrenergic efferent network...},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902900410},
  Institution              = {Department of Mental Health Sciences, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-1192.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2482306},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902900410}
}

@Article{Bodnar:2000,
  author      = {Bodnar, R. J.},
  title       = {Supraspinal circuitry mediating opioid antinociception: antagonist and synergy studies in multiple sites.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {181--194},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {25447},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/25447},
  abstract    = {Supraspinal opioid antinociception is mediated by sensitive brain sites capable of supporting this response following microinjection of opioid agonists. These sites include the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vIPAG), the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), the locus coeruleus and the amygdala. Each of these sites comprise an interconnected anatomical and physiologically relevant system mediating antinociceptive responses through regional interactions. Such interactions have been identified using two pharmacological approaches: (1) the ability of selective antagonists delivered to one site to block antinociception elicited by opioid agonists in a second site, and (2) the presence of synergistic antinociceptive interactions following simultaneous administration of subthreshold doses of opioid agonists into pairs of sites. Thus, the RVM has essential serotonergic, opioid, cholinergic and NMDA synapses that are necessary for the full expression of morphine antinociception elicited from the 
vIPAG, and the vIPAG has essential opioid synapses that are necessary for the full expression of opioid antinociception elicited from the amygdala. Further, the vIPAG, RVM, locus coeruleus and amygdala interact with each other in synergistically supporting opioid antinociception.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Subprogram, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA. richard_bodnar@qc.edu},
  journal     = {J Biomed Sci},
  keywords    = {Analgesics, Opioid, metabolism/pharmacology; Brain Chemistry, drug effects; Brain, metabolism/physiology; Humans; Medulla Oblongata, drug effects/physiology; Narcotic Antagonists, metabolism/pharmacology; Narcotics, metabolism/pharmacology; Periaqueductal Gray, drug effects/physiology; Synapses, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {25447},
  pmid        = {10810236},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bodoky:1977,
  author      = {Bodoky, M. and Réthelyi, M.},
  title       = {Dendritis arborization and axon trajectory of neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of the rat.},
  year        = {1977},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {28},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {543--555},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00236476},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Ependyma, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Median Eminence, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {891677},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Boegman:1988,
  author      = {Boegman, R. J. and Parent, A. and Hawkes, R.},
  title       = {Zonation in the rat cerebellar cortex: patches of high acetylcholinesterase activity in the granular layer are congruent with Purkinje cell compartments.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {448},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {237--251},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(88)91261-9},
  abstract    = {The rat cerebellar cortex is built from parasagittally arranged modules with topographically ordered afferent and efferent projections. The intrinsic organization of the cerebellum is revealed by immunocytochemical staining with monoclonal antibody, mabQ113. In the cerebellum, mabQ113 recognizes a polypeptide epitope that is restricted to a subset of Purkinje cells. Antigenic Purkinje cells are clustered to form a complex pattern of parasagittal compartments. Several biochemical markers reveal a superficially similar organization of the cortex, and so it is important to determine how many independent maps are present. This report compares the mabQ113 antigen display to the patchy distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In the granular layer and the white matter of the adult cerebellar cortex there is a patchy AChE staining that includes both the hemispheres and the vermis. The staining is often not sharply resolved cytologically, but seems to be associated primarily with the synaptic 
glomeruli. The boundaries of these granular layer patches in the vermis correspond to the mabQ113+/mabQ113- boundaries of the overlying Purkinje cell compartments. Thus, AChE and mabQ113 antigen share a common compartmentation both in the vermis, and in the hemispheres. Both mabQ113 and AChE distributions develop postnatally in the cerebellar cortex. At birth (PO) there is neither AChE activity nor mabQ113 immunoreactivity. Both staining patterns emerge during the second postnatal week. In the vermis at P10, there is AChE activity in the granular layer and white matter, and the distribution is already patchy despite the absence of synaptic glomeruli. At the same age the mabQ113 immunoreactivity is found in all Purkinje cells rather than a subset, and the band pattern has yet to mature. There is also transient AChE staining of Purkinje cell somata and dendrites. The AChE patches clarify between P10 and P20 along with the appearance of the synaptic glomeruli and the development of differential mabQ113 staining,
 but there is no reason to believe that the two are causally linked. In contrast to the cerebellar cortex, AChE staining in the cerebellar nuclei matures very early and at P0 the activity is already high. Zones of high and low AChE activity are seen in all the cerebellar nuclei and may be related to the distribution of the terminal fields of the different Purkinje cell populations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Laboratory of Neurobiology, Laval University, Que., Canada.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, analysis; Age Factors; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal, diagnostic use; Cerebellar Cortex, cytology/enzymology/growth /&/ development; Immunohistochemistry; Purkinje Cells, cytology/enzymology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(88)91261-9},
  pmid        = {3259899},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Boeijinga:1990a,
  author      = {Boeijinga, P. H. and Pennartz, C. M. and {Lopes da Silva}, F. H.},
  title       = {Paired-pulse facilitation in the nucleus accumbens following stimulation of subicular inputs in the rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {35},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {301--311},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90084-h},
  abstract    = {Anatomical tracing studies indicate that the nucleus accumbens receives inputs from limbic structures, and projects to the ventral pallidum. In order to get more fundamental insight into how information from the limbic areas is relayed via the nucleus accumbens, electrophysiological experiments were carried out in rats under halothane anaesthesia. Inputs originating in the subiculum were activated by electrical stimulation of the fornix fibres, and both field potentials and extracellular unit activity were recorded from the medial and lateral aspects of the nucleus accumbens. Evoked potentials consisted of two positive peaks (P1 at 10 ms and P2 at 25-30 ms). In between a negative-going wave (N1) was present. These initial components were followed by a complex negative wave (N2) with variable duration of 30-100 ms. The P2 and N2 components showed a conspicuous paired-pulse facilitation at stimulus intervals between 80 and at least 200 ms. When responses were recorded at increasing stimulus 
intensity, the second response emerged at lower threshold than the first response. The mechanisms underlying these phenomena were investigated by analysing the extracellularly recorded unit activity. Primarily, excitatory responses were found. Onset-latencies could be divided roughly into two clusters, one around 10 ms, representing monosynaptic inputs, and a second around 24-26 ms. Inhibitory responses were also found. Stimulation of the ventral pallidum was carried out in order to test whether the cells that could be driven by stimulation of the subicular inputs were projection cells. Latencies of antidromic action potentials ranged from 9 to 13 ms. A minority of the identified projection cells were activated by limbic inputs. The projection cells were found in the core region of the nucleus accumbens. Units that were inhibited by stimulation of the limbic inputs were found in the shell only, whereas excitatory responses were measured in both subdivisions of the nucleus accumbens. For the latter responses 
a significant enhancement, by a factor of four, was found using double pulse stimulation of the fornix at intervals of 100 ms. The basic electrophysiological properties are compared with those described in the literature, and speculations about the possible mechanisms responsible for the paired-pulse facilitation phenomena are put forward.},
  institution = {University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Zoology, The Netherlands.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electric Stimulation, methods; Evoked Potentials; Limbic System, physiology; Male; Microelectrodes; Nucleus Accumbens, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septal Nuclei, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2381511},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Boeijinga:1990,
  author      = {P. H. Boeijinga and C. M. Pennartz and F. H. Lopes da Silva},
  title       = {Paired-pulse facilitation in the nucleus accumbens following stimulation of subicular inputs in the rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {35},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {301--311},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90084-h},
  abstract    = {Anatomical tracing studies indicate that the nucleus accumbens receives inputs from limbic structures, and projects to the ventral pallidum. In order to get more fundamental insight into how information from the limbic areas is relayed via the nucleus accumbens, electrophysiological experiments were carried out in rats under halothane anaesthesia. Inputs originating in the subiculum were activated by electrical stimulation of the fornix fibres, and both field potentials and extracellular unit activity were recorded from the medial and lateral aspects of the nucleus accumbens. Evoked potentials consisted of two positive peaks (P1 at 10 ms and P2 at 25-30 ms). In between a negative-going wave (N1) was present. These initial components were followed by a complex negative wave (N2) with variable duration of 30-100 ms. The P2 and N2 components showed a conspicuous paired-pulse facilitation at stimulus intervals between 80 and at least 200 ms. When responses were recorded at increasing stimulus 
intensity, the second response emerged at lower threshold than the first response. The mechanisms underlying these phenomena were investigated by analysing the extracellularly recorded unit activity. Primarily, excitatory responses were found. Onset-latencies could be divided roughly into two clusters, one around 10 ms, representing monosynaptic inputs, and a second around 24-26 ms. Inhibitory responses were also found. Stimulation of the ventral pallidum was carried out in order to test whether the cells that could be driven by stimulation of the subicular inputs were projection cells. Latencies of antidromic action potentials ranged from 9 to 13 ms. A minority of the identified projection cells were activated by limbic inputs. The projection cells were found in the core region of the nucleus accumbens. Units that were inhibited by stimulation of the limbic inputs were found in the shell only, whereas excitatory responses were measured in both subdivisions of the nucleus accumbens. For the latter responses 
a significant enhancement, by a factor of four, was found using double pulse stimulation of the fornix at intervals of 100 ms. The basic electrophysiological properties are compared with those described in the literature, and speculations about the possible mechanisms responsible for the paired-pulse facilitation phenomena are put forward.},
  institution = {University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Zoology, The Netherlands.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials; Animals; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electric Stimulation, methods; Evoked Potentials; Limbic System, physiology; Male; Microelectrodes; Nucleus Accumbens, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septal Nuclei, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2381511},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Boender:2014,
  Title                    = {Combined use of the canine adenovirus-2 and DREADD-technology to activate specific neural pathways in vivo.},
  Author                   = {Boender, Arjen J. and {de Jong}, Johannes W. and Boekhoudt, Linde and Luijendijk, Mieneke C M. and {van der Plasse}, Geoffrey and Adan, Roger A H.},
  Journal                  = {PLoS One},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {e95392},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Abstract                 = {We here describe a technique to transiently activate specific neural pathways in vivo. It comprises the combined use of a CRE-recombinase expressing canine adenovirus-2 (CAV-2) and an adeno-associated virus (AAV-hSyn-DIO-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry) that contains the floxed inverted sequence of the designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) hM3D(Gq)-mCherry. CAV-2 retrogradely infects projection neurons, which allowed us to specifically express hM3D(Gq)-mCherry in neurons that project from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (Acb), the majority of which were dopaminergic. Activation of hM3D(Gq)-mCherry by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) leads to increases in neuronal activity, which enabled us to specifically activate VTA to Acb projection neurons. The VTA to Acb pathway is part of the mesolimbic dopamine system and has been implicated in behavioral activation and the exertion of effort. Injections of all doses of 
CNO led to increases in progressive ratio (PR) performance. The effect of the lowest dose of CNO was suppressed by administration of a DRD1-antagonist, suggesting that CNO-induced increases in PR-performance are at least in part mediated by DRD1-signaling. We hereby validate the combined use of CAV-2 and DREADD-technology to activate specific neural pathways and determine consequent changes in behaviorally relevant paradigms.},
  Doi                      = {10.1371/journal.pone.0095392},
  Institution              = {Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.},
  Keywords                 = {Adenoviruses, Canine, genetics; Animals; Clozapine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Integrases, metabolism; Male; Motor Activity, drug effects; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Protein Engineering, methods; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, genetics/metabolism; Signal Transduction, drug effects; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology/drug effects/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {epublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {PONE-D-14-08343},
  Pmid                     = {24736748},
  Timestamp                = {07.07.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095392}
}

@Article{Boennelycke:2011,
  author      = {Boennelycke, Marie and Christensen, Lise and Nielsen, Lene Feldskov and Everland, Hanne and Lose, Gunnar},
  title       = {Tissue response to a new type of biomaterial implanted subcutaneously in rats.},
  year        = {2011},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {22},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {191--196},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s00192-010-1257-3},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00192-010-1257-3},
  abstract    = {A new type of resorbable biomaterial intended for pelvic reconstruction was tested with respect to tissue regeneration and biocompatibility in rats. The biomaterial consisted of methoxypolyethyleneglycol-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (MPEG-PLGA). Implants were pure, enriched with extra-cellular matrix (ECM) or estrogen.Ten implants of each type were tested for 3 and 8 weeks, respectively. Histological assessment of connective tissue organization, inflammation, vascularization, and thickness of regenerated tissue was undertaken.All implants had a high degree of biocompatibility. ECM-enriched implants had significantly higher inflammatory scores compared to pure implants at 3 weeks. At 8 weeks, neither of the parameters differed significantly. No trace of the implants remained.The MPEG-PLGA is highly biocompatible, degrades quickly, and seems inert in the process of tissue regeneration. Thus, it is hardly a candidate per se in reinforcement of pelvic reconstruction, but it could have a future 
role as carrier for stem cells.},
  institution = {Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark. mabn@heh.regionh.dk},
  journal     = {Int Urogynecol J},
  keywords    = {Absorbable Implants; Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Estrogens, pharmacology; Extracellular Matrix; Female; Materials Testing; Pelvic Organ Prolapse, surgery; Polyesters, pharmacology; Polyethylene Glycols, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Regeneration, drug effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {20838988},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@TechReport{Boer:2008,
  author      = {de Boer, Ralph and Wang, Huan and Knight, Andrew M and Dadsetan, Mahrokh and Giusti, Guilherme and Shin, Alexander Y and Spinner, Robert J and Yaszemski, Michael J and Windebank, Anthony J},
  title       = {Afirm Nerve Regeneration Project 1: Growth Factor Releasing Microspheres and the Effect on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration},
  institution = {DTIC Document},
  year        = {2008},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp   = {03.05.2016},
}

@Article{Boer-vanHuizen:1999,
  author      = {R. T. de Boer-van Huizen and J. H. ten Donkelaar},
  title       = {Early development of descending supraspinal pathways: a tracing study in fixed and isolated rat embryos.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {199},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {539-547},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s004290050251},
  abstract    = {Early brainstem-spinal cord projections were studied in the rat using the carbocyanine dye DiI in fixed embryos and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) in an isolated embryonic brain-spinal cord preparation. A system of staging embryos was used that allows direct comparison with data in other mammals. With both techniques it was shown that in embryos of at least 12 days of age (E12), i.e., at the time of closure of the posterior neuropore, already a variety of brainstem centers innervate the spinal cord. In the interstitial nucleus of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis and various parts of the reticular formation - mesencephalic, pontine as well as medullary - DiI or BDA labelled neurons were observed. Mainly large immature, bipolar neurons were labeled. In later stages (E13, E14) the number of labeled neurons increased and more mature, multipolar cells were found. Labeled neurons were also observed in the vestibular nuclear complex and in the medullary raphe. Just below the cerebellum a 
conspicuous small group of neurons was found labeled in a position reminiscent of the locus coeruleus. Comparison with available data on the time of neuron origin of brainstem neurons suggests that interstitiospinal and reticulospinal neurons start projecting spinalwards shortly after they are generated. The earliest brainstem projections to the spinal cord all pass via the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.},
  journal     = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Brain Stem, cytology/embryology/physiology; Carbocyanines; Dextrans; Efferent Pathways, embryology/physiology; Embryo, Mammalian, physiology; Embryonic and Fetal Development, physiology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Organ Culture Techniques; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology/embryology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {10350134},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Boettger:2002,
  author      = {M. K. Boettger and S. Till and M. X. Chen and U. Anand and W. R. Otto and C. Plumpton and D. J. Trezise and S. N. Tate and C. Bountra and K. Coward and R. Birch and P. Anand},
  title       = {Calcium-activated potassium channel SK1- and IK1-like immunoreactivity in injured human sensory neurones and its regulation by neurotrophic factors.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {125},
  number      = {Pt 2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {252--263},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1093/brain/awf026},
  abstract    = {Calcium-activated potassium ion channels SK and IK (small and intermediate conductance, respectively) may be important in the pathophysiology of pain following nerve injury, as SK channels are known to impose a period of reduced excitability after each action potential by afterhyperpolarization. We studied the presence and changes of human SK1 (hSK1)- and hIK1-like immunoreactivity in control and injured human dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and peripheral nerves and their regulation by key neurotrophic factors in cultured rat sensory neurones. Using specific antibodies, hSK-1 and hIK-1-like immunoreactivity was detected in a majority of large and small/medium-sized cell bodies of human DRG. hSK1 immunoreactivity was decreased significantly in cell bodies of avulsed human DRG (n = 8, surgery delay 8 h to 12 months). There was a decrease in hIK1-like immunoreactivity predominantly in large cells acutely (<3 weeks after injury), but also in small/medium cells of chronic cases. Twenty-three injured 
peripheral nerves were studied (surgery delay 8 h to 12 months); in five of these, hIK1-like immunoreactivity was detected proximally but not distally to injury, whereas neurofilament staining confirmed the presence of nerve fibres in both regions. These five nerves, unlike the others, had all undergone Wallerian degeneration previously and the loss of hIK1-like immunoreactivity may therefore reflect reduced axonal transport of this ion channel across the injury site in regenerated fibres, as well as decreased expression in the cell body. In vitro studies of neonatal rat DRG neurones showed that nerve growth factor (NGF) significantly increased the percentage of hSK1-positive cells, whereas neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) failed to show a significant effect. NT-3 stimulated hIK1 expression, while NGF and GDNF were ineffective. As expected, NGF increased expression of the voltage-gated sodium channel SNS1/PN3 in this system. Decreased retrograde transport of these 
neurotrophic factors in injured sensory neurones may thus reduce expression of these ion channels and increase excitability. Blockade of IK1-like and other potassium channels by aminopyridines (4-AP and 3,4-DAP) may also explain the paraesthesiae induced by these medications. Selective potassium channel openers are likely to represent novel therapies for pain following nerve injury.},
  institution = {Peripheral Neuropathy Unit, Department of Neurology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.},
  journal     = {Brain},
  keywords    = {Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antibodies, metabolism; Cells, Cultured; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/injuries/metabolism; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Growth Factor, pharmacology; Nerve Growth Factors; Nerve Tissue Proteins, pharmacology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/metabolism; Neuroprotective Agents, pharmacology; Neurotrophin 3, pharmacology; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Peripheral Nerves, metabolism; Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated; Potassium Channels, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11844726},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bogoyevitch:1993,
  author      = {Bogoyevitch, M. A. and Fuller, S. J. and Sugden, P. H.},
  title       = {cAMP and protein synthesis in isolated adult rat heart preparations.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {265},
  number      = {5 Pt 1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {C1247--C1257},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://ajpcell.physiology.org/content/ajpcell/265/5/C1247.full.pdf},
  abstract    = {The involvement of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) in the stimulation of ventricular protein synthesis by aortic hypertension or adrenergic agonists in the adult rat heart was investigated. In either the retrogradely or anterogradely perfused heart, aortic hypertension increased protein synthesis rates by up to 19\%. However, no changes in cAMP concentrations or in cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity ratios could be detected either at early (< 5 min) or late (90 min) time points. Although isoproterenol, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, or forskolin raised cAMP concentrations (by up to 4.5-fold) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase ratios (by up to 4-fold), protein synthesis rates were not increased; however, under some perfusion conditions, glucagon did stimulate protein synthesis by 25\%. Epinephrine stimulated protein synthesis by up to 32\%, an effect that was not prevented by propranolol. Phenylephrine also stimulated protein synthesis, an effect that was prevented by prazosin 
but was unaffected by yohimbine. These findings implicate the alpha 1-adrenoceptor in the regulation of cardiac protein synthesis. Because changes in adenine nucleotide concentrations were similar in hearts perfused with epinephrine or with the agents that raised cAMP, it is unlikely that adenine nucleotide depletion is responsible for the failure to observe effects of the latter group of agents on protein synthesis. Although isoproterenol or forskolin raised cAMP concentrations in isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes where ATP depletion was minimal, neither stimulated protein synthesis. alpha 1-Adrenergic agonists stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the heart (Brown, J. H., I. L. Buxton, and L. L. Brunton. Circ. Res. 57:532-537, 1985). Aortic hypertension doubled the rate of phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the perfused heart. We suggest that the phosphoinositide-linked signal transduction pathway is more likely to be involved in stimulation of cardiac protein synthesis by hypertension or adrenergic 
agonism than the adenylyl cyclase/cAMP-linked pathway.},
  institution = {Department of Cardiac Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, University of London, United Kingdom.},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol},
  keywords    = {1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, pharmacology; Adenine Nucleotides, metabolism; Animals; Colforsin, pharmacology; Cyclic AMP, metabolism; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, metabolism; Energy Metabolism; Epinephrine, pharmacology; Glucagon, pharmacology; Heart, drug effects/physiology; Hypertension, metabolism/physiopathology; Isoproterenol, pharmacology; Kinetics; Male; Myocardium, metabolism; Perfusion; Phenylephrine, pharmacology; Phosphocreatine, metabolism; Prazosin, pharmacology; Propranolol, pharmacology; Protein Biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Yohimbine, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7694491},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bohlen:1998,
  author      = {O. von Bohlen und Halbach and D. Albrecht},
  title       = {Tracing of axonal connectivities in a combined slice preparation of rat brains--a study by rhodamine-dextran-amine-application in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {81},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {169--175},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0165-0270(98)00026-0},
  abstract    = {In preparation for electrophysiological studies, the fiber pathways within the amygdala of rats have been examined using a combined Nissl- and silver-staining method (Bielshowsky) in horizontal sections of the amygdala. To determine if fibers in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala are in functional connection with other brain regions, an anterograde and retrograde axonal tracing method (application of rhodamine-dextran-amine) was performed. Horizontal slices containing some nuclei of the amygdala (lateral nucleus, basolateral nucleus, central nucleus, medial nucleus), as well as the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampus and parts of the piriform cortex were used. Crystals of rhodamine-dextran-amine were placed in the lateral nucleus. Intra-amygdaloid connections as well as connections to other brain regions were preserved in this preparation. The connectivities of the lateral nucleus with other nuclei of the amygdala (basolateral, medial, central) correspond with the findings made by tracer 
applications in-vivo. The use of a tracer that is transported in both the antero- and retrograde direction shows the whole spectrum of efferent and afferent fibers which are involved in the projection pattern of the lateral nucleus. To test the usefulness of this preparation for electrophysiological studies, extracellular field potentials were recorded.},
  institution = {Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine (Charité), Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. bohlen@rz.charite.hu-berlin.de},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Axons, physiology; Brain Mapping; Dextrans, analysis/pharmacology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Models, Anatomic; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhodamines, analysis/pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9696322},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bohnert:2007,
  author      = {Bohnert, Debra M. and Purvines, Scott and Shapiro, Scott and Borgens, Richard B.},
  title       = {Simultaneous application of two neurotrophic factors after spinal cord injury.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {846--863},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1089/neu.2006.0101},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2006.0101},
  abstract    = {We have studied the application of voltage gradients to injured spinal cord which enhanced regeneration of axons and reduced their retrograde degeneration after injury. This led to an implanted electronic device producing electrical fields sufficient to induce regeneration in both ascending and descending tracts of white matter (called oscillating field stimulation [OFS]), which has been associated with behavioral recovery in animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI). OFS has also proven to benefit neurologically complete spinal cord injured dogs and humans in clinical trials. These studies, however, have failed to confirm benefit if applied after the sub-acute period of SCI. Here we report on combining OFS with the application of a non-toxic neurotrophic factor, inosine, using a behavioral model for "chronic" SCI, the cutaneous trunci muscle (CTM) reflex in adult guinea pigs. Inosine was delivered subcutaneously in guinea pigs for 28 days using implantable "osmotic pumps"--alone or in 
combination with OFS. In all animals, experimental and control treatments were withheld for three months after a right lateral hemisection of the thoracic spinal cord. Both inosine and the combination therapy produced a statistically significant recovery of CTM receptive fields silenced permanently by spinal cord hemisection in controls--though the combination therapy enhanced the time of the appearance of recovered regions of skin. Retransection of the cord in three recovered animals eliminated the CTM recovery confirming changes in neural connections were restricted to the cord and not due to changes in cutaneous peripheral innervation. Morphometry of anterogradely labeled white matter revealed a statistically enhanced regeneration of ascending and descending projections in animals treated with the combination "therapy" compared to inosine alone. These data suggest that combining neurotrophic factors of differing modes of action likely enhance the outcome from "chronic" SCI.},
  institution = {Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2096, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurotrauma},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, drug effects/pathology; Chronic Disease, therapy; Denervation; Disease Models, Animal; Electric Stimulation Therapy, instrumentation/methods; Female; Guinea Pigs; Injections, Subcutaneous; Inosine, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Motor Neurons, physiology; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation/physiopathology; Nerve Growth Factors, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Nerve Regeneration, drug effects/physiology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/injuries/physiopathology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Peripheral Nerves, anatomy /&/ histology/physiopathology; Spinal Cord Injuries, metabolism/physiopathology/therapy; Spinal Cord, drug effects/metabolism/physiopathology; Treatment Outcome},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {17518539},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bohnert:2005,
  author      = {Bohnert, Stephanie and Schiavo, Giampietro},
  title       = {Tetanus toxin is transported in a novel neuronal compartment characterized by a specialized pH regulation.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {280},
  number      = {51},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {42336--42344},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1074/jbc.M506750200},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M506750200},
  abstract    = {Tetanus toxin binds specifically to motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction. There, it is internalized into vesicular carriers undergoing fast retrograde transport to the spinal cord. Despite the importance of this axonal transport pathway in health and disease, its molecular and biophysical characterization is presently lacking. We sought to fill this gap by determining the pH regulation of this compartment in living motor neurons using a chimera of the tetanus toxin binding fragment (TeNT HC) and a pH-sensitive variant of the green fluorescent protein (ratiometric pHluorin). We have demonstrated that moving retrograde carriers display a narrow range of neutral pH values, which is kept constant during transport. Stationary TeNT HC-positive organelles instead exhibit a wide spectrum of pH values, ranging from acidic to neutral. This distinct pH regulation is due to a differential targeting of the vacuolar (H+) ATPase, which is not present on moving TeNT HC compartments. Accordingly, 
inhibition of the vacuolar (H+) ATPase under conditions that completely abolish the intracellular accumulation of acidotrophic dyes does not affect axonal retrograde transport of TeNT HC. However, a functional vacuolar (H+) ATPase is required for early steps of TeNT HC trafficking following endocytosis, and it is localized to axonal vesicles containing TeNT HC. Altogether, these findings indicate that the vacuolar (H+ ATPase plays a specific role in early sorting events directing TeNT HC to axonal carriers but not in their subsequent progression along the retrograde transport route, which escapes acidification and targeting to degradative organelles.},
  institution = {Molecular NeuroPathobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom.},
  journal     = {J Biol Chem},
  keywords    = {Adenosine Triphosphatases, metabolism; Animals; Cell Compartmentation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Neurons, metabolism; Protein Transport; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Tetanus Toxin, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {M506750200},
  pmid        = {16236708},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Boissard:2003,
  author      = {Boissard, Romuald and Fort, Patrice and Gervasoni, Damien and Barbagli, Bruno and Luppi, Pierre-Hervé},
  title       = {Localization of the GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons projecting to the sublaterodorsal nucleus and potentially gating paradoxical sleep onset.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {18},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {1627--1639},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02861.x},
  abstract    = {We recently determined in rats that iontophoretic application of bicuculline or gabazine [two GABAa antagonists] and kainic acid (a glutamate agonist) in the sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) induces with a very short latency a paradoxical sleep-like state. From these results, we proposed that GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs to the SLD paradoxical sleep (PS)-executive neurons gate the onset of PS [R. Boissard et al. (2002) Eur. J. Neurosci., 16, 1959-1973]. We therefore decided to determine the origin of the GABAergic and non-GABAergic inputs to the SLD combining ejection of a retrograde tracer [cholera-toxin B subunit (CTb)] with glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) immunohistochemistry. The presence of GAD-immunoreactive neurons in the SLD was confirmed. Then, following CTb ejections centred on the SLD, combined with GAD and CTb immunohistochemistry, double-labelled cells were observed in the mesencephalic and pontine reticular nuclei and to a lesser extent the parvicellular reticular nucleus. A 
large number of GAD-negative retrogradely labelled cells was also seen in these structures as well as in the primary motor area of the frontal cortex, the central nucleus of the amygdala, the ventral and lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the lateral hypothalamic area, the lateral and ventrolateral periaqueductal grey and the lateral paragigantocellular reticular nucleus. From these results, we propose that the activation of PS-executive neurons from the SLD is due to the removal of a tonic inhibition from GABAergic neurons localized in the SLD, and the mesencephalic and pontine reticular nuclei. Strong non-GABAergic inputs to the SLD could be excitatory and responsible for the tonic glutamatergic input on the PS-on neurons we have previously described. They could also terminate on SLD GABAergic interneurons and be indirectly responsible for the inhibition of the PS-on neurons during waking and slow-wave sleep.},
  institution = {(IFR 19), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 7, Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon, Cedex 08, France.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Electroencephalography; Electromyography; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Iontophoresis; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Neurons, classification/metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins, pharmacokinetics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sleep, REM, drug effects/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {2861},
  pmid        = {14511341},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Boissard:2002,
  author      = {Romuald Boissard and Damien Gervasoni and Markus H Schmidt and Bruno Barbagli and Patrice Fort and Pierre-Hervé Luppi},
  title       = {The rat ponto-medullary network responsible for paradoxical sleep onset and maintenance: a combined microinjection and functional neuroanatomical study.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {10},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1959--1973},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02257.x},
  abstract    = {The neuronal network responsible for paradoxical sleep (PS) onset and maintenance has not previously been identified in the rat, unlike the cat. To fill this gap, this study has developed a new technique involving the recording of sleep-wake states in unanaesthetized head-restrained rats whilst locally administering pharmacological agents by microiontophoresis from glass multibarrel micropipettes, into the dorsal pontine tegmentum and combining this with functional neuroanatomy. Pharmacological agents used for iontophoretic administration included carbachol, kainic acid, bicuculline and gabazine. The injection sites and their efferents were then identified by injections of anterograde (phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin) or retrograde (cholera toxin B subunit) tracers through an adjacent barrel of the micropipette assembly and by C-Fos immunostaining. Bicuculline, gabazine and kainic acid ejections specifically into the pontine sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) induced within a few minutes a PS-
like state characterized by a continuous muscle atonia, low voltage EEG and a lack of reaction to stimuli. In contrast, carbachol ejections into the SLD induced wakefulness. In PHA-L, glycine and C-Fos multiple double-labelling experiments, anterogradely labelled fibres originating from the SLD were seen apposed on glycine and C-Fos positive neurons (labelled after 90 min of pharmacologically induced PS-like state) from the ventral gigantocellular and parvicellular reticular nuclei. Altogether, these data indicate that the SLD nuclei contain a population of neurons playing a crucial role in PS onset and maintenance. Furthermore, they suggest that GABAergic disinhibition and glutamate excitation of these neurons might also play a crucial role in the onset of PS.},
  institution = {CNRS FRE 2469, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon (IFR 19), Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 LYON Cedex 08, France.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Carbachol, pharmacology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Cholinergic Agonists, pharmacology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Electroencephalography; Electromyography; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; Kainic Acid, pharmacology; Kynurenic Acid, pharmacology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, analysis; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Pyridazines, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sleep, REM, drug effects/physiology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wakefulness, drug effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {2257},
  pmid        = {12453060},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Boisselier:2014,
  author      = {Boisselier, Lise and Ferry, Barbara and Gervais, Rémi},
  title       = {Involvement of the lateral entorhinal cortex for the formation of cross-modal olfactory-tactile associations in the rat.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  month       = {Apr},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/hipo.22277},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22277},
  abstract    = {While the olfactory and tactile vibrissal systems have been extensively studied in the rat, the neural basis of these cross-modal associations is still elusive. Here we tested the hypothesis that the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) could be particularly involved. In order to tackle this question, we have developed a new behavioral paradigm which consists in finding one baited cup (+) among three, each of the cups presenting a different and specific odor/texture (OT) combination. During the acquisition of a first task (Task OT1), the three cups were associated with the following OT combination: O1T1 for the baited cup; O2T1 and O1T2 for non-baited ones. Most rats learn this task within three training sessions (20 trials/session). In a second task (Task OT2) animals had to pair another OT combination with the reward using a new set of stimuli (O3T3+, O4T3, and O3T4). Results showed that rats manage to learn Task OT2 within one session only. In a third task (Task OT3) animals had to learn 
another OT combination based on previously learned items (e.g. O4T4+, O1T4 and O4T1). This task is called the "recombination task." Results showed that control rats solve the recombination task within one session. Animals bilaterally implanted with cannulae in the LEC were microinfused with d-APV (3 µg/0.6 µL) just before the acquisition or the test session of each task. The results showed that NMDA receptor blockade in LEC did not affect recall of Task OT1 but strongly impaired acquisition of both Task OT2 and OT3. Moreover, two control groups of animals infused with d-APV showed no deficit in the acquisition of unimodal olfactory and tactile tasks. Taken together, these data show that the NMDA system in the LEC is involved in the acquisition of association between an olfactory and a tactile stimulus during cross-modal learning task. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
  institution = {Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Team Olfaction: From Coding to Memory, UMR CNRS 5292INSERM U 1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.},
  journal     = {Hippocampus},
  medline-pst = {aheadofprint},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {24715601},
  timestamp   = {16.06.2014},
}

@Article{Boix-Trelis:2006,
  author      = {Boix-Trelis, Núria and Vale-Martínez, Anna and Guillazo-Blanch, Gemma and Costa-Miserachs, David and Martí-Nicolovius, Margarita},
  title       = {Effects of nucleus basalis magnocellularis stimulation on a socially transmitted food preference and c-Fos expression.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {13},
  number      = {6},
  pages       = {783--793},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1101/lm.305306},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.305306},
  abstract    = {Experiment 1 examined the effects of electrical stimulation of nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) on a relational odor-association task--the social transmission of food preference (STFP). Rats were stimulated unilaterally in the NBM for 20 min (100 microA, 1 Hz) immediately before the social training. They were tested on their ability to remember preference for the trained food either immediately or following a 24-h delay. Stimulation of NBM improved retention regardless of delay, and additional behavioral measures (social interaction, motor activity, or exploration) did not account for such effects. Experiment 2 investigated brain regions activated after NBM electrical stimulation by examining the induction of c-Fos. This treatment led to bilateral increased c-Fos expression in prefrontal regions, such as orbitofrontal, prelimbic, and infralimbic cortices, and some hippocampal subregions (dorsal CA and ventral dentate gyrus). In contrast, no differences between groups in c-Fos expression 
were found in basolateral amygdala, dorsal dentate gyrus, ventral CA, or ventral subiculum. Present findings indicate that pretraining NBM electrical stimulation facilitates the acquisition of STFP, supporting a role of NBM in the early stages of memory formation, and suggest that the treatment might cause such effects by inducing neural changes, related to transcription factors such as c-Fos, in the prefrontal cortex or the hippocampal formation.},
  institution = {Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain.},
  journal     = {Learn Mem},
  keywords    = {Animals; Association Learning, physiology; Basal Nucleus of Meynert, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Feeding Behavior, physiology; Food Preferences, physiology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Hippocampus, metabolism; Imitative Behavior, physiology; Male; Memory, physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Smell, physiology; Social Environment},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {lm.305306},
  pmid        = {17101878},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Boka:2006,
  Title                    = {Comparison of the ultrastructure of cortical and retinal terminals in the rat superior colliculus.},
  Author                   = {Kamran Boka and Ranida Chomsung and Jianli Li and Martha E Bickford},
  Journal                  = {Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {850--858},
  Volume                   = {288},

  Abstract                 = {We compared the ultrastructure and synaptic targets of terminals of cortical or retinal origin in the stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum of the rat superior colliculus. Following injections of biotinylated dextran amine into cortical area 17, corticotectal axons were labeled by anterograde transport. Corticotectal axons were of relatively small caliber with infrequent small varicosities. At the ultrastructural level, corticotectal terminals were observed to be small profiles (0.44 +/- 0.27 microm(2)) that contained densely packed round vesicles. In tissue stained for gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) using postembedding immunocytochemical techniques, corticotectal terminals were found to contact small (0.51 +/- 0.69 microm(2)) non-GABAergic dendrites and spines (93\%) and a few small GABAergic dendrites (7\%). In the same tissue, retinotectal terminals, identified by their distinctive pale mitochondria, were observed to be larger than corticotectal terminals (3.34 +/-
 1.79 microm(2)). In comparison to corticotectal terminals, retinotectal terminals contacted larger (1.59 +/- 1.70 microm(2)) non-GABAergic dendrites and spines (73\%) and a larger proportion of GABAergic profiles (27\%) of relatively large size (2.17 +/- 1.49 microm(2)), most of which were vesicle-filled (71\%). Our results suggest that cortical and retinal terminals target different dendritic compartments within the neuropil of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/ar.a.20359},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Dendrites, metabolism/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retina, metabolism/ultrastructure; Superior Colliculi, metabolism/ultrastructure; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure; Visual Cortex, metabolism/ultrastructure; Visual Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {16850432},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.20359}
}

@Article{Bokor:2003,
  Title                    = {Connections of the nucleus reuniens thalami and the supramammillary nuclei to the septo-hippocampal system},
  Author                   = {Bokor, Hajnalka},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Publisher                = {Citeseer},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCgQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fphd.semmelweis.hu%2Fmwp%2Fphd_live%2Fvedes%2Fexport%2Fbokorhajni.e.pdf&ei=KqMqVPjdBobpywOV-4GAAg&usg=AFQjCNGMyWlgwd6fuPMcpCy890wq8_1Rmw&sig2=3PyiVjGzknK8j6ymXghNkQ}
}

@Article{Bokor:2008a,
  author      = {Bokor, Hajnalka and Acs{\'{a}}dy, L{\'{a}}szl{\'{o}} and Desch{\^{e}}nes, Martin},
  title       = {Vibrissal responses of thalamic cells that project to the septal columns of the barrel cortex and to the second somatosensory area.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {28},
  number      = {20},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {5169--5177},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0490-08.2008},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0490-08.2008},
  abstract    = {The rodent somatosensory cortex contains barrel-related and septa-related circuits representing two separate streams of vibrissa information processing that differ in their response patterns and anatomical connections. Whereas barrel-related circuits process lemniscal inputs that transit through the thalamic barreloids, septa-related circuits process paralemniscal inputs and inputs that are relayed through the ventral lateral part of the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPMvl). Septa-projecting thalamic afferents also target the secondary somatosensory cortical area. Although a number of studies have examined response properties in the lemniscal pathway, and demonstrated that barreloids receive feedback from specific sets of corticothalamic and reticular thalamic neurons, such information is currently lacking for the VPMvl. In the present study, we show that in sharp contrast to the relay cells of the barreloids VPMvl neurons exhibit large multiwhisker receptive fields that are independent 
of input from the principal trigeminal nucleus. Results also suggest that the topography of receptive fields and response properties in VPMvl rely on converging input from neurons of the interpolaris trigeminal nucleus. Tracer injection and single-cell labeling further reveal that the VPMvl receives input from specific populations of reticular thalamic and corticothalamic neurons. Together, these results confirm the status of the VPMvl as a thalamic relay of an independent parallel pathway of vibrissa information processing. They further indicate that a sensory pathway does not merely consist on a three-neuron chain that links the vibrissae to the cerebral cortex, but that it also involves specific sets of topographically related corticothalamic and reticular thalamic projections.},
  institution = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Feedback, physiology; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Male; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Thresholds, physiology; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Touch, physiology; Trigeminal Nerve, physiology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Vibrissae, innervation/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {28/20/5169},
  pmc         = {PMC2631158},
  pmid        = {18480273},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Bokor:2008,
  Title                    = {Vibrissal responses of thalamic cells that project to the septal columns of the barrel cortex and to the second somatosensory area.},
  Author                   = {Bokor, Hajnalka and Acsády, László and Deschênes, Martin},
  Journal                  = {J Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {20},
  Pages                    = {5169--5177},
  Volume                   = {28},

  Abstract                 = {The rodent somatosensory cortex contains barrel-related and septa-related circuits representing two separate streams of vibrissa information processing that differ in their response patterns and anatomical connections. Whereas barrel-related circuits process lemniscal inputs that transit through the thalamic barreloids, septa-related circuits process paralemniscal inputs and inputs that are relayed through the ventral lateral part of the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPMvl). Septa-projecting thalamic afferents also target the secondary somatosensory cortical area. Although a number of studies have examined response properties in the lemniscal pathway, and demonstrated that barreloids receive feedback from specific sets of corticothalamic and reticular thalamic neurons, such information is currently lacking for the VPMvl. In the present study, we show that in sharp contrast to the relay cells of the barreloids VPMvl neurons exhibit large multiwhisker receptive fields that are 
independent of input from the principal trigeminal nucleus. Results also suggest that the topography of receptive fields and response properties in VPMvl rely on converging input from neurons of the interpolaris trigeminal nucleus. Tracer injection and single-cell labeling further reveal that the VPMvl receives input from specific populations of reticular thalamic and corticothalamic neurons. Together, these results confirm the status of the VPMvl as a thalamic relay of an independent parallel pathway of vibrissa information processing. They further indicate that a sensory pathway does not merely consist on a three-neuron chain that links the vibrissae to the cerebral cortex, but that it also involves specific sets of topographically related corticothalamic and reticular thalamic projections.},
  Doi                      = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0490-08.2008},
  Institution              = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary.},
  Keywords                 = {Action Potentials, physiology; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Feedback, physiology; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Male; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Thresholds, physiology; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Touch, physiology; Trigeminal Nerve, physiology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Vibrissae, innervation/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {28/20/5169},
  Pmid                     = {18480273},
  Timestamp                = {26.04.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0490-08.2008}
}

@Article{Bokor:2002a,
  author      = {Bokor, Hajnalka and Cs{\'{a}}ki, Agnes and Kocsis, Katalin and Kiss, J{\'{o}}zsef},
  title       = {Cellular architecture of the nucleus reuniens thalami and its putative aspartatergic/glutamatergic projection to the hippocampus and medial septum in the rat.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {1227--1239},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02189.x},
  abstract    = {Little is known about the neurochemical features of the nucleus reuniens thalami (RE). In the present study, immunocytochemical experiments were performed to characterize the expression pattern of certain neurochemical markers, e.g. the calcium-binding proteins calbindin and calretinin and several neuropeptides. Colocalization studies revealed that half of the calbindin-positive cells express calretinin, and numerous calretinin-immunoreactive neurons contain calbindin. In contrast, immunolabelling for neuropeptides did not reveal cell bodies in the RE. The RE establishes widespread connections with several limbic structures. To correlate these projection patterns with the neurochemical characteristics of RE neurons, the retrograde tracer [3H]D-aspartate, which is selectively taken up by high affinity uptake sites that use glutamate as neurotransmitter, and the nonselective retrograde tracer wheatgerm agglutinin-conjugated colloidal gold was injected into the stratum lacunosum moleculare of 
the hippocampal CA1 subfield and into the medial septum. The results provide direct anatomical demonstration of aspartatergic/glutamatergic projection from the RE to the hippocampus and to the medial septum. Nearly all of the projecting neurons proved to be calbindin-immunopositive and many of them expressed calretinin. Both retrograde labelling techniques revealed that neurons projecting to the hippocampus were located in clusters in the dorsolateral part of the RE, whereas neurons projecting to the medial septum were mainly distributed in the ventromedial portion of the nucleus, indicating that different cell populations project to these limbic areas. These results suggest that neurons in the RE are heterogeneous and contribute to the excitatory innervation of the septo-hippocampal system.},
  institution = {Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Tüzoltó u. 58, Budapest, Hungary, H-1094.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, metabolism; Calbindin 2; Calbindins; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Gold Colloid; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Midline Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Radioactive Tracers; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, metabolism; Septal Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {2189},
  pmid        = {12405983},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Bokor:2002,
  author      = {Hajnalka Bokor and Agnes Csáki and Katalin Kocsis and József Kiss},
  title       = {Cellular architecture of the nucleus reuniens thalami and its putative aspartatergic/glutamatergic projection to the hippocampus and medial septum in the rat.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {1227--1239},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02189.x},
  abstract    = {Little is known about the neurochemical features of the nucleus reuniens thalami (RE). In the present study, immunocytochemical experiments were performed to characterize the expression pattern of certain neurochemical markers, e.g. the calcium-binding proteins calbindin and calretinin and several neuropeptides. Colocalization studies revealed that half of the calbindin-positive cells express calretinin, and numerous calretinin-immunoreactive neurons contain calbindin. In contrast, immunolabelling for neuropeptides did not reveal cell bodies in the RE. The RE establishes widespread connections with several limbic structures. To correlate these projection patterns with the neurochemical characteristics of RE neurons, the retrograde tracer [3H]D-aspartate, which is selectively taken up by high affinity uptake sites that use glutamate as neurotransmitter, and the nonselective retrograde tracer wheatgerm agglutinin-conjugated colloidal gold was injected into the stratum lacunosum moleculare of 
the hippocampal CA1 subfield and into the medial septum. The results provide direct anatomical demonstration of aspartatergic/glutamatergic projection from the RE to the hippocampus and to the medial septum. Nearly all of the projecting neurons proved to be calbindin-immunopositive and many of them expressed calretinin. Both retrograde labelling techniques revealed that neurons projecting to the hippocampus were located in clusters in the dorsolateral part of the RE, whereas neurons projecting to the medial septum were mainly distributed in the ventromedial portion of the nucleus, indicating that different cell populations project to these limbic areas. These results suggest that neurons in the RE are heterogeneous and contribute to the excitatory innervation of the septo-hippocampal system.},
  institution = {Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Tüzoltó u. 58, Budapest, Hungary, H-1094.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, metabolism; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, metabolism; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Gold Colloid; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Midline Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Radioactive Tracers; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septal Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {2189},
  pmid        = {12405983},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bolam:2009,
  author    = {Bolam, JP and Brown, MTC and Moss, J and Magill, PJ and Unit, MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology},
  title     = {Basal ganglia: internal organization},
  year      = {2009},
  volume    = {2},
  pages     = {97--104},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {http://ac.els-cdn.com/B9780080450469012948/3-s2.0-B9780080450469012948-main.pdf?_tid=62fab292-632d-11e4-bdf1-00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1415000911_9f9fd4444c553daca45017de6481b37a},
  journal   = {Encyclopedia of Neuroscience},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bolam:1984,
  author      = {Bolam, J. P.},
  title       = {Synapses of identified neurons in the neostriatum.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {107},
  pages       = {30--47},
  doi         = {10.1002/9780470720882.ch3},
  abstract    = {Studies of the basal ganglia and particularly the neostriatum have described a complex array of neuron types, synapses and putative transmitters. One approach to the study of such an area is to examine identified neurons and thus establish the neural circuits that underlie function. Striatal neurons have been identified under the light microscope by one or more of the following methods: (1) structure, based on Golgi impregnation or the intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP); (2) projection area, by the retrograde transport of HRP or the tracing of HRP-injected or Golgi-impregnated axons; (3) chemistry, by immunocytochemistry, histochemistry or autoradiography, to reveal the presence of a selective uptake system for a putative transmitter. Examination of identified neurons in the electron microscope allows the characterization of their afferent synapses (by immunocytochemistry or anterograde degeneration) and their local synaptic output. The afferent and efferent synapses of 
five classes of identified striatal neurons are discussed: (1) those neurons described in Golgi preparations as medium-size and densely spiny; (2) a large type of striatonigral neuron; (3) GABAergic interneurons; (4) cholinergic neurons; (5) somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons. It is concluded that medium-size densely spiny neurons provide the basic framework of the neural circuits of the neostriatum.},
  journal     = {Ciba Found Symp},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Cats; Cholinergic Fibers; Corpus Striatum, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Efferent Pathways, cytology; Haplorhini; Interneurons, cytology; Rats; Somatostatin, metabolism; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6149899},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bolam:1986,
  author      = {Bolam, J. P. and Ingham, C. A. and Izzo, P. N. and Levey, A. I. and Rye, D. B. and Smith, A. D. and Wainer, B. H.},
  title       = {Substance P-containing terminals in synaptic contact with cholinergic neurons in the neostriatum and basal forebrain: a double immunocytochemical study in the rat.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {397},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {279--289},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)90629-3},
  abstract    = {Antibodies against substance P and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) have been used in a sequential double-immunocytochemical ultrastructural study of the rat forebrain. The peroxidase-anti-peroxidase procedure was used for both antigens, however, two different substrates for the peroxidase reactions were used. The substance P-immunoreactive sites were first localized using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine as the substrate, then the ChAT-immunoreactive sites were localized using benzidine dihydrochloride. The reaction product formed by the two substrates was distinguishable in both the light and electron microscopes. Using this procedure, the cell bodies and proximal dendrites of identified cholinergic neurons in the neostriatum were found to receive symmetrical synaptic input from substance P-immunoreactive boutons. A similar pattern of substance P-immunoreactive synaptic input was observed onto magnocellular basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in the ventral pallidum and ventromedial globus pallidus. 
In both the striatum and basal forebrain substance P-immunoreactive boutons were also seen in contact with structures that did not display ChAT immunoreactivity.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Benzidines, diagnostic use; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Cholinergic Fibers, enzymology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Corpus Striatum, metabolism/ultrastructure; Female; Frontal Lobe, metabolism/ultrastructure; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Substance P, metabolism; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(86)90629-3},
  pmid        = {2432992},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bolam:1988,
  author      = {J. P. Bolam and P. N. Izzo},
  title       = {The postsynaptic targets of substance P-immunoreactive terminals in the rat neostriatum with particular reference to identified spiny striatonigral neurons.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {70},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {361--377},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00248361},
  abstract    = {Substance P-immunoreactive boutons were examined in the electron microscope in sections of the rat neostriatum that contained retrogradely labelled striatonigral neurons and/or Golgi-impregnated medium-size densely spiny neurons. The post-synaptic targets of the immunoreactive boutons were characterized on the basis of ultrastructural features, their projection to the substantia nigra and/or their somato-dendritic morphology. Substance P-immunoreactive axonal boutons formed symmetrical synaptic specializations. Of a total of 233 randomly identified synaptic boutons 72.5\% made contact with dendritic shafts, 15\% with dendritic spines and 10.7\% with perikarya. The ultrastructural characteristics of some of the postsynaptic neuronal perikarya were consistent with their identification as striatal interneurons. Similarly, the observation of some of the substance P-containing terminals in contact with spines, spine-bearing dendritic shafts and perikarya with the ultrastructural characteristics 
of medium-size densely spiny neurons suggested that one of the targets of substance P-positive terminals are striatal projection neurons. Direct evidence for this was obtained in sections from rats that had received injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheatgerm agglutinin in the substantia nigra. The perikarya of retrogradely labeled striatonigral neurons were found to receive symmetrical synaptic input from substance P-positive boutons. Ultrastructural analysis of Golgi-impregnated medium-size densely spiny neurons, some of which were also retrogradely labeled from the substantia nigra, demonstrated directly that this class of neuron was postsynaptic to the substance P-immunoreactive boutons. The combination of Golgi-impregnation with substance P-immunocytochemistry made it possible to study the pattern or topography of the substance P-positive input to medium size densely spiny neurons. The substance P-containing boutons made contact predominantly with perikarya and dendritic shafts. This 
pattern of input is markedly different from that of other identified inputs to medium-size densely spiny neurons.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, U.K.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, analysis/ultrastructure; Female; Gold; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling; Substance P, analysis; Substantia Nigra, analysis/ultrastructure; Synapses, analysis/ultrastructure; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2454839},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@InCollection{Bolam:2002,
  author    = {Bolam, J Paul and Magill, Peter J and Bevan, Mark D},
  title     = {The functional organisation of the basal ganglia: new insights from anatomical and physiological analyses},
  booktitle = {The basal ganglia VII},
  year      = {2002},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {371--378},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4615-0715-4_37},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {03.05.2016},
}

@Article{Bolam:1981,
  author      = {J. P. Bolam and J. F. Powell and S. Totterdell and A. D. Smith},
  title       = {The proportion of neurons in the rat neostriatum that project to the substantia nigra demonstrated using horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheatgerm agglutinin.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {220},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {339--343},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(81)91222-1},
  abstract    = {Following the injection of small volumes of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheatgerm agglutinin into the substantia nigra of the rat, a high proportion of the total neuronal population in parts of the ipsilateral neostriatum was retrogradely labelled with horseradish peroxidase. Quantitative estimates in 1-micrometer plastic sections showed that 68.5\% of 1011 neurons counted project to the substantia nigra.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Corpus Striatum, cytology/physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Lectins; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Substantia Nigra, cytology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(81)91222-1},
  pmid        = {6169390},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bolam:1985,
  author      = {Bolam, J. P. and Powell, J. F. and Wu, J. Y. and Smith, A. D.},
  title       = {Glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive structures in the rat neostriatum: a correlated light and electron microscopic study including a combination of Golgi impregnation with immunocytochemistry.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {237},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {1--20},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902370102},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902370102},
  abstract    = {An antibody to glutamate decarboxylase has been used in a light and electron microscopic study of the neostriatum of rats that had received intracerebral injections of colchicine. In the light microscope, neuronal perikarya and small punctate structures that displayed immunoreactivity were found. The perikarya could be divided into two classes based on their sizes: small-to-medium-sized and large. Proximal dendrites, axon initial segments, and axon collaterals were occasionally stained. When the nuclei of the neurons were visible, they possessed indentations. The immunoreactive punctate structures were spread evenly throughout the neostriatum but occasionally were associated with immunoreactive and nonimmunoreactive perikarya. When the same sections were examined in the electron microscope, the small-to-medium-sized immunoreactive perikarya were found to be similar in morphology and synaptic input to a class of Golgi-impregnated neuron that has been previously shown to accumulate locally 
administered, radiolabelled gamma-aminobutyric acid. Neurons with the ultrastructural characteristics of typical striatonigral neurons did not display immunoreactivity. As neurons in this pathway probably contain gamma-aminobutyric acid, it is possible that our procedure or our antibody does not stain all gamma-aminobutyric-acid-containing structures in the neostriatum. A total of 404 immunoreactive punctate structures were examined by correlated light and electron microscopy or by electron microscopy alone. They were identified as immunoreactive axonal boutons and each of them, when examined in serial sections, displayed typical synaptic specialisations. Membrane specialisations were always of the symmetrical type. At least five distinct targets of the immunoreactive terminals were identified: neurons that were themselves immunoreactive for glutamate decarboxylase; the immunoreactive terminals made synaptic contact with all parts of the neurons examined, i.e., perikarya, proximal dendrites, and axon initial 
segments. Neurons identified by Golgi impregnation of the same sections as medium-sized and densely spiny; the immunoreactive terminals made contact predominantly with the perikarya and dendritic shafts. Large neurons found only in the ventral caudate-putamen, whose somata and dendrites were ensheathed in immunoreactive terminals. Medium-sized nonimmunoreactive perikarya that possessed nuclear indentations. Large nonimmunoreactive perikarya that had the typical structural features of striatal cholinergic neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, immunology/ultrastructure; Female; Glutamate Decarboxylase, immunology; Golgi Apparatus, ultrastructure; Histocytochemistry; Immunochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {4044888},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bolam:1990,
  author      = {J. P. Bolam and Y. Smith},
  title       = {The GABA and substance P input to dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra of the rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {529},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {57--78},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)90811-o},
  abstract    = {In order to examine the synaptic input to dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra from GABAergic terminals and terminals that contain substance P, double and triple immunocytochemical studies were carried out at the light and electron microscopic levels in the rat. In a first series of experiments sections of the substantia nigra were incubated to reveal axon terminals containing either substance P or glutamate decarboxylase and then incubated to reveal dopaminergic neurones using tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry. Examination of this material in the light microscope revealed that many substance P- and glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive boutons were associated with the dopaminergic cells. In the electron microscope it was found that the perikarya and dendrites of the dopaminergic neurons received symmetrical synaptic input from terminals that displayed immunoreactivity for substance P or glutamate decarboxylase. A small proportion of the substance P-positive boutons formed 
asymmetrical synapses. In a second series of experiments sections of the substantia nigra were processed by the pre-embedding immunocytochemical technique for tyrosine hydroxylase and then the post-embedding immunogold technique for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Examination in the electron microscope revealed that the tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons received symmetrical synaptic input from many GABA-positive terminals. Quantitative analyses demonstrated that a minimum of 50-70\% of all boutons afferent to the dopaminergic neurones display glutamate decarboxylase or GABA immunoreactivity. Triple immunocytochemical studies i.e. pre-embedding immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase and substance P, combined with post-embedding immunogold staining for GABA, revealed that some of the substance P-immunoreactive boutons that were in contact with the dopaminergic neurones also displayed GABA immunoreactivity. In a third series of experiments the combination of anterograde transport of lectin-conjugated 
horseradish peroxidase or biocytin with post-embedding GABA immunocytochemistry demonstrated that at least one of the sources of GABA-containing terminals in the substantia nigra is the striatum. The results of the present study: (1) demonstrate that dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra receive symmetrical synaptic input from GABAergic and substance P-containing terminals, (2) show that a proportion of these terminals contain both substance P and GABA and (3) suggest that the major synaptic input to dopaminergic neurones is from GABAergic terminals and that a part of this innervation is derived from the striatum.},
  institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, U.K.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Dopamine, physiology; Female; Glutamate Decarboxylase, analysis; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substance P, analysis; Substantia Nigra, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Synapses, ultrastructure; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(90)90811-O},
  pmid        = {1704287},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bolam:1992,
  Title                    = {The striatum and the globus pallidus send convergent synaptic inputs onto single cells in the entopeduncular nucleus of the rat: a double anterograde labelling study combined with postembedding immunocytochemistry for GABA.},
  Author                   = {J. P. Bolam and Y. Smith},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {456--476},
  Volume                   = {321},

  Abstract                 = {The entopeduncular nucleus is one of the major output stations of the basal ganglia. In order to better understand the role of this structure in information flow through the basal ganglia, experiments have been performed in the rat to examine the chemical nature, morphology, and synaptology of the projections from the globus pallidus and striatum to the entopeduncular nucleus. In order to examine the morphology and synaptology of pallidoentopeduncular terminals and striatoentopeduncular terminals, rats were subjected to a double anterograde labelling study. The globus pallidus was injected with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), and on the same side of the brain, the striatum was injected with biocytin. The entopeduncular nuclei of these animals were then examined for anterogradely labelled pallidal and striatal terminals. Rich plexuses of PHA-L-labelled pallidal terminals and biocytin-labelled striatal terminals were identified throughout the entopeduncular nucleus. At 
the electron microscopic level, the pallidal boutons were classified as two types. The majority (Type 1), were large boutons that formed symmetrical synapses with the dendrites and perikarya of neurones in the entopeduncular nucleus. Type 2 PHA-L-labelled terminals were much rarer, slightly smaller, and formed asymmetrical synapses. It is suggested that the Type 2 boutons are not derived from the globus pallidus but from the subthalamic nucleus. The biocytin-labelled terminals from the striatum had the typical morphological features of striatal terminals and formed symmetrical synapses. The distribution of the postsynaptic targets of the pallidal terminals and the striatal terminals differed in that the pallidal terminals preferentially made synaptic contact with the more proximal regions of the neurones in the entopeduncular nucleus, whereas the striatal terminals were located more distally on the dendritic trees. Examination in the electron microscope of areas where there was an overlap of the two sets of 
anterogradely labelled boutons revealed that terminals from the globus pallidus and the striatum made convergent synaptic contact with the perikarya and dendrites of individual neurones in the entopeduncular nucleus. In order to examine the chemical nature of the input to the entopeduncular nucleus from the globus pallidus and the striatum, ultrathin sections were immunostained by the postembedding method to reveal endogenous GABA. Three classes of GABA-containing terminals were identified; two of them formed symmetrical synapses and one rare type formed asymmetrical synapses. The combination of the GABA immunocytochemistry and anterograde labelling revealed that both the striatal and pallidal afferents that make symmetrical synapses with neurones in the entopeduncular nucleus, including those involved in convergent inputs, are GABAergic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903210312},
  Institution              = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Female; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/analysis; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, chemistry; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Neurons, chemistry; Phytohemagglutinins, analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substance P, analysis; Synapses, chemistry/ultrastructure; Time Factors; Tissue Embedding; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1380517},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903210312}
}

@Article{Bolam:1983,
  author      = {J. P. Bolam and P. Somogyi and H. Takagi and I. Fodor and A. D. Smith},
  title       = {Localization of substance P-like immunoreactivity in neurons and nerve terminals in the neostriatum of the rat: a correlated light and electron microscopic study.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {12},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {325--344},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf01148468},
  abstract    = {An antiserum, to substance P has been used to study the neostriatum of rats which has received intracerebral injections of colchicine. Both cell bodies and nerve fibres were found to display immunoreactivity. Some of the fibres were swollen and could be traced back to their parent cell body. Examination in the electron microscope of structures that had first been identified in the light microscope showed that there are two different types of substance P-immunoreactive cell body. The first kind (type I) of immunoreactive cell body was of medium size and had a smooth surfaced nucleus. It displayed the ultrastructural features typical of medium-size spiny neurons. Identified axons of type I neurons gave rise to immunoreactive axon collaterals within the neostriatum: boutons along these collaterals were found to form symmetrical synaptic contacts. The second kind (type II) of immunoreactive cell body was also of medium-size and had a round or oval shape, but the nucleus was deeply indented and 
was surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm. Synaptic input to this neuron was sparse and consisted of small boutons that made symmetrical contacts with the perikaryon and proximal dendrites. Many immunoreactive dot-like structures could be seen in the light microscope: upon examination in the electron microscope these were found to be boutons. All fifty-six synaptic boutons that were studied made symmetrical synaptic contacts. These boutons were indistinguishable from the boutons of axon collaterals of identified type I immunoreactive neurons. The most common postsynaptic structures were dendrites, including some dendritic spines, although synapses between immunoreactive boutons and several perikarya, and an axon initial segment were observed. The morphological features of the immunoreactive boutons in the neostriatum were very similar to one type of substance P-immunoreactive bouton in the substantia nigra and to a bouton type in the substantia nigra which is labelled following the anterograde transport of 
horseradish peroxidase from the striatum. It is suggested that there are two kinds of substance P-containing neurons in the striatum and that one of these is likely to belong to the medium-spiny class. The latter type of neuron is probably the source of the striatonigral substance P-containing projection and of the immunoreactive boutons within the striatum. The finding of substance P-immunoreactive synaptic boutons within the neostriatum provides a morphological basis for the view that substance P might serve as a neurotransmitter in the neostriatum.},
  journal     = {J Neurocytol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, immunology/ultrastructure; Female; Immune Sera, immunology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, immunology/ultrastructure; Neurons, classification/immunology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substance P, analysis/immunology; Synaptic Membranes, immunology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6188809},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bolam:1981b,
  author      = {Bolam, J. P. and Somogyi, P. and Totterdell, S. and Smith, A. D.},
  title       = {A second type of striatonigral neuron: a comparison between retrogradely labelled and Golgi-stained neurons at the light and electron microscopic levels.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {11},
  pages       = {2141--2157},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(81)90004-x},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, cytology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Efferent Pathways, cytology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, classification/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling; Substantia Nigra, cytology; Synaptic Vesicles, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6173797},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@InCollection{Bolam:1991,
  author    = {Bolam, Paul and Smith, Yoland},
  title     = {Characterization of the synaptic inputs to dopaminergic neurones in the rat substantia nigra},
  booktitle = {The basal ganglia III},
  year      = {1991},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {119--131},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4684-5871-8_13},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {03.05.2016},
}

@Article{Bolden:1996,
  author      = {Bolden, D. A.},
  title       = {Sympathectomy induces c-Jun in adult trigeminal neurons: an immunohistochemical and tract-tracing study.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {214},
  number      = {2-3},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {83--86},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(96)12891-3},
  abstract    = {The induction of the immediate early gene product c-Jun was investigated in trigeminal ganglia following surgical removal of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG). A 5-fold increase in c-Jun-immunoreactive neurons was detected by 48 h post-surgery in ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia of sympathectomized rats. This increase persisted for 6 days. When examined 4 months after sympathectomy, c-Jun expression had returned to basal levels. The possibility that trigeminal neurons project to the SCG, and therefore induce c-Jun by being axotomized by sympathectomy, was also examined using retrograde fluorescent tracing. A very limited number of trigeminal neurons were retrogradely labeled from the SCG. These data indicate that c-Jun induction occurs in sensory neurons following perturbations to sympathetic ganglia, and that trigeminal neurons may project to the SCG, but that c-Jun induction cannot be ascribed to axotomy following surgical sympathectomy. Thus, these findings support anatomical and 
functional interconnections between the sensory and autonomic nervous systems. The relationship of c-Jun induction with plasticity phenomena is discussed.},
  institution = {Istituto di Anatomia ed Istologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Verona, Italy. songe@borgoroma.univr.it},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superior Cervical Ganglion, physiology; Sympathectomy; Trigeminal Ganglion, cytology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8878089},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bolstad:2007,
  Title                    = {Branching of individual somatosensory cerebropontine axons in rat: evidence of divergence.},
  Author                   = {Ingeborg Bolstad and Trygve B Leergaard and Jan G Bjaalie},
  Journal                  = {Brain Struct Funct},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {85-93},
  Volume                   = {212},

  Abstract                 = {The cerebral cortex conveys major input to the granule cell layer of the cerebellar hemispheres by way of the pontine nuclei. Cerebrocortical projections terminate in multiple, widely distributed clusters in the pontine nuclei. This clustered organization is thought to provide the transition between the different organizational principles of the cerebrum and cerebellum, and indicates that parallel processing occurs at multiple sites in the pontine nuclei. At a cellular level, however, it is unknown whether individual cerebropontine neurons target pontocerebellar cells located in different clusters or not. We have employed anterograde axonal tracing and 3D computerized reconstruction techniques to characterize the branching pattern and morphology of individual cerebropontine axons from the primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Our findings show that 43\% of the cerebrobulbar fibers arising from SI whisker representations provide two or three fibers entering the pontine nuclei, 
whereas 39\% have only one fiber, and the remaining 18\% do not project to the pontine nuclei. Thus, it appears that a majority of cerebropontine axons originating in SI whisker representations diverge to contact multiple, separated pontocerebellar cells. Further, 84\% of the somatosensory cerebropontine fibers are collateral branches from cerebrobulbar and/or cerebrospinal parent fibers, while 16\% are direct cerebropontine projections without a further descending projection. A range of thicknesses of the fibers entering the pontine nuclei were observed, with collaterals of corticobulbar fibers having the smallest diameter. Taken together, these findings may be related to previously described separate cerebropontine transmission lines with different properties.},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/s00429-007-0145-1},
  Institution              = {Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1105, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Brain Mapping, methods; Cell Shape, physiology; Cerebellum, cytology/physiology; Dextrans; Female; Image Cytometry, methods; Mechanoreceptors, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Pons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Software; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/physiology; Staining and Labeling, methods; Vibrissae, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Morawska, Pauline},
  Pmid                     = {17717700},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-007-0145-1}
}

@Article{Bolton:2012,
  author      = {Bolton, Monica M. and Heaney, Chelcie F. and Sabbagh, Jonathan J. and Murtishaw, Andrew S. and Magcalas, Christy M. and Kinney, Jefferson W.},
  title       = {Deficits in emotional learning and memory in an animal model of schizophrenia.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {233},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {35--44},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.049},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.049},
  abstract    = {Alterations in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function have been linked to numerous behavioral deficits and neurochemical alterations. Recent investigations have begun to explore the role of NMDA receptor function on principally inhibitory neurons and their role in network function. One of the prevailing models of schizophrenia proposes a reduction in NMDA receptor function on inhibitory interneurons and the resulting disinhibition may give rise to aspects of the disorder. Studies using NMDA receptor antagonists such as PCP and ketamine have induced schizophrenia-like behavioral deficits in animal model systems as well as changes in inhibitory circuits. The current study investigated whether the administration of a subanesthetic dose of ketamine (8 mg/kg subcutaneously), that disrupts sensorimotor gating, also produces impairments in a Pavlovian emotional learning and memory task. We utilized both standard delay and trace cued and contextual fear conditioning (CCF) paradigms to examine 
if ketamine produces differential effects when the task is more difficult and relies on connectivity between specific brain regions. Rats administered ketamine displayed no significant deficits in cued or contextual fear following the delay conditioning protocol. However, ketamine did produce a significant impairment in the more difficult trace conditioning protocol. Analyses of tissue from the hippocampus and amygdala indicated that the administration of ketamine produced an alteration in GABA receptor protein levels differentially depending on the task. These data indicate that 8 mg/kg of ketamine impairs learning in the more difficult emotional classical conditioning task and may be related to altered signaling in GABAergic systems.},
  institution = {Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.},
  journal     = {Behav Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Brain, metabolism/pathology; Conditioning, Classical, drug effects/physiology; Disease Models, Animal; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, toxicity; Fear, drug effects/physiology; Hindlimb Suspension; Ketamine, toxicity; Learning Disorders, etiology; Male; Memory Disorders, etiology; Phencyclidine, toxicity; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time, drug effects; Receptors, GABA-B, metabolism; Schizophrenia, chemically induced/complications; Sensory Gating, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0166-4328(12)00310-5},
  pmid        = {22569573},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2013},
}

@Article{Bolton:1992,
  author      = {P. S. Bolton and D. J. Tracey},
  title       = {Neurons in the dorsal column nuclei of the rat respond to stimulation of neck mechanoreceptors and project to the thalamus.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {595},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {175--179},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing experiment in the rat. Mechanoreceptor stimulation.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(92)91472-q},
  abstract    = {Electrophysiological recordings were made from neurons in the dorsal column nuclei which were activated by stimulation of muscle and cutaneous receptors in the neck of the rat. 222 units were studied, 158 (71\%) of which responded to activation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors while 64 (29\%) were activated by muscle receptors. The response patterns of 12 neurons with input from receptors in neck muscles were tested more fully. Their response patterns strongly suggested that 6 were activated by muscle spindle afferents while the other 6 were activated by Golgi tendon organ afferents. 18 (8\%) of the neck-responsive neurons in the medulla were shown to project rostrally to the thalamus.},
  institution = {School of Anatomy, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Electrodes; Mechanoreceptors, physiology; Muscles, innervation/physiology; Neck, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Thalamus, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {0006-8993(92)91472-Q},
  pmid        = {1467955},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bolton:1992a,
  author      = {P. S. Bolton and D. J. Tracey},
  title       = {Spinothalamic and propriospinal neurones in the upper cervical cord of the rat: terminations of primary afferent fibres on soma and primary dendrites.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {92},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {59--68},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00230383},
  abstract    = {Experiments were performed on rats to determine whether primary afferents from the upper cervical region terminate directly on spinothalamic and propriospinal neurones. The central terminations of primary afferents from the upper cervical region were identified by diffusely filling their axons with horseradish peroxidase. Spinothalamic neurones or propriospinal neurones were identified in the same experimental animals by using retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Approximately 3-11\% of spinothalamic cells in laminae 4-6 of spinal segments C2-4 received apparent synaptic contacts from primary afferents on the soma or primary dendrites. Approximately 18-36\% of propriospinal neurones with axons descending to lower thoracic or lumbar levels received apparent synaptic contacts on the soma or primary dendrites. These data provide anatomical evidence that spinothalamic and long propriospinal neurones in the upper cervical cord are excited directly by 
primary afferents. The data also help to clarify the neural circuitry underlying somatic sensation and reflex movements evoked by neck receptors.},
  institution = {School of Anatomy, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Proprioception, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Thalamus, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {1486955},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bolton:1992b,
  author      = {P. S. Bolton and D. J. Tracey},
  title       = {The medullary relay from neck receptors to somatosensory thalamus in the rat: a neuroanatomical study.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {88},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {473--484},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00228177},
  abstract    = {Experiments were performed on rats to determine the location of thalamic projecting neurones in the medulla which receive direct contacts from neck primary afferents. The medullary terminations of primary afferents from the cervical region were identified by silver staining their degenerating terminals, diffusely filling their axons with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), or reacting for transganglionically transported HRP applied to muscle or cutaneous nerves. Neurones projecting to the ventrobasal thalamus were identified in the same experimental animals by using retrograde transport of HRP or Fluoro-Gold. En passant swellings or terminals of neck primary afferents were found in the vicinity of neurones projecting to the thalamus in the dorsolateral part of the rostral cuneate nucleus, the ventral aspect of the external cuneate nucleus, and the border zone between the two. Terminals of neck afferents and retrogradely labelled cells also coincided in nucleus x. Putative synaptic contacts were 
found in the region between the dorsolateral part of the rostral cuneate nucleus and ventromedial external cuneate nucleus. Cutaneous afferents from the neck were associated with thalamic projecting cells located along the dorsolateral border of the rostral cuneate nucleus, and afferents from neck muscles were associated with thalamic projecting cells in the caudal third of the external cuneate nucleus and in nucleus x.},
  institution = {School of Anatomy, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Muscles, innervation; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Skin, innervation; Stilbamidines; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {1375163},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bolton:1993,
  author      = {R. F. Bolton and J. Cornwall and O. T. Phillipson},
  title       = {Collateral axons of cholinergic pontine neurones projecting to midline, mediodorsal and parafascicular thalamic nuclei in the rat.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {101--114},
  doi         = {10.1016/0891-0618(93)90031-x},
  abstract    = {The organization of collateral axons projecting from neurones in the pontine laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg) has been examined using combinations of retrograde neuronal tracers with immunocytochemical markers for the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (CHAT), focussing on projections to the midline, mediodorsal and parafascicular thalamic nuclei and the ventral tegmental area. 25-59\% of LDTg neurones projecting to the mediodorsal nucleus provided collaterals to the midline nuclei. Virtually all (87-96\%) of these double retrogradely labelled neurones appeared cholinergic. 9-18\% of LDTg neurones projecting to the parafascicular nuclei also provided a collateral to the midline nuclei and 50-78\% of these double retrogradely labelled neurones stained for CHAT. 26-29\% of the single LDTg neurones which projected collaterals to both the mediodorsal and midline nuclei, were found to project a third collateral to the ventral tegmental area. These anatomical findings,
 taken together with functional evidence, suggest that cholinergic terminals arising from LDTg are involved in coordinating thalamic mechanisms of brain state control; and in regulating dopaminergic pathways, both directly and via the thalamus.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Bristol, UK.},
  journal     = {J Chem Neuroanat},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, immunology/metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, physiology; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology; Pons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0891-0618(93)90031-X},
  pmid        = {8476540},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@InCollection{Bolz:1991,
  author    = {Bolz, Jürgen and Hübener, Mark and Kehrer, Iris and Novak, Nino},
  title     = {Structural organization and development of identified projection neurons in primary visual cortex},
  booktitle = {The Changing Visual System},
  year      = {1991},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {233--246},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4615-3390-0_17},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {03.05.2016},
}

@Article{Bon:2003,
  author      = {Christelle L M Bon and John Garthwaite},
  title       = {On the role of nitric oxide in hippocampal long-term potentiation.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {23},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {1941--1948},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/23/5/1941.long},
  abstract    = {Nitric oxide (NO) functions in several types of synaptic plasticity, including hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), in which it may serve as a retrograde messenger after postsynaptic NMDA receptor activation. In accordance with a prediction of this hypothesis, and with previous findings using guinea pig tissue, exogenous NO, when paired with a short tetanus (ST) to afferent fibers, generated a stable NMDA receptor-independent potentiation of rat CA1 hippocampal synaptic transmission that occluded LTP. Contrary to predictions, however, the pairing-induced potentiation was abolished in the presence of NO synthase inhibitors, indicating that endogenous NO is required for exogenous NO to facilitate LTP. Periodic application of NO while endogenous NO synthesis was blocked indicated that a tonic low level is necessary on both sides of the NO-ST pairing for the plasticity to occur. A similar dependence on tonic NO seems to extend to LTP, because application of an NO synthase inhibitor 5 min 
after tetanic stimulation blocked LTP as effectively as adding it beforehand. The posttetanus time window during which NO operated was restricted to <15 min. Inhibition of the guanylyl cyclase-coupled NO receptor indicated that the potentiation resulting from NO-ST pairing and the NO signal transduction pathway during early LTP are both through cGMP. We conclude that NO does not function simply as an acute signaling molecule in LTP induction but has an equally important role outside this phase. The results resonate with observations concerning the role of the hippocampal NO-cGMP pathway in certain types of learning behavior.},
  institution = {The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Arginine, pharmacology; Cyclic GMP, metabolism; Electric Stimulation; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Guanylate Cyclase; Hippocampus, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Long-Term Potentiation, drug effects/physiology; Male; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Nitric Oxide Donors, pharmacology; Nitric Oxide Synthase, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Nitric Oxide, metabolism/pharmacology; Nitroarginine, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {23/5/1941},
  pmid        = {12629199},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bonaz:1997,
  author      = {Bonaz, B. and Taché, Y.},
  title       = {Corticotropin-releasing factor and systemic capsaicin-sensitive afferents are involved in abdominal surgery-induced Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {748},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {12--20},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01281-4},
  abstract    = {We previously reported that abdominal surgery induces Fos expression in specific hypothalamic and medullary nuclei and also causes gastric stasis. The gastric ileus is reduced by systemic capsaicin and abolished by central injection of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antagonist. We studied the influence of systemic capsaicin and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of the CRF antagonist, alpha-helical CRF9-41, on Fos expression in the brain 1 h after abdominal surgery in conscious rats using immunocytochemical detection. In control groups (vehicle s.c. or i.c.v.), abdominal surgery (laparotomy with cecal manipulation) performed under 7-8 min of enflurane anesthesia induced Fos staining in neurons of the spinal trigeminal, C1/A1 group, ventrolateral medulla, central amygdala, parabrachial nucleus, cuneate nucleus, nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON). Capsaicin (125 mg/kg s.c., 2 weeks before) or alpha-
helical CRF9-41 (50 microg i.c.v., before surgery) reduced the number of Fos-positive cells by 50\% in the PVN while not modifying the number of Fos-labelled cells in the other nuclei. These results indicate that capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents and brain CRF receptors are part of the pathways and biochemical coding through which abdominal surgery activates PVN neurons 1 h post surgery.},
  institution = {Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, 90073, USA.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Abdomen, surgery; Animals; Capsaicin, pharmacology; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, pharmacology/physiology; Hormone Antagonists, pharmacology; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, metabolism; Peptide Fragments, pharmacology; Postoperative Period; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(96)01281-4},
  pmid        = {9067440},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bonde:2010,
  author      = {Bonde, Marie Mi and Yao, Rong and Ma, Jian-Nong and Madabushi, Srinivasan and Haunsø, Stig and Burstein, Ethan S. and Whistler, Jennifer L. and Sheikh, Søren P. and Lichtarge, Olivier and Hansen, Jakob Lerche},
  title       = {An angiotensin II type 1 receptor activation switch patch revealed through evolutionary trace analysis.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {80},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {86--94},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.bcp.2010.03.006},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2010.03.006},
  abstract    = {Seven transmembrane (7TM) or G protein-coupled receptors constitute a large superfamily of cell surface receptors sharing a structural motif of seven transmembrane spanning alpha helices. Their activation mechanism most likely involves concerted movements of the transmembrane helices, but remains to be completely resolved. Evolutionary Trace (ET) analysis is a computational method, which identifies clusters of functionally important residues by integrating information on evolutionary important residue variations with receptor structure. Combined with known mutational data, ET predicted a patch of residues in the cytoplasmic parts of TM2, TM3, and TM6 to form an activation switch that is common to all family A 7TM receptors. We tested this hypothesis in the rat Angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1a (AT1a) receptor. The receptor has important roles in the cardiovascular system, but has also frequently been applied as a model for 7TM receptor activation and signaling. Six mutations: F66A, L67R, L70R, 
L119R, D125A, and I245F were targeted to the putative switch and assayed for changes in activation state by their ligand binding, signaling, and trafficking properties. All but one receptor mutant (that was not expressed well) displayed phenotypes associated with changed activation state, such as increased agonist affinity or basal activity, promiscuous activation, or constitutive internalization highlighting the importance of testing different signaling pathways. We conclude that this evolutionary important patch mediates interactions important for maintaining the inactive state. More broadly, these observations in the AT1 receptor are consistent with computational predictions of a generic role for this patch in 7TM receptor activation.},
  institution = {Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Juliane Mariesvej 20, section 9312, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.},
  journal     = {Biochem Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {Angiotensin II, metabolism; Animals; Biological Evolution; Cytoplasm, metabolism; Protein Structure, Secondary, genetics; Protein Structure, Tertiary, genetics; Rats; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1, genetics/metabolism; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, genetics/metabolism; Signal Transduction, genetics},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-2952(10)00171-1},
  pmid        = {20227396},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bondok:1990,
  Title                    = {Segmental motor and sensory innervation of muscles in anterior leg compartment as revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.},
  Author                   = {Bondok, A. A. and Botros, K. G. and Gabr, O. M.},
  Journal                  = {Anat Anz},
  Year                     = {1990},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {359--365},
  Volume                   = {170},

  Abstract                 = {Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing technique was used to label and localize motor and sensory neurons innervating tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus muscles of the anterior leg compartment of the rat. The tibialis anterior sensory neurons were located in the ipsilateral L4 and L5 spinal ganglia. Cells of origin of tibialis anterior motor endings were also found in the ipsilateral ventral horn of the same cord segments as the labeled sensory ganglia. Extensor hallucis longus sensory neurons were located in L4 to L6 spinal ganglia, while its labeled motor neurons were located in L4 and L5 spinal cord segments. The motor neurons innervating the extensor digitorum longus muscle were located in L4 to L6 spinal cord segments; its sensory neurons were previously localized. All labeled motor and sensory neurons were present on the ipsilateral side. Almost all motoneurons innervating the 3 muscles were present in the dorsolateral nucleus of the 
ventral horn.},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Extremities; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Motor Neurons; Muscles, innervation; Neurons, Afferent; Peroxidases, metabolism; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2205127},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014}
}

@Article{Bondok:1984,
  author      = {Bondok, A. A. and Sansone, F. M.},
  title       = {Retrograde and transganglionic degeneration of sensory neurons after a peripheral nerve lesion at birth.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {86},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {322--330},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adut rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0014-4886(84)90190-0},
  abstract    = {The sciatic nerve of newborn rats (less than or equal to 16 h old) was crushed with a watchmaker forceps. During the first 4 weeks after the injury, examination of ipsilateral L4 through L6 dorsal root ganglia, their dorsal nerve roots, and the dorsal funiculus revealed the presence of degenerating myelin and axons. Chromatolysis was not observed. In the spinal cord, the degenerating argyrophilia was restricted to the medial part of the dorsal funiculus (fasciculus gracilis). This is interpreted as transganglionic degeneration of the central processes of the pseudounipolar cells. Twelve weeks after nerve crush, there was a noticeable reduction in the size of the leg, foot, and muscles innervated by the sciatic nerve as well as a substantial loss (P less than 0.001) of neurons and myelinated axons in ipsilateral spinal ganglia and their dorsal nerve roots. The reduction was most prominent among the larger sensory neurons (greater than 40 microns) and the larger myelinated axons. A total loss 
of about 60\% of sensory neurons was found in the L4 through L6 spinal ganglia. About 58 and 64\% of the myelinated axons were lost in L4 and L5 dorsal roots, respectively. The remaining perikarya and dorsal root axons were hypoplastic.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn, physiology; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, pathology; Male; Nerve Crush; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons, Afferent, pathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sciatic Nerve, injuries; Spinal Nerve Roots, pathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0014-4886(84)90190-0},
  pmid        = {6489502},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bonfanti:1998,
  author      = {Bonfanti, L. and Mironov, Jr, AA and Martínez-Menárguez, J. A. and Martella, O. and Fusella, A. and Baldassarre, M. and Buccione, R. and Geuze, H. J. and Mironov, A. A. and Luini, A.},
  title       = {Procollagen traverses the Golgi stack without leaving the lumen of cisternae: evidence for cisternal maturation.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {95},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {993--1003},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Newly synthesized procollagen type I (PC) assembles into 300 nm rigid, rod-like triple helices in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. This oligomeric complex moves to the Golgi and forms large electron-dense aggregates. We have monitored the transport of PC along the secretory pathway. We show that PC moves across the Golgi stacks without ever leaving the lumen of the Golgi cisternae. During transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, PC is found within tubular-saccular structures greater than 300 nm in length. Thus, supermolecular cargoes such as PC do not utilize the conventional vesicle-mediated transport to traverse the Golgi stacks. Our results imply that PC moves in the anterograde direction across the Golgi complex by a process involving progressive maturation of Golgi cisternae.},
  institution = {Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Chieti, Italy.},
  journal     = {Cell},
  keywords    = {2,2'-Dipyridyl, pharmacology; Animals; Biological Transport, drug effects; Chick Embryo; Cytoplasmic Granules, metabolism; Endoplasmic Reticulum, chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure; Fibroblasts; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Golgi Apparatus, chemistry/metabolism/secretion/ultrastructure; Intracellular Membranes, metabolism; Microscopy, Electron; Organelles, metabolism; Procollagen, chemistry/metabolism/secretion/ultrastructure; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Protein Folding; Rats; Tendons; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0092-8674(00)81723-7},
  pmid        = {9875853},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bonini:2007a,
  author      = {Bonini, J. S. and {Da Silva}, W. C. and Bevilaqua, L R M. and Medina, J. H. and Izquierdo, I. and Cammarota, M.},
  title       = {On the participation of hippocampal PKC in acquisition, consolidation and reconsolidation of spatial memory.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {147},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {37--45},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.04.013},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.04.013},
  abstract    = {Memory consolidation involves a sequence of temporally defined and highly regulated changes in the activation state of several signaling pathways that leads to the lasting storage of an initially labile trace. Despite appearances, consolidation does not make memories permanent. It is now known that upon retrieval well-consolidated memories can become again vulnerable to the action of amnesic agents and in order to persist must undergo a protein synthesis-dependent process named reconsolidation. Experiments with genetically modified animals suggest that some PKC isoforms are important for spatial memory and earlier studies indicate that several PKC substrates are activated following spatial learning. Nevertheless, none of the reports published so far analyzed pharmacologically the role played by PKC during spatial memory processing. Using the conventional PKC and PKCmu inhibitor 12-(2-cyanoethyl)-6,7,12,13-tetrahydro-13-methyl-5-oxo-5H-indolo[2,3-a]pyrrollo[3,4-c]carbazole (Gö6976) we found 
that the activity of these kinases is required in the CA1 region of the rat dorsal hippocampus for acquisition and consolidation of spatial memory in the Morris water maze learning task. Our results also show that when infused into dorsal CA1 after non-reinforced retrieval, Gö6976 produces a long-lasting amnesia that is independent of the strength of the memory trace, suggesting that post-retrieval activation of hippocampal PKC is essential for persistence of spatial memory.},
  institution = {Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Avoidance Learning, drug effects/physiology; Carbazoles, administration /&/ dosage; Drug Administration Schedule; Enzyme Inhibitors, administration /&/ dosage; Hippocampus, drug effects/enzymology; Indoles, administration /&/ dosage; Male; Maze Learning, drug effects/physiology; Mental Recall, drug effects/physiology; Microinjections; Protein Kinase C, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Space Perception, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(07)00476-9},
  pmid        = {17499932},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Bonini:2007,
  author      = {J. S. Bonini and W. C. Da Silva and L. R M Bevilaqua and J. H. Medina and I. Izquierdo and M. Cammarota},
  title       = {On the participation of hippocampal PKC in acquisition, consolidation and reconsolidation of spatial memory.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {147},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {37--45},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.04.013},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.04.013},
  abstract    = {Memory consolidation involves a sequence of temporally defined and highly regulated changes in the activation state of several signaling pathways that leads to the lasting storage of an initially labile trace. Despite appearances, consolidation does not make memories permanent. It is now known that upon retrieval well-consolidated memories can become again vulnerable to the action of amnesic agents and in order to persist must undergo a protein synthesis-dependent process named reconsolidation. Experiments with genetically modified animals suggest that some PKC isoforms are important for spatial memory and earlier studies indicate that several PKC substrates are activated following spatial learning. Nevertheless, none of the reports published so far analyzed pharmacologically the role played by PKC during spatial memory processing. Using the conventional PKC and PKCmu inhibitor 12-(2-cyanoethyl)-6,7,12,13-tetrahydro-13-methyl-5-oxo-5H-indolo[2,3-a]pyrrollo[3,4-c]carbazole (Gö6976) we found 
that the activity of these kinases is required in the CA1 region of the rat dorsal hippocampus for acquisition and consolidation of spatial memory in the Morris water maze learning task. Our results also show that when infused into dorsal CA1 after non-reinforced retrieval, Gö6976 produces a long-lasting amnesia that is independent of the strength of the memory trace, suggesting that post-retrieval activation of hippocampal PKC is essential for persistence of spatial memory.},
  institution = {Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Avoidance Learning, drug effects/physiology; Carbazoles, administration /&/ dosage; Drug Administration Schedule; Enzyme Inhibitors, administration /&/ dosage; Hippocampus, drug effects/enzymology; Indoles, administration /&/ dosage; Male; Maze Learning, drug effects/physiology; Mental Recall, drug effects/physiology; Microinjections; Protein Kinase C, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Space Perception, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(07)00476-9},
  pmid        = {17499932},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bonner:2011,
  author      = {Bonner, Joseph F. and Connors, Theresa M. and Silverman, William F. and Kowalski, David P. and Lemay, Michel A. and Fischer, Itzhak},
  title       = {Grafted neural progenitors integrate and restore synaptic connectivity across the injured spinal cord.},
  year        = {2011},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {31},
  number      = {12},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {4675--4686},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4130-10.2011},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4130-10.2011},
  abstract    = {Transplantation of neural progenitor cells (NPC) is a promising therapeutic strategy for replacing neurons lost after spinal cord injury, but significant challenges remain regarding neuronal integration and functional connectivity. Here we tested the ability of graft-derived neurons to reestablish connectivity by forming neuronal relays between injured dorsal column (DC) sensory axons and the denervated dorsal column nuclei (DCN). A mixed population of neuronal and glial restricted precursors (NRP/GRP) derived from the embryonic spinal cord of alkaline phosphatase (AP) transgenic rats were grafted acutely into a DC lesion at C1. One week later, BDNF-expressing lentivirus was injected into the DCN to guide graft axons to the intended target. Six weeks later, we observed anterogradely traced sensory axons regenerating into the graft and robust growth of graft-derived AP-positive axons along the neurotrophin gradient into the DCN. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed excitatory synaptic 
connections between regenerating host axons and graft-derived neurons at C1 as well as between graft axons and DCN neurons in the brainstem. Functional analysis by stimulus-evoked c-Fos expression and electrophysiological recording showed that host axons formed active synapses with graft neurons at the injury site with the signal propagating by graft axons to the DCN. We observed reproducible electrophysiological activity at the DCN with a temporal delay predicted by our relay model. These findings provide the first evidence for the ability of NPC to form a neuronal relay by extending active axons across the injured spinal cord to the intended target establishing a critical step for neural repair with stem cells.},
  institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Alkaline Phosphatase, genetics/metabolism; Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, metabolism; Cholera Toxin, diagnostic use; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neural Stem Cells, transplantation; Neuroglia, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sciatic Nerve, physiology; Spinal Cord Injuries, physiopathology/therapy; Stilbamidines, diagnostic use; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {31/12/4675},
  pmid        = {21430166},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bonnet:2013,
  Title                    = {Central NUCB2/Nesfatin-1-expressing neurones belong to the hypothalamic-brainstem circuitry activated by hypoglycaemia.},
  Author                   = {Bonnet, M. S. and Djelloul, M. and Tillement, V. and Tardivel, C. and Mounien, L. and Trouslard, J. and Troadec, J-D. and Dallaporta, M.},
  Journal                  = {J Neuroendocrinol},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {1--13},
  Volume                   = {25},

  Abstract                 = {Nesfatin-1 is a recently identified 82 amino acid peptide shown to have an anorexigenic effect on rodents when administrered centrally and peripherally. Nesfatin-1 is expressed not only in neurones of various brain areas, including the hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei, but also in peripheral organs, such as the stomach and the pancreas. Nesfatinergic neurones were reported to participate in the regulation of satiety signals and in the responses to other stimuli, including restraint stress, abdominal surgery, and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. The present study aimed to investigate whether NUCB2/nesfatin-1 expressing neurones also take part in the central signalling activated in response to hypoglycaemia and therefore are involved in central glucose sensing. Using immunolabelling methods based on the detection of the neuronal activation marker c-Fos and of nesfatin-1, we showed that peripheral injection of insulin induced a strong activation of nesfatin-1-expressing 
neurones in the brain vagal-regulatory nuclei, including the arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX) and nucleus of the tractus solitarius. In response to intracellular glucopaenia induced by i.p. or i.c.v. 2-deoxyglucose injection, the c-Fos/nesfatin-1 colocalisations observed at the hypothalamic and brainstem levels were similar to those observed after insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Moreover, using Fluorogold as a retrograde tracer, we showed that nesfatinergic preganglionic DMNX neurones activated by hypoglycaemia target the stomach and the pancreas. Taken together, these results suggest that a subpopulation of nesfatinergic neurones belongs to the central network activated by hypoglycaemia, and that nesfatin-1 participates in the triggering of physiological and hormonal counter-regulations observed in response to hypoglycaemia.},
  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02375.x},
  Institution              = {Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Stem, metabolism; Calcium-Binding Proteins, metabolism; DNA-Binding Proteins, metabolism; Hypoglycemia, chemically induced/metabolism; Hypothalamus, metabolism; Insulin; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {22958274},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02375.x}
}

@Article{Bonnet:2013a,
  Title                    = {Gastric distension activates NUCB2/nesfatin-1-expressing neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract.},
  Author                   = {Bonnet, Marion S. and Ouelaa, Wassila and Tillement, Vanessa and Trouslard, Jerôme and Jean, André and Gonzalez, Bruno J. and Gourcerol, Guillaume and Dallaporta, Michel and Troadec, Jean-Denis and Mounien, Lourdes},
  Journal                  = {Regul Pept},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Pages                    = {17--23},
  Volume                   = {187},

  Abstract                 = {Brainstem structures such as the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMNX) are essential for the digestive function of the stomach. A large number of neurotransmitters including glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are involved in the central control of gastric functions. However, the neuropeptidergic systems implicated in this process remain undetermined. Nesfatin-1 was recently identified as a neuropeptide cleaved from the N-terminal part of NEFA/nucleobindin 2 precursor (NUCB2). Central administration of this neuropeptide inhibits food consumption and gastroduodenal motility in rodents. Interestingly, the NTS and the DMNX contain a dense population of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 cell bodies. These observations led us to investigate the possible involvement of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 neurons in the brainstem neuronal pathways that modulate gastric functions. We observed an activation of NTS NUCB2/nesfatinergic neurons after gastric 
distention in rats. In addition, we found that several NTS NUCB2/nesfatinergic neurons were GABAergic. Finally, when fluorogold was injected at the stomach level, many retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in the DMNX which were also positive for NUCB2/nesfatin-1. Taken together, these observations suggest for the first time that NUCB2/nesfatin-1 neurons of the NTS are sensitive to gastric distension and then may contribute to the satiety signal.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.regpep.2013.10.001},
  Institution              = {Physiology and Physiopathology of Motor and Autonomic Nervous Systems (PPSN, EA4667), University of Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0167-0115(13)00136-5},
  Pmid                     = {24120633},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regpep.2013.10.001}
}

@Article{Bonnet-Font:1990,
  author      = {Bonnet-Font, C. and Bobillier, P.},
  title       = {Retrograde axonal transport specificity in the locus coeruleus neurons after [(3)H]noradrenaline injection into the rat olfactory bulb.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {523--532},
  doi         = {10.1016/0197-0186(90)90012-i},
  abstract    = {Retrograde axonal transport process was investigated in the afferent systems to the rat olfactory bulb, after [(3)H]noradrenaline ([(3)H]NA) injection into the olfactory bulb, in order to provide evidence regarding its specificity and the biochemical basis supporting this specificity. Radioautographs showed that [(3)H]NA unilaterally injected into the olfactory bulb at a concentration of 10(?3) M, resulted in labeling of the structures afferent to the olfactory bulb, mainly on the injected side: locus coeruleus (LC), dorsal and central raphes, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract and piriform cortex. Heavy labeling was observed on the noradrenergic LC cell bodies, whereas the radioautographic reaction was less intense on the other structures. After 10(?4) M injection, the labeling intensity of the LC cell bodies was lower while very rare weakly labeled cell bodies persisted in the dorsal raphe, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract and piriform cortex. The LC cell bodies were exclusively 
labeled when the concentration of [(3)H]NA injection was 10(?5) M. All the other structures were devoid of labeling. It was still possible to detect labeled cell bodies in the LC for a 10(?6) M concentration. Following bilateral injections of [(3)H]NA (10(?3) M) the total radioactivity retrogradely transported to the LC represented about 4 times the total radioactivity measured in the periaqueductal gray substance (as control tissue of the tracer diffusion). Fractional study by ethanol of LC tissue homogenate and liquid scintillation counting of each fraction showed that 60\% of the total radioactivity (about 2.5 times the control value) was in the supernatant and 40\% (about 20 times the control value) was associated with the precipitate. In the other regions such as the dorsal and central raphes and periaqueductal gray substance, radioactivity was mainly found in the supernatant, except for the dorsal raphe whose precipitate contained a low amount of radioactivity (about 4 times the control value). 
Colchicine (an axonal transport inhibitor) bilaterally injected into the medial forebrain bundle and systemic administration of desipramine (a noradrenaline uptake inhibitor) decreased the radioactivity associated with the LC precipitate by 90 and 85\% and the LC supernatant radioactivity by 55 and 35\%, respectively. These pretreatments did not significantly affect the radioactivity amounts measured in the different fractions of dorsal and central raphes and periaqueductal gray substance. Radioautographic study after colchicine treatment showed a large decrease in the labeling intensity of the LC cell bodies as compared to the non-treated side. Therefore, we suggest that low concentrations (10(?5) M) of [(3)H]NA injected in the olfactory bulb determine specific conditions of noradrenergic pathway labeling. This specific labeling after migration could be supported by the radioactive ethanol precipitate which would appear to contain [(3)H]NA- and/or (3)H-derivatives-binding protein. Such a (3)H-macromolecular 
complex, which could represent the specific carrier, may well undergo retrograde transport from the nerve terminals towards the cell bodies.},
  institution = {CNRS UA 1195, INSERM U 52, Université Claude Bernard, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08 France.},
  journal     = {Neurochem Int},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0197-0186(90)90012-I},
  pmid        = {20504591},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bons:1983,
  Title                    = {[Extrahypothalamic efferent pathways of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat]},
  Author                   = {Bons, N., A. Combes, A. Szafarczyk and I. Assenmacher},
  Journal                  = {Comptes Rendus des Seances de l Academie des Sciences - Serie Iii, Sciences de la Vie},
  Year                     = {1983},
  Pages                    = {347-50},
  Volume                   = {297(6)},

  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Bonthius:1991,
  author      = {Bonthius, D. J. and West, J. R.},
  title       = {Acute and long-term neuronal deficits in the rat olfactory bulb following alcohol exposure during the brain growth spurt.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {13},
  number      = {6},
  pages       = {611--619},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0892-0362(91)90044-w},
  abstract    = {This study demonstrates that there is a relative recovery in the number of olfactory bulb granule cells following an initial alcohol-induced deficit, while the number of mitral cells remains permanently and severely depressed. The importance of pattern of exposure in influencing the severity of alcohol-induced neuronal loss in the olfactory bulb is also demonstrated. Sprague-Dawley rat pups were reared artificially and were administered alcohol over postnatal days (PD) 4 through 9, a period of rapid brain growth comparable to part of the human third trimester. Two groups received a daily alcohol dose of 4.5 g/kg, administered either as a 5.1\% or 10.2\% solution. A third group received a higher daily alcohol dose of 6.6 g/kg administered continuously as a 2.5\% solution. Pups were either sacrificed on PD 10 or were allowed to grow to adulthood and sacrificed on PD 90. The number of mitral cells and granule cells and the area of the subependymal zone were determined from single sections. On 
PD 10, immediately following the alcohol exposure, both the mitral cells and the granule cells were significantly reduced in number, relative to controls, in both of the groups receiving the concentrated (5.1\% and 10.2\%) alcohol treatments. On PD 90, however, only the mitral cell number remained significantly reduced in the groups receiving the concentrated solutions, while the number of granule cells no longer differed significantly from that of controls. The group receiving the higher daily dose (6.6 g/kg) in continuous fractions had no significant cell loss at 10 or 90 days of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.},
  journal     = {Neurotoxicol Teratol},
  keywords    = {Aging; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Body Weight, drug effects; Brain, drug effects/growth /&/ development/pathology; Ethanol, blood/toxicity; Female; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Neurons, drug effects/pathology; Olfactory Bulb, drug effects/growth /&/ development/pathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reference Values},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1779948},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bonthius:2001,
  author      = {Bonthius, D. J. and Woodhouse, J. and Bonthius, N. E. and Taggard, D. A. and Lothman, E. W.},
  title       = {Reduced seizure threshold and hippocampal cell loss in rats exposed to alcohol during the brain growth spurt.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {25},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {70--82},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1097/00000374-200101000-00011},
  abstract    = {Epilepsy is a prominent sign of neurologic dysfunction in some children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). However, it is unknown whether the epileptic disorders in these children are directly due to the neuroteratogenic effects of alcohol or to some other factor accompanying maternal alcoholism. The hippocampus is vulnerable to alcohol-induced pathologic changes, and dysfunction of the hippocampus often manifests as epilepsy. We examined the effect of alcohol exposure during development on the seizure threshold and examined the relationship between alteration of seizure threshold and alcohol-induced neuronal loss from the hippocampus.Rat pups received 0.85, 2.5, or 3.75 g/kg of alcohol via intragastric intubation daily over postnatal days (PD) 4-9. An intubated control and a suckle control group were also included. To assess the effect of a single day of alcohol exposure, an additional group received 3.75 g/kg of alcohol on PD 4 alone. Behavioral seizure thresholds were determined by 
intravenous infusion of the proconvulsant, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), on PD 31 or on PD 90. In addition, electrographic seizure thresholds were determined by recording extracellular field potentials from the dentate gyrus. The number of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells, CA3 pyramidal cells, and granule cells of the dentate gyrus were determined by stereology.Daily exposure to alcohol resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the seizure threshold and in the selective loss of CA1 pyramidal cells. Reduction in the seizure threshold was significantly correlated with loss of CA1 pyramidal cells. Recordings of extracellular field potentials confirmed the alcohol-induced reduction in seizure threshold, demonstrated that PTZ-induced seizures involve hippocampal-parahippocampal circuitry, and provided evidence that the hippocampal formation is the generator of the PTZ-induced seizures in alcohol-exposed animals.These findings demonstrate that exposure of the developing brain to alcohol can permanently reduce the 
threshold for both behavioral and electrographic seizures and can selectively kill hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. Both the pathologic findings and the physiologic recordings support the concept that the reduced seizure threshold in alcohol-exposed animals is due to hippocampal pathology.},
  institution = {Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA. daniel-bonthius@uiowa.edu},
  journal     = {Alcohol Clin Exp Res},
  keywords    = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Count; Central Nervous System Depressants, blood/pharmacology; Convulsants; Dentate Gyrus, cytology/drug effects/growth /&/ development; Ethanol, blood/pharmacology; Male; Pentylenetetrazole; Pyramidal Cells, drug effects/growth /&/ development; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Seizures, blood/chemically induced/physiopathology; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11198717},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bontioti:2006,
  author      = {Bontioti, Eleana and Kanje, Martin and Dahlin, Lars B.},
  title       = {End-to-side nerve repair: attachment of a distal, compared with a proximal and distal, nerve segment.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {40},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {129--135},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1080/02844310600574056},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02844310600574056},
  abstract    = {Regeneration occurs if a distal nerve segment is attached end-to-side to an intact donor nerve after the nerve has been injured. We investigated if attachment of a proximal nerve segment as well, as an extra source of axons, had any advantage over the single attachment of a distal nerve segment to the same donor nerve. In rats, a single distal radial nerve, or both the proximal and distal radial nerve segments, were attached end-to-side to the musculocutaneous nerve, and effects were examined up to eight months after the repair. Cell profiles were double-labelled, indicating recruitment of axons by collateral sprouting, but there were few such cells. There was a shift in the distribution of retrograde labelled neuronal cell profiles in spinal cord and in DRGs between the two types of repair. Both procedures resulted in axonal outgrowth and some functional recovery, but there was no improvement if a proximal nerve segment was also used as a source for axons.},
  institution = {Department of Hand Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö.},
  journal     = {Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Microsurgery, methods; Musculocutaneous Nerve, surgery; Neurons, cytology; Radial Nerve, surgery; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recruitment, Neurophysiological; Spinal Cord, cytology; Walking},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {K626188584V47331},
  pmid        = {16687331},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bontioti:2005,
  Title                    = {End-to-side nerve repair in the upper extremity of rat.},
  Author                   = {Bontioti, Eleana and Kanje, Martin and Lundborg, Göran and Dahlin, Lars B.},
  Journal                  = {J Peripher Nerv Syst},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {58--68},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Abstract                 = {The end-to-side nerve-repair technique, i.e., when the distal end of an injured nerve is attached end-to-side to an intact nerve trunk in an attempt to attract nerve fibers by collateral sprouting, has been used clinically. The technique has, however, been questioned. The aim of the present study was to investigate end-to-side repair in the upper extremity of rats with emphasis on functional recovery, source, type, and extent of regenerating fibers. End-to-side repair was used in the upper limb, and the radial or both median/ulnar nerves were attached end-to-side to the musculocutaneous nerve. Pawprints and tetanic muscle force were used to evaluate functional recovery during a 6-month recovery period, and double retrograde labeling was used to detect the source of the regenerated nerve fibers. The pawprints showed that, in end-to-side repair of either one or two recipient nerves, there was a recovery of toe spreading to 60-72\% of the preoperative value (lowest value around 47\%
). Electrical stimulation of the end-to-side attached radial or median/ulnar nerves 6 months after repair resulted in contraction of muscles in the forearm innervated by these nerves (median tetanic muscle force up to 70\% of the contralateral side). Retrograde labeling showed that both myelinated (morphometry) sensory and motor axons were recruited to the end-to-side attached nerve and that these axons emerged from the motor and sensory neuronal pool of the brachial plexus. Double retrograde labeling indicated that collateral sprouting was one mechanism by which regeneration occurred. We also found that two recipient nerves could be supported from a single donor nerve. Our results suggest that end-to-side repair may be one alternative to reconstruct a brachial plexus injury when no proximal nerve end is available.},
  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1085-9489.2005.10109.x},
  Institution              = {Department of Hand Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.},
  Keywords                 = {Anastomosis, Surgical; Animals; Axotomy; Electric Stimulation; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism; Median Nerve, surgery; Motor Neurons, metabolism; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation/metabolism; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Radial Nerve, surgery; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recovery of Function; Ulnar Nerve, surgery},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {JNS10109},
  Pmid                     = {15703019},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1085-9489.2005.10109.x}
}

@Article{Boeoej:1989,
  author      = {Bööj, S. and Goldstein, M. and Fischer-Colbrie, R. and Dahlström, A.},
  title       = {Calcitonin gene-related peptide and chromogranin A: presence and intra-axonal transport in lumbar motor neurons in the rat, a comparison with synaptic vesicle antigens in immunohistochemical studies.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {479--501},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(89)90267-4},
  abstract    = {The presence and intra-axonal transport of calcitonin gene-related peptide and chromogranin A were investigated in motor neurons belonging to the rat sciatic nerve. Their co-localization with markers of cholinergic organelles (SV2, p38, and synapsin I) was also investigated, using immunofluorescence techniques, including double labelling experiments. It was found that motor perikarya in the lumbar spinal cord contained calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity and chromogranin A-like immunoreactivity, and probably also caligulin-like immunoreactivity, located in the Nissl substance of the cytoplasm. Also, some SV2 (detected by the monoclonal antibody 10H) was present in some motor neuron perikarya, but most often these were devoid of SV2 and p38, as well as of synapsin I-like immunoreactivity. These three antigens were, on the other hand, concentrated in nerve terminals in the entire gray substance of the spinal cord. In the ventral root, after crushing, calcitonin gene-related 
peptide, chromogranin A, synapsin I, SV2, p38 and caligulin-like immunoreactivity accumulated in thick and medium-sized axons proximal to the crush, while only antisera against SV2 and p38 labelled accumulated material distal to the crush. In the sciatic nerve, the same essential picture was observed as in the ventral root, but here two other nervous components were also present in the normal sciatic nerve, i.e. peripheral branches of the sensory system and axons of the sympathetic system. By various denervation procedures, it was demonstrated that most calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity and almost all chromogranin A-like immunoreactivity, accumulating in thick axons proximally, emanated from the ventral root. Thin and medium-sized axons originated from the sensory and sympathetic systems and contributed to accumulations both proximally and distally to the crush. Synapsin I-like immunoreactive material accumulated only proximal to the crush, while SV2 and p38-like material accumulated 
bidirectionally in axons of all sizes. In motor endplates of the rat diaphragm and gastrocnemic muscle, no calcitonin gene-related peptide-like material was observed. However, some chromogranin A-like immunoreactivity was present, in addition to large amounts of synapsin I-like, p38-like and SV2-like material, which had a finely granular appearance and was concentrated near the presynaptic membrane of the nerve terminal endfeet, where synaptic vesicles are known to be located.},
  institution = {Institute of Neurobiology, University of Göteborg, Sweden.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antigens, Surface, immunology; Axonal Transport; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Chromogranin A; Chromogranins, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Motor Endplate, metabolism; Motor Neurons, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Muscle Denervation; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Synaptic Vesicles, immunology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2473419},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Booze:1986,
  author      = {Booze, R. M. and Laforet, G. and Davis, J. N.},
  title       = {Hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth in rats and guinea pigs: quantitative morphometry and topographical differences.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {375},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {251--258},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)90745-6},
  abstract    = {Sympathetic ingrowth is an unusual neural rearrangement in response to damage of the septohippocampal pathway in which peripheral noradrenergic nerves grow into the hippocampal formation. Hippocampal ingrowth has been extensively studied in rats and has been suggested to be regulated by the mossy fibers of the dentate granule cells, hippocampal interneurons, or glial cells. Sympathetic ingrowth was found to occur in both rats and guinea pigs; however, a discrepancy between the species was observed in the topographical distribution of sympathetic ingrowth. Ingrowth fibers were found in the dentate hilus and area CA3 of guinea pigs and rats. However, in the guinea pig fibers extended into area CA1. Quantitative estimates of fiber number confirmed these observations and identified significant differences between the species in the intrahippocampal lamellar distribution of ingrowth fibers. The topographical differences in sympathetic ingrowth could not be explained by differences in the 
distribution of the mossy fibers (Timms stain), cholinergic septal afferents (anterograde HRP), or in hippocampal interneurons (GAD-immunoreactive neurons). These species differences are challenging to current theories concerning the regulation of sympathetic ingrowth and may provide a useful model for testing further hypotheses about axonal guidance and target selection.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cholinergic Fibers, physiology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Guinea Pigs; Hippocampus, enzymology/physiology; Interneurons, enzymology; Male; Neuronal Plasticity; Rats; Septum Pellucidum, physiology; Species Specificity; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(86)90745-6},
  pmid        = {3730824},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Border:1986,
  author      = {B. G. Border and R. J. Kosinski and S. A. Azizi and G. A. Mihailoff},
  title       = {Certain basilar pontine afferent systems are GABA-ergic: combined HRP and immunocytochemical studies in the rat.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {169--179},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(86)90113-9},
  abstract    = {Injection of the tracer substance wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) directly into the basilar pontine nuclei using a ventral surgical approach resulted in the labeling of somata in many areas both rostral and caudal to the basilar pons. Certain of the sections that had been reacted for HRP were also incubated in antiserum prepared against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and processed according to routine peroxidase anti-peroxidase immunocytochemical procedures. Neuronal somata exhibiting both HRP and GAD reaction products were considered to represent GABA-ergic neurons that provide axonal projections to the basilar pontine nuclei. Such double-labeled neurons were observed within the zona incerta, anterior pretectal nucleus, lateral cerebellar nucleus, perirubral area, and the pontine and medullary reticular formation.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, analysis; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Organ Specificity; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2429739},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Border:1990,
  author      = {Border, B. G. and Mihailoff, G. A.},
  title       = {GABAergic neural elements in the rat basilar pons: electron microscopic immunochemistry.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {295},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {123--135},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902950111},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902950111},
  abstract    = {Previous light microscopic immunoperoxidase studies of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-immunoreactive neural elements in the rat basilar pontine nuclei revealed immunocytochemical reaction product in neuronal somata and axon terminals. In the present study, pre-embedding immunoperoxidase labeling of GAD or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and postembedding immunogold labeling of GABA allowed the ultrastructural visualization of these neural elements in the basilar pontine nuclei of colchicine-treated animals. At the electron microscopic level, immunolabeled neuronal somata exhibited smoothly contoured nuclei, whereas some dendrites also contained reaction product after immunocytochemical treatment and were postsynaptic to both immunoreactive and nonimmunoreactive axon terminals. Synaptic boutons immunoreactive for GAD or GABA exhibited cross-sectional areas that ranged from 0.1 to 3.8 microns 2 and generally appeared round or elongated in most sections. The majority (95\%) of immunolabeled 
boutons contained pleomorphic synaptic vesicles and formed symmetric synapses at their postsynaptic loci; however, boutons exhibiting round vesicles and boutons forming asymmetric synapses (5\%) were also immunopositive. Small (less than 1.5 microns 2) GAD- or GABA-labeled axon terminals formed synaptic contact mainly with small dendritic profiles, dendritic spines, and neuronal somata, whereas large labeled boutons (greater than 1.5 microns 2) formed synapses with all sizes of dendritic profiles. Occasionally, a single immunolabeled bouton formed synaptic contact with two separate postsynaptic dendrites. It is suggested that the immunolabeled neuronal somata and dendrites observed in the rat basilar pontine nuclei represent a population of pontine local circuit neurons; however, it is known that GABAergic cell groups extrinsic to the pontine gray provide afferent projections to the basilar pons, and therefore at least some immunoreactive axon terminals present in the pontine nuclei are derived from these 
extrinsic sources. The ultrastructural observation of GABAergic neural elements in the rat basilar pontine nuclei confirms previous light microscopic findings and provides an anatomical substrate through which GABAergic neurons, whether arising from an intrinsic or extrinsic source, might exert an inhibitory influence on target cells within the pontine nuclei.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Female; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Pons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2341630},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Border:1991,
  author      = {B. G. Border and G. A. Mihailoff},
  title       = {Glutamate immunoreactivity in the rat basilar pons: light and electron microscopy reveals labeled boutons and cells of origin of afferent projections.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {45},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {47-61},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(91)90102-t},
  abstract    = {Immunohistochemical methods that employed a polyclonal antiserum directed against a glutamate-hemocyanin conjugate were utilized to examine the rat basilar pontine nuclei at both light and electron microscopic levels in order to identify putative glutamatergic neural elements. A large number of cells ranging in size from 11 to 32 microns in diameter and present in all subdivisions and at all rostrocaudal levels of the basilar pons exhibited intense glutamate immunoreactivity. Immunoreactive punctate structures, confirmed by electron microscopy to be axon terminals, were homogeneously distributed throughout the pontine neuropil, although a somewhat greater accumulation was apparent medially at mid-levels of the basilar pons and laterally at more caudal levels. Immunolabeled axons were also present throughout the pontine nuclei. In order to demonstrate possible extrinsic sources of glutamate-immunoreactive axon terminals within the pontine gray, injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish 
peroxidase were made directly into the basilar pons. Tissue was then evaluated for the presence of retrogradely transported wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and the same tissue sections processed for glutamate immunocytochemistry. Following this combined protocol, neuronal somata exhibiting both wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and glutamate immunoperoxidase reaction products were observed within layer Vb of the cerebral cortex, zona incerta, the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, nucleus paragigantocellularis of the medullary reticular formation, and the dorsal column nuclei. Such double-labeled cells were considered to represent glutamatergic neurons that provide axonal projections to the basilar pons. Ultrastructural studies of the pontine nuclei confirmed the presence of glutamate immunogold labeling in dendrites, neuronal somata, axons, and axon terminals. Immunoreactive boutons contained round vesicles and primarily formed asymmetric synapses at various postsynaptic loci which 
included glutamate-immunolabeled dendritic profiles and somata. These results suggest that glutamatergic basilar pontine neurons form one segment of a multisynaptic pathway involving glutamatergic afferents to the basilar pons, glutamatergic pontocerebellar projection neurons, and the glutamatergic granule cells of the cerebellar cortex.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, chemistry; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Female; Glutamates, analysis; Glutamic Acid; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Nerve Endings, chemistry; Neurons, chemistry; Pons, chemistry; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {0306-4522(91)90102-T},
  pmid        = {1721694},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bordi:1994,
  author      = {F. Bordi and J. E. LeDoux},
  title       = {Response properties of single units in areas of rat auditory thalamus that project to the amygdala. II. Cells receiving convergent auditory and somatosensory inputs and cells antidromically activated by amygdala stimulation.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {98},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {275--286},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00228415},
  abstract    = {The purpose of this study was to further our understanding of the contribution of auditory thalamoamygdala projections to conditioned emotional memories formed when auditory and noxious somatosensory stimuli are associated. Single unit activity was recorded in the acoustic thalamus of chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats in response to auditory (white noise, clicks, tones) and somatosensory (foot-shock) stimulation. The thalamic areas focused on were the medial division of the medial geniculate body (MGm), the suprageniculate nucleus (SG), and the posterior intralaminar nucleus (PIN), thalamic areas that receive inputs from both the inferior colliculus and the spinal cord and that project to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (AL). For comparison, recordings were also made from the specific thalamocortical relay nucleus, the ventral division of the medial geniculate body (MGv), which receives projections from the inferior colliculus but not from the spinal cord. Auditory but not somatosensory 
responses were recorded from MGv, while both auditory and somatosensory responses were frequently found in MGm, PIN, and SG. In these areas, convergent auditory and somatosensory responses were more frequently found rostrally than caudally. Within a thalamic subregion, the acoustic response properties of the convergence cells were not different from the response properties of unimodal auditory cells. Some cells that responded to somatosensory but not auditory stimuli showed a potentiated response when tested with simultaneous presentation of auditory and somatosensory stimuli. In some studies, thalamic cells that project to the amygdala were antidromically activated by stimulation of the AL. Consistent with anatomical tracing results, antidromically activated cells were found in MGm, PIN, and SG, but not in MGv. Antidromically activated cells were more likely to respond to auditory stimuli than to somatosensory stimuli, but unimodal somatosensory and convergence cells were also found. These findings, which 
provide the first characterization of acoustic response properties of multimodal cells in the auditory thalamus and of cells in the auditory thalamus that project to amygdala, suggest insights into the emotional functions of the thalamoamygdala pathway.},
  institution = {Center for Neural Science, New York University, NY 10003.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Acoustic Stimulation; Amygdala, cytology/physiology; Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology/physiology; Conditioning, Classical, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Emotions, physiology; Male; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pmid        = {8050513},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bordi:2000,
  author      = {Bordi, F. and Quartaroli, M.},
  title       = {Modulation of nociceptive transmission by NMDA/glycine site receptor in the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {84},
  number      = {2-3},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {213--224},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00205-5},
  abstract    = {NMDA-type glutamate receptors are involved in the generation and maintenance of altered pain states. In the present study, we examined the effect of an NMDA-glycine site antagonist, GV196771A [E-4, 6-dichloro-3-(2-oxo-1-phenyl-pyrrolidin-3-ylidenemethyl)-1H- indole-2- carboxylic acid sodium salt], on responses to noxious stimuli both in normal rats and during peripheral mononeuropathy induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. In one series of experiments, activity of nociceptive neurons in the ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus was recorded in response to pressure stimuli to the contralateral hindpaw. Intravenous injection (iv) of the glycine antagonist had no effect on these cells in normal rats. When tested in rats with CCI induced 2-3 weeks previously, however, GV196771A (0.125, 0.5 and 2.0mg/kg) blocked responses to noxious stimulation in a dose-dependent and reversible manner. Morphine (0.5mg/kg, iv) and the NMDA channel blocker MK801 (0.1mg/kg, 
iv) suppressed noxious stimulus-evoked activity of VPL neurons in both normal and CCI-treated rats. MK801 also decreased the responses of non-nociceptive neurons to brush stimulation in both sets of animals, in contrast to the glycine antagonist which did not alter the responses of these cells. Similar results were obtained from a series of behavior experiments in which the latency for paw withdrawal from heat stimulation was measured in normal and CCI-treated rats. GV196771A (3 and 10mg/kg) injected orally, reduced the hyperalgesic response in the treated rats but did not change the withdrawal latency in normal rats. Taken together, these findings suggest that block of the NMDA receptor decreases nociceptive transmission in the thalamus and can modulate hyperalgesic states. GV196771A and glycine antagonists in general may represent innovative and safe agents for the treatment of neuropathic pain.},
  institution = {Pharmacology Department, GlaxoWellcome Medicine Research Centre, 37100, Verona, Italy. fb23261@glaxowellcome.co.uk},
  journal     = {Pain},
  keywords    = {Analgesics, Opioid, pharmacology; Animals; Behavior, Animal, drug effects; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Hot Temperature; Indoles, pharmacology; Male; Morphine, pharmacology; Nerve Compression Syndromes, physiopathology; Neurons, drug effects; Nociceptors, drug effects/physiology/physiopathology; Pain Measurement; Pyrroles, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Glycine, physiology; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, physiology; Reference Values; Sciatic Nerve, physiopathology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Touch; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, physiology/physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0304395999002055},
  pmid        = {10666526},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bordi:2000a,
  author      = {Bordi, F. and Ugolini, A.},
  title       = {Involvement of mGluR(5) on acute nociceptive transmission.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {871},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {223--233},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02467-7},
  abstract    = {The effect of the mGluR(5) antagonist, MPEP (2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine), and of the mGluR(1) antagonist, AIDA((RS)-1-Aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid), were examined on nociceptive neurons in the ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus in response to pressure stimuli to the contralateral hindpaw of rats under urethane anesthesia. Intravenous (i.v.) injection of MPEP (0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg) blocked responses to noxious stimulation in a dose-dependent and reversible manner. AIDA (3 and 15 mg/kg, i.v.), in contrast, had no effect on these cells. MPEP action was selective to noxious stimulation because even when tested at the highest dose (10 mg/kg, i.v.) it did not alter the responses of non-nociceptive neurons to brush stimulation. To investigate the site of action of MPEP, intra-thalamic injections were made during electrophysiological recordings. Using this method, the mGluR(5) antagonist did not affect nociceptive responses, suggesting that thalamic receptors were not 
involved in this action. On the other hand, the NMDA thalamic receptors seem to be involved because the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK801, successfully blocked responses to noxious pressure stimulation following intra-thalamic injections. In the spinal cord in vitro model, MPEP (30 microM, 60 min) was also able to attenuate ventral root potentials after single shock electrical stimulation of the dorsal root and inhibit wind-up response evoked by repetitive stimulation. Taken together, these findings suggest that blockade of the mGluR(5), but not mGluR(1) decreases nociceptive transmission in the thalamus and that these effects may be mediated by spinal cord receptors.},
  institution = {Pharmacology Department, GlaxoWellcome Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37100, Verona, Italy. fb23261@glaxowellcome.co.uk},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Indans, pharmacology; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Nociceptors, drug effects/metabolism; Pain, drug therapy/physiopathology; Pyridines, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/drug effects/metabolism; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/drug effects/metabolism; Spinal Cord, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/drug effects/physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(00)02467-7},
  pmid        = {10899289},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Borel:1995,
  author      = {Borel, A. G. and Abbott, F. S.},
  title       = {Characterization of novel isocyanate-derived metabolites of the formamide N-formylamphetamine with the combined use of electrospray mass spectrometry and stable isotope methodology.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {891--899},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1021/tx00048a010},
  abstract    = {Bioactivation of the formamide N-formylamphetamine (NFA) to 1-methyl-2-phenylethyl isocyanate (MPIC) was investigated in rats by screening bile and urine for conjugates subsequent to the phase I event. NFA was administered to rats as a mixture of protio- and pentadeuteriophenyl analogues to gain insight into the carbamoylating activity of MPIC when traced by electrospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). An LC/MS contour generated by recording the summed mass spectrum as a function of chromatographic retention time allowed four biliary metabolites to be identified from four sets of doublets, with the peak of each doublet offset by 5 amu and ca. 0.07 min. Tandem mass spectrometry experiments allowed these metabolites to be attributed structurally to the glutathione, cysteinylglycine, cysteine, and N-acetylcysteine conjugates of the isocyanate MPIC. These assignments were subsequently validated by comparison of the LC/MS properties of the metabolites to synthetic reference 
compounds. Only the carbamoylated N-acetylcysteine conjugate was detected in urine. The observed excretion in bile of all metabolites of the mercapturate pathway is novel for formamide metabolism. NFA can thus be added to the short list of compounds that are eliminated in this fashion. Factors envisioned as contributory to this metabolic profile in bile include hepatorenal, enterohepatic, and biliary-hepatic cycling, in addition to possible equilibrium exchange of the isocyanate from thiocarbamate conjugates to endogenous free thiols during the course of biliary transit.},
  institution = {Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.},
  journal     = {Chem Res Toxicol},
  keywords    = {Amphetamines, metabolism; Animals; Bile, chemistry; Biotransformation; Cyanates, metabolism/urine; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Isocyanates, metabolism/urine; Isotopes; Male; Mass Spectrometry, methods; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7492739},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Borgal:2007,
  author      = {Borgal, L. and Hong, M. and Sadi, D. and Mendez, I.},
  title       = {Differential effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor on A9 and A10 dopamine neuron survival in vitro.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {147},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {712--719},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.03.057},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.03.057},
  abstract    = {Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) enhances dopamine (DA) cell survival and fiber outgrowth, and may be beneficial in enhancing cell restorative strategies for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, GDNF may have different roles for transplanted DA cell sub-types. The present in vitro study investigated the effect of GDNF on the survival of rat DA cells displaying a phenotype consistent with either the substantia nigra [A9 cells immunopositive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunit 2 (GIRK2)] or with the ventral tegmental area [A10 cells immunopositive for TH and calbindin]. It was found that a single exposure of GDNF enhanced the number of DA cells of an A9 phenotype, without affecting DA cells of an A10 phenotype. Conversely, repeated GDNF exposure did not alter the survival of A9 phenotypic cells, but doubled the percentage of A10 cells. It was concluded that GDNF administration may affect dopaminergic cells differently 
depending on time and degree of GDNF exposure. For cell transplantation in PD, long-term GDNF administration may result in detrimental effects for transplanted A9 TH+ cells as this may introduce competition with A10 TH+ cells for survival and fiber outgrowth into the host striatum. These results may have important implications for clinical neural transplantation in PD.},
  institution = {Cell Restoration Laboratory, Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calbindins; Cell Count, methods; Cell Differentiation, drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Dopamine, metabolism; Embryo, Mammalian; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Female; G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels, metabolism; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, pharmacology; Neurons, drug effects; Pregnancy; Rats; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, metabolism; Substantia Nigra, cytology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(07)00419-8},
  pmid        = {17583436},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Borgens:1986,
  author      = {Borgens, R. B. and Blight, A. R. and Murphy, D. J.},
  title       = {Axonal regeneration in spinal cord injury: a perspective and new technique.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {250},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {157--167},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902500203},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902500203},
  abstract    = {A set of techniques is described for determining the response of mammalian spinal axons to transection. The logical selection and the advantages of these techniques are discussed. The dorsal column of guinea pig thoracic spinal cord was transected with a tungsten needle and the position of the lesion was marked by a staple-shaped wire device (Foerster: J. Comp. Neurol. 210:335-356, '82). The morphology of dorsal column axons projecting rostrally toward the lesion was examined between 1 and 50 days postlesion by anterograde staining with horseradish peroxidase, applied to a second lesion of the dorsal column two to three vertebral segments caudal to the first. Axons damaged by the original lesion were found to die back 1-2 mm from the plane of transection and at 18-20 hours were characterized by terminal club-shaped swellings attached to the proximal axon by a thin connection. At 50 days postlesion there was some evidence of limited regenerative responses in terms of growth-cone-like axon 
terminals, and the presence of aberrant axonal branching, but no evidence of regenerating axons approaching close to the plane of transection. These findings are in agreement with previous studies indicating little or no effective regrowth of myelinated axons in the mammalian spinal cord. These same techniques were used in a succeeding study to examine the effects of applied electric fields on the axonal response to transection.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Cicatrix; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Guinea Pigs; Neuronal Plasticity; Spinal Cord Injuries, physiopathology; Spinal Cord, physiopathology; Wound Healing},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3745509},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Borhegyi:1998a,
  author      = {Borhegyi, Z. and Freund, T. F.},
  title       = {Dual projection from the medial septum to the supramammillary nucleus in the rat.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {46},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {453--459},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00038-0},
  abstract    = {The supramammillary nucleus, collecting information about the physiological state of the animal, innervates medial septal neurons that are involved in the generation of hippocampal theta activity. Here we demonstrate that septal neurons located in an area bordering the medial and lateral septal nucleus project back to the supramammillary nucleus, and most of these cells contain calretinin, calbindin or both. GABA-immunoreactive boutons of these neurons (60\%) form symmetrical synapses, whereas the remaining GABA-negative terminals form asymmetrical synapses (40\%) with their supramammillary targets. We hypothesize that the septosupramammillary feedback, because of the specific location of its parent cells, carries information about the activity of theta generator cells in the medial septum and supramammillary nucleus, as well as about the resulting theta activity in the hippocampus.},
  institution = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Calbindin 2; Calbindins; Calcium-Binding Proteins, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mamillary Bodies, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Wistar; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, metabolism; Septal Nuclei, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0361-9230(98)00038-0},
  pmid        = {9739009},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Borhegyi:1997,
  author      = {Z. Borhegyi and C. Leranth},
  title       = {Distinct substance P- and calretinin-containing projections from the supramammillary area to the hippocampus in rats; a species difference between rats and monkeys.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {115},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {369--374},
  doi         = {10.1007/pl00005706},
  abstract    = {Our recent studies showed the co-existence of substance P and calretinin in the supramammillo-hippocampal pathway of monkeys, as well as species differences in the synaptic targets of extrinsic substance P fibers in the hippocampi of monkeys and rats. Experiments used: (1) single and multiple stereotaxic injection of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated HRP into the hippocampus and immunostaining for substance P in the supramammillary area; (2) colocalization of substance P and calretinin in supramammillary area cells; and (3) colocalization of these two neurochemicals in retrogradely labeled supramammillary projective cells of both male and female rats. These demonstrated: (a) many calretinin- and fewer substance P-immunoreactive neurons retrogradely labeled in the ipsilateral supramammillary area; (b) approximately 74\% of all substance P cells contain calretinin and 9\% of the calretinin neurons co-contain substance P; and, most importantly (c) none of the retrogradely labeled supramammillary 
cells colocalize calretinin and substance P. These results indicate the presence of two distinct supramammillo-hippocampal projections in the rat, one that contains substance P and the other calretinin. The latter innervates the same areas as those in the monkey, and the former terminates only in the CA2 hippocampal subfield.},
  institution = {Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, metabolism; Female; Haplorhini; Hippocampus, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Histocytochemistry; Male; Mamillary Bodies, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Nerve Fibers, metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Species Specificity; Substance P, metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9224865},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Borhegyi:1998b,
  author      = {Borhegyi, Z. and Magl{\'{o}}czky, Z. and Acs{\'{a}}dy, L. and Freund, T. F.},
  title       = {The supramammillary nucleus innervates cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {82},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {1053--1065},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00301-1},
  abstract    = {In the present study, the connectivity between two subcortical nuclei involved in hippocampal theta activity, the supramammillary nucleus and the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex, was examined. Targets of the supramammillary afferents in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex were identified by combining anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin with immunostaining for putative postsynaptic neurons, i.e. for parvalbumin and choline acetyltransferase that are known to label the GABAergic and cholinergic neurons, respectively, of the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex. Double retrograde transport experiments using the tracers horseradish peroxidase and wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated colloidal gold were employed to identify supramammillary neurons that project both to the hippocampus and the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex. Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin injections into the supramammillary nucleus of the rat resulted in dense 
fibre and terminal labelling in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex. Labelled terminals formed asymmetric synapses mainly on distal dendrites of medial septal neurons. Proximal dendrites and somata were rarely contacted. The supramammillary afferents showed no target selectivity for a particular cell type; they innervated both cholinergic and GABAergic cells. Occasionally, perisomatic, basket-like terminals of supramammillary origin were found around parvalbumin-containing neurons. Double-retrograde experiments revealed that at least 25\% of the supramammillo-hippocampal cells also projected to the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca. These data suggest that the nucleus, known to modulate the hippocampal electrical activity directly by the supramammillo-hippocampal pathway, also has the potential for an indirect action via the innervation of both the GABAergic and cholinergic septohippocampal neurons. This dual modulation may originate, at least in part, from the same population of 
supramammillary neurons.},
  institution = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Frontal Lobe, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mammillary Bodies, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrasonography; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452297003011},
  pmid        = {9466429},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Borhegyi:1998,
  author      = {Z. Borhegyi and Z. Maglóczky and L. Acsády and T. F. Freund},
  title       = {The supramammillary nucleus innervates cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {82},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {1053--1065},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00301-1},
  abstract    = {In the present study, the connectivity between two subcortical nuclei involved in hippocampal theta activity, the supramammillary nucleus and the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex, was examined. Targets of the supramammillary afferents in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex were identified by combining anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin with immunostaining for putative postsynaptic neurons, i.e. for parvalbumin and choline acetyltransferase that are known to label the GABAergic and cholinergic neurons, respectively, of the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex. Double retrograde transport experiments using the tracers horseradish peroxidase and wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated colloidal gold were employed to identify supramammillary neurons that project both to the hippocampus and the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex. Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin injections into the supramammillary nucleus of the rat resulted in dense 
fibre and terminal labelling in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex. Labelled terminals formed asymmetric synapses mainly on distal dendrites of medial septal neurons. Proximal dendrites and somata were rarely contacted. The supramammillary afferents showed no target selectivity for a particular cell type; they innervated both cholinergic and GABAergic cells. Occasionally, perisomatic, basket-like terminals of supramammillary origin were found around parvalbumin-containing neurons. Double-retrograde experiments revealed that at least 25\% of the supramammillo-hippocampal cells also projected to the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca. These data suggest that the nucleus, known to modulate the hippocampal electrical activity directly by the supramammillo-hippocampal pathway, also has the potential for an indirect action via the innervation of both the GABAergic and cholinergic septohippocampal neurons. This dual modulation may originate, at least in part, from the same population of 
supramammillary neurons.},
  institution = {Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Frontal Lobe, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mamillary Bodies, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrasonography; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452297003011},
  pmid        = {9466429},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Borin:2006,
  author      = {Borin, Andrei and Toledo, Ronaldo Nunes and Faria, Simone Damasceno de and Testa, José Ricardo Gurgel and Cruz, Oswaldo Laércio Mendonça},
  title       = {Behavioral and histologic experimental model of facial nerve regeneration in rats.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {72},
  number      = {6},
  pages       = {775--784},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s1808-8694(15)31044-2},
  abstract    = {To setup an experimental model is the first step to study neural regeneration.Setting up an experimental model on facial nerve regeneration.Wistar rats with complete sectioning and suturing of the extratemporal facial nerve trunk; with a behavioral and histological analysis for 9 weeks.Experimental prospective study.Progressive clinical and histological recovery of the animals.Our method is acceptable to study facial nerve regeneration in rats.},
  institution = {Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP.},
  journal     = {Braz J Otorhinolaryngol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Facial Nerve, pathology/physiology; Male; Models, Animal; Myelin Sheath, pathology; Nerve Fibers, pathology/physiology; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Prospective Studies; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0034-72992006000600008},
  pmid        = {17308830},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Borke:1982,
  author      = {Borke, R. C.},
  title       = {Perisomatic changes in the maturing hypoglossal nucleus after axon injury.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {463--485},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf01257989},
  abstract    = {The perisomatic retrograde reactions to peripheral nerve injury during postnatal maturation were investigated by quantitative light and electron microscopy. The hypoglossal nerve was crushed, ligated or transected in 10 and 21 day postnatal (dpn) rats. Only crush injury was made in 7 dpn rats. Survival periods ranged from 3 to 40 days postoperative (dpo). Normal and sham operated animals of corresponding ages served as controls. A remarkable, transient response of neuronal somata in the young (7-10 dpn) rats, following all three types of axon injury, was the formation of excrescences which engulfed neuronal processes: boutons, dendrites, small neurites and a few myelinated axons in adjacent neuropil. The somal engulfment was rarely evident after nerve injury to 21 dpn rats. Bouton displacement from the somal surface, accompanied by glial incursion, followed each type of nerve injury but was less extensive and occurred later in the young rats. There seemed to be no association in the amount 
of boutons displaced from neuronal somata with the type of nerve injury for any of the three experimental age groups. However, the rate and intensity of the perineuronal glial reaction were related to the severity of the nerve injury in the older (21 dpn) but not in the younger (7-10 dpn) rats. Substantial loss of neurons occurred in the affected nucleus after each type of trauma to the young neurons. The degree of neuronal loss was related to the age and the volume of axoplasm disrupted. Only nerve transection in 21 dpn rats resulted in appreciable neuronal loss. The responses of axotomized neurons, their afferent axon terminals and the surrounding glia are quantitatively and qualitatively different in the hypoglossal nucleus of rats of increasing postnatal ages.},
  journal     = {J Neurocytol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Count; Hypoglossal Nerve Injuries; Hypoglossal Nerve, growth /&/ development/pathology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, growth /&/ development/ultrastructure; Neuroglia, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7097317},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Borke:1995,
  author      = {Borke, R. C. and Bridwell, R. S. and Nau, M. E.},
  title       = {The progression of deafferentation as a retrograde reaction to hypoglossal nerve injury.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {10},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {763--774},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf01191212},
  abstract    = {This study examined the fate of axon terminals of one of the major sources of hypoglossal afferents, the spinal V nucleus, after XIIth nerve resection in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. In order to anterogradely label trigemino-hypoglossal projections, small quantities of horse radish peroxidase were pressure-injected into the ipsilateral dorsal (mandibular) portion of the spinal V nucleus two days before the animals were killed. Survival periods ranged from 5 to 33 days after nerve injury (dpo). Axonal injury produced relative changes in the association of labelled axon terminals to structures in the hypoglossal nucleus on the injured side. The proportion of horse radish peroxidase-labelled spinal V nucleus terminals with spherical vesicles (S-terminals) that were unapposed to hypoglossal somata or dendrites increased rapidly and reached maximal levels by 11 dpo. By contrast, the isolation of labelled terminals with pleomorphic/flattened vesicles (P/F-terminals) from postsynaptic structures 
began later, advanced at a slower rate and did not attain maximal levels until 20 dpo. S-terminals not apposed to neuronal cell parts increased at a rate of 2.2 times greater than unapposed P/F-terminals. In addition, at peak levels, the proportion of labelled S-terminals that were detached from somata and dendrites was significantly greater than unapposed, labelled P/F-terminals. Axotomy did not alter the caliber of the labelled axon terminals. However, by 29 days after axotomy, the average diameter of dendrites remaining in contact with SPVN terminals was 1/3 the diameter of dendrites of uninjured neurons apposed to labelled axon terminals. These findings provide the morphological correlate for physiological and pharmacological evidence that the effectiveness of excitatory and inhibitory synapses are down-regulated in a coordinated manner after hypoglossal nerve injury.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurocytol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Denervation; Hypoglossal Nerve, physiology/surgery/ultrastructure; Kinetics; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8586996},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Borke:1985,
  author      = {Borke, R. C. and Nau, M. E.},
  title       = {The ultrastructural identification of reticulo-hypoglossal axon terminals anterogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {337},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {127--132},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)91616-6},
  abstract    = {Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis (RPc) produced anterograde labeling of axon terminals within the hypoglossal nucleus. Based on morphological parameters of vesicle population, membrane specializations, and postsynaptic articulations, two types of axon terminals derived from neurons in RPc end on hypoglossal neurons. More than half of the terminals contained spherical vesicles (S-type), established asymmetrical membrane specializations and contacted proximal and medium-sized dendrites. The remaining labeled terminals had flattened vesicles (F-type), symmetrical membrane densities and apposed medium and small dendrites. The morphological differences expressed in the two types of terminals may reflect physiological and/or pharmacological differences in the action of RPc neurons on motoneurons in the hypoglossal nucleus.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, analysis/ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Hypoglossal Nerve, analysis/ultrastructure; Lectins, diagnostic use; Male; Nerve Endings, analysis/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways, analysis/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, analysis/ultrastructure; Synaptic Vesicles, analysis/ultrastructure; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(85)91616-6},
  pmid        = {3839152},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Borke:1986,
  author      = {Borke, R. C. and Nau, M. E.},
  title       = {Factors affecting the ultrastructural pattern of anterograde labeling in axon terminals with HRP.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {259--265},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(86)90040-7},
  abstract    = {Comparisons of anterograde labeling of axon terminals originating from short and long projection neurons were made in the hypoglossal nucleus. Injections of dilute and concentrated horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ-agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were made via a glass micropipette into the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis (RPc = short projection neurons) and the Spinal V trigeminal complex (Sp. V = long projection neurons). Axon terminals in the hypoglossal nucleus, a common projection site of the two efferent systems, were evaluated ultrastructurally using diaminobenzidine (DAB) as the chromogen for the cobalt-glucose oxidase (CO-GOD) method of HRP labeling. Labeled axon terminals from these two sources demonstrated different distribution patterns of the reaction product. For the short pathway, high concentrations of the tracers resulted in diffuse, agranular labeling in the majority of axon terminals. Dilute concentrations of the tracers were associated with 
membrane-bound, granular type of labeling. All anterograde labeling of terminals of long projection neurons (Sp. V) was membrane-bound and granular irrespective of the tracer concentration. The length of the pathway and the concentration of the enzyme tracers are factors that affect the pattern of anterograde label in axon terminals of hypoglossal afferents.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {3,3'-Diaminobenzidine; Animals; Benzidines; Central Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology; Chromogenic Compounds; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypoglossal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neuroanatomy, methods; Peroxidases; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Staining and Labeling; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0361-9230(86)90040-7},
  pmid        = {2421855},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Borke:1987,
  author      = {Borke, R. C. and Nau, M. E.},
  title       = {The ultrastructural morphology and distribution of trigemino-hypoglossal connections labeled with horseradish peroxidase.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {422},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {235--241},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(87)90930-9},
  abstract    = {Axon terminals projecting to the hypoglossal nucleus have been identified and characterized by electron microscopy following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into pars interpolaris of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (SPVN) in adult rats. Over 70\% of the anterogradely labeled terminals contained spherical vesicles (S-terminals) and their synaptic densities were chiefly asymmetrical (Gray Type I). The rest (28\%) of the labeled terminals had flattened vesicles (F-terminals) and predominantly established symmetrical (Gray Type II) synaptic contacts. The diameters of labeled terminals were 0.5-2.5 micron. Two-thirds of the S-terminals had diameters less than 1.25 micron, whereas, F-terminals were distributed equally in the higher (greater than 1.25) and lower (less than 1.25) diameter ranges. Most axon terminals ended on dendrites of hypoglossal neurons; some, chiefly F-terminals, formed axosomatic endings. Dendrites had diameters of 0.5-5 micron. The majority of S- and F-terminals 
ended on dendrites with diameters of less than 2.5 micron. However, more F-terminals (17\%) than S-terminals (11\%) were presynaptic to dendrites greater than 2.5 micron in diameter. Experiments in which anterograde HRP labeling of trigemino-hypoglossal projections was combined with retrograde WGA-HRP labeling of motoneurons projecting to the tongue, demonstrated that SPVN axons end on dendrites of these motoneurons. Whether some of the trigeminal fibers also terminate on intrinsic hypoglossal interneurons remains to be determined.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, USUHS, F. Herbert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Animals; Axonal Transport; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypoglossal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(87)90930-9},
  pmid        = {2445437},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Borke:1988,
  author      = {Borke, R. C. and Nau, M. E. and Newman, D. B.},
  title       = {Reticulo- and trigemino-hypoglossal connections: a quantitative comparison of ultrastructural substrates.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {21},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {795--803},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(88)90048-2},
  abstract    = {Axon terminals were identified and characterized by electron microscopy after injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the spinal V nucleus (SPVN) or the medullary reticular formation adjacent to the XIIth nucleus. The synaptic organization and topology of these two different populations of hypoglossal afferents (T-XII and R-XII respectively) were determined by quantitative comparisons. Significant differences were obtained in the ratios of morphological types of terminals, sizes of axonal endings and their location on postsynaptic structures. Axon terminals containing spherical vesicles (S-terminals) and those with flattened/pleomorphic vesicles (F-terminals) were anterogradely labeled with HRP from both injection sites. However, the S/F ratio for R-XII terminals was 1.2:1 compared to 2.6:1 for T-XII afferents. Asymmetrical membrane densities (Gray Type I) were the predominant form of junctional specialization for S-terminal synapses. Asymmetrical densities with subjunctional dense 
bodies/bars (S-Taxi) were associated with a higher proportion of T-XII synapses than R-XII synapses. Almost all of the F-terminals from both sources had symmetrical densities (Gray Type II). The average diameter of R-XII terminals was greater than that of T-XII terminals. R-XII-F terminals were the largest terminals. The majority of axon terminals from both sources formed axodendritic synapses. However, R-XII terminals had a higher incidence (10\% vs. 3\%) of axosomatic contacts. The proportion of R-XII-F-terminals decreased from the central toward the distal dendrites, whereas the opposite was found for T-XII-F and T-XII-S-terminals. In contrast to these findings, R-XII-S-terminals were more uniformly distributed on dendrites of all sizes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {USUHS, F. Hebert School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Hypoglossal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0361-9230(88)90048-2},
  pmid        = {3219611},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Borke:1983,
  author      = {R. C. Borke and M. E. Nau and R. L. Ringler},
  title       = {Brain stem afferents of hypoglossal neurons in the rat.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {269},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {47--55},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)90961-7},
  abstract    = {The origin of afferent connections of the hypoglossal nucleus in rats was investigated using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a retrograde tracer. Pressure injections (0.15-0.17 mu1) of 15\% HRP were introduced into the rostral, middle and caudal portions of the nucleus. Projections to the hypoglossal nucleus originated from 3 regions of the brainstem: the reticular formation, the spinal V complex and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Bilateral projections with ipsilateral predominance came from the lateral reticular formation: the dorsal aspect of the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis and its caudal continuation, the nucleus reticularis dorsalis. Fewer projections emerged from two nuclei of the medial reticular formation. The dorsal part of the nucleus reticularis ventralis at the spinomedullary junction contributed bilateral with mainly contralateral input to hypoglossal neurons. A few labeled neurons were situated bilaterally in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis of the rostral 
medulla. The input from the spinal V complex originated from the dorsal aspect along most of its length but particularly from the pars interpolaris and oralis subdivisions. Labeled neurons were located primarily in the posterior portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Projections from the spinal V complex and the solitary nucleus exhibited ipsilateral predominance. These results suggest that somatic and visceral centers of the rat brainstem play an important role in the control of the activity of hypoglossal motoneurons.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypoglossal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Muridae; Neurons, ultrastructure; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Tongue, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(83)90961-7},
  pmid        = {6871701},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Born:2004,
  author      = {Born, Gesche and Schmidt, Matthias},
  title       = {Inhibition of superior colliculus neurons by a GABAergic input from the pretectal nuclear complex in the rat.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {20},
  number      = {12},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {3404--3412},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03820.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03820.x},
  abstract    = {The mammalian pretectal nuclear complex (PNC) is a visual and visuomotor control structure which is strongly connected to other subcortical visual structures. This indicates that the PNC also controls subcortical visual information flow during the execution of various oculomotor programs. A prominent, presumably GABAergic, projection from the PNC targets the superficial grey layer of the superior colliculus (SC), which itself is a central structure for visual information processing necessary for the generation of saccadic eye movements. In order to characterize the pretectotectal projection in vitro, we performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from SC and PNC neurons in slices obtained from 3-6-week-old pigmented rats. Focal glutamate injections into the PNC and electrical PNC stimulation were used to induce postsynaptic responses in SC neurons. Electrical stimulation of the SC allowed electrophysiological identification of PNC neurons that provide the inhibitory pretectotectal input. 
Only inhibitory postsynaptic currents could be elicited in SC neurons both by pharmacological and by electrical activation of the ipsilateral PNC. Concomitantly, a small number of PNC neurons could be antidromically activated from the ipsilateral SC. Most SC cells postsynaptic to the prectectal input showed the dendritic morphology of wide-field and narrow-field cells and are therefore regarded as projection neurons. All inhibitory currents evoked by PNC activation could be completely blocked by bath application of the selective GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline. Together these results indicate that SC projection neurons receive a direct inhibitory input from the ipsilateral PNC and that this input is mediated by GABA(A) receptors.},
  institution = {Allgemeine Zoologie and Neurobiologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, ND 6/25, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Female; Glutamic Acid, pharmacology; Male; Neural Inhibition, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Superior Colliculi, drug effects/physiology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {EJN3820},
  pmid        = {15610173},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Born:2007,
  Title                    = {GABAergic pathways in the rat subcortical visual system: a comparative study in vivo and in vitro.},
  Author                   = {Gesche Born and Matthias Schmidt},
  Journal                  = {Eur J Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1183--1192},
  Volume                   = {26},

  Abstract                 = {Inhibitory pathways project from the pretectal nuclear complex to the ipsilateral superior colliculus (SC) and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Both pathways arise from GABAergic neurones that are located in the dorsal pretectal nuclear complex. In the present experiments, we compared the anatomy and physiology of these two pathways with the objective of determining whether they have similar functions. First, we injected retrograde axonal tracers that fluoresce at different wavelengths in the dLGN and SC of single animals to determine if individual GABAergic neurones in the pretectum project to both structures. The results showed that the dLGN and SC receive input from different cell groups. Next, morphological reconstructions of cells labelled after in-vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that the pretectal-recipient cells in the dLGN are GABAergic interneurones, whereas those in the SC are projection cells. Finally, with in-vitro whole-cell patch-clamp 
recordings we showed that inhibitory currents generated by both pathways are mediated by GABA(A) receptors. Taken together, these results suggest that these inhibitory projections may function to facilitate the relay of information from the dLGN to the visual cortex by suppressing the activity of dLGN interneurones, and to reduce the level of activity leaving the SC by inhibiting the projection neurones. These hypotheses will be discussed in the context of the known functions of the pretectal complex.},
  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05700.x},
  Institution              = { Neurobiologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.},
  Keywords                 = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, pharmacology; Animals; Electric Stimulation, methods; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Female; Functional Laterality; GABA Agents, pharmacology; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/physiology; Glutamic Acid, pharmacology; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects; Male; Membrane Potentials, physiology/radiation effects; Neurons, physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques, methods; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Superior Colliculi, cytology/physiology; Time Factors; Visual Pathways, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {EJN5700},
  Pmid                     = {17767497},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05700.x}
}

@Article{Born:2008,
  Title                    = {A reciprocal connection between the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and the pretectal nuclear complex and the superior colliculus: an in vitro characterization in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Gesche Born and Matthias Schmidt},
  Journal                  = {Vis Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {39--51},
  Volume                   = {25},

  Abstract                 = {The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN), the pretectal nuclear complex (PNC) and the superior colliculus (SC) are structures that all receive retinal input. All three structures are important relay stations of the subcortical visual system. They are strongly connected with each other and involved in circadian and/or visuomotor processes. However, the information transferred along these pathways is unknown and their possible functions are, therefore, not well understood. Here, we characterized multiple pathways between the vLGN, the PNC, and the SC electrophysiologically and anatomically in an in vitro study using acute rat brain slices. Using orthodromic and antidromic electrical stimulation, we first characterized vLGN neurons that receive pretectal input and those that project to the PNC. Morphological reconstructions of cells labeled after patch clamp recordings identified these neurons as geniculo-tectal neurons and as medium-sized multipolar neurons. We identified 
inhibitory connections in both pathways and we could show that inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) evoked from the PNC in vLGN neurons are mediated only by GABAA receptors, while IPSCs evoked in PNC neurons by vLGN stimulation are either mediated by both, GABAA and GABAC receptors or by a GABA receptor with mixed GABAA and GABAC receptor-like pharmacology. Finally, retrograde double labeling experiments with two different fluorescent dextran amines indicated that pretectal neurons which project to the ipsilateral vLGN also project to the ipsilateral SC.},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/S0952523808080048},
  Institution              = { Neurobiologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.},
  Keywords                 = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, pharmacology; Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology/radiation effects; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cobalt, pharmacology; Drug Interactions; Electric Stimulation, methods; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Female; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/physiology; Male; Neurons, drug effects/physiology/radiation effects; Patch-Clamp Techniques, methods; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Superior Colliculi, cytology/physiology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0952523808080048},
  Pmid                     = {18282309},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0952523808080048}
}

@Article{Bornemann:1992,
  author      = {Bornemann, A. and Schmalbruch, H.},
  title       = {Desmin and vimentin in regenerating muscles.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {15},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {14--20},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/mus.880150104},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880150104},
  abstract    = {Desmin is a normal constituent of skeletal muscle fibers; vimentin is contained in myoblasts and connective tissue cells. The intracellular localization of both intermediate filament proteins in regenerating rat muscles was investigated by immunohisto- and immunocytochemistry. Necrosis was induced by hot Ringer solution. Desmin and vimentin were diffusely distributed in myoblasts and young myotubes. Both proteins became arranged in a sarcomeric fashion between the Z-lines when the sarcomeres got into register. Desmin reactivity persisted, but vimentin disappeared after about 2 weeks. Traces were found for up to 4 weeks. This observation is in contrast to findings in fetal and cultured muscles in which several authors did not find expression of vimentin after myoblast fusion. The presence of vimentin may well be a useful marker for regenerated muscle fibers in muscle biopsies from patients with neuromuscular disorders.},
  institution = {Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.},
  journal     = {Muscle Nerve},
  keywords    = {Animals; Desmin, analysis; Hindlimb; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Muscles, metabolism/pathology/physiology; Neuromuscular Diseases, pathology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Regeneration; Vimentin, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1732758},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Boros:2002,
  author      = {Boros, László G. and Torday, John S. and {Paul Lee}, Wai-Nang and Rehan, Virender K.},
  title       = {Oxygen-induced metabolic changes and transdifferentiation in immature fetal rat lung lipofibroblasts.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {77},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {230--236},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s1096-7192(02)00140-3},
  abstract    = {Preterm infants lack adequate surfactant production and often require oxygen support for adequate oxygenation. Prolonged oxygen treatment leads to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a disease process characterized by the blunting of alveolarization and proliferation of myofibroblasts. In the present study, we investigated metabolic adaptive changes in cultured fibroblasts isolated from immature (d18) and near-term (d21), fetal rat lungs in response to normoxic (21\%) and hyperoxic (95\%) exposures. We used the [1,2-13C2]D-glucose tracer and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to characterize glucose carbon redistribution between the nucleic acid ribose, lactate, and palmitate synthetic pathways, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to assess adipose differentiation related protein (ADRP) mRNA expression in response to hyperoxic exposure. Exposure to hyperoxia at each passage caused decrease (*, p<0.05 vs. 21\% O2) in ADRP mRNA expression in the d18 
fibroblasts. This passage-dependent transdifferentiation is accompanied by a moderate (9-20\%) increase in the synthesis of nucleic acid ribose from glucose through the non-oxidative steps of the pentose cycle. In contrast, d18 fibroblasts showed over an 85\% decrease in the de novo synthesis of palmitate from glucose, while d21 fibroblasts showed a less pronounced 32-38\% decrease in de novo lipid synthesis in hyperoxia-exposed cultures. It can be concluded from these studies that: (1) there is a maturation dependent sensitivity to hyperoxia; (2) transdifferentiation of flbroblast as demonstrated by changes in ADRP expression is accompanied by metabolic enzymes changes affecting ribose acid synthesis from glucose, and (3) hyperoxia specifically inhibits lipogenesis from glucose. Hyperoxia-induced metabolic changes thus play a key role in the transdifferentiation of lung fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and the pathogenesis of BPD.},
  institution = {Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stable Isotope Research Laboratory, UCLA School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Research and Education Institute, 1124 West Carson St., RB1, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.},
  journal     = {Mol Genet Metab},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Differentiation, physiology; Fetus, metabolism; Fibroblasts, metabolism; Glucose, metabolism; Hyperoxia, metabolism; Lung, embryology/metabolism; Membrane Proteins, biosynthesis/genetics; Oxygen, metabolism; RNA, metabolism; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1096719202001403},
  pmid        = {12409271},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Borovikova:2000a,
  author      = {Borovikova, L. V. and Ivanova, S. and Nardi, D. and Zhang, M. and Yang, H. and Ombrellino, M. and Tracey, K. J.},
  title       = {Role of vagus nerve signaling in CNI-1493-mediated suppression of acute inflammation.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {85},
  number      = {1-3},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {141--147},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/S1566-0702(00)00233-2},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1566-0702(00)00233-2},
  abstract    = {CNI-1493 is a potent anti-inflammatory agent, which deactivates macrophages and inhibits the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators. The objective of the present study was to identify the role of the central nervous system (CNS) and efferent vagus nerve signaling in CNI-1493-mediated modulation of acute inflammation in the periphery. CNI-1493 was administered either intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v., 0.1-1,000 ng/kg) or intravenously (i.v., 5 mg/kg) in anesthetized rats subjected to a standard model of acute inflammation (subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of carrageenan). I.c.v. CNI-1493 significantly suppressed carrageenan-induced paw edema, even in doses at least 6-logs lower than those required for a systemic effect. Bilateral cervical vagotomy or atropine blockade (1 mg/kg/h) abrogated the anti-inflammatory effects of CNI-1493 (1 microg/kg, i.c.v. or 5 mg/kg, i.v.), indicating that the intact vagus nerve is required for CNI-1493 activity. Recording of the efferent vagus nerve activity 
revealed an increase in discharge rate starting at 3-4 min after CNI-1493 administration (5 mg/kg, i.v.) and lasting for 10-14 min (control activity=87+/-5.4 impulses/s versus CNI-1493-induced activity= 229+/-6.7 impulses/s). Modulation of efferent vagus nerve activity by electrical stimulation (5 V, 2 ms, 1 Hz) of the transected peripheral vagus nerve for 20 min (10 min before carrageenan administration and 10 min after) also prevented the development of acute inflammation. Local administration of the vagus nerve neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (4 microg/kg, s.c.), or cholinergic agonists into the site of carrageenan-injection also inhibited acute inflammation. These results now identify a previously unrecognized role of efferent vagus nerve activity in mediating the central action of an anti-inflammatory agent.},
  institution = {spring.com},
  journal     = {Auton Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, pharmacology; Acute Disease; Animals; Atropine, pharmacology; Carrageenan; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edema, chemically induced/immunology; Electric Stimulation; Ganglionic Stimulants, pharmacology; Hydrazones, pharmacology; Immunosuppressive Agents, pharmacology; Inflammation, chemically induced/drug therapy/immunology; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Muscarine, pharmacology; Neuroimmunomodulation, drug effects/immunology; Neurons, Efferent, drug effects/immunology; Nicotine, pharmacology; Parasympathetic Nervous System, drug effects/immunology; Parasympatholytics, pharmacology; Parasympathomimetics, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Vagotomy; Vagus Nerve, cytology/immunology/surgery; Vasodilator Agents, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1566-0702(00)00233-2},
  pmid        = {11189021},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Borovikova:2000,
  author      = {Borovikova, L. V. and Ivanova, S. and Zhang, M. and Yang, H. and Botchkina, G. I. and Watkins, L. R. and Wang, H. and Abumrad, N. and Eaton, J. W. and Tracey, K. J.},
  title       = {Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {405},
  number      = {6785},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {458--462},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/35013070},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35013070},
  abstract    = {Vertebrates achieve internal homeostasis during infection or injury by balancing the activities of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways. Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), produced by all gram-negative bacteria, activates macrophages to release cytokines that are potentially lethal. The central nervous system regulates systemic inflammatory responses to endotoxin through humoral mechanisms. Activation of afferent vagus nerve fibres by endotoxin or cytokines stimulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal anti-inflammatory responses. However, comparatively little is known about the role of efferent vagus nerve signalling in modulating inflammation. Here, we describe a previously unrecognized, parasympathetic anti-inflammatory pathway by which the brain modulates systemic inflammatory responses to endotoxin. Acetylcholine, the principle vagal neurotransmitter, significantly attenuated the release of cytokines (tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and IL-18), but not the 
anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human macrophage cultures. Direct electrical stimulation of the peripheral vagus nerve in vivo during lethal endotoxaemia in rats inhibited TNF synthesis in liver, attenuated peak serum TNF amounts, and prevented the development of shock.},
  institution = {The Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA. lborovikova@mindspring.com},
  journal     = {Nature},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, physiology; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Cytokines, biosynthesis; Electric Stimulation; Humans; Inflammation, chemically induced/immunology; Lipopolysaccharides, immunology; Male; Neurogenic Inflammation; Neuroimmunomodulation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Receptors, Cholinergic, physiology; Vagus Nerve, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10839541},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Borst:1987,
  author      = {Borst, J. G. and Leung, L. W. and MacFabe, D. F.},
  title       = {Electrical activity of the cingulate cortex. II. Cholinergic modulation.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {407},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {81--93},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(87)91221-2},
  abstract    = {The role of the cholinergic innervation in the modulation of cingulate electrical activity was studied by means of pharmacological manipulations and brain lesions. In the normal rat, an irregular slow activity (ISA) accompanied with EEG-spikes was recorded in the cingulate cortex during immobility as compared to walking. Atropine sulfate, but not atropine methyl nitrate, increased ISA and the frequency of cingulate EEG-spikes. Pilocarpine suppressed ISA and EEG-spikes during immobility, and induced a slow (4-7 Hz) theta rhythm. Unilateral or bilateral lesions of the substantia innominata and ventral globus pallidus area using kainic acid did not significantly change the cingulate EEG or its relation to behavior. Large electrolytic lesions of the medial septal nuclei and vertical limbs of the diagonal band generally decreased or abolished all theta activity in the cingulate cortex and the hippocampus. However, in 5 rats the cingulate theta rhythm increased while the hippocampal theta 
disappeared after a medial septal lesion. The large, postlesion cingulate theta, accompanied by sharp EEG-spikes during its negative phase, is an unequivocal demonstration of the existence of a theta rhythm in the cingulate cortex, independent of the hippocampal rhythm. Cholinergic afferents from the medial septum and diagonal band nuclei are inferred to be responsible for the behavioral suppression of cingulate EEG-spikes and ISA, and partially for the generation of a local cingulate theta rhythm. However, an atropine-resistant pathway and a theta-suppressing pathway, possibly coming from the medial septum or the hippocampus, may also be important in cingulate theta generation.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Atropine, pharmacology; Cholinergic Fibers, drug effects/enzymology/physiology; Electroencephalography; Gyrus Cinguli, drug effects/physiology; Hippocampus, enzymology/physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Pilocarpine, pharmacology; Rats; Receptors, Muscarinic, drug effects; Septal Nuclei, physiology; Substantia Innominata, enzymology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(87)91221-2},
  pmid        = {3580858},
  timestamp   = {22.01.2013},
}

@Article{Bortolozzi:2005,
  author      = {Bortolozzi, Analía and Díaz-Mataix, Llorenç and Scorza, M Cecilia and Celada, Pau and Artigas, Francesc},
  title       = {The activation of 5-HT receptors in prefrontal cortex enhances dopaminergic activity.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {95},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {1597--1607},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03485.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03485.x},
  abstract    = {Atypical antipsychotics show preferential 5-HT 2A versus dopamine (DA) D2 receptor affinity. At clinical doses, they fully occupy cortical 5-HT2 receptors, which suggests a strong relationship with their therapeutic action. Half of the pyramidal neurones in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) express 5-HT 2A receptors. Also, neurones excited through 5-HT 2A receptors project to the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We therefore hypothesized that prefrontal 5-HT 2A receptors can modulate DA transmission through excitatory mPFC-VTA inputs. In this study we used single unit recordings to examine the responses of DA neurones to local (in the mPFC) and systemic administration of the 5-HT 2A/2C agonist 1-[2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-2-aminopropane] (DOI). Likewise, using microdialysis, we examined DA release in the mPFC and VTA (single/dual probe) in response to prefrontal and systemic drug administration. The local (in the mPFC) and systemic administration of DOI increased the firing rate and burst 
firing of DA neurones and DA release in the VTA and mPFC. The increase in VTA DA release was mimicked by the electrical stimulation of the mPFC. The effects of DOI were reversed by M100907 and ritanserin. These results indicate that the activity of VTA DA neurones is under the excitatory control of 5-HT 2A receptors in the mPFC. These observations may help in the understanding of the therapeutic action of atypical antipsychotics.},
  institution = {Department of Neurochemistry, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (CSIC), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.},
  journal     = {J Neurochem},
  keywords    = {Amphetamines, pharmacology; Animals; Dopamine, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Male; Microdialysis; Neural Pathways, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Neurons, physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, metabolism; Serotonin Receptor Agonists, pharmacology; Stimulation, Chemical; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology/drug effects/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {JNC3485},
  pmid        = {16277612},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bosch:2012,
  Title                    = {Preservation of the hyperdirect pathway of basal ganglia in a rodent brain slice.},
  Author                   = {Bosch, C. and Mailly, P. and Degos, B. and Deniau, J-M. and Venance, L.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Pages                    = {31--41},
  Volume                   = {215},

  Abstract                 = {Basal ganglia are a network of interconnected nuclei, involved in motor control, goal-directed behaviors and procedural learning. Basal ganglia process information from the cerebral cortex through three main pathways. The striatum is the input nucleus of the direct (cortico-striato-nigral) and indirect (cortico-striato-pallido-subthalamo-nigral) pathways while the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is the input structure of the hyperdirect (cortico-subthalamo-nigral) pathway. Despite the fact that the hyperdirect pathway constitutes a central part of most of basal ganglia models, experimental studies concerning its synaptic transmission and plasticity are still lacking. This is mainly because in vitro brain slices do not preserve the hyperdirect pathway. Here, we address this by developing a hyperdirect pathway brain slice where cortico-subthalamo-nigral connections were preserved. We characterized the transmission properties and its monosynaptic features between the frontal cortex and 
the STN, and between the STN and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), the output nucleus of the hyperdirect pathway. Cortical stimulation evoked monosynaptic glutamatergic events in STN neurons with a mean latency of 11.3 ms and a mean amplitude of 21 pA. STN stimulations evoked monosynaptic glutamatergic events in SNr neurons with a mean latency of 2.5 ms and a mean amplitude of 116 pA. This brain slice also preserved a part of the direct and indirect pathways such as the cortico-striatal connection. This novel slice configuration containing the hyperdirect pathway is a useful tool to better understand the transmission and plasticity in this pathway and hence the physiology and the pathophysiology of basal ganglia.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.033},
  Institution              = {Team Dynamic and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, College de France, 75005 Paris, France.},
  Keywords                 = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, pharmacology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Computer Simulation; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Frontal Lobe, physiology; Membrane Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways, physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time, drug effects; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects; Valine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(12)00393-4},
  Pmid                     = {22537846},
  Timestamp                = {10.01.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.033}
}

@Article{Bosco:1994,
  Title                    = {Projections from the cerebral cortex to the accessory oculomotor nuclei of the rat: a neuroanatomical and immunohistochemical study.},
  Author                   = {G. Bosco and G. Giaquinta and R. Raffaele and G. Smecca and V. Perciavalle},
  Journal                  = {J Hirnforsch},
  Year                     = {1994},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {521--529},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Abstract                 = {The projections from the cerebral cortex to the accessory oculomotor nuclei, i.e. the nucleus of posterior commissure (NPC), the nucleus of Darkschewitsch (NDK) and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) and the putative neurotransmitters subserving this pathway have been studied in adult rats. Retrograde labeling with Fluoro-Gold showed that only the more medial part of the agranular cortex, which is considered the rat's analogous to the frontal eye fields of the monkey, sends axon to the ipsilateral accessory oculomotor nuclei. The retrogradely-labeled cells were located primarily in the fifth layer of this cortical region. Following an injection of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin in this cortical area, we observed corticofugal labeled fibers reaching the accessory oculomotor nuclei and terminating as a fine dust-like terminal labeling in the NDK, in the dorso-lateral division of the INC and in the NPC, as well as in the medial oculomotor 
accessory nucleus, the red nucleus, the superior colliculus and, even though to a lesser extent, in the mesencephalic reticular formation and the central gray. With regard to the immunohistochemical approach, we observed that all the cells retrogradely labeled from the accessory oculomotor area were also stained by using glutamate or aspartate antisera.},
  Institution              = {Institute of Human Physiology, University of Catania, Italy.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, analysis; Axonal Transport; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Glutamic Acid, analysis; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, cytology; Oculomotor Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stereotaxic Techniques; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7533811},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Bosco:2000,
  author      = {Bosco, G. and Poppele, R. E.},
  title       = {Reference frames for spinal proprioception: kinematics based or kinetics based?},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {83},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {2946--2955},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {This second paper of the series deals with another issue regarding sensorimotor representations in the CNS that has received much attention, namely the relative weighting of kinematic and kinetic representations. The question we address here is the contribution of muscle tension afferent information in dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) sensory representations of foot position. In five anesthetized cats, we activated major hindlimb muscle groups using electrical stimulation of ventral root filaments while passively positioning of the left hind foot throughout its workspace. In general, as the parameters of the joint angle covariance planes indicated, muscle stimulation did not significantly change hindlimb geometry. We analyzed the effects of the muscle stimulation on DSCT neuronal activity within the framework of a kinematic-based representation of foot position. We used a multivariate regression model described in the companion paper, wherein indicators of the experimental condition were 
added as firing rate predictors along with the limb axis length and orientation to account for possible effects of muscle stimulation. The results indicated that the response gain of 35/59 neurons studied (59\%) was not changed by the muscle activations, although most neurons showed some change in their overall firing level with stimulation of one or more muscles. Most of the neurons responded to pseudorandom stimulation of the same muscle groups with complex temporal patterns of activity. For a subpopulation of 42 neurons, we investigated the extent to which their representation of foot position was affected by a rigid constraint of the knee joint and at least one type of muscle stimulation. Although they could be divided into four subgroups based on significance level cutoffs for the constraint or stimulation effect, these effects were in fact quite distributed. However, when we examined the preferred directions of spatial tuning relative to the limb axis position, we found it was unchanged by muscle 
stimulation for most cells. Even in those cases in which response gain was altered by muscle stimulation, the cell's preferred direction generally was unaltered. The invariance of preferred direction with muscle stimulation lead us to the conclusion that the reference frame for DSCT coding may be based primarily on limb kinematics.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurophysiol},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Biomechanics; Cats; Electric Stimulation; Foot, innervation/physiology; Hindlimb, physiology; Joints, physiology; Kinetics; Multivariate Analysis; Muscle Contraction, physiology; Muscle, Skeletal, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Proprioception, physiology; Regression Analysis; Spinal Cord, physiology; Spinocerebellar Tracts, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pmid        = {10805690},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bosler:1989,
  author      = {Bosler, O.},
  title       = {Ultrastructural relationships of serotonin and GABA terminals in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Evidence for a close interconnection between the two afferent systems.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {18},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {105--113},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf01188429},
  abstract    = {Serotonin (5-HT) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) nerve endings were identified in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) by combined [3H]5-HT uptake radioautography and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) immunocytochemistry at the electron microscope level. In areas of good overlap between radioautographic and immunocytochemical labellings, there were no axonal varicosities exhibiting both labellings, indicating that 5-HT and GABA are not co-localized in the SCN. The systematic survey in these areas of all profiles that had accumulated [3H]5-HT and of all GAD-immunoreactive varicosities allowed the analysis of 247 of the former and 896, i.e. an almost four-fold greater number, of the latter. This seems concordant with the view that GABA endings would be the most numerous of all classes of nerve terminals so far identified in the SCN. More than 22\% of the [3H]5-HT labelled profiles showed the membrane specialization typically associated with synaptic junctions. Thereby, it was possible to 
evaluate that about 45\% of the 5-HT terminals actually form a synapse in the SCN. Some 37\% of the GAD-positive varicose profiles which could be formally interpreted also showed well differentiated synaptic contacts, suggesting that the GABAergic innervation of the SCN could be entirely junctional. Whereas 5-HT terminals usually innervated only one dendritic or somatic element, a convergence of several GABAergic terminals onto the same postsynaptic target also receiving a 5-HT input was frequently observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, CNRS, Marseille, France.},
  journal     = {J Neurocytol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Synapses, ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2709044},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bossert:2012,
  Title                    = {Role of projections from ventral medial prefrontal cortex to nucleus accumbens shell in context-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking.},
  Author                   = {Bossert, Jennifer M. and Stern, Anna L. and Theberge, Florence R M. and Marchant, Nathan J. and Wang, Hui-Ling and Morales, Marisela and Shaham, Yavin},
  Journal                  = {J Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {14},
  Pages                    = {4982--4991},
  Volume                   = {32},

  Abstract                 = {In humans, exposure to contexts previously associated with heroin use can provoke relapse. In rats, exposure to heroin-paired contexts after extinction of drug-reinforced responding in different contexts reinstates heroin seeking. This effect is attenuated by inhibition of glutamate or dopamine transmission in nucleus accumbens shell, or inactivation of ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Here, we used an anatomical asymmetrical disconnection procedure to demonstrate that an interaction between glutamatergic projections from ventral mPFC to accumbens shell and local dopamine D(1) postsynaptic receptors contributes to context-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking. We also combined the marker of neuronal activity, Fos, with the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold to assess activation in this pathway during context-induced reinstatement. Rats were trained to self-administer heroin for 12 d; drug infusions were paired with a discrete tone-light cue. Lever pressing was subsequently 
extinguished in a nondrug-associated context in the presence of the discrete cue. Rats were then tested in the heroin- or extinction-associated contexts under extinction conditions. Injections of muscimol + baclofen into ventral mPFC in one hemisphere and D(1)-family receptor antagonist SCH 23390 into the contralateral or ipsilateral accumbens shell decreased context-induced reinstatement. Unilateral injections of muscimol + baclofen into ventral mPFC or SCH 23390 into the accumbens shell had no effect. Context-induced reinstatement was associated with increased Fos expression in ventral mPFC neurons, including those projecting to accumbens shell, with higher double-labeling in the ipsilateral projection than in the contralateral projection. Our results demonstrate that activation of glutamatergic projections from ventral mPFC to accumbens shell, previously implicated in inhibition of cocaine relapse, promotes heroin relapse.},
  Doi                      = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0005-12.2012},
  Institution              = {ntramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA. jbossert@intra.nida.nih.gov},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Behavior, Addictive, physiopathology/psychology; Extinction, Psychological, drug effects/physiology; Heroin Dependence, physiopathology/psychology; Male; Nerve Net, drug effects/physiology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, drug effects/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Self Administration},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {32/14/4982},
  Pmid                     = {22492053},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0005-12.2012}
}

@Article{Bossolasco:2012,
  author      = {Bossolasco, P. and Cova, L. and Levandis, G. and Diana, V. and Cerri, S. and {Lambertenghi Deliliers}, G. and Polli, E. and Silani, V. and Blandini, F. and Armentero, M. T.},
  title       = {Noninvasive near-infrared live imaging of human adult mesenchymal stem cells transplanted in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  pages       = {435--447},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.2147/IJN.S27537},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S27537},
  abstract    = {We have previously shown that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) can reduce toxin-induced neurodegeneration in a well characterized rodent model of Parkinson's disease. However, the precise mechanisms, optimal cell concentration required for neuroprotection, and detailed cell tracking need to be defined. We exploited a near-infrared imaging platform to perform noninvasive tracing following transplantation of tagged hMSCs in live parkinsonian rats.hMSCs were labeled both with a membrane intercalating dye, emitting in the near- infrared 815 nm spectrum, and the nuclear counterstain, Hoechst 33258. Effects of near-infrared dye on cell metabolism and proliferation were extensively evaluated in vitro. Tagged hMSCs were then administered to parkinsonian rats bearing a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway, via two alternative routes, ie, intrastriatal or intranasal, and the cells were tracked in vivo and ex vivo using near-infrared technology.In vitro, NIR815 staining was 
stable in long-term hMSC cultures and did not interfere with cell metabolism or proliferation. A significant near-infrared signal was detectable in vivo, confined around the injection site for up to 14 days after intrastriatal transplantation. Conversely, following intranasal delivery, a strong near-infrared signal was immediately visible, but rapidly faded and was completely lost within 1 hour. After sacrifice, imaging data were confirmed by presence/absence of the Hoechst signal ex vivo in coronal brain sections. Semiquantitative analysis and precise localization of transplanted hMSCs were further performed ex vivo using near-infrared imaging.Near-infrared technology allowed longitudinal detection of fluorescent-tagged cells in living animals giving immediate information on how different delivery routes affect cell distribution in the brain. Near-infrared imaging represents a valuable tool to evaluate multiple outcomes of transplanted cells, including their survival, localization, and migration over time 
within the host brain. This procedure considerably reduces the number of animal experiments needed, as well as interindividual variability, and may favor the development of efficient therapeutic strategies promptly applicable to patients.},
  institution = {Fondazione Matarelli, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.},
  journal     = {Int J Nanomedicine},
  keywords    = {Administration, Intranasal; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Bisbenzimidazole; Cell Proliferation, drug effects; Cell Tracking, methods; Disease Models, Animal; Fluorescent Dyes, chemistry/pharmacology; Humans; Male; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation, methods; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells, chemistry/cytology; Molecular Imaging; Parkinson Disease, surgery; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared, methods; Visual Cortex, surgery},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {ijn-7-435},
  pmid        = {22334776},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bossowska:2009,
  author      = {Bossowska, A. and Crayton, R. and Radziszewski, P. and Kmiec, Z. and Majewski, M.},
  title       = {Distribution and neurochemical characterization of sensory dorsal root ganglia neurons supplying porcine urinary bladder.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {60 Suppl 4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {77--81},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Pig has been used recently as an animal model for studying diseases of human urinary tract, however, the sensory innervations of urinary bladder in this species has not been yet described.The present study was aimed at neurochemical characterization of sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) supplying porcine urinary bladder.Retrograde tracer Fast Blue (FB) was injected into the right half of the urinary bladder wall of six juvenile female pigs. Three weeks later ipsi- and contralateral DRGs of interest were harvested from all animals and a neurochemical characterization of retrogradely-labeled neurons was performed using routine single-immunofluorescence labeling technique on 10 microm-thick cryostat sections.85\% of spinal sensory neurons supplying porcine urinary bladder was located in ipsilateral sacral S3-S4 ganglia and in first coccygeal ganglion (Cq1),whereas rest of FB-positive (FB+) nerve cells were found in lumbar L3-L6 DRGs. FB+ neurons belonged mostly to the medium-sized (
54\%) and small-sized afferent perikarya (45\%). Bladder sensory neurons contained substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), galanin (GAL), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), somatostatin (SOM) and/or calbindin-28k (CB), and these neurons constituted 45\%, 36\%, 26\%, 6\%, 6\%, 4\% and 3\% of all retrogradely traced DRGs perikarya, respectively. Distinct differences in the number of traced cells and their neuropeptide content were observed between the lumbar and sacral/coccygeal division of bladder-projecting DRG neurons. Thus, FB+ neurons expressing CGRP, GAL, nNOS or SOM were more numerous in lumbar DRGs (44\%, 9\%, 9\% and 6\%, respectively), than in sacral/coccygeal ganglia (23\%, 2\%, 1.5\% and 0.3\%, respectively). On the other hand, more FB+ cells expressed PACAP in sacral (31\%) than in lumbar DRGs (23\%). However, fractions of SP-IR or CB-IR bladder sensory neurons were similar in lumbar and sacral/coccygeal DRGs.This novel 
description of both spatial and neurochemical organization pattern of porcine urinary bladder sensory innervation constitutes a basis for further functional studies aimed at unraveling neurogenic mechanisms of urinary bladder diseases.},
  institution = {Department of Human Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland.},
  journal     = {J Physiol Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Size; Female; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, Afferent, enzymology/metabolism/physiology; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I, metabolism; Swine; Urinary Bladder, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {20083855},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bota:2004,
  author      = {Bota, Mihail and Arbib, Michael A.},
  title       = {Integrating databases and expert systems for the analysis of brain structures: connections, similarities, and homologies.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {2},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {19--58},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1385/NI:2:1:019},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/NI:2:1:019},
  abstract    = {The NeuroHomology Database system (NHDB) combines databases related to brain structures from different species with different knowledge management systems (KMSs) for systematization, evaluation and processing neurobiological data. Special attention is assessment of similarity of data from different species as a basis for exploring neural homologies. NHDB includes modules that handle brain structure and connectivity data, as well as inference engines for evaluation of the stored neurobiological information. The spatial inference engine evaluates the possible topological relations between cortical structures in different neuroanatomical atlases. The connectivity inference engine evaluates the reliability of information pertaining to fiber tracts as those are reflected in the literature. The inference engine for translation of neuroanatomical connections in different atlases evaluates the probability of existence of connections of interest in different parcellation schemes. Finally, the 
similarity inference engine calculates the overall degree of similarity of pairs of brain structures from different species by taking into account a set of eight criteria. We present examples of search for information in NHDB system, inferences of relations between cortical structures from equivalent neuroanatomical atlases, reconstruction of functional networks of brain structures from data collated from the literature, translation of connectivity matrices in equivalent parcellation schemes, and evaluations of similarities of brain structures from humans, macaques and rats.},
  institution = {NIBS Program in Neurosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2520, USA. mbota@usc.edu},
  journal     = {Neuroinformatics},
  keywords    = {Algorithms; Anatomy, Artistic, trends; Anatomy, Comparative, methods; Animals; Artificial Intelligence; Biological Evolution; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cell Size, physiology; Computer Simulation; Databases, Factual, standards/trends; Expert Systems; Humans; Information Management, methods; Macaca; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Software Design; Terminology as Topic},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {NI:2:1:019},
  pmid        = {15067167},
  timestamp   = {14.07.2015},
}

@Article{Bota:2014,
  author    = {Bota, Mihail and Talpalaru, {\c{S}}tefan and Hintiryan, Houri and Dong, Hong-Wei and Swanson, Larry W},
  title     = {BAMS2 workspace: A comprehensive and versatile neuroinformatic platform for collating and processing neuroanatomical connections},
  year      = {2014},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi       = {10.1002/cne.23592},
  journal   = {Journal of Comparative Neurology},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
  timestamp = {12-06-2014},
}

@Article{Botchkina:1999,
  author      = {G. I. Botchkina and E. Geimonen and M. L. Bilof and O. Villarreal and K. J. Tracey},
  title       = {Loss of NF-kappaB activity during cerebral ischemia and TNF cytotoxicity.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {5},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {372--381},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Recent evidence implicates tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a cytokine with both cytotoxic and cytoprotective activities, in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. The development of TNF cytotoxicity is dependent upon the balance between the activities of intracellular signaling pathways that mediate either apoptotic or anti-apoptotic effects. One critical protective signaling mechanism is the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, a ubiquitous transcription factor that regulates expression of anti-apoptotic gene products. Here we show the distribution and kinetics of NF-kappaB activation and the correlation between loss of NF-kappaB activity, TNF up-regulation, and apoptosis in a standardized rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. We observed a rapid and progressive ischemia-induced loss of p65 immunoreactivity within the ischemic core and nearby penumbra. These findings were confirmed by Western blot analysis of nuclear extracts and by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The anatomical 
area of suppressed NF-kappaB activity overlapped significantly with the zones of TNF overexpression and apoptosis. Loss of NF-kappaB activity and increased TNF expression preceded the onset of cell death. Direct evidence that loss of NF-kappaB activity can sensitize brain cells to TNF cytotoxicity was obtained in vitro by co-administration of MG-132, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation, and TNF to neuronal-like and glial-like cell cultures. Inhibition of NF-kappaB significantly increased the sensitivity of these cultures to TNF cytotoxicity, indicating that the observed loss of neuronal NF-kappaB activity during cerebral ischemia can participate in the development of TNF-induced cytotoxicity.},
  institution = {The Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA.},
  journal     = {Mol Med},
  keywords    = {Animals; Apoptosis; Blotting, Western; Brain Ischemia, metabolism; Cells, Cultured; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors, pharmacology; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Leupeptins, pharmacology; Male; NF-kappa B, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Time Factors; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, toxicity; Up-Regulation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0141},
  pmid        = {10415162},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Botchkina:1997,
  author      = {G. I. Botchkina and M. E. Meistrell and I. L. Botchkina and K. J. Tracey},
  title       = {Expression of TNF and TNF receptors (p55 and p75) in the rat brain after focal cerebral ischemia.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {3},
  number      = {11},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {765--781},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Cerebral ischemia induces a rapid and dramatic up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) protein and mRNA, but the cellular sources of TNF in the ischemic brain have not been defined. The diverse activities of TNF are mediated via ligand interaction with two distinct receptors, p55 and p75, which activate separate intracellular signal transduction pathways, leading to distinct biological effects. Since the effects of cerebral ischemia on TNF receptor (TNFR) expression are unknown, we examined the cellular localization and protein expression of TNF and its two receptors in the rat cerebral cortex in response to permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. The results indicate that focal. cerebral ischemia up-regulates expression of TNF and both TNFRs within the ischemic cortex. The most abundant type of TNF immunoreactivity (IR) was a punctate and filamentous pattern of transected cellular processes; however, cell bodies of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, as well as infiltrating 
polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes also showed TNF IR. Brain vasculature displayed TNF IR not only within endothelial cells but also in the perivascular space. MCA occlusion induced significant up-regulation of TNF receptors, with p55 IR appearing within 6 hr, significantly before the appearance of p75 IR at 24 hr after the onset of ischemia. Since p55 has been implicated in transducing cytotoxic signalling of TNF, these results support the proposed injurious role of excessive TNF produced during the acute response to cerebral ischemia.},
  institution = {Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA.},
  journal     = {Mol Med},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antigens, CD, biosynthesis; Brain Chemistry; Brain Ischemia, immunology/metabolism/pathology; Cerebral Cortex, immunology/metabolism/pathology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Male; Neuroglia, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Neutrophils; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, biosynthesis; Up-Regulation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9407552},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Botterill:2014,
  author      = {Botterill, J. J. and Fournier, N. M. and Guskjolen, A. J. and Lussier, A. L. and Marks, W. N. and Kalynchuk, L. E.},
  title       = {Amygdala kindling disrupts trace and delay fear conditioning with parallel changes in Fos protein expression throughout the limbic brain.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {265},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {158--171},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.040},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.040},
  abstract    = {Amygdala kindling is well known to increase unconditioned fear and anxiety. However, relatively little is known about whether this form of kindling causes functional changes within the neural circuitry that mediates fear learning and the retrieval of fear memories. To address this issue, we examined the effect of short- (i.e., 30 stimulations) and long-term (i.e., 99 stimulations) amygdala kindling in rats on trace and delay fear conditioning, which are aversive learning tasks that rely predominantly on the hippocampus and amygdala, respectively. After memory retrieval, we analyzed the pattern of neural activity with Fos, the protein product of the immediate early gene c-fos. We found that kindling had no effect on acquisition of the trace fear conditioning task but it did selectively impair retrieval of this fear memory. In contrast, kindling disrupted both acquisition and retrieval of fear memory in the delay fear conditioning task. We also found that kindling-induced impairments in memory 
retrieval were accompanied by decreased Fos expression in several subregions of the hippocampus, parahippocampus, and amygdala. Interestingly, decreased freezing in the trace conditioning task was significantly correlated with dampened Fos expression in hippocampal and parahippocampal regions whereas decreased freezing in the delay conditioning task was significantly correlated with dampened Fos expression in hippocampal, parahippocampal, and amygdaloid circuits. Overall, these results suggest that amygdala kindling promotes functional changes in brain regions involved in specific types of fear learning and memory.},
  institution = {Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A5, Canada. Electronic address: lisa.kalynchuk@usask.ca.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(14)00061-X},
  pmid        = {24486965},
  timestamp   = {17.06.2014},
}

@Article{Botterill:2014a,
  author      = {Botterill, J. J. and Guskjolen, A. J. and Marks, W. N. and Caruncho, H. J. and Kalynchuk, L. E.},
  title       = {Limbic but not non-limbic kindling impairs conditioned fear and promotes plasticity of NPY and its Y2 receptor.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  month       = {Aug},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s00429-014-0880-z},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0880-z},
  abstract    = {Epileptic seizures negatively affect cognition. However, the mechanisms that contribute to cognitive impairments after seizures are largely unknown. Here, we examined the effects of long-term kindling (i.e., 99 stimulations) of limbic (basolateral amygdala, dorsal hippocampus) and non-limbic (caudate nucleus) brain sites on conditioned fear and hippocampal plasticity. We first showed that kindling had no effect on acquisition of a hippocampal-dependent trace fear-conditioning task but limbic kindling impaired the retrieval of these fear memories. To determine the relationship between memory and hippocampal neuronal activity, we examined the expression of Fos protein 90 min after memory retrieval (i.e., 4 days after the last kindling stimulation). We found that limbic kindling, but not non-limbic kindling, decreased Fos expression in the granule cell layer, hilus, CA3 pyramidal cell layer, and CA1 pyramidal cell layer. Next, to investigate a mechanism that could contribute to dampen 
hippocampal neuronal activity in limbic-kindled rats, we focused on the endogenous anticonvulsant neuropeptide Y (NPY), which is expressed in a subset of GABAergic interneurons and can prevent glutamate release through interactions with its Y2 receptor. We found that limbic kindling significantly decreased the number of NPY-immunoreactive cells in several hippocampal subfields despite minimal staining of the neurodegenerative marker Fluoro-Jade B. However, we also noted that limbic kindling enhanced NPY immunoreactivity throughout the mossy fiber pathway. In these same regions, we observed limbic kindling-induced de novo expression of the NPY Y2 receptor. These novel findings demonstrate the site-specific effects of kindling on cognition and NPY plasticity, and they provide evidence that altered hippocampal NPY after limbic seizures coincides with dampened neural activity and cognitive impairments.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada.},
  journal     = {Brain Struct Funct},
  medline-pst = {aheadofprint},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {25146309},
  timestamp   = {10.03.2015},
}

@Article{Botti:2012,
  author      = {Botti, Maddalena and Gazza, Ferdinando and Ragionieri, Luisa and Minelli, Luisa Bo and Panu, Rino},
  title       = {Sensory and autonomic neurons project both to the smooth retractor penis and to the striated bulbospongiosus muscles. Neurochemical features of the sympathetic subset.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {295},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {1302--1310},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/ar.22519},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.22519},
  abstract    = {Aim of the present study was to verify, by means of double retrograde neuronal tracers technique, the hypothesis that a subpopulation of sensory and autonomic neurons send collateral axons to both smooth and striated genital muscles. We also wanted to define the neurochemical content of the eventually retrogradelly double labeled (RDL) neurons in the sympathetic trunk ganglia (STG). We used six intact pigs and we injected the tracer Diamidino Yellow (DY) in the smooth left retractor penis muscle (RPM) and the tracer Fast Blue (FB) in the striated left bulbospongiosus muscle (BSM). Rare (2 ± 0.6) RDL neurons were found in the ipsilateral S2 spinal ganglion (SG), 220 ± 42 in the ipsilateral STGs, from L3 to S3, 19 ± 15 in the contralateral S1-S2 ones and 22 ± 5 in the bilateral caudal mesenteric ganglia (CMG). The RDL neurons of the STG were IR for TH (85 ± 13\%), D?H (69 ± 17\%), NPY (69 ± 23\%), nNOS (60 ± 11\%), LENK (54 ± 19\%), VIP (53±26\%), SOM (40 ± 8\%), CGRP (34 ± 12\%), SP (31 ± 16\%
), and VAChT (28 ± 3\%). Our research highlights the presence of sensory and sympathetic neurons with qualitatively different neurochemical content sending axons both to the smooth RPM and to the striated BSM of the pig. These RDL neurons are likely to project to the smooth vasal musculature to create the ideal physiological conditions in which these muscles can optimize the erectile function.},
  institution = {Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.},
  journal     = {Anat Rec (Hoboken)},
  keywords    = {Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Ganglia, Sympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Muscle, Smooth, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Muscle, Striated, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neuronal Tract-Tracers, diagnostic use; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Penis, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation/physiology; Swine, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {22707224},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Boucher:2006,
  author      = {Boucher, E. and Mayer, G. and Londono, I. and Bendayan, M.},
  title       = {Expression and localization of MT1-MMP and furin in the glomerular wall of short- and long-term diabetic rats.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {69},
  number      = {9},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {1570--1577},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/sj.ki.5000316},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5000316},
  abstract    = {Diabetic glomerulopathy has been linked to shifts in balance between the synthetic and degradative pathways of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), a key player in the permselectivity properties of the glomerular wall. The goal of this study was to trace the expression and localization of membrane type-1 metalloprotease (MT1-MMP) and its activating enzyme furin, key proteins involved in basement membrane turnover, in short- and long-term diabetic rat renal tissues. Quantitative immunogold was carried out for MT1-MMP and furin and their expression was evaluated in renal tissues of young and old, control and diabetic rats. To corroborate immunocytochemical findings, Western blots were performed on glomerular lysates. Electron microscopy revealed that the overall expression of MT1-MMP and furin is reduced in plasma membranes of all glomerular cell types of old normoglycemic animals, a phenomenon that is exacerbated in long-term diabetic animals. This observation supports the prevailing 
theory that diabetes fosters acceleration in the aging process. Interestingly, while biochemical results confirmed a decrease in MT1-MMP expression, an increase in furin was observed. Immunocytochemical studies resolved this discrepancy by tracing the increased furin expression in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes of podocytes, indicating that furin is retained in the secretory pathway in a diabetic environment. Disturbances at the molecular level of the otherwise tightly regulated MT1-MMP/furin interactions found at the cell surface must account for a lack in extracellular matrix remodeling, increased deposition of GBM material, and loss of glomerular filtration integrity.},
  institution = {Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.},
  journal     = {Kidney Int},
  keywords    = {Animals; Diabetic Nephropathies, enzymology; Endoplasmic Reticulum, enzymology; Furin, analysis/metabolism; Glomerular Basement Membrane, enzymology/ultrastructure; Golgi Apparatus, enzymology; Kidney Glomerulus, enzymology/ultrastructure; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; Matrix Metalloproteinases, analysis/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {5000316},
  pmid        = {16541018},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Boudreau:2002,
  author      = {Boudreau, R T M. and Sangster, S. M. and Johnson, L. M. and Dauphinee, S. and Li, A. W. and Too, C K L.},
  title       = {Implication of alpha4 phosphoprotein and the rapamycin-sensitive mammalian target-of-rapamycin pathway in prolactin receptor signalling.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {173},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {493--506},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1677/joe.0.1730493},
  abstract    = {A prolactin (PRL)-responsive 3'-end cDNA encoding rat alpha4 phosphoprotein was previously isolated from a rat lymphoma cDNA library. Rat alpha4 is a homologue of yeast Tap42 and is a component of the mammalian target-of-rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway that stimulates translation initiation and G1 progression in response to nutrients and growth factors. In the present study, the full-length rat alpha4 cDNA was obtained by 5'-RACE and the 1023 bp open reading frame predicted a 340 amino acid protein of 39.1 kDa. The alpha4 mRNA was expressed in quiescent PRL-dependent Nb2 lymphoma cells deprived of PRL for up to 72 h but expression was downregulated within 4 h of PRL treatment. In contrast, PRL-independent Nb2-Sp cells showed constitutive expression of alpha4 that was not affected by PRL. Western analysis of Nb2 cell lysates or of V5-tagged-alpha4 expressed in COS-1 cells detected a single immunoreactive band of approximately 45 kDa. Enzymatic deglycosylation of affinity-purified 45 kDa 
alpha4 yielded the predicted 39 kDa protein. Phosphorylation of Nb2 alpha4 was induced by PRL or 2-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and further enhanced by a combination of PRL and TPA. The Nb2 alpha4 associated with the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A and localized predominantly in Nb2 nuclear fractions with trace amounts in the cytosol. The immunosuppressant drug rapamycin inhibited proliferation of Nb2 cells in response to PRL or interleukin-2, but had no effect on Nb2-Sp cells. Furthermore, transient overexpression of alpha4 in COS-1 cells inhibited PRL stimulation of the immediate-early gene interferon regulatory factor-1 promoter activity. Therefore, PRL downregulation of alpha4 expression and/or PRL-inducible phosphorylation of alpha4 may be necessary for PRL receptor (PRLr) signalling to the interferon regulatory factor-1 promoter in the Nb2 cells and, furthermore, implicates cross-talk between the mTOR and PRLr signalling cascades during Nb2 cell mitogenesis.},
  institution = {Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada.},
  journal     = {J Endocrinol},
  keywords    = {Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; COS Cells; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents, pharmacology; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Phosphoproteins, analysis/genetics; Phosphorylation; Prolactin, pharmacology; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Receptors, Prolactin, metabolism; Sequence Alignment; Signal Transduction; Sirolimus, pharmacology; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate, pharmacology; Tumor Cells, Cultured},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {JOE04653},
  pmid        = {12065239},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bou-Farah:2015,
  Title                    = {Somatostatin in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla: Origins and mechanism of action.},
  Author                   = {Bou-Farah, L. and Bowman, B. R. and Bokiniec, P. and Karim, S. and Le, S. and Goodchild, A. K. and McMullan, S.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = {Jul},

  Abstract                 = {Somatostatin (SST) or agonists of the SST-2 receptor (sst2 ) in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) lower sympathetic nerve activity, arterial pressure and heart rate, or when administered within the Bötzinger region, evoke apneusis. Our aims were to describe the mechanisms responsible for the sympathoinhibitory effects of SST on bulbospinal neurons and to identify likely sources of RVLM SST release. Patch clamp recordings were made from bulbospinal RVLM neurons (n = 31) in brainstem slices prepared from juvenile rat pups. 58\% of neurons responded to SST, displaying an increase in conductance that reversed at -93 mV, indicative of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel (GIRK) mechanism. Blockade of sst2 abolished this effect, but application of tetrodotoxin did not, indicating that the SST effect is independent of presynaptic activity. Fourteen bulbospinal RVLM neurons were recovered for immunohistochemistry; nine were SST insensitive and did not express sst2a . Three 
out of five responsive neurons were sst2a immunoreactive. Neurons that contained preprosomatostatin mRNA and cholera-toxin-B retrogradely transported from the RVLM were detected in: paratrigeminal nucleus, lateral parabrachial nucleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, ventrolateral periaqueductal grey area, central nucleus of the amygdala, sublenticular extended amygdala, interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure nucleus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Thus, those brain regions are putative sources of endogenous SST release that, when activated, may evoke sympathoinhibitory effects via interactions with subsets of sympathetic premotor neurons that express sst2. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.23846},
  Institution              = {The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, 2 Technology Place, Macquarie University, 2109, NSW, Australia.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {aheadofprint},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {26131686},
  Timestamp                = {07.07.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23846}
}

@Article{Boulenguez:2007b,
  Title                    = {Respiratory neuron subpopulations and pathways potentially involved in the reactivation of phrenic motoneurons after C2 hemisection.},
  Author                   = {Pascale Boulenguez and Patrick Gauthier and Anne Kastner},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = {May},
  Pages                    = {96--104},
  Volume                   = {1148},

  Abstract                 = {Lateral hemisection of the cervical (C2) spinal cord in the rat interrupts ipsilateral bulbospinal respiratory pathways arising mainly from the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG) and Bötzinger complex and projecting to phrenic motoneurons in C3-C5. Deafferented phrenic motoneurons can be reactivated via previously silent contralateral pathways, a process called the crossed phrenic phenomenon (CPP). In order to further characterise the neuronal bases of the CPP and quantify the neurons involved, respiratory neurons projecting to the ipsilateral phrenic nucleus in hemisected rats were labelled by injection of the monosynaptic retrograde tracer fluorogold (FG) in ipsilateral C3-C4 metamers. Respectively 36\% and 23\% neurons were labelled in the contralateral and ipsilateral rVRG in hemisected rats compared to controls, and respectively 26\% and 2\% in the contralateral and ipsilateral Bötzinger complex. This shows that phrenic motoneurons located under the C2 hemisection may 
still be activated by axons or collaterals of contralateral respiratory premotoneurons located in the rVRG and Bötzinger complex which cross the spinal cord midline at the level of the phrenic nuclei, and also by axon collaterals of ipsilateral rVRG premotoneurons which cross the midline both in the brainstem and in the spinal cord. Neurons with double crossing axons were twice as many in the caudal part of the rVRG (38\%) compared to the part located rostrally to the area postrema (20\%), which further argues in favour of a subdivision of this nucleus. These pathways may be involved in the CPP and could be differentially activated in acute or chronic lesioned rats.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.060},
  Institution              = {>},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Denervation; Diaphragm, innervation/physiology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Female; Functional Laterality, physiology; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Phrenic Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recovery of Function, physiology; Respiratory Center, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Respiratory Insufficiency, etiology/physiopathology; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Spinal Cord Injuries, pathology/physiopathology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Stilbamidines},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0006-8993(07)00423-4},
  Pmid                     = {17379194},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.060}
}

@Article{Boulenguez:2007,
  Title                    = {Specific and artifactual labeling in the rat spinal cord and medulla after injection of monosynaptic retrograde tracers into the diaphragm.},
  Author                   = {Pascale Boulenguez and Christian Gestreau and Stéphane Vinit and Jean-Claude Stamegna and Anne Kastner and Patrick Gauthier},
  Journal                  = {Neurosci Lett},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {206--211},
  Volume                   = {417},

  Abstract                 = {The use of fluorescent dyes has been a major improvement for paths tracing studies. However, these tracers present different properties and have to be chosen carefully. The present study compares the ability of different tracers to specifically label phrenic motoneurons (PMNs) innervating the rat diaphragm. The administration of fluorogold (FG) from the transected phrenic nerve specifically labeled PMNs in the ipsilateral spinal cord. However, when FG was injected into one hemidiaphragm, in addition with ipsilateral PMNs, a less intense artifactual labeling was observed in the spinal cord (mainly in contralateral PMNs) and in the medulla oblongata (mainly in the area postrema and cranial motor nuclei). Similar results were observed using horseradish peroxidase, while no labeling was observed after injection of nuclear yellow or diamidino yellow into the diaphragm. By contrast, the dextran amine fluororuby (FR) and the carbocyanine DiAsp selectively and exclusively labeled 
ipsilateral PMNs 2 or 3 weeks after injection into the diaphragm, respectively. The lipophilic properties of DiAsp and the high molecular weight of FR may prevent their diffusion to adjacent tissues and into the blood stream which seems to account for the artifactual labeling observed with the other tracers. The higher homogeneity and quality of the labeling observed with FR compared to DiAsp make it the most appropriate tracer for the specific monosynaptic fluorescent labeling of PMNs after injection into the diaphragm.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.047},
  Institution              = {Laboratoire de Physiologie Neurovégétative (UMR CNRS 6153, INRA 1147), Université Paul Cézanne (Aix-Marseille III), Marseille, France. pascale.boulenguez@dpm.cnrs-mrs.fr},
  Keywords                 = {Amidines, metabolism; Animals; Artifacts; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Benzimidazoles, metabolism; Dextrans, metabolism; Diaphragm, innervation/physiology; Diffusion, drug effects; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Membrane Lipids, metabolism; Molecular Weight; Phrenic Nerve, cytology/physiology; Pyridinium Compounds, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines, metabolism; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Staining and Labeling, methods; Stilbamidines, metabolism; Synapses, drug effects/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0304-3940(07)00218-2},
  Pmid                     = {17412505},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.047}
}

@Article{Boulton:1992,
  Title                    = {Tracing of axonal connections by rhodamine-dextran-amine in the rat hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slice preparation.},
  Author                   = {C. L. Boulton and D. von Haebler and U. Heinemann},
  Journal                  = {Hippocampus},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {99--106},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Abstract                 = {In order to demonstrate axonal connections preserved in rat temporal cortex slices the authors used rhodamine-dextran-amine as a tracer. The slices contained the neocortical areas Te2 and Te3, the medial and lateral entorhinal cortices (MEC and LEC), the subicular regions, and the dentate gyrus and hippocampus proper. Rhodamine-dextran-amine crystals were placed by microinjection into a given area. Following this local lesioning the dye was permitted to diffuse and migrate intraaxonally in antero- and retrograde directions for about 8 hours. The slices were then formaldehyde-fixed and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Most of the known connections within and between the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus and dentate gyrus were preserved in the slice preparation, provided that the slices were cut with a near horizontal orientation corresponding to plates 99-108 in Paxinos and Watson (1986). Only the lateral perforant path between the LEC and the hippocampus could not be 
followed to its full extent. The authors conclude that most aspects of the intrinsic synaptic organization of the temporal lobe can be reliably studied in hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slice preparations.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/hipo.450020203},
  Institution              = {Institut für Neurophysiologie, Zentrum für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universität zu Köln, Germany.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Dextrans; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhodamines; Temporal Lobe, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1284973},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450020203}
}

@Article{Boulton:1999,
  author      = {Boulton, M. and Flessner, M. and Armstrong, D. and Mohamed, R. and Hay, J. and Johnston, M.},
  title       = {Contribution of extracranial lymphatics and arachnoid villi to the clearance of a CSF tracer in the rat.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {276},
  number      = {3 Pt 2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {R818--R823},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/276/3/R818.long},
  abstract    = {The objective of this study was to determine the relative roles of arachnoid villi and cervical lymphatics in the clearance of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tracer in rats. 125I-labeled human serum albumin (125I-HSA; 100 micrograms) was injected into one lateral ventricle, and an Evans blue dye-rat protein complex was injected intravenously. Arterial blood was sampled for 3 h. Immediately after this, multiple cervical vessels were ligated in the same animals, and plasma recoveries were monitored for a further 3 h after the intracerebroventricular injection of 100 micrograms 131I-HSA. Tracer recovery in plasma at 3 h averaged (\%injected dose) 0.697 +/- 0.042 before lymphatic ligation and dropped significantly to 0.357 +/- 0. 060 after ligation. Estimates of the rate constant associated with the transport of the CSF tracer to plasma were also significantly lower after obstruction of cervical lymphatics (from 0.584 +/- 0. 072/h to 0.217 +/- 0.056/h). No significant changes were observed in sham-
operated animals. Assuming that the movement of the CSF tracer to plasma in lymph-ligated animals was a result of arachnoid villi clearance, we conclude that arachnoid villi and extracranial lymphatic pathways contributed equally to the clearance of the CSF tracer from the cranial vault.},
  institution = {Trauma Research Program and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5.},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Arachnoid, physiology; Biological Transport, physiology; Injections, Intraventricular; Iodine Radioisotopes; Ligation; Lymphatic System, physiology; Male; Neck; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serum Albumin, analysis/cerebrospinal fluid/pharmacokinetics},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10070143},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Boulware:2005,
  author      = {Marissa I Boulware and Jason P Weick and Bryan R Becklund and Sidney P Kuo and Rachel D Groth and Paul G Mermelstein},
  title       = {Estradiol activates group I and II metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling, leading to opposing influences on cAMP response element-binding protein.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {25},
  number      = {20},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {5066--5078},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1427-05.2005},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1427-05.2005},
  abstract    = {In addition to mediating sexual maturation and reproduction through stimulation of classical intracellular receptors that bind DNA and regulate gene expression, estradiol is also thought to influence various brain functions by acting on receptors localized to the neuronal membrane surface. Many intracellular signaling pathways and modulatory proteins are affected by estradiol via this unconventional route, including regulation of the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). However, the mechanisms by which estradiol acts at the membrane surface are poorly understood. Because both estradiol and CREB have been implicated in regulating learning and memory, we characterized the effects of estradiol on this transcription factor in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Within minutes of administration, estradiol triggered mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent CREB phosphorylation in unstimulated neurons. Furthermore, after brief depolarization, estradiol 
attenuated L-type calcium channel-mediated CREB phosphorylation. Thus, estradiol exhibited both positive and negative influences on CREB activity. These effects of estradiol were sex specific and traced to membrane-localized estrogen receptors that stimulated group I and II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) signaling. Activation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) led to mGluR1a signaling, triggering CREB phosphorylation through phospholipase C regulation of MAPK. In addition, estradiol stimulation of ERalpha or ERbeta triggered mGluR2/3 signaling, decreasing L-type calcium channel-mediated CREB phosphorylation. These results not only characterize estradiol regulation of CREB but also provide two putative signaling mechanisms that may account for many of the unexplained observations regarding the influence of estradiol on nervous system function.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Blotting, Western, methods; Calcium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Calcium Channels, metabolism; Cell Membrane, drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein, metabolism; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Enzyme Activation, drug effects; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; Estradiol, pharmacology; Estrogen Antagonists, pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, methods; Gene Expression Regulation, drug effects/physiology; Hippocampus, cytology; Humans; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors; Male; Microtubule-Associated Proteins, metabolism; Nifedipine, pharmacology; Phosphorylation, drug effects; Potassium, pharmacology; Protein Kinase C, metabolism; Pyramidal Cells, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Rats; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, metabolism; Receptors, 
Metabotropic Glutamate, metabolism/physiology; Sex Factors; Signal Transduction, drug effects; Tamoxifen, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Time Factors; Type C Phospholipases, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {25/20/5066},
  pmid        = {15901789},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bouna:1994,
  author      = {Bouna, S. and Gysling, K. and Calas, A. and Araneda, S.},
  title       = {Some noradrenergic neurons of locus ceruleus-olfactory pathways contain neuropeptide-Y.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {34},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {413--417},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(94)90038-8},
  abstract    = {We report a specific tracing technique for studying projections of noradrenergic neurons that contain other transmitters. Autoradiography after retrograde axonal transport of tritiated-noradrenaline ([3H]NA) was combined with immunocytochemical detection of endogenous NA or neuropeptide Y (NPY). The specificity of [3H]NA retrograde labeling was dependent on the concentration of [3H]NA injected at the terminal region. At 2 x 10(-3) M, the specificity of [3H]NA retrograde labeling was confirmed by immunodetection of endogenous NA in radiolabeled cell bodies of the locus ceruleus. Combination of autoradiography of [3H]NA retrograde labeling with immunodetection of NPY demonstrated that a some scattered locus ceruleus noradrenergic neurons (about 26\%) projecting to the olfactory bulb do contain NPY.},
  institution = {Département de Cytologie, Université de Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Immunohistochemistry; Locus Coeruleus, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Neuropeptide Y, immunology/metabolism; Norepinephrine, immunology/metabolism/physiology; Olfactory Bulb, cytology/metabolism; Olfactory Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0361-9230(94)90038-8},
  pmid        = {8082034},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bourassa:1995c,
  author      = {Bourassa, J. and Desch{\^{e}}nes, M.},
  title       = {Corticothalamic projections from the primary visual cortex in rats: a single fiber study using biocytin as an anterograde tracer.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {66},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {253--263},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00009-8},
  abstract    = {This study investigates the pattern of axonal projections of single corticothalamic neurons from the rat primary visual cortex. Microiontophoretic injections of biocytin were made in cortical laminae V and VI to label small pools of corticothalamic cells and their intrathalamic axonal projections. After a survival period of 48 h, the animals were perfused and the tissue was processed for biocytin histochemistry. On the basis of the intrathalamic distribution of axonal fields and the types of terminations found in the thalamus, three types of corticothalamic projections were identified. (1) Cells of the upper part of lamina VI projected to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus where they arborized in rostrocaudally oriented bands or "rods" parallel to the lines of projection of retinal afferents. (2) Cells of the lower part of lamina VI projected to the lateral part of the lateral posterior nucleus and they also sent collaterals to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus where they participated 
in the formation of rods. (3) The corticothalamic projection of lamina V cells originated from collaterals of corticofugal cells whose main axons reached the tectum and/or the pontine nuclei. These collaterals never terminated within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; they arborized in the lateral posterior, lateral dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei. All corticothalamic cells from lamina VI displayed the same type of axonal network made of long branches decorated by terminal boutons emitted "en passant" at the tip of fine stalks. Corticothalamic fibers arising from lamina V, however, generated varicose endings in restricted regions of their target nuclei. All corticothalamic axons derived from lamina VI cells, but not those derived from lamina V cells, gave off collaterals as they traversed the thalamic reticular complex. These results demonstrate that corticothalamic fibers arising from the rat primary visual cortex display a lamina-dependent projection pattern. In the light of previous 
studies on the topographical organization of corticothalamic projections, it is proposed that a similar organizational plan characterizes corticothalamic relationships in other sensory systems in the rat and in other species.},
  institution = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Female; Geniculate Bodies, cytology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Microinjections; Neural Pathways, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus, cytology; Visual Cortex, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(95)00009-8},
  pmid        = {7477870},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Bourassa:1995,
  author      = {J. Bourassa and M. Deschênes},
  title       = {Corticothalamic projections from the primary visual cortex in rats: a single fiber study using biocytin as an anterograde tracer.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {66},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {253--263},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00009-8},
  abstract    = {This study investigates the pattern of axonal projections of single corticothalamic neurons from the rat primary visual cortex. Microiontophoretic injections of biocytin were made in cortical laminae V and VI to label small pools of corticothalamic cells and their intrathalamic axonal projections. After a survival period of 48 h, the animals were perfused and the tissue was processed for biocytin histochemistry. On the basis of the intrathalamic distribution of axonal fields and the types of terminations found in the thalamus, three types of corticothalamic projections were identified. (1) Cells of the upper part of lamina VI projected to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus where they arborized in rostrocaudally oriented bands or "rods" parallel to the lines of projection of retinal afferents. (2) Cells of the lower part of lamina VI projected to the lateral part of the lateral posterior nucleus and they also sent collaterals to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus where they participated 
in the formation of rods. (3) The corticothalamic projection of lamina V cells originated from collaterals of corticofugal cells whose main axons reached the tectum and/or the pontine nuclei. These collaterals never terminated within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; they arborized in the lateral posterior, lateral dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei. All corticothalamic cells from lamina VI displayed the same type of axonal network made of long branches decorated by terminal boutons emitted "en passant" at the tip of fine stalks. Corticothalamic fibers arising from lamina V, however, generated varicose endings in restricted regions of their target nuclei. All corticothalamic axons derived from lamina VI cells, but not those derived from lamina V cells, gave off collaterals as they traversed the thalamic reticular complex. These results demonstrate that corticothalamic fibers arising from the rat primary visual cortex display a lamina-dependent projection pattern. In the light of previous 
studies on the topographical organization of corticothalamic projections, it is proposed that a similar organizational plan characterizes corticothalamic relationships in other sensory systems in the rat and in other species.},
  institution = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Female; Geniculate Bodies, cytology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Male; Microinjections; Neural Pathways, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus, cytology; Visual Cortex, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {0306-4522(95)00009-8},
  pmid        = {7477870},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bourassa:1995b,
  author      = {Bourassa, J. and Pinault, D. and Desch{\^{e}}nes, M.},
  title       = {Corticothalamic projections from the cortical barrel field to the somatosensory thalamus in rats: a single-fibre study using biocytin as an anterograde tracer.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {19--30},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01016.x},
  abstract    = {This study investigated the pattern of axonal projections of single corticothalamic neurons from the cortical barrel field representing the vibrissae in the rat. Microiontophoretic injections of biocytin were performed in cortical layers V and VI to label small pools of corticothalamic cells and their intrathalamic axonal projections. After a survival period of 48 h, the animals were perfused and the tissue was processed for biocytin histochemistry. On the basis of the intrathalamic distribution of axonal fields and of the types of terminations found in the thalamus, four types of corticothalamic projections were identified. (i) Cells of the upper part of layer VI projected exclusively to the ventral posteromedial (VPm) nucleus, where they arborized in long rostrocaudally oriented bands or 'rods'. (ii) All cells of the lower part of layer VI projected to the medial part of the thalamic posterior group (Pom) but the vast majority of them also collateralized in VPm where they participated in 
the formation of rods. (iii) A minority of corticothalamic cells in the lower portion of layer VI, possibly located under the interbarrel spaces (septae), arborized exclusively in Pom. (iv) The corticothalamic projection of layer V cells originated from collaterals of corticofugal cells whose main axons ran caudally towards the brainstem. These collaterals arborized exclusively in Pom or in the central lateral nucleus. All corticothalamic cells from layer VI displayed the same type of axonal network, made of long branches decorated by terminal buttons emitted en passant at the tip of fine stalks. Corticothalamic fibres arising from layer V pyramids, however, remained smooth as they ran across the lateral thalamus and they generated in Pom one or two clusters of large boutons. All corticothalamic axons derived from layer VI cells, but not those derived from layer V cells, gave off collaterals as they traversed the thalamic reticular complex. These observations are discussed in the light of previous studies 
bearing on the topological organization and function of corticothalamic projections to VPm and Pom in rats. The possibility that a similar cellular specificity and a similar organizational plan may characterize corticothalamic relationships in other sensory systems is also considered.},
  institution = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Female; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Pyramidal Cells, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7711933},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Bourassa:1995a,
  author      = {J. Bourassa and D. Pinault and M. Deschênes},
  title       = {Corticothalamic projections from the cortical barrel field to the somatosensory thalamus in rats: a single-fibre study using biocytin as an anterograde tracer.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {19--30},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01016.x},
  abstract    = {This study investigated the pattern of axonal projections of single corticothalamic neurons from the cortical barrel field representing the vibrissae in the rat. Microiontophoretic injections of biocytin were performed in cortical layers V and VI to label small pools of corticothalamic cells and their intrathalamic axonal projections. After a survival period of 48 h, the animals were perfused and the tissue was processed for biocytin histochemistry. On the basis of the intrathalamic distribution of axonal fields and of the types of terminations found in the thalamus, four types of corticothalamic projections were identified. (i) Cells of the upper part of layer VI projected exclusively to the ventral posteromedial (VPm) nucleus, where they arborized in long rostrocaudally oriented bands or 'rods'. (ii) All cells of the lower part of layer VI projected to the medial part of the thalamic posterior group (Pom) but the vast majority of them also collateralized in VPm where they participated in 
the formation of rods. (iii) A minority of corticothalamic cells in the lower portion of layer VI, possibly located under the interbarrel spaces (septae), arborized exclusively in Pom. (iv) The corticothalamic projection of layer V cells originated from collaterals of corticofugal cells whose main axons ran caudally towards the brainstem. These collaterals arborized exclusively in Pom or in the central lateral nucleus. All corticothalamic cells from layer VI displayed the same type of axonal network, made of long branches decorated by terminal buttons emitted en passant at the tip of fine stalks. Corticothalamic fibres arising from layer V pyramids, however, remained smooth as they ran across the lateral thalamus and they generated in Pom one or two clusters of large boutons. All corticothalamic axons derived from layer VI cells, but not those derived from layer V cells, gave off collaterals as they traversed the thalamic reticular complex. These observations are discussed in the light of previous studies 
bearing on the topological organization and function of corticothalamic projections to VPm and Pom in rats. The possibility that a similar cellular specificity and a similar organizational plan may characterize corticothalamic relationships in other sensory systems is also considered.},
  institution = {Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Female; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Pyramidal Cells, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {7711933},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bourdy:2014,
  Title                    = {Control of the nigrostriatal dopamine neuron activity and motor function by the tail of the ventral tegmental area.},
  Author                   = {Bourdy, Romain and S{\'{a}}nchez-Catal{\'{a}}n, Mar{\'{i}}a-Jos{\'{e}} and Kaufling, Jennifer and Balcita-Pedicino, Judith J. and Freund-Mercier, Marie-Jos{\'{e}} and Veinante, Pierre and Sesack, Susan R. and Georges, Fran{\c{c}}ois and Barrot, Michel},
  Journal                  = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {2788--2798},
  Volume                   = {39},

  Abstract                 = {Midbrain dopamine neurons are implicated in various psychiatric and neurological disorders. The GABAergic tail of the ventral tegmental area (tVTA), also named the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), displays dense projections to the midbrain and exerts electrophysiological control over dopamine cells of the VTA. However, the influence of the tVTA on the nigrostriatal pathway, from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) to the dorsal striatum, and on related functions remains to be addressed. The present study highlights the role played by the tVTA as a GABA brake for the nigrostriatal system, demonstrating a critical influence over motor functions. Using neuroanatomical approaches with tract tracing and electron microscopy, we reveal the presence of a tVTA-SNc-dorsal striatum pathway. Using in vivo electrophysiology, we prove that the tVTA is a major inhibitory control center for SNc dopamine cells. Using behavioral approaches, we demonstrate that the tVTA controls 
rotation behavior, motor coordination, and motor skill learning. The motor enhancements observed after ablation of the tVTA are in this regard comparable with the performance-enhancing properties of amphetamine, a drug used in doping. These findings demonstrate that the tVTA is a major GABA brake for nigral dopamine systems and nigrostriatal functions, and they raise important questions about how the tVTA is integrated within the basal ganglia circuitry. They also warrant further research on the tVTA's role in motor and dopamine-related pathological contexts such as Parkinson's disease.},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/npp.2014.129},
  Institution              = {Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Central Nervous System Stimulants, pharmacology; Dextroamphetamine, pharmacology; Dopaminergic Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Learning, physiology; Male; Microelectrodes; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Psychomotor Performance, drug effects/physiology; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rotation; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Ventral Tegmental Area, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {npp2014129},
  Pmc                      = {PMC4200489},
  Pmid                     = {24896615},
  Timestamp                = {21.04.2016},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.129}
}

@Article{Bourgeais:2001,
  author      = {Bourgeais, L. and Gauriau, C. and Bernard, J. F.},
  title       = {Projections from the nociceptive area of the central nucleus of the amygdala to the forebrain: a PHA-L study in the rat.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {14},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {229--255},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01640.x},
  abstract    = {The lateral capsular division (CeLC) of the central nucleus (Ce) of the amygdala, in the rat, has been shown to be the main terminal area of a spino(trigemino)-parabrachio-amygdaloid nociceptive pathway [Bernard & Besson (1990) J. Neurophysiol. 63, 473-490; Bernard et al. (1992) J. Neurophysiol. 68, 551-569; Bernard et al. (1993) J. Comp. Neurol. 329, 201-229]. The projections to the forebrain from the CeLC and adjacent regions were studied in the rat by using microinjections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) restricted in subdivisions of the Ce and the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus anterior (BLA). Our data showed that the entire CeLC projects primarily and extensively to the substantia innominata dorsalis (SId). The terminal labelling is especially dense in the caudal aspect of the SId. The other projections of the CeLC in the forebrain were dramatically less dense. They terminate in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and the posterior hypothalamus (pLH). No (or only 
scarce) other projections were found in the remaining forebrain areas. The Ce lateral division (CeL) and the Ce medial division (CeM), adjacent to the CeLC, also project to the SId with slightly lower density labelling. However, contrary to the case of the CeLC, both the CeL and the CeM extensively project to the ventrolateral subnucleus of the BST (BSTvl) with a few additional terminals found in other regions of the lateral BST. Only the CeM projects densely to both the interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure and the caudal most portion of the pLH. The projections of the BLA are totally different from those of the Ce as they terminate in the dorsal striatum, the accumbens nucleus, the olfactory tubercle, the nucleus of olfactory tract and the rostral pole of the cingulate/frontal cortex. This study demonstrates that the major output of the nociceptive spino(trigemino)-parabrachio-CeLC pathway is to the SId. It is suggested that the CeLC-SId pathway could have an important role 
in anxiety, aversion and genesis of fear in response to noxious stimuli.},
  institution = {Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, INSERM U-161, F-75014 Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, cytology/physiology; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Corpus Striatum, cytology/physiology; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, pharmacokinetics; Hypothalamus, cytology/physiology; Male; Nociceptors, cytology/physiology; Pain, pathology/physiopathology; Phytohemagglutinins, pharmacokinetics; Prosencephalon, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines, pharmacokinetics; Septal Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Substantia Innominata, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {ejn1640},
  pmid        = {11553276},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Bourgeais:2003,
  Title                    = {Dendritic domains of nociceptive-responsive parabrachial neurons match terminal fields of lamina I neurons in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Bourgeais, Laurence and Gauriau, Caroline and Monconduit, Lenaïc and Villanueva, Luis and Bernard, Jean-François},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {238--256},
  Volume                   = {464},

  Abstract                 = {This study investigates, in the anesthetized rat, the dendritic extent of parabrachial (PB) neurons whose nociceptive response to noxious stimuli has been previously recorded with an extracellular micropipette. The PB neurons were then injected with biocytin through the recording micropipette, via a juxtacellular technique. The dendritic arborization of individual PB neurons was carefully compared with the projections of medullary (trigeminal) and spinal lamina I neurons. The latter projections were labeled in separate animals that received injections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin restricted to the superficial layers of spinal or medullary dorsal horn. We report here that: 1) PB neurons excited chiefly by noxious stimulation of the face have their dendritic tree located primarily within the field of lamina I trigeminal projections, i.e., in the caudal portion of PB area, around the external medial and the caudal part of the external lateral subnuclei; and 2) PB neurons 
excited chiefly by noxious stimulation of the paw or the tail have their dendritic tree located primarily within the field of lamina I spinal projections, i.e., in PB mid-extent, around the borderline between the external lateral and both the lateral crescent and the superior lateral subnuclei. Our results suggest the presence of an extensive excitatory axodendritic link between lamina I projections and PB nociceptive neurons around the lateral crescent and the external medial subnuclei. These findings strengthen the possibility of involvement of a subgroup of PB neurons in nociceptive processes.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.10793},
  Institution              = {Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-161, F-75014 Paris, France.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Nociceptors, physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Posterior Horn Cells, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {12898615},
  Timestamp                = {29.11.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10793}
}

@Article{Bourque:2001a,
  author      = {Bourque, C. W. and Richard, D.},
  title       = {Axonal projections from the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis to the supraoptic nucleus: functional analysis and presynaptic modulation.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {28},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {570--574},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  institution = {Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada. charles.bourque@mcgill.ca},
  journal     = {Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Atrial Natriuretic Factor, physiology; Axons, physiology; Glutamic Acid, physiology; Hypothalamus, physiology/ultrastructure; Supraoptic Nucleus, physiology; Synapses, physiology; Water-Electrolyte Balance},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11458884},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bourque:2001,
  Title                    = {Properties and interconnections of trigeminal interneurons of the lateral pontine reticular formation in the rat.},
  Author                   = {M. J. Bourque and A. Kolta},
  Journal                  = {J Neurophysiol},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {2583--2596},
  Volume                   = {86},

  Abstract                 = {Numerous evidence suggests that interneurons located in the lateral tegmentum at the level of the trigeminal motor nucleus contribute importantly to the circuitry involved in mastication. However, the question of whether these neurons participate actively to genesis of the rhythmic motor pattern or simply relay it to trigeminal motoneurons remains open. To answer this question, intracellular recordings were performed in an in vitro slice preparation comprising interneurons of the peritrigeminal area (PeriV) surrounding the trigeminal motor nucleus (NVmt) and the parvocellular reticular formation ventral and caudal to it (PCRt). Intracellular and extracellular injections of anterograde tracers were also used to examine the local connections established by these neurons. In 97\% of recordings, electrical stimulation of adjacent areas evoked a postsynaptic potential (PSP). These PSPs were primarily excitatory, but inhibitory and biphasic responses were also induced. Most occurred 
at latencies longer than those required for monosynaptic transmission and were considered to involve oligosynaptic pathways. Both the anatomical and physiological findings show that all divisions of PeriV and PCRt are extensively interconnected. Most responses followed high-frequency stimulation (50 Hz) and showed little variability in latency indicating that the network reliably distributes inputs across all areas. In all neurons but one, excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) were also elicited by stimulation of NVmt, suggesting the existence of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons within the motor nucleus. In a number of cases, these PSPs were reproduced by local injection of glutamate in lieu of the electrical stimulation. All EPSPs induced by stimulation of PeriV, PCRt, or NVmt were sensitive to ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists 6-cyano-7-dinitroquinoxaline and D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, while IPSPs were blocked by bicuculline and 
strychnine, antagonists of GABA(A) and glycine receptors. Examination of PeriV and PCRt intrinsic properties indicate that they form a fairly uniform network. Three types of neurons were identified on the basis of their firing adaptation properties. These types were not associated with particular regions. Only 5\% of all neurons showed bursting behavior. Our results do not support the hypothesis that neurons of PeriV and PCRt participate actively to rhythm generation, but suggest instead that they are driven by rhythmical synaptic inputs. The organization of the network allows for rapid distribution of this rhythmic input across premotoneuron groups.},
  Institution              = {Département de Stomatologie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire and Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Glutamic Acid, pharmacology; Interneurons, drug effects/physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Pons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Reaction Time, physiology; Reticular Formation, cytology/physiology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {11698544},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012}
}

@Article{Bourrat:1986,
  author      = {F. Bourrat and C. Sotelo},
  title       = {Neuronal migration and dendritic maturation of the medial cerebellar nucleus in rat embryos: an HRP in vitro study using cerebellar slabs.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {378},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {69-85},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)90287-8},
  abstract    = {The morphological maturation of medial nuclear neurons of fetal rat cerebella was studied using an in vitro assay. Neurons of this nucleus were identified in isolated preparations of rhombencephalon between embryonic days 16 and 20 (E16-E20) by the intracerebellar decussation of their outgrowing axons within the uncinate fascicle. A small crystal of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) applied either in the region containing the inferior cerebellar peduncle or, preferably, in the lateral cerebellum retrogradely labeled contralateral medial nuclear neurons. In the youngest embryos (E16-E17), HRP-marked neurons were situated rostrally at the dorsal surface of the cerebellum. By E18, the cell mass containing labeled neurons had shifted in a rostrocaudal and dorsoventral direction and finally reached the adult position in E19-E20 embryos. Dendritic differentiation of these neurons followed a similar positional gradient, closely corresponding to the pattern of temporal development. From the most immature 
monopolar forms located dorsally to the virtually adult stellate neurons in a ventral position, it was possible to trace a continuum of intermediary forms grouped into six well-defined stages. Immature monopolar cells first became transversely bipolar. Then, they changed orientation, assuming a longitudinal radial direction. During this stage, neurons sank into the cerebellar parenchyma. As they reached their final destination, these neurons gradually developed dendrites which radiated from the cell body in an adult-like pattern. It is concluded that the medial nuclear neurons occupy a superficial dorsal position in early phases of cerebellar ontogeny, thereafter undergoing a second, inward migration. The main stages of neuronal dendritic differentiation occur between E16 and E20, indicating that the ingrowth of afferent in puts to the medial nucleus most probably occurs rather early and is concomitant with dendritic development.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Cerebellar Nuclei, cytology/embryology; Dendrites, physiology; Morphogenesis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {0006-8993(86)90287-8},
  pmid        = {3742205},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bourrat:1988,
  author      = {F. Bourrat and C. Sotelo},
  title       = {Migratory pathways and neuritic differentiation of inferior olivary neurons in the rat embryo. Axonal tracing study using the in vitro slab technique.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {467},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {19-37},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-3806(88)90064-8},
  abstract    = {The use of the HRP retrograde tracing method, applied in vitro to embryonic (E15-E20) cerebellum-brainstem slabs, has allowed the identification of single young postmitotic olivary neurons. Labeled neurons move within two migratory streams: one superficial, under the pia (the marginal stream), and the other, of earlier onset, deeper in the medullary parenchyma (the submarginal stream). All neurons in the latter converge to the inferior olive ipsilaterally to their proliferation site; whereas, most neurons within the marginal stream cross the midline and bypass the olivary domain. Only a few HRP-labeled neurons leave the marginal stream towards the olivary territory, on their proliferation side. Hence, contrary to previous reports, the submarginal stream provides almost all the olivary neurons (95\% at least), while the contribution of the marginal stream is very small (5\% at the most). Axonogenesis is the earliest event in neuritic differentiation. By E15, 48 h after proliferation, the 
axons at the front of the migrating neurons have already crossed the interolivary commissure, and reached at least the site of HRP application, while the cell bodies have not yet penetrated their terminal domain. An ipsilateral component of this axonal tract was never detected. Hence, the olivocerebellar projection is formed very early, and is entirely crossed from its onset. Dendritogenesis was also analyzed during intra-uterine life; olivary neurons evolve from a fusiform shape (typical of migrating neurons) to a stellate form, with long and straight dendrites (once arrived at their ultimate location). Thus the acquisition of their mature spherical 'ball of wool' shape is a postnatal event, most probably concomitant with the major synaptogenetic phase.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie, I.N.S.E.R.M., Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, analysis/physiology; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Gestational Age; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Olivary Nucleus, cytology/embryology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thymidine, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {3359328},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bourrat:1990,
  author      = {F. Bourrat and C. Sotelo},
  title       = {Migratory pathways and selective aggregation of the lateral reticular neurons in the rat embryo: a horseradish peroxidase in vitro study, with special reference to migration patterns of the precerebellar nuclei.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {294},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {1-13},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902940102},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902940102},
  abstract    = {The migration and ultimate domain invasion of postmitotic lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) neurons were followed in embryonic day 15-20 (E15-E20) rat embryos, by using a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in vitro axonal tracing method. All of the LRN axons elongate and neuronal somata migrate via the subpial or marginal migratory stream (mms), circumnavigating the ventrolateral aspect of the medulla at the glial endfeet level. They reach the ventral midline at E16, bypass it, and begin to settle in their final territory at E17. At E18 the LRN anlage is fully formed, and at E19-E20 its cells have finished their migration and are rapidly differentiating. Comparison of these sequential steps with their counterparts in the development of the inferior olive (ION) and external cuneatus (ECN) brings to light the essential role of the neuroepithelial cells of the interolivary commissure (the "floor plate"). This zone is likely to act as 1) a chemoattractant for the growth cones of the LRN, ION, and ECN, 
and 2) a decision-making center, which instructs the somata of these neurons to cross the midline or not, ultimately governing the crossed or uncrossed pattern of their projection to their common target, the cerebellum. Finally, the ontogeny of the LRN and ECN provides a most surprising example, even unique in the central nervous system, of long-distance, neurophilic migration that conveys neuronal cell bodies contralaterally to the side on which they proliferate.},
  institution = {INSERM U.106., Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Bâtiment de Pédiatrie, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Differentiation; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Gestational Age; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/embryology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {2324326},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bourre:1980,
  author      = {Bourre, J. M.},
  title       = {[Origin of non-essential cerebral fatty acids: in situ synthesis and exogenous intake (influence of nutritional factors)].},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {fre},
  volume      = {174},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {446--456},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Fatty acids, saturated and monounsaturated of any chain length are synthesized in the brain through different enzymatic mechanisms, with different pathways located in various subcellular particles in defined cells. However when comparising in vitro results and fatty acids used by brain during its development, it is concluded that this organ only synthesized aprox. 60\% of the fatty acids it needs. Thus exogenous origin does occur, from blood or even from diet, as shown by using labeled tracing molecules and analysis of under-nutritioned animals (intra-uterine hypotrophy).},
  journal     = {C R Seances Soc Biol Fil},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biological Transport; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain, metabolism; Dietary Fats, metabolism; Fatty Acids, metabolism; Female; Microsomes, metabolism; Mitochondria, metabolism; Placenta Diseases, metabolism; Pregnancy; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6449231},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bouwman:2007,
  author      = {Bouwman, Brigitte M. and Suffczynski, Piotr and {Lopes da Silva}, Fernando H. and Maris, Eric and {van Rijn}, Clementina M.},
  title       = {GABAergic mechanisms in absence epilepsy: a computational model of absence epilepsy simulating spike and wave discharges after vigabatrin in WAG/Rij rats.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {25},
  number      = {9},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {2783--2790},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05533.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05533.x},
  abstract    = {In this study, the effects of vigabatrin on spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) were measured in WAG/Rij rats, an animal model of absence epilepsy. Vigabatrin was used with the aim of enhancing GABAergic neurotransmission, and in this way to investigate the role of this process in the properties of SWDs. The study was carried out both in the rat, in vivo, and also using a computational model, in order to test different mechanisms that may account for the changes in SWDs after vigabatrin. The model parameters, representing GABA levels, were changed according to the known, and assumed, mechanism of action of the drug. The results show that the computational model can most adequately simulate the data obtained in vivo on the assumption that the enhancement of GABAergic neurotransmission due to application of vigabatrin is most pronounced at the level of the thalamic relay nuclei (TC cells). Furthermore, vigabatrin was shown to affect both the SWD starting and stopping mechanisms, as reflected by 
hazard rates. Based on these results, we suggest that GABAergic neurotransmission in TC cells is actively involved in the SWD termination.},
  institution = {NICI/Department of Biological Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands. gittebouwman@zonnet.nl},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Anticonvulsants, pharmacology; Brain, drug effects/metabolism/physiopathology; Computer Simulation; Disease Models, Animal; Epilepsy, Absence, drug therapy/metabolism/physiopathology; Male; Neural Inhibition, drug effects/physiology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/metabolism; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Thalamus, drug effects/metabolism/physiopathology; Vigabatrin, pharmacology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {EJN5533},
  pmid        = {17561843},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bouwmeester:2007,
  author      = {Bouwmeester, Hans and Gerrits, Mirjam A F M. and Roozemond, John G. and Snapper, Jolanda and Ronken, Eric and Kruse, Chris G. and Westenberg, Herman G M. and {van Ree}, Jan M.},
  title       = {Neonatal basolateral amygdala lesions affect monoamine and cannabinoid brain systems in adult rats.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {10},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {727--739},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1017/S1461145706007346},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1461145706007346},
  abstract    = {There is evidence for neurodevelopment disturbances in schizophrenia. In rats, a neonatal basolateral amygdala lesion induces behavioural features in adults reminiscent of the symptomatology of schizophrenia. Dopamine plays a key role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and cannabis use has been implicated in the risk for developing schizophrenia. The effects of an excitotoxic, bilateral basolateral amygdala lesion on postnatal days 7 or 21 were compared when the rats were adult. The behavioural response to a novelty challenge and the level of dopamine receptors and cannabinoid receptors in the brain using in-vitro autoradiography was determined. In brain tissue punches concentrations of monoamines and metabolites were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The neonatal lesion, but not the later lesion induced behavioural hyperactivity and biochemical effects. The neonatal lesion reduced the density of dopamine D2-like, but not D3-, and less markely D1-like receptors and 
increased dopamine turnover. These effects were observed in the mesolimbic, but not in the striatal regions. In contrast, density of cannabinoid receptors was increased in the striatal, but not the mesolimbic regions of these animals. Noradrenergic neurotransmission was reduced in both regions. The present findings contribute to the idea that the neonatal basolateral amygdala lesion induces features in adults reminiscent of the neurodevelopmental disturbances in schizophrenia, with a focus on the amygdala-prefrontal cortex-nucleus accumbens circuit.},
  institution = {Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.},
  journal     = {Int J Neuropsychopharmacol},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, pathology/physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn, physiology; Autoradiography; Behavior, Animal, drug effects; Biogenic Monoamines, physiology; Brain Chemistry, drug effects; Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators, physiology; Dopamine, metabolism; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, toxicity; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid, metabolism; Ibotenic Acid, toxicity; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1, drug effects/metabolism; Receptors, Dopamine D1, drug effects/metabolism; Receptors, Dopamine D2, drug effects/metabolism; Receptors, Dopamine D3, drug effects; Serotonin, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1461145706007346},
  pmid        = {17076936},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bouwmeester:2002a,
  Title                    = {Neonatal development of projections to the basolateral amygdala from prefrontal and thalamic structures in rat.},
  Author                   = {Hans Bouwmeester and Kim Smits and Jan M Van Ree},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {241--255},
  Volume                   = {450},

  Abstract                 = {Recently an animal model for neurodevelopmental disorders has been developed. In this model the effects of an early neonatal [postnatal day 7 (Pd7)] basolateral amygdala lesion are compared with the effects of a lesion later in life (Pd21). Early amygdala damage results in enduring behavioral disturbances that become more manifest after puberty. These disturbances were not present in animals lesioned at Pd21. Accordingly it was postulated that the early damage may affect the neuroanatomical and neurochemical organization and functioning of other brain structures. To obtain information on the innervation of the amygdala during normal development, we used the retrograde tracer fluoro-gold. From neonatal day 7 onward (studied until Pd19), retrogradely labeled cells were present in the caudal and rostral thalamus, the substantia innominata, and the prefrontal but not the caudal cortex. Development of the topography of the projecting cells differed substantially for the thalamic 
regions and substantia innominata vs. the cortical regions. In thalamic regions and substantia innominata, no changes were observed during the studied period (Pd7-Pd9). In the prefrontal cortex, the number of labeled cells increased (from Pd7 to Pd13), the topography of the location of the cells changed from unilateral to bilaminar (from Pd9 to Pd13), and the number of subareas in which the cells were present increased (from Pd7 to Pd13). In the caudal cortex, relatively few cells were present up to Pd15. From Pd17 onward, a bilaminar topography of the location of the cells was observed. These data provide information on the circuitry that may be involved in the aberrant neurodevelopment of neonatally amygdala-lesioned rats, which has been proposed as an animal model for neurodevelopmental psychopathological disorders.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.10321},
  Institution              = {Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.},
  Keywords                 = {Aging, physiology; Amygdala, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Differentiation, physiology; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mental Disorders, pathology/physiopathology; Neural Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Stilbamidines; Thalamus, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  Pmid                     = {12209853},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10321}
}

@Article{Bouwmeester:2002,
  author      = {Hans Bouwmeester and Gerrit Wolterink and Jan M van Ree},
  title       = {Neonatal development of projections from the basolateral amygdala to prefrontal, striatal, and thalamic structures in the rat.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {442},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {239--249},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.10084},
  abstract    = {Recently, an animal model for neurodevelopmental disorders has been developed. In this model, the effects of an early neonatal (postnatal day 7 [Pd 7]) basolateral amygdala lesion are compared with the effects of a lesion later in life (Pd 21). The reported data indicate that amygdala damage at a specific point early in life results in enduring behavioral disturbances that become more manifest after puberty, for example, only an early lesion resulted in a disruption of the prepulse inhibition, which is also observed in people suffering from schizophrenia. Accordingly, it was postulated that the early damage may affect the neuroanatomic and neurochemical organization and functioning of other brain structures. This was studied by use of the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine and Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. At neonatal days 7, 9, 11, 13, and 26, amygdaloid fibers were in particular present in the mediodorsal thalamus (MDT), nucleus accumbens (Acb), and prefrontal cortex (PFC)
. The development of the topography of the amygdaloid innervation, however, differed markedly for the MDT and Acb compared with the PFC. For the MDT and Acb, no major changes in innervation were observed between Pd 7 and Pd 26, whereas the innervation of the PFC reorganized from a neonatal diffuse (Pd 7 and 9) to a restricted pattern (Pd 11, 13, and 26). In addition, the innervation changed to an adult-like bilaminar pattern. These data provide information on the circuitry that may be involved in the aberrant neurodevelopment of neonatally amygdala-lesioned rats, which have been proposed as an animal model for neurodevelopmental psychopathological disorders.},
  institution = {Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Aging, physiology; Amygdala, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Cell Differentiation, physiology; Dextrans, diagnostic use; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Neostriatum, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Thalamus, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {10.1002/cne.10084},
  pmid        = {11774339},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bouyer:1984,
  author      = {J. J. Bouyer and R. J. Miller and V. M. Pickel},
  title       = {Ultrastructural relation between cortical efferents and terminals containing enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in rat neostriatum.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {105--115},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0167-0115(84)90165-4},
  abstract    = {The interrelationships between cortical efferents and terminals containing enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (ELI) were examined by combining anterograde degeneration with electron microscopic immunocytochemistry in the adult rat neostriatum. Two days following unilateral removal of the cerebral cortex, the brains were fixed by aortic arch perfusion, then sectioned and processed for the immunocytochemical localization of an antiserum directed against methionine (Met5)-enkephalin. The observed relationships between the degenerating cortical efferents and immunocytochemically labeled terminals were of two types. In the first, the degenerating and ELI containing terminals converged on the same unlabeled dendrite or dendritic spine. In the second, terminal and preterminal axons of the ELI containing neurons had one surface directly apposed to the plasma membrane of a degenerating axon terminal. These findings support the concept that neurons containing opioid peptides and cortical efferents 
modulate the output of common recipient neurons and may also directly interact with each other through presynaptic axonal mechanisms in the rat neostriatum.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  journal     = {Regul Pept},
  keywords    = {Animals; Caudate Nucleus, analysis/ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Enkephalins, analysis; Male; Nerve Endings, analysis/ultrastructure; Neurons, Efferent, analysis/ultrastructure; Putamen, analysis/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Opioid, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6328585},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bowden:1978,
  author      = {Bowden, D. M. and German, D. C. and Poynter, W. D.},
  title       = {An autoradiographic, semistereotaxic mapping of major projections from locus coeruleus and adjacent nuclei in Macaca mulatta.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {145},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {257--276},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(78)90861-2},
  abstract    = {The autoradiographic method was used to trace projections from the monkey locus coeruleus (LC) and adjacent nuclei (nn. parabrachiales, n. tractus mesencephalicus nervus trigemini, substantia grisea centralis). Pathways attributed to LC are presented diagrammatically in a set of 26 coronal sections. They include a descending pathway along the tractus tegmentalis centralis, a caudal pathway entering the corpus medullaris cerebellaris via the lateral wall and roof of ventriculus quartus, and an ascending pathway along the tractus tegmentalis centralis giving off branches to the commissura posterior, tractus habenulo-interpeduncularis, centrum medianum and n. ventralis posteromedialis thalami, fasciculus lenticularis, lamina medullaris thalami lateralis, capsula interna, commissura supraoptica dorsalis, tractus supraoptico-hypophyseus, stria terminalis, laminae medullaris interna and medialis and pars interna of globus pallidus, corpus subfornicale, capsula externa, stria longitudinalis, 
cingulum, and gyrus rectus. A contribution to the branches entering n. ventralis posteromedialis thalami and the commissura supraoptica dorsalis was attributed to the nn. parabrachiaels. Axons entering trigeminal structures via the tractus mesencephalicus nervus trigemini were attributed to labeling of cells in the nucleus of that tract. Terminal areas attributed to labeling of LC axons were evident in decreasing order of density in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, substantia innominata, nn. amygdalae anterior, centralis and basalis (dorsal portion), nn. paraventricularis, supraopticus and dorsomedialis hypothalami, and n. antero-ventralis thalami.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology; Haplorhini; Hypothalamus, Anterior, anatomy /&/ histology; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Macaca mulatta; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {416887},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bowens:2013,
  author      = {Bowens, Nicole H. and Dohare, Preeti and Kuo, Yu-Hung and Mongin, Alexander A.},
  title       = {DCPIB, the proposed selective blocker of volume-regulated anion channels, inhibits several glutamate transport pathways in glial cells.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {83},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {22--32},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1124/mol.112.080457},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.112.080457},
  abstract    = {4-(2-Butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-indan-1-on-5-yl) oxobutyric acid (DCPIB) was identified as the selective blocker of volume-regulated anion channels (VRAC). VRAC are permeable to small inorganic and organic anions, including the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. In recent years DCPIB has been increasingly used for probing the physiologic and pathologic roles of VRAC and was found to potently suppress pathologic glutamate release in cerebral ischemia. Because ischemic glutamate release can be mediated by a plethora of mechanisms, in this study we explored the selectivity of DCPIB toward the majority of previously identified glutamate transporters and permeability pathways. l-[(3)H]glutamate, d-[(3)H]aspartate, and l-[(14)C]cystine were used to trace amino acid release and uptake. We found that in addition to its well-characterized effect on VRAC, DCPIB potently inhibited glutamate release via connexin hemichannels and glutamate uptake via the glutamate transporter GLT-1 in rat glial 
cells. In contrast, DCPIB had no direct effect on vesicular glutamate release from rat brain synaptosomes or the cystine/glutamate exchange in astrocytes. The compound did not affect the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLAST, nor did it block glutamate release via the P2X(7)/pannexin permeability pathway. The ability of DCPIB to directly block connexin hemichannels was confirmed using a gene-specific siRNA knockdown approach. Overall, our data demonstrate that DCPIB influences several glutamate transport pathways and that its effects on VRAC in vivo should be verified using additional pharmacological controls.},
  institution = {Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA.},
  journal     = {Mol Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {Adenosine Triphosphate, pharmacology; Amino Acid Transport System y+, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/physiology; Amino Acid Transport Systems, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/physiology; Animals; Astrocytes, drug effects/metabolism; Biological Transport; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Connexins, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/physiology; Cyclopentanes, pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/physiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/physiology; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Indans, pharmacology; Microglia, drug effects/metabolism; Permeability; Primary Cell Culture; Rats; Receptors, Purinergic P2X7, physiology; Synaptosomes, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {mol.112.080457},
  pmid        = {23012257},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2013},
}

@Article{Bower:1987,
  author      = {A. J. Bower and J. N. Payne},
  title       = {An ipsilateral olivocerebellar pathway in the normal neonatal rat demonstrated by the retrograde transport of true blue.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {78},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {138-144},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(87)90622-7},
  abstract    = {Neonatal rats, aged less than 24 h, were anaesthetised and 25 nl of 2\% True blue was injected into the lateral part of the left cerebellar hemisphere. After 48-60 h, the brains were fixed by perfusion and 30 micron thick frozen sections were prepared of the brainstem and cerebellum. Only animals in which the injection sites were clearly unilateral were studied. In the contralateral inferior olive numerous True blue-labelled neurones were seen. In addition, the ipsilateral olive in all animals contained True blue-labelled neurones. This demonstrates that in these neonatal animals there is an ipsilateral olivocerebellar pathway.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Benzofurans; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Staining and Labeling},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {0304-3940(87)90622-7},
  pmid        = {2442672},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bower:1990,
  author      = {Bower, J. M. and Kassel, J.},
  title       = {Variability in tactile projection patterns to cerebellar folia crus IIA of the Norway rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {302},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {768--778},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903020409},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020409},
  abstract    = {Tactile responses in the granule cell layers of the cerebellar hemispheres of rats are topographically arranged as a series of patches each representing a different region of the body surface. Previous observations had suggested that patches representing specific body parts recur in similar folial positions in different individuals; however, these relationships were not quantified. In this study we make inter-animal comparisons of the detailed distribution of receptive fields in the granule cell layer of the crown of crus IIa by using physiological mapping techniques. The results suggest that maps from different individuals do, in fact, share several topological features. These include the regions of the body surface represented, the general proportions of these representations, the relative positions of patches representing the same body parts, and the organization of receptive fields within patches located in similar positions. The principal variability seen in these comparisons was in the 
detailed neighborhood relations between different patches. As a result of the analysis of the consistent and variable features of these maps, we propose and discuss a new role for these cerebellar regions in coordinating the acquisition of tactile sensory information.},
  institution = {Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellum, cytology/physiology; Female; Perception; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology; Touch, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2081817},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@InCollection{Bowker:1981a,
  author    = {Bowker, RM and Coulter, JD},
  title     = {Intracortical connectivities of somatic sensory and motor areas},
  booktitle = {Cortical sensory organization},
  year      = {1981},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {205--242},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4612-5811-7_8},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {03.05.2016},
}

@Article{Bowker:1986,
  author      = {Bowker, R. M.},
  title       = {The relationship between descending serotonin projections and ascending projections in the nucleus raphe magnus: a double labeling study.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {70},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {348--353},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(86)90577-x},
  abstract    = {The nucleus raphe magnus and rostral parts of the nucleus raphe obscurus were found to have extensive efferent projections: a major ascending non-serotonergic (5-HT) projection through the median forebrain bundle, and a descending system consisting of both 5-HT and non-5-HT neurons. Differences in the localizations of their cells of origin suggest that they form two distinct efferent systems from the caudal medullary raphe nuclei.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Medial Forebrain Bundle, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Serotonin, metabolism; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3490641},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bowker:1990,
  author      = {Bowker, R. M. and Abbott, L. C.},
  title       = {Quantitative re-evaluation of descending serotonergic and non-serotonergic projections from the medulla of the rodent: evidence for extensive co-existence of serotonin and peptides in the same spinally projecting neurons, but not from the nucleus raphe magnus.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {512},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {15--25},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)91164-c},
  abstract    = {A quantitative analysis of serotonin (5-HT) and spinally-projecting neurons was re-evaluated in the rodent. The findings indicate that most (nearly 90\%) of the medullary 5-HT neurons projected to the lumbar spinal cord, and most (up to 85\%) of the spinally projecting neurons within the distribution of the serotonergic neurons contained 5-HT immunoreactivity. However, in nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) only about two-thirds of the projection cells were 5-HT immunoreactive. These data support two general conclusions: (1) the raphe-spinal system consists primarily of an extensive 5-HT pathway with neuronal subsets containing the co-localized peptides. Only the NRM contains a major non-5-HT projection. (2) As most of the medullary 5-HT neurons project to the caudal spinal segments of the rodent, collateralization of individual 5-HT neurons is extensive and widespread, existing to different spinal cord levels, as well as to other medullary nuclei, e.g., cranial nerve and inferior olivary nuclei. 
These findings argue that although differences are present within the 5-HT distributions, the raphe-spinal system as a whole should be considered to be a relatively homogeneous pathway containing 5-HT as the common element rather than as separate populations containing major projections of 5-HT alone, 5-HT co-localized with peptides and peptides without 5-HT.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1316.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Count; Immunohistochemistry; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin, metabolism/physiology; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(90)91164-C},
  pmid        = {2337803},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bowker:1981d,
  author      = {Bowker, R. M. and Steinbusch, H. W. and Coulter, J. D.},
  title       = {Serotonergic and peptidergic projections to the spinal cord demonstrated by a combined retrograde HRP histochemical and immunocytochemical staining method.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {211},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {412--417},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(81)90965-3},
  abstract    = {A simple technique is described for simultaneously visualizing the cells of origin of descending brain stem-spinal systems and immunocytochemically defined neurotransmitters. The combination of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry, enhanced by the use of CoCl2, with the unlabeled antibody, peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical staining method, revealed double labeled cells containing black punctate HRP granules within a homogeneous brown cytoplasm stained positively for serotonin (5-HT), substance P or enkephalin-like immunoreactivity. The advantages of this method over other double labeling techniques are discussed.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Endorphins, analysis; Enkephalins, analysis; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Raphe Nuclei, physiology; Rats; Serotonin, analysis; Spinal Cord, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(81)90965-3},
  pmid        = {6165436},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bowker:1981,
  author      = {R. M. Bowker and K. N. Westlund and J. D. Coulter},
  title       = {Origins of serotonergic projections to the spinal cord in rat: an immunocytochemical-retrograde transport study.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {226},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {187--199},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(81)91092-1},
  abstract    = {The origins of the serotonergic projections to the spinal cord in the rat were determined by employing the retrograde cell marker HRP coupled with the unlabeled antibody, peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method of Sternberger. Large numbers of stained neurons (greater than 70\%) in the medullary raphe nuclear complex were found to contain both HRP retrogradely transported from the spinal cord and positive 5-HT staining. These serotonergic cell groups, including the nucleus raphe obscurus, raphe pallidus, raphe magnus, and the ventral parts of the reticular formation, project to all spinal cord levels. In addition, some neurons contained HRP granules, but were unstained for 5-HT, suggesting that they may contain other non-serotonergic neurotransmitters. More rostrally in the midbrain reticular formation, many 5-HT neurons were found to have projections exclusively to the cervical spinal cord. These findings indicate that the descending serotonin inputs to the spinal cord originate 
not only from the serotonergic neurons located in the medullary raphe complex, but also from other new sources located in the central gray and reticular formation of the midbrain.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology; Serotonin, metabolism; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(81)91092-1},
  pmid        = {7028211},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bowker:1981b,
  author      = {R. M. Bowker and K. N. Westlund and J. D. Coulter},
  title       = {Serotonergic projections to the spinal cord from the midbrain in the rat: an immunocytochemical and retrograde transport study.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {221--226},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(81)90160-9},
  abstract    = {Neurons localized in the midbrain nucleus raphe dorsalis and caudal midbrain reticular formation have direct projections to the cervical spinal cord in the rat. By means of double labeling technique, using the retrograde cell marker horseradish peroxidase and immunocytochemistry, 90\% of these spinally projecting neurons were positively stained for serotonin immunoreactivity. These results indicate that serotonergic innervation of the spinal cord is provided not only by the medullary cell groups B1-B3, but also by the midbrain cell groups B7 and B9.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Horseradish Peroxidase; Mesencephalon, physiology; Rats; Serotonin, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6168977},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bowker:1982,
  author      = {Bowker, R. M. and Westlund, K. N. and Sullivan, M. C. and Coulter, J. D.},
  title       = {A combined retrograde transport and immunocytochemical staining method for demonstrating the origins of serotonergic projections.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {805--810},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1177/30.8.6181123},
  journal     = {J Histochem Cytochem},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, physiology; Cats; Dendrites, physiology; Haplorhini; Horseradish Peroxidase; Lectins; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Rats; Serotonin, physiology; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6181123},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bowker:1983,
  author      = {Bowker, R. M. and Westlund, K. N. and Sullivan, M. C. and Wilber, J. F. and Coulter, J. D.},
  title       = {Descending serotonergic, peptidergic and cholinergic pathways from the raphe nuclei: a multiple transmitter complex.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {288},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {33--48},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)90079-3},
  abstract    = {The localization of serotonergic, various peptidergic and possibly cholinergic neurons in the medullary raphe nuclei that project to the lumbosacral spinal cord have been studied using a retrograde transport method combined with immunocytochemical and histochemical techniques. Spinally projecting neurons stained for serotonin-like, substance P-like, enkephalin-like and thyrotropin-releasing hormone-like immunoreactivity and for the histochemical marker acetylcholinesterase were all observed in each of the raphe nuclei of the medulla, as well as in the adjacent ventrolateral reticular formation. The similar distributions of the descending serotonergic and peptidergic neurons in the raphe nuclei as well as quantitative data on their relative numbers suggest that a large fraction of raphe-spinal neurons contain serotonin co-existing with one or more peptides in the same cell.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Enkephalins, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, physiology; Rats; Serotonin, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology; Substance P, physiology; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(83)90079-3},
  pmid        = {6198030},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bowman:2013,
  Title                    = {Brain sources of inhibitory input to the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla.},
  Author                   = {Bowman, Belinda R. and Kumar, Natasha N. and Hassan, Sarah F. and McMullan, Simon and Goodchild, Ann K.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {213--232},
  Volume                   = {521},

  Abstract                 = {The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) contains neurons critical for cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, and motor control. The activity of these neurons is controlled by inputs from multiple identified brain regions; however, the neurochemistry of these inputs is largely unknown. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and enkephalin tonically inhibit neurons within the RVLM. The aim of this study was to identify all brain regions that provide GABAergic or enkephalinergic input to the rat RVLM. Neurons immunoreactive for cholera toxin B (CTB-ir), retrogradely transported from the RVLM, were assessed for expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) or preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA using in situ hybridization. GAD67 mRNA was expressed in CTB-ir neurons in the following regions: the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS, 6\% of CTB-ir neurons), area postrema (AP, 8\%), caudal ventrolateral medulla (17\%), midline raphe (40\%), ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VLPAG, 15\%), lateral 
hypothalamic area (LHA, 25\%), central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA, 77\%), sublenticular extended amygdala (SLEA, 86\%), interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure (IPAC, 56\%), bed nucleus of the stria terminals (BNST, 59\%), and medial preoptic area (MPA, 53\%). PPE mRNA was expressed in CTB-ir neurons in the following regions: the NTS (14\% of CTB-ir neurons), midline raphe (26\%), LHA (22\%), zona incerta (ZI, 15\%), CeA (5\%), paraventricular nucleus (PVN, 13\%), SLEA (66\%), and MPA (26\%). Thus, limited brain regions contribute GABAergic and/or enkephalinergic input to the RVLM. Multiple neurochemically distinct pathways originate from these brain regions projecting to the RVLM.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.23175},
  Institution              = {Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, 2109, NSW Australia.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Arabidopsis Proteins; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cell Count; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Electric Stimulation, methods; Enkephalins, genetics/metabolism; Facial Nerve, physiology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, genetics/metabolism; Intramolecular Transferases; Male; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Microinjections; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Protein Precursors, genetics/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {22740031},
  Timestamp                = {26.04.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23175}
}

@Article{Boy:2006,
  author      = {Boy, Jana and Leergaard, Trygve B. and Schmidt, Thorsten and Odeh, Francis and Bichelmeier, Ulrike and Nuber, Silke and Holzmann, Carsten and Wree, Andreas and Prusiner, Stanley B. and Bujard, Hermann and Riess, Olaf and Bjaalie, Jan G.},
  title       = {Expression mapping of tetracycline-responsive prion protein promoter: digital atlasing for generating cell-specific disease models.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {33},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {449--462},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.055},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.055},
  abstract    = {We present a digital atlas system that allows mapping of molecular expression patterns at cellular resolution through large series of histological sections. Using this system, we have mapped the distribution of a distinct marker, encoded by the LacZ reporter gene driven by the tetracycline-responsive prion protein promoter in double transgenic mice. The purpose is to evaluate the suitability of this promoter mouse line for targeting genes of interest to specific brain regions, essential for construction of inducible transgenic disease models. Following processing to visualize the promoter expression, sections were counterstained to simultaneously display cytoarchitectonics. High-resolution mosaic images covering entire coronal sections were collected through the mouse brain at intervals of 200 microm. A web-based application provides access to a customized virtual microscopy tool for viewing and navigation within and across the section images. For each section image, the nearest section in a 
standard atlas is defined, and annotations of key structures and regions inserted. Putative categorization of labeled cells was performed with use of distribution patterns, followed by cell size and shape, as parameters that were compared to legacy data. Among the ensuing results were expression of this promoter in putative glial cells in the cerebellum (and not in Purkinje cells), in putative glial cells in the substantia nigra, in pallidal glial cells or interneurons, and in distinct cell layers and regions of the hippocampus. The study serves as a precursor for a database resource allowing evaluation of the suitability of different promoter mouse lines for generating disease models.},
  institution = {Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.},
  journal     = {Neuroimage},
  keywords    = {Animals; Automation; Brain Mapping, methods; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/pathology; Cerebellum, physiology; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Microscopy; Prions, genetics; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Substantia Nigra, physiology; User-Computer Interface; beta-Galactosidase, genetics},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1053-8119(06)00606-9},
  pmid        = {16931059},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Boyer:2004,
  Title                    = {A procedure to label inner ear afferent nerve endings for calcium imaging.},
  Author                   = {Boyer, Samuel and Ruel, Jérôme and Puel, Jean-Luc and Chabbert, Christian},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res Brain Res Protoc},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {91--98},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Abstract                 = {Characterization of synaptic transmission between the inner ear sensory cells and primary neuron dendrites has been hampered by the limited access to the postsynaptic terminals. Because direct physiological recording of postsynaptic currents are difficult to achieve, no information regarding the synaptic and dendritic events are available. This is due to the small size of the postsynaptic afferent nerve endings that do not allow a clear identification, and thus compromise direct electrophysiological recordings of the buttons. To study the physiology of afferent nerve endings, we have developed a two-photon imaging technique in cochlear and vestibular slice preparations from neonatal rats and turtles. This technique is based on a retrograde labeling of afferent nerve endings with high-affinity calcium-sensitive dyes. Dye filling was achieved by 6 h application of the dextran-amine conjugate of calcium green-1. Calcium changes were measured in afferent nerve endings in line scan 
and time lap mode. To address recording in a near-physiological situation, iontophoretic application of K+ was performed in the area of the stereocilia whereas glutamate was applied at the basal pole of sensory hair cells. Both types of application cause a reversible and sustained increase of Ca2+ in the button of afferent nerve fibers. Typical recordings are presented and potential interests for pharmacological studies of inner ear sensory cell synapses are discussed.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.brainresprot.2004.02.004},
  Institution              = {U 583 INSERM-Physiopathologie et Thérapie des Déficits Sensoriels et Mateurs, Université Montpellier 1 and 2-Hôpital Saint Eloi, 34090 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.},
  Keywords                 = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcium Signaling, drug effects/physiology; Calcium, metabolism; Cochlea, cytology/innervation/physiology; Coloring Agents; Electrophysiology, methods; Fluorescent Dyes; Glutamic Acid, pharmacology; Hair Cells, Auditory, drug effects/physiology; Organic Chemicals; Potassium, pharmacology; Presynaptic Terminals, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sensory Receptor Cells, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Spiral Ganglion, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Staining and Labeling, methods; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Turtles; Vestibular Nerve, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Vestibule, Labyrinth, cytology/innervation/physiology; Vestibulocochlear Nerve, cytology/drug effects/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S1385299X04000224},
  Pmid                     = {15171991},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresprot.2004.02.004}
}

@Article{Boyes:2003,
  author      = {Justin Boyes and J. Paul Bolam},
  title       = {The subcellular localization of GABA(B) receptor subunits in the rat substantia nigra.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {18},
  number      = {12},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {3279--3293},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2003.03076.x},
  abstract    = {The inhibitory effects of GABA within the substantia nigra (SN) are mediated in part by metabotropic GABA(B) receptors. To better understand the mechanisms underlying these effects, we have examined the subcellular localization of the GABA(B) receptor subunits, GABA(B1) and GABA(B2), in SN neurons and afferents using pre-embedding immunocytochemistry combined with anterograde or retrograde labelling. In both the SN pars compacta (SNc) and pars reticulata (SNr), GABA(B1) and GABA(B2) showed overlapping, but distinct, patterns of immunolabelling. GABA(B1) was more strongly expressed by putative dopaminergic neurons in the SNc than by SNr projection neurons, whereas GABA(B2) was mainly expressed in the neuropil of both regions. Immunogold labelling for GABA(B1) and GABA(B2) was localized in presynaptic and postsynaptic elements throughout the SN. The majority of labelling was intracellular or was associated with extrasynaptic sites on the plasma membrane. In addition, labelling for both 
subunits was found on the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes at symmetric, putative GABAergic synapses, including those formed by anterogradely labelled striatonigral and pallidonigral terminals. Labelling was also observed on the presynaptic membrane and at the edge of the postsynaptic density at asymmetric, putative excitatory synapses. Double immunolabelling, using the vesicular glutamate transporter 2, revealed the glutamatergic nature of many of the immunogold-labelled asymmetric synapses. The widespread distribution of GABA(B) subunits in the SNc and SNr suggests that GABA(B)-mediated effects in these regions are likely to be more complex than previously described, involving presynaptic autoreceptors and heteroreceptors, and postsynaptic receptors on different populations of SN neurons.},
  institution = {MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure; Animals; Autoreceptors, metabolism; Carrier Proteins, metabolism; Cell Membrane, metabolism/ultrastructure; Globus Pallidus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Membrane Transport Proteins; Microscopy, Electron; Neostriatum, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Protein Subunits, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, GABA-B, metabolism; Substantia Nigra, metabolism/ultrastructure; Synaptic Membranes, metabolism/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2; Vesicular Transport Proteins; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3076},
  pmid        = {14686901},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Boyett:2001,
  Title                    = {Somatostatin-immunoreactive interneurons contribute to lateral inhibitory circuits in the dentate gyrus of control and epileptic rats.},
  Author                   = {J. M. Boyett and P. S. Buckmaster},
  Journal                  = {Hippocampus},
  Year                     = {2001},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {418--422},
  Volume                   = {11},

  Abstract                 = {Lateral inhibition, a feature of neuronal circuitry that enhances signaling specificity, has been demonstrated in the rat dentate gyrus. However, neither the underlying neuronal circuits, nor the ways in which these circuits are altered in temporal lobe epilepsy, are completely understood. This study examines the potential contribution of one class of inhibitory interneurons to lateral inhibitory circuits in the dentate gyrus of both control and epileptic rats. The retrograde tracer wheat germ ag-glutinin-apo-horse radish peroxidase-gold (WGA-apo-HRP-gold) was injected into the septal dentate gyrus. Neurons double-labeled for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and the retrograde tracer are concentrated in the hilus and may contribute to lateral inhibition. Neurons double-labeled for somatostatin and the retrograde tracer account for at least 28\% of GAD-positive neurons with axon projections appropriate for generating lateral inhibition in control rats. Despite an overall loss of 
somatostatin-expressing cells in epileptic animals, the number of somatostatin-positive interneurons with axon projections appropriate for generating lateral inhibition is similar to that seen in controls. These findings suggest that somatostatinergic interneurons participate in lateral inhibitory circuits in the dentate gyrus of both control and epileptic rats, and that surviving somatostatinergic interneurons might sprout new axon collaterals in epileptic animals.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/hipo.1056},
  Institution              = {Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5330, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Dentate Gyrus, physiopathology; Epilepsy, physiopathology; Interneurons, physiology; Male; Nerve Regeneration; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reference Values; Somatostatin, metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {11530846},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.1056}
}

@Article{Boyle:2004,
  author      = {Boyle, R. and Bush, G. and Ehsanian, R.},
  title       = {Input/output properties of the lateral vestibular nucleus.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {142},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {133--153},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {This article is a review of work in three species, squirrel monkey, cat, and rat studying the inputs and outputs from the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN). Different electrophysiological shock paradigms were used to determine the synaptic inputs derived from thick to thin diameter vestibular nerve afferents. Angular and linear mechanical stimulations were used to activate and study the combined and individual contribution of inner ear organs and neck afferents. The spatio-temporal properties of LVN neurons in the decerebrated rat were studied in response to dynamic acceleration inputs using sinusoidal linear translation in the horizontal head plane. Outputs were evaluated using antidromic identification techniques and identified LVN neurons were intracellularly injected with biocytin and their morphology studied.},
  institution = {BioVIS Technology Center and Vestibular Research Facility, Ames Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA. richard.boyle@nasa.gov},
  journal     = {Arch Ital Biol},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Cats; Cell Size, physiology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Movement, physiology; Muscle Tonus, physiology; Muscle, Skeletal, innervation/physiology; Neck Muscles, innervation/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Postural Balance, physiology; Posture, physiology; Proprioception, physiology; Rats; Saimiri; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Vestibular Nerve, physiology; Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vestibule, Labyrinth, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {15260374},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Bozkurt:2014,
  author    = {Bozkurt, Ahmet and van Neerven, Sabien GA and Claeys, Kristl G and O'Dey, Dan Mon and Sudhoff, Angela and Brook, Gary A and Sellhaus, Bernd and Schulz, J{\"o}rg B and Weis, Joachim and Pallua, Norbert},
  title     = {The proximal medial sural nerve biopsy model: A standardised and reproducible baseline clinical model for the translational evaluation of bioengineered nerve guides},
  year      = {2014},
  volume    = {2014},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi       = {10.1155/2014/121452},
  abstract  = {Autologous nerve transplantation (ANT) is the clinical gold standard for the reconstruction of peripheral nerve defects. A large
number of bioengineered nerve guides have been tested under laboratory conditions as an alternative to the ANT. The step from
experimental studies to the implementation of the device in the clinical setting is often substantial and the outcome is unpredictable.
This is mainly linked to the heterogeneity of clinical peripheral nerve injuries, which is very different from standardized animal
studies. In search of a reproducible humanmodel for the implantation of bioengineered nerve guides,we propose the reconstruction
of sural nerve defects after routine nerve biopsy as a first or baseline study. Our concept uses the medial sural nerve of patients
undergoing diagnostic nerve biopsy (≥2 cm).The biopsy-induced nerve gap was immediately reconstructed by implantation of the
novel microstructured nerve guide, Neuromaix, as part of an ongoing first-in-human study. Here we present (i) a detailed list of
inclusion and exclusion criteria, (ii) a detailed description of the surgical procedure, and (iii) a follow-up concept with multimodal
sensory evaluation techniques. The proximal medial sural nerve biopsy model can serve as a preliminarynature of the injuries
or baseline nerve lesion model. In a subsequent step, newly developed nerve guides could be tested in more unpredictable and
challenging clinical peripheral nerve lesions (e.g., following trauma) which have reduced comparability due to the different nature
of the injuries (e.g., site of injury and length of nerve gap).},
  journal   = {BioMed Research International},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Hindawi Publishing Corporation},
  timestamp = {12-06-2014},
}

@Article{Broesamle:1997a,
  author      = {Br{\"{o}}samle, C. and Schwab, M. E.},
  title       = {Cells of origin, course, and termination patterns of the ventral, uncrossed component of the mature rat corticospinal tract.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {386},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {293--303},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970922)386:2<293::aid-cne9>3.0.co;2-x},
  abstract    = {The cells of origin, the course, and termination patterns of the ventral, uncrossed component of the rat corticospinal tract (CST) was investigated by using retrograde and anterograde tracing methods. Anterograde tracing with biotin dextran-amine (BDA) revealed the position and detailed morphology of CST fibers in the spinal cord. Cross sections on spinal levels C4, T8, and L4 showed labeled fibers in the ipsilateral ventral funiculus on all levels. Although ipsilateral ventral CST fibers run close to the midline in the cervical cord, they were found to disperse more in the ventromedial funiculus at lower spinal levels. To study the termination patterns of the ipsilateral ventral projection, a dorsal spinal cord hemisection was performed at level T8, severing the crossed dorsomedial and dorsolateral components but leaving ipsilateral ventral running fibers intact. These fibers were observed to have sometimes several collaterals with terminal arbors extending into different spinal segments, 
innervating mostly laminae III-VI. Structures closely resembling synaptic boutons were identified in these arbors. By retrograde tracing in animals with dorsal spinal cord hemisection, we found labeled cells equally distributed throughout the spinally projecting cortical areas corresponding to the level of tracer injection. Labeled cells were found in layer V. The diameter of the labeled cells was not significantly different from other spinally projecting cortical neurons. In summary, a neuroanatomically complete ipsilateral, ventral corticospinal projection down to low spinal levels was found. The large extension of the terminal arborizations in intermediate laminae of the spinal cord suggests a modulatory role of this CST component.},
  institution = {Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland. broesam@hifo.unizh.ch},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nerve Endings, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-X},
  pmid        = {9295153},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Broesamle:2000a,
  author      = {Br{\"{o}}samle, C. and Schwab, M. E.},
  title       = {Ipsilateral, ventral corticospinal tract of the adult rat: ultrastructure, myelination and synaptic connections.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {29},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {499--507},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  abstract    = {The corticospinal tract (CST) of the rat is a widely used model system in developmental, physiological, and regeneration studies. The CST of the rat consists of a main tract, that runs in the dorsomedial funiculus and several minor components. We have shown earlier that one of the minor components, the ipsilateral, ventral CST, projects all the way down the spinal cord in the adult rat and single fibers form large terminal arbors in their spinal target areas. Here we investigated its ultrastructure and compared it to that of CST fibers of the main tract. By the use of anterograde axonal tracing with biotin dextran-amine (BDA) and pre-embedding avidin-peroxidase histochemistry we investigated axon diameters and myelination using electron microscopy. Ipsilateral, ventral CST fibers were found to run in the ventral funiculus close to the midline. They were intermingled with heavily myelinated large diameter axons, presumably reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, or tectospinal fibers. Ipsilateral, 
ventral CST fibers were of small diameter (0.68 microm, +/-0.04) and about [frac34] of them were moderately myelinated (9.64 +/- 0.7 layers of myelin). Co-localization of a rhodamine-dextrane anterograde tracer with the presynaptic marker synaptophysin using confocal microscopy and electron microscopy revealed varicosities on terminal arborisations to be presynaptic boutons and clearly demonstrated contacts to neurons in intermediate laminae of the spinal cord at lumbar spinal levels. This study extends our earlier work indicating that the ipsilateral, ventral CST component of the adult rat is a morphologically complete CST component and may perform similar functions to the main CST component.},
  institution = {r. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.},
  journal     = {J Neurocytol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cell Size; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Synapses, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11279365},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Brueckner:1994a,
  author      = {Br{\"{u}}ckner, G. and Sch{\"{u}}tz, A. and H{\"{a}}rtig, W. and Brauer, K. and Paulke, B. R. and Bigl, V.},
  title       = {Projection of non-cholinergic basal forebrain neurons ensheathed with perineuronal nets to rat mesocortex.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {11--18},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0891-0618(94)90032-9},
  abstract    = {The existence of non-cholinergic (GABAergic) components in the septo-hippocampal system but also in basal forebrain projections terminating in the olfactory bulb and certain cortical areas has been documented by several authors using retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques. On the other hand, the basal forebrain also contains a high number of mainly parvalbumin-positive neurons ensheathed by a lattice-like matrix of polyanionic proteoglycans forming so-called perineuronal nets of as yet unknown function. By a combination of retrograde tracing using Fluoro-Gold injection into mesocortical areas of rats and staining of perineuronal nets by Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) the present study describes the projection pattern and distribution of non-cholinergic projection neurons characterized by perineuronal nets in the anterior parts of the basal forebrain complex (medial septal nucleus, nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, magnocellular preoptic nucleus). After tracer injection into 
the cingulate cortex labelled net-associated neurons were distributed within the rostrocaudal extension of the basal forebrain complex but were predominantly found in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca. Retrograde labelling of neurons with perineuronal nets after tracer injection into the retrosplenial cortex was more pronounced in the medial septum. Choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive (ChAT-ir) projection neurons were in no case associated with perineuronal nets. The results demonstrate that a large portion of the non-cholinergic projection neurons of the basal forebrain are endowed with a specialized microenvironment of proteoglycans and form a strong input system of mesocortical components of the limbic system.},
  institution = {Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Germany.},
  journal     = {J Chem Neuroanat},
  keywords    = {Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Gyrus Cinguli, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunohistochemistry; Lectins; Nerve Net, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Plant Lectins; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Acetylglucosamine; Stilbamidines},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0891-0618(94)90032-9},
  pmid        = {7893417},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Braak:1983,
  author      = {Braak, H. and Braak, E.},
  title       = {Neuronal types in the basolateral amygdaloid nuclei of man.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {349--365},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(83)90171-5},
  abstract    = {A parcellation of the human basolateral amygdala is given on the basis of pigmentoarchitectonic analysis. Examination of Golgi preparations and deimpregnated preparations counterstained for lipofuscin pigment revealed three classes of nerve cells: Class I neurons generate a stout main dendrite from one pole of the cell body and several minor ones from the base opposite to the main process. The dendrites are covered with spines. The axon follows a straight course and gives off numerous collaterals. Class I neurons in the lateral and accessory basal nucleus contain finely granulated and widely dispersed pigment. Cells located in the basal nucleus store a large amount of pigment, concentrated at one pole of the cell body. The small class I neurons in the granular nucleus and the intercalated cell masses are marked by large vacuolated pigment granules. Class II neurons have smoothly contoured or sparsely spined dendrites. Size and shape of their cell bodies vary. They contain a large amount of 
course and intensely stained lipofuscin granules. Class III neurons display similar features in the Golgi preparation but their cell bodies are devoid of pigment. A frequently occurring type is a tiny cell with thin dendrites and profusely branching local axon. Each of the different classes of neurons shows a characteristic pattern of pigmentation. Therefore, Nissl preparations combined with a pigment staining technique, offer the particular advantage of distinguishing the spine-laden neurons from sparsely spined or aspinous types.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Adult; Aged; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Lipofuscin, metabolism; Middle Aged; Neurons, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pmid        = {6640364},
  timestamp   = {29.05.2012},
}

@Article{Braak:1987,
  author      = {Braak, H. and Braak, E.},
  title       = {Projection neurons of basolateral amygdaloid nuclei develop meganeurites in juvenile and adult human neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {116--119},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {In human neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) meganeurite formation is seen in specific portions of the basolateral amygdaloid complex. Proceeding from the lateral nucleus via the basal nuclei to the accessory basal nucleus, pathological changes, from severe to mild, are found. The parvocellular granular nucleus and the intercalated cell masses remain unchanged. Only the projection cells of the lateral, basal, and accessory basal nucleus develop lipopigment filled meganeurites.},
  journal     = {Clin Neuropathol},
  keywords    = {Adult; Amygdala, pathology; Female; Humans; Male; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses, pathology; Neurons, pathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pmid        = {3608287},
  timestamp   = {29.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bradbury:1998,
  author      = {Bradbury, E. J. and King, V. R. and Simmons, L. J. and Priestley, J. V. and McMahon, S. B.},
  title       = {NT-3, but not BDNF, prevents atrophy and death of axotomized spinal cord projection neurons.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {10},
  number      = {10},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {3058--3068},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00307.x},
  abstract    = {Following spinal cord injury, projection neurons are frequently axotomized and many of the cells subsequently die. One goal in spinal injury research is to preserve damaged neurons so that ultimately they are accessible to regeneration-promoting strategies. Here we ask if neurotrophin treatment can prevent atrophy and death of axotomized sensory projection neurons. In adult rats, a hemisection was made in the thoracic spinal cord and axotomized neurons were retrogradely labelled with Fluoro-Gold. Four distinct populations of cells were identified in the lumbar spinal cord, and both numbers and sizes of labelled cells were assessed at different time points postlesion. A progressive and significant degeneration was observed over time with severe atrophy apparent in all cell populations and significant cell loss evident by 4 weeks postlesion. This time point was used to assess neurotrophin effects. Hemisected rats were treated with either neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) or brain-derived neurotrophic 
factor (BDNF, 12 microg/day for each), or a vehicle solution, delivered continuously to the lesion site via an osmotic minipump. Treatment with NT-3, but not BDNF, completely reversed cell atrophy in three of the four cell populations and also induced a significant increase in the number of surviving cells. In situ hybridization experiments showed trkB and trkC mRNA to be expressed in the majority of ascending spinal projection neurons, suggesting that these cells should be responsive to both BDNF and NT-3. However, only NT-3 treatment was neuroprotective, indicating that BDNF may not have reached the cell bodies of injured neurons. These results demonstrate that NT-3 may be of benefit in preventing the secondary cell loss that occurs following spinal injury.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, St Thomas' Hospital Medical School, London, UK. e.bradbury@umds.ac.uk},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axotomy; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Cell Death, drug effects; Cell Size, physiology; Cell Survival, drug effects; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Nerve Degeneration, drug therapy; Nerve Growth Factors, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Neural Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Neurotrophin 3; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, analysis/genetics; Receptor, trkB; Receptor, trkC; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor, analysis/genetics; Spinal Cord, cytology/drug effects; Spinal Nerves, cytology/drug effects/injuries; Time Factors; Visceral Afferents, cytology/drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9786200},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bradfield:2013,
  author      = {Bradfield, Laura A. and Hart, Genevra and Balleine, Bernard W.},
  title       = {The role of the anterior, mediodorsal, and parafascicular thalamus in instrumental conditioning.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  pages       = {51},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3389/fnsys.2013.00051},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2013.00051},
  abstract    = {The traditional animal model of instrumental behavior has focused almost exclusively on structures within the cortico-striatal network and ignored the contributions of various thalamic nuclei despite large and specific connections with each of these structures. One possible reason for this is that the thalamus has been conventionally viewed as a mediator of general processes, such as attention, arousal and movement, that are not easily separated from more cognitive aspects of instrumental behavior. Recent research has, however, begun to separate these roles. Here we review the role of three thalamic nuclei in instrumental conditioning: the anterior thalamic nuclei (ANT), the mediodorsal (MD), and parafascicular thalamic nuclei (PF). Early research suggested that ANT might regulate aspects of instrumental behavior but, on review, we suggest that the types of tasks used in these studies were more likely to recruit Pavlovian processes. Indeed lesions of ANT have been found to have no effect on 
performance in instrumental free-operant tasks. By contrast the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) has been found to play a specific and important role in the acquisition of goal-directed action. We propose this role is related to its connections with prelimbic cortex (PL) and present new data that directly implicates this circuit in the acquisition of goal-directed actions. Finally we review evidence suggesting the PF, although not critical for the acquisition or performance of instrumental actions, plays a specific role in regulating action flexibility.},
  institution = {Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia.},
  journal     = {Front Syst Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {24130522},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bradley:2007,
  author    = {Bradley, Robert M and King, Michael S},
  title     = {Anatomy of the Rostral Nucleus of the Solitary Tract},
  year      = {2007},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2541/},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {CRC Press},
  timestamp = {14.07.2015},
}

@Article{Bradley:1985,
  author      = {Bradley, R. M. and Mistretta, C. M. and Bates, C. A. and Killackey, H. P.},
  title       = {Transganglionic transport of HRP from the circumvallate papilla of the rat.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {361},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {154--161},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)91285-5},
  abstract    = {To learn whether horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in gustatory papillae on the tongue can be used to study central topographical projections of taste buds and papillae, injections were made into the circumvallate papilla in rats. Labeled central projections after papilla injections were compared to projections after applying HRP to the cut glossopharyngeal nerve. Papilla injections result in HRP transport by afferent and efferent fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve, and the pattern of central projections is similar to that after labeling the cut nerve. Projections include a separation in the brainstem of afferent, dorsally located fibers and efferent, ventrally located fibers. Afferent fibers project to the solitary nucleus and the trigeminal system. Efferent projections label muscle motorneurons in the nucleus ambiguus and the cells of origin of parasympathetic preganglionic fibers, which from the inferior salivatory nucleus. The parasympathetic neurons labeled after papilla 
projections are preganglionic fibers to Remak's ganglia in the tongue; post-ganglionic fibers of these ganglia are the secretomotor supply to the von Ebner's glands. In summary, injections of HRP into gustatory papillae reliably label central projections of the papilla and can be used for studies to discern topography in central projections of the taste system. Injections into the circumvallate papilla also have demonstrated that the parasympathetic neurons innervating von Ebner's glands are located in the inferior salivatory nucleus.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, physiology; Glossopharyngeal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tongue, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(85)91285-5},
  pmid        = {2417659},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Bradley:1986,
  author      = {Bradley, R. M. and Mistretta, C. M. and Nagai, T.},
  title       = {Demonstration of sensory innervation of rat tongue with anterogradely transported horseradish peroxidase.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {367},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {364--367},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)91620-3},
  abstract    = {Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase injected into the petrosal ganglion in rats was transported to the posterior tongue in the glossopharyngeal nerve. Labelled fibers innervated the ipsilateral foliate papilla only, but both ipsi-and contralateral sides of the single circumvallate papilla. Somatosensory fibers in the posterior tongue also were labelled. Label crossed transcellularly from the afferent fibers into taste bud cells. Use of this method provides more detailed knowledge of sensory innervation of the tongue than previously available.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Glossopharyngeal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neurons, Afferent; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Taste Buds; Tongue, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(86)91620-3},
  pmid        = {3697712},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Brady:1989,
  author    = {Brady and Mufson},
  title     = {Amygdaloid pathology in alzheimer's disease},
  year      = {1989},
  volume    = {222},
  pages     = {17A.},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  journal   = {Anat Rec},
  owner     = {HiWi},
  timestamp = {29.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brady:1982,
  author      = {Brady, P. S. and Scofield, R. F. and Schumann, W. C. and Ohgaku, S. and Kumaran, K. and Margolis, J. M. and Landau, B. R.},
  title       = {The tracing of the pathway of mevalonate's metabolism to other than sterols.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {257},
  number      = {18},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {10742--10746},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Specifically 14C-labeled mevalonic acids were administered to rats in diabetic ketosis, and the distribution of 14C was determined in the hydroxybutyric acid each rat excreted. Also, the distributions of 14C were determined in hydroxybutyric acid formed by slices of livers and kidneys from rats in diabetic ketosis and incubated with the specifically labeled mevalonic acids. The distributions found are in accord with the conversion of mevalonate to hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA by the shunt pathway proposed by J. Edmond and G. Popják ((1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 66-71). That is, carbon 5 of mevalonate was metabolized to form the carboxyl of acetyl-CoA and carbons 2 and 3 of mevalonate were converted in large measure to hydroxybutyric acid without acetyl-CoA as an intermediate, i.e. the bond between carbon 2 and 3 was not cleaved, while the bond between 1 and 2, traced with [1,2-14C]mevalonate, was cleaved. Similar distributions of 14C were found in hydroxybutyric acid excreted by rats in diabetic 
ketosis administered specifically 14C-labeled isovaleric acids, isovaleric acid having in its metabolism intermediates common to those in the shunt pathway.},
  journal     = {J Biol Chem},
  keywords    = {Animals; Carbon Radioisotopes, diagnostic use; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, metabolism; Diabetic Ketoacidosis, metabolism; Female; Mevalonic Acid, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sterols, biosynthesis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6809755},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Braendgaard:1986,
  author      = {Braendgaard, H. and Sidenius, P.},
  title       = {The retrograde fast component of axonal transport in motor and sensory nerves of the rat during administration of 2,5-hexanedione.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {378},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {1--7},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)90280-5},
  abstract    = {The retrograde and anterograde fast component of axonal transport (rFC and aFC) were examined in rats following intoxication with 2,5-hexanedione (1 g/kg/week) for 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. rFC and aFC were measured as accumulations distal and proximal to a double ligature after labeling of protein by injection of [35S]methionine into L5 spinal cord or L5 dorsal root ganglion. Clinical symptoms appeared after an accumulated dose of 6 g/kg of the toxin and was dominated by motor deficiencies. Abnormalities in retrograde build-up appeared earliest in motor nerves after an accumulated dose of 4 g/kg, while the sensory nerves showed a decreased retrograde build-up only after 6 g/kg. In motor nerves retrograde build-up for the short and the long accumulation interval (11.5-17.5 h and 11.5-25.5 h, respectively) was equally depressed, while in sensory nerves the retrograde build-up for the early accumulation interval (10-16 h) was less severely depressed as compared to the late collection interval (10-
24 h). These findings point to a decreased amount of rFC, rather than a delay in turn-around. Furthermore, build-up was inversely correlated with the dose of 2,5-hexanedione and was most pronounced in motor nerves (82\% vs 52\% in motor and sensory nerves, respectively) at the final dose of 8 g/kg. When intoxication was stopped, rats improved in muscle-strength, but still showed atrophy of leg muscles. Coincidently, retrograde transport in motor nerves was normalized for the short accumulation interval, and improved for the longer collection interval, though not completely normalized.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Evoked Potentials; Hexanones, pharmacology; Ketones, pharmacology; Male; Motor Neurons, physiology; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, chemically induced; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(86)90280-5},
  pmid        = {2427152},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Braide:1989,
  author      = {Braide, M. and Sonander, H. and Johansson, B. R. and Bagge, U.},
  title       = {Leukocyte effects on microcirculation in artificially perfused rat lungs.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {256},
  number      = {4 Pt 2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {H1117--H1126},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://ajpheart.physiology.org/content/256/4/H1117.long},
  abstract    = {Evidence indicates that leukocyte microvascular flow obstructions play an important role in no-reflow phenomena after ischemia and that leukocytes may cause significant disturbances of capillary perfusion in low flow states. In the present study, a cell-free colloid perfusion (20-60 ml.kg-1.min-1) of isolated ventilated rat lungs was interrupted by bolus injections of leukocytes in varying numbers. Leukocyte effects on flow resistance, tracer gas exchange, and micromorphology were evaluated. The vast majority of the infused leukocytes remained trapped in the lungs after repeated infusions regardless of the number of leukocytes given, although leukocyte trapping decreased at the higher flow rates. The functional and morphological analyses showed that the polymorphonuclear granulocytes had a greater tendency than the mononuclear cells to become permanently trapped in the pulmonary capillaries. The tracer gas analyses indicated that the trapped leukocytes were scattered in the alveolar 
capillary networks and did not cause complete exclusion of flow from the affected alveoli. This was probably due to the anatomy of the pulmonary microvasculature, with its abundancy in interconnecting pathways.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Göteborg, Sweden.},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Capillary Permeability; Colloids; Leukocytes; Lung, blood supply/pathology; Male; Perfusion; Pulmonary Circulation; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2705553},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Brailoiu:2014,
  Title                    = {Urotensin II promotes vagal-mediated bradycardia by activating cardiac-projecting parasympathetic neurons of nucleus ambiguus.},
  Author                   = {Brailoiu, Gabriela Cristina and Deliu, Elena and Rabinowitz, Joseph E. and Tilley, Douglas G. and Koch, Walter J. and Brailoiu, Eugen},
  Journal                  = {J Neurochem},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {628--636},
  Volume                   = {129},

  Abstract                 = {Urotensin II (U-II) is a cyclic undecapeptide that regulates cardiovascular function at central and peripheral sites. The functional role of U-II nucleus ambiguus, a key site controlling cardiac tone, has not been established, despite the identification of U-II and its receptor at this level. We report here that U-II produces an increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration in retrogradely labeled cardiac vagal neurons of nucleus ambiguus via two pathways: (i) Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum via inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor; and (ii) Ca(2+) influx through P/Q-type Ca(2+) channels. In addition, U-II depolarizes cultured cardiac parasympathetic neurons. Microinjection of increasing concentrations of U-II into nucleus ambiguus elicits dose-dependent bradycardia in conscious rats, indicating the in vivo activation of the cholinergic pathway controlling the heart rate. Both the in vitro and in vivo effects were abolished by the urotensin receptor antagonist, 
urantide. Our findings suggest that, in addition, to the previously reported increase in sympathetic outflow, U-II activates cardiac vagal neurons of nucleus ambiguus, which may contribute to cardioprotection.},
  Doi                      = {10.1111/jnc.12679},
  Institution              = {Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {24521102},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnc.12679}
}

@Article{Braisted:2000,
  author      = {Braisted, J. E. and Catalano, S. M. and Stimac, R. and Kennedy, T. E. and Tessier-Lavigne, M. and Shatz, C. J. and O'Leary, D. D.},
  title       = {Netrin-1 promotes thalamic axon growth and is required for proper development of the thalamocortical projection.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {20},
  number      = {15},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {5792--5801},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/15/5792.long},
  abstract    = {The thalamocortical axon (TCA) projection originates in dorsal thalamus, conveys sensory input to the neocortex, and has a critical role in cortical development. We show that the secreted axon guidance molecule netrin-1 acts in vitro as an attractant and growth promoter for dorsal thalamic axons and is required for the proper development of the TCA projection in vivo. As TCAs approach the hypothalamus, they turn laterally into the ventral telencephalon and extend toward the cortex through a population of netrin-1-expressing cells. DCC and neogenin, receptors implicated in mediating the attractant effects of netrin-1, are expressed in dorsal thalamus, whereas unc5h2 and unc5h3, netrin-1 receptors implicated in repulsion, are not. In vitro, dorsal thalamic axons show biased growth toward a source of netrin-1, which can be abolished by netrin-1-blocking antibodies. Netrin-1 also enhances overall axon outgrowth from explants of dorsal thalamus. The biased growth of dorsal thalamic axons toward 
the internal capsule zone of ventral telencephalic explants is attenuated, but not significantly, by netrin-1-blocking antibodies, suggesting that it releases another attractant activity for TCAs in addition to netrin-1. Analyses of netrin-1 -/- mice reveal that the TCA projection through the ventral telencephalon is disorganized, their pathway is abnormally restricted, and fewer dorsal thalamic axons reach cortex. These findings demonstrate that netrin-1 promotes the growth of TCAs through the ventral telencephalon and cooperates with other guidance cues to control their pathfinding from dorsal thalamus to cortex.},
  institution = {Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/embryology; Corpus Striatum, cytology/embryology; Female; Fetus, cytology; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Helminth Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Internal Capsule, cytology/embryology; Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus, cytology/embryology; Membrane Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mice, Knockout; Nerve Growth Factors, genetics/metabolism; Neural Pathways; Pregnancy; Receptors, Cell Surface; Receptors, Growth Factor, genetics/metabolism; Tumor Suppressor Proteins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {20/15/5792},
  pmid        = {10908620},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Brandt:2015,
  author      = {Brandt, Jaclyn and Evans, Jonathan T. and Mildenhall, Taylor and Mulligan, Amanda and Konieczny, Aimee and Rose, Samuel J. and English, Arthur W.},
  title       = {Delaying the onset of treadmill exercise following peripheral nerve injury has different effects on axon regeneration and motoneuron synaptic plasticity.},
  year        = {2015},
  language    = {eng},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {jn.00892.2014},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1152/jn.00892.2014},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00892.2014},
  abstract    = {Transection of a peripheral nerve results in withdrawal of synapses from motoneurons. Some of the withdrawn synapses are restored spontaneously, but those containing the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), and arising mainly from primary afferent neurons, are withdrawn permanently. If animals are exercised immediately after nerve injury, regeneration of the damaged axons is enhanced and no withdrawal of synapses from injured motoneurons can be detected. We investigated whether delaying the onset of exercise until after synapse withdrawal had occurred would yield similar results. In Lewis rats, the right sciatic nerve was cut and repaired. Reinnervation of the soleus muscle was monitored until a direct muscle (M) response was observed to stimulation of the tibial nerve. At that time, rats began two weeks of daily treadmill exercise using an interval training protocol. Both M responses and electrically-evoked H reflexes were monitored weekly for an additional seven weeks. Contacts made 
by structures containing VGLUT1 or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) with motoneurons were studied from confocal images of retrogradely labeled cells. Timing of full muscle reinnervation was similar in both delayed and immediately exercised rats. H reflex amplitude in delayed exercised rats was only half that found in immediately exercised animals. Unlike immediately exercised animals, motoneuron contacts containing VGLUT1 in delayed exercised rats were reduced significantly, relative to intact rats. The therapeutic window for application of exercise as a treatment to promote restoration of synaptic inputs onto motoneurons following peripheral nerve injury is different from that for promoting axon regeneration in the periphery.},
  institution = {Emory University medae@emory.edu.},
  journal     = {J Neurophysiol},
  medline-pst = {aheadofprint},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {jn.00892.2014},
  pmid        = {25632080},
  timestamp   = {10.03.2015},
}

@Article{Brann:1980,
  author      = {Brann, M. R. and Emson, P. C.},
  title       = {Microiontophoretic injection of fluorescent tracer combined with simultaneous immunofluorescent histochemistry for the demonstration of efferents from the caudate-putamen projecting to the globus pallidus.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {61--65},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(80)90101-9},
  abstract    = {Precise local injections of propidium iodide (PI) were made, using an iontophoretic technique, into various regions of the globus pallidus (GP) of rats. The locations of the injection sites and the position of retrogradely labelled caudate putamen (CP) cell bodies demonstrated a topographic arrangement of efferents from the CP projecting to the pallidum. The PI labelled cell bodies in the CP were also counterstained for met-enkephalin immunofluorescence. Cell bodies labelled with PI, which showed co-existing enkephalin immunofluorescence, were found in CP projections to the pallidum.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Caudate Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Propidium; Putamen, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304-3940(80)90101-9},
  pmid        = {6189003},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Brashear:1988,
  author      = {Brashear, H. R. and Godec, M. S. and Carlsen, J.},
  title       = {The distribution of neuritic plaques and acetylcholinesterase staining in the amygdala in Alzheimer's disease.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {38},
  number      = {11},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1694--1699},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1212/wnl.38.11.1694},
  abstract    = {The relationship between neuritic plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease and cholinergic innervation of brain regions is unclear. Many neuritic plaques are found in the amygdala, which also receives dense cholinergic innervation from the ventral forebrain, predominantly to the basolateral complex. To determine whether the regional distribution of neuritic plaques is related to the pattern of cholinergic innervation, we studied serial sections through the amygdala of four patients with Alzheimer's disease and four neurologically normal patients. We compared acetylcholinesterase reactivity, neuritic plaques stained with thioflavine S, and cytoarchitectural features in adjacent sections. Neuritic plaque counts were high in most amygdaloid nuclei but were significantly lower in the most acetylcholinesterase-positive region, the lateral portion of the basal nucleus of the amygdala. Acetylcholinesterase reactivity was reduced in the Alzheimer's cases, but the basal nucleus was easily recognized 
by the characteristic large neurons. The morphology of neuritic plaques also differed in the various regions. These results show that neuritic plaques occur to varying degrees in all nuclei of the amygdala, but are significantly less frequent in the region that receives the most prominent innervation from the cholinergic ventral forebrain.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville.},
  journal     = {Neurology},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, analysis; Adult; Aged; Alzheimer Disease, enzymology/pathology; Amygdala, enzymology/pathology; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pmid        = {3185903},
  timestamp   = {29.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brashear:1986,
  author      = {Brashear, H. R. and Zaborszky, L. and Heimer, L.},
  title       = {Distribution of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons in the rat diagonal band.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {439--451},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(86)90258-7},
  abstract    = {GABAergic neurons are coextensive with cholinergic neurons in the medial septum-diagonal band complex. Serial sectioning, sequential staining and double immunofluorescence techniques employing antibodies to glutamate decarboxylase and choline acetyltransferase revealed the distribution of these transmitter-specific neurons in the rat. Morphologically, the two types of neurons appear similar, in that they are predominantly large multipolar cells, but they are characterized by different, overlapping distributions in the diagonal band. Glutamate decarboxylase-positive cells are scattered throughout the nucleus of the vertical limb of the diagonal band, while choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons are more numerous medially and are distributed in groups corresponding to the dorsal and ventral aspects of the nucleus. In the rostral parts of the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, the choline acetyltransferase-positive cells tend to be located medially, whereas caudally they 
spread dorsal to the nucleus to become continuous with other large cholinergic neurons in the ventral pallidum and sublenticular substantia innominata. The large majority of glutamate decarboxylase-positive neurons remain in a more ventral and lateral position within the nucleus of the horizontal limb and are particularly numerous just lateral to the diagonal band fibers as they join the medial forebrain bundle. Cholinergic neurons were estimated to be about two times more numerous than GABAergic neurons. Approximately 1\% of the choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons were also glutamate decarboxylase-positive in double immunofluorescence studies, but not in sequentially stained or serial sections.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, physiology; Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Frontal Lobe, cytology/enzymology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, analysis; Male; Neurons, classification/enzymology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3517690},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bratincsak:2008a,
  author      = {Bratincs{\'{a}}k, A. and Kov{\'{a}}cs, Z. I. and Palkovits, M.},
  title       = {Direct neuronal projection from a brainstem thermosensitive cell group to the preoptic thermoregulatory center.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {156},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {966--972},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.038},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.038},
  abstract    = {The preoptic area orchestrates thermoregulatory responses in homeotherm animals and humans. This thermoregulatory center receives thermal information about core body and skin temperatures, and in turn, it induces thermogenic responses. The physiology of effector mechanisms has been described in detail outlining the brain areas participating in the execution of thermal responses. Previous studies have presented evidence of peripheral thermosensation, existence of skin thermoreceptors, participation of spinal and brainstem sensory neurons in thermal stress, but only recently has been identified the first evidence of an ascending neuronal pathway transmitting thermal signal to the preoptic thermoregulatory center. Nevertheless, a few brainstem areas have not been linked to an afferent or efferent thermal pathway and the neuronal network of thermoafferent signals has only partially been identified. In the present study, we identified a distinct ascending neuronal projection that originates from 
the thermoreactive cells of the peritrigeminal nucleus in the medulla oblongata, and projects to the thermoreactive cells of the medial preoptic area in the hypothalamus of rats. First, we have demonstrated retrogradely labeled thermoreactive neurons in the parabrachial, pontine and peritrigeminal cells following the injection of pseudorabies virus, a retrograde multi-synaptic tract tracer, into the ventrolateral subdivision of the medial preoptic area. Confirming the existence of a direct neuronal connection, we detected biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) containing axonal fibers and boutons around thermoreactive cells of the ventrolateral subdivision of the medial preoptic area after BDA injection into the peritrigeminal nucleus that is known to respond the temperature changes. Our findings indicate the existence of a so far unrecognized ascending direct neuronal pathway that transmits thermal signal from the lower brainstem to the thermoregulatory preoptic center.},
  institution = {Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. bratiandris@yahoo.com},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Body Temperature Regulation, physiology; Brain Stem, cytology; Cold Temperature; Dextrans, metabolism; Green Fluorescent Proteins, biosynthesis/genetics; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Male; Preoptic Area, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Receptor Cells, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(08)01197-4},
  pmid        = {18801414},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Bratincsak:2008,
  Title                    = {Direct neuronal projection from a brainstem thermosensitive cell group to the preoptic thermoregulatory center.},
  Author                   = {Bratincsák, A. and Kovács, Z. I. and Palkovits, M.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {966--972},
  Volume                   = {156},

  Abstract                 = {The preoptic area orchestrates thermoregulatory responses in homeotherm animals and humans. This thermoregulatory center receives thermal information about core body and skin temperatures, and in turn, it induces thermogenic responses. The physiology of effector mechanisms has been described in detail outlining the brain areas participating in the execution of thermal responses. Previous studies have presented evidence of peripheral thermosensation, existence of skin thermoreceptors, participation of spinal and brainstem sensory neurons in thermal stress, but only recently has been identified the first evidence of an ascending neuronal pathway transmitting thermal signal to the preoptic thermoregulatory center. Nevertheless, a few brainstem areas have not been linked to an afferent or efferent thermal pathway and the neuronal network of thermoafferent signals has only partially been identified. In the present study, we identified a distinct ascending neuronal projection that 
originates from the thermoreactive cells of the peritrigeminal nucleus in the medulla oblongata, and projects to the thermoreactive cells of the medial preoptic area in the hypothalamus of rats. First, we have demonstrated retrogradely labeled thermoreactive neurons in the parabrachial, pontine and peritrigeminal cells following the injection of pseudorabies virus, a retrograde multi-synaptic tract tracer, into the ventrolateral subdivision of the medial preoptic area. Confirming the existence of a direct neuronal connection, we detected biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) containing axonal fibers and boutons around thermoreactive cells of the ventrolateral subdivision of the medial preoptic area after BDA injection into the peritrigeminal nucleus that is known to respond the temperature changes. Our findings indicate the existence of a so far unrecognized ascending direct neuronal pathway that transmits thermal signal from the lower brainstem to the thermoregulatory preoptic center.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.038},
  Institution              = {Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. bratiandris@yahoo.com},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Body Temperature Regulation, physiology; Brain Stem, cytology; Cold Temperature; Dextrans, metabolism; Green Fluorescent Proteins, biosynthesis/genetics; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Male; Preoptic Area, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Receptor Cells, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(08)01197-4},
  Pmid                     = {18801414},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.038}
}

@Article{Bratton:2012,
  Title                    = {Neural regulation of inflammation: no neural connection from the vagus to splenic sympathetic neurons.},
  Author                   = {Bratton, B. O. and Martelli, D. and McKinley, M. J. and Trevaks, D. and Anderson, C. R. and McAllen, R. M.},
  Journal                  = {Exp Physiol},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {1180--1185},
  Volume                   = {97},

  Abstract                 = {The 'inflammatory reflex' acts through efferent neural connections from the central nervous system to lymphoid organs, particularly the spleen, that suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines. Stimulation of the efferent vagus has been shown to suppress inflammation in a manner dependent on the spleen and splenic nerves. The vagus does not innervate the spleen, so a synaptic connection from vagal preganglionic neurons to splenic sympathetic postganglionic neurons was suggested. We tested this idea in rats. In a preparatory operation, the anterograde tracer DiI was injected bilaterally into the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus and the retrograde tracer Fast Blue was injected into the spleen. On histological analysis 7-9 weeks later, 883 neurons were retrogradely labelled from the spleen with Fast Blue as follows: 89\% in the suprarenal ganglia (65\% left, 24\% right); 11\% in the left coeliac ganglion; but none in the right coeliac or either of the superior mesenteric ganglia.
 Vagal terminals anterogradely labelled with DiI were common in the coeliac but sparse in the suprarenal ganglia, and confocal analysis revealed no putative synaptic connection with any Fast Blue-labelled cell in either ganglion. Electrophysiological experiments in anaesthetized rats revealed no effect of vagal efferent stimulation on splenic nerve activity or on that of 15 single splenic-projecting neurons recorded in the suprarenal ganglion. Together, these findings indicate that vagal efferent neurons in the rat neither synapse with splenic sympathetic neurons nor drive their ongoing activity.},
  Doi                      = {10.1113/expphysiol.2011.061531},
  Institution              = {Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Ganglion Cysts, physiopathology; Inflammation, physiopathology; Male; Neurons, Efferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spleen, innervation/physiopathology; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiopathology; Synapses, pathology; Vagus Nerve, physiopathology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {expphysiol.2011.061531},
  Pmid                     = {22247284},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2011.061531}
}

@Article{Braud:2012,
  Title                    = {Dental afferents project onto gustatory neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract.},
  Author                   = {A. Braud and A. Vandenbeuch and F. Zerari-Mailly and Y. Boucher},
  Journal                  = {J Dent Res},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {215--220},
  Volume                   = {91},

  Abstract                 = {The aim of this study was to investigate the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and chorda tympani (CT) projections onto gustatory neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) in the rat by immunochemical and electrophysiological techniques. IAN afferents were retrogradely labeled. NST neurons were labeled either by retrograde tracer injection into the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) or by c-Fos mapping after CT activation. NST neurons responding to tastant stimulation were recorded in vivo before and after electrical stimulation of the IAN. Results from the immunolabeling approach showed IAN boutons "en passant" apposed to retrogradely labeled neurons from PBN and to CT-activated neurons in the NST. Recordings of single NST neurons showed that the electrical stimulation of the IAN significantly decreased CT gustatory responses. Analysis of these data provides an anatomical and physiological basis to support trigeminal dental and gustatory interactions within the brainstem.},
  Doi                      = {10.1177/0022034511429569},
  Institution              = {UFR Odontologie, Université Paris Denis Diderot, 5, rue Garancière, 75006 Paris, France.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Chorda Tympani Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Mandibular Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neck Muscles, innervation; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Sensory Receptor Cells, cytology/physiology; Single-Cell Analysis; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Taste, physiology; Tongue, innervation},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {0022034511429569},
  Pmid                     = {22116981},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034511429569}
}

@Article{Brauer:1984,
  Title                    = {Topography of cells responding with long latencies to flashes and cells projecting to layer I of area 17 in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.},
  Author                   = {K. Brauer and H. Davidowa and W. Schober},
  Journal                  = {J Hirnforsch},
  Year                     = {1984},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {569--575},
  Volume                   = {25},

  Abstract                 = {After deposition of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) crystals on the surface of cortical area 17 in 7 adult Wistar albino rats only relay cells were found to be labelled retrogradually in the caudal two thirds of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). From these results it can be concluded that cells projecting to the cortical layer I are concentrated in this part of the nucleus. Single cell recordings in the rat dLGN have shown that cells responding to light stimuli with long latencies are very frequent in this part of the dLGN, likewise. These findings support the idea that W-cells dominate in the caudal region of the rat dLGN, which is characterized by a population of relatively small geniculo-cortical relay neurons (GCR-neurons).},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reaction Time, physiology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {6501871},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Brauer:1978,
  author      = {K. Brauer and L. Leibnitz and L. Werner and E. Winkelmann},
  title       = {[Axon-like glial extensions in the pars ventralis of the corpus geniculatum laterale (CGLv) of the albino rat].},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {ger},
  volume      = {19},
  number      = {6},
  pages       = {533--538},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {In sections of the Corpus geniculatum laterale, pars ventralis (CGLv) of adult albino rats impregnated according to Golgi-Kopsch, structures are visible very similar to long unbranched axons with large boutons en passage. Within the CGLv these axon-like structures can be followed parallel to the optic tract. Generally they take a ventro-dorsal, exceptionally a dorso-ventral course. As well in Golgi-Kopsch material as in sections in which glial cells are specifically impregnated the described structures could be traced to cells mainly located subpial in the Tractus opticus. Within the optic tract these axon-like structures change their appearance looking similar as the numerous other processes originating from these cells too. These other processes take a course right-angled to the optic fibers and in general they don't bear axon-like structures as described. In our opinion based also on investigations of Nissl-stained sections the origination cells represent a specialized type of astroglia 
of until now unknown function.},
  journal     = {J Hirnforsch},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Astrocytes, ultrastructure; Axons, ultrastructure; Chromatin, ultrastructure; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neuroglia, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Oligodendroglia, ultrastructure; Optic Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {755079},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brauer:1982,
  author      = {Brauer, K. and Schober, W.},
  title       = {Identification of geniculo-tectal relay neurons in the rat's ventral lateral geniculate nucleus.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {45},
  number      = {1-2},
  pages       = {84--88},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00235765},
  abstract    = {In the rat's ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN), geniculo-tectal relay neurons (GTR-neurons) could be identified by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) after injection in the superior colliculus (SC). GTR-neurons correspond to class III cells described by Brauer and Schober (1973) in Golgi preparations of the rat's LGN. The distribution of GTR-neurons is restricted to the lateral subnucleus of vLGN. According to Swanson et al. (1974), the axons of these cells terminate in lower Stratum griseum superficiale and in Stratum opticum, Stratum griseum intermedium and Stratum album intermedium of SC. The GTR-neurons are characterized by very thick and long proximal dendritic segments which have a smooth surface. Dendrites branch preponderantly in their distal regions and only in this part form many multiform protrusions. There is some evidence that retinal axons terminate on these dendritic surface structures. The supposed differences in the afferent patterns between GTR-
neurons in the vLGN and geniculo-cortical relay neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus are discussed.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Functional Laterality; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology; Golgi Apparatus, physiology; Histological Techniques; Horseradish Peroxidase; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Staining and Labeling; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6173252},
  timestamp   = {04.07.2013},
}

@Article{Brauer:1984a,
  Title                    = {The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of the albino rat morphological and histochemical observations.},
  Author                   = {Brauer, K. and Schober, W. and Leibnitz, L. and Werner, L. and Lüth, H. J. and Winkelmann, E.},
  Journal                  = {J Hirnforsch},
  Year                     = {1984},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {205--236},
  Volume                   = {25},

  Abstract                 = {The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) of albino rats (Wistar strain) has been described histologically and histochemically. Special attention was paid to the identification of cell classes in Nissl and Golgi preparations, the afferent and efferent connections of vLGN cells and the demonstration of enzymes of energy and transmitter metabolism. Topographical aspects were taken into consideration, too. The main results can be summarized as follows: In the rat vLGN, three subnuclei can be distinguished: the lateral and medial subnucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet. In the rostral vLGN, the lateral and medial subnucleus is separated by a vertical fibre bundle which contains retinal axons. Our own experiments and findings of other groups revealed that the rat vLGN is connected with numerous brain structures. There is no efferent projection to cortical regions. Afferent fibres reach the vLGN from retina, visual cortex, superior colliculus, pretectal region, zona incerta, 
contralateral vLGN, dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, mesencephalic reticular formation, vestibular and dorsal tegmental nuclei. An efferent projection has been found to superior colliculus, pretectal region, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, contralateral vLGN, zona incerta, pontine nuclei, suprachiasmatic nucleus, lateral terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system and intralaminar nucleus of thalamus. Comparative findings suggest that the lateral subnucleus is involved in "specific projections", whereas the medial subnucleus projects to "unspecific zones". For detailed information see text. Five classes of neurons can be distinguished in Golgi and Nissl preparations. Class 1 cells are medium-sized to large with smooth thick proximal but branched spiny distal dendrites. They are confined to the lateral subnucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet. In the lateral subnucleus, class 1 cells could be identified as geniculo-tectal relay neurons (Brauer and Schober, 1982). All other classes of neurons are 
spineless or sparsely spined. Class 2 cells (giant neurons) of unknown function could be found in the lateral and medial subnucleus. Class 3 cells (medium-sized multipolar neurons) can mainly be found in the medial subnucleus. They are good candidates for neurons projecting to the contralateral vLGN. Class 4 cells (bipolar neurons) occupy the ventromedial part of the medial subnucleus and are very similar to cells localized in the adjacent zona incerta. Cells belonging to this type could found to be labelled by the HRP reaction product after injection of this enzyme in the pontine region.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  Keywords                 = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Biogenic Amines, metabolism; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Neuroglia, cytology; Oxidoreductases, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {6736636},
  Timestamp                = {04.07.2013}
}

@Article{Brauer:1988,
  author      = {K. Brauer and W. Schober and E. Winkelmann and L. J. Garey},
  title       = {Topographic differences in retinal axons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat: a quantitative reexamination using anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {69},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {481--488},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00247302},
  abstract    = {Retinal endings in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the rat were visualized by anterogradely transported horseradish peroxidase following injections in the optic tract. The morphological findings confirm the two types of retinal axons previously suggested by Golgi investigations. In the caudal third of the dLGN type 2b axons, with small dense clusters of boutons, are the only representatives of retinal fibres seen. In the rostral two thirds they are intermingled with the larger type 2a terminals, but tend to accumulate laterally, adjacent to the optic tract. This study supports the concept that large retinal ganglion cells probably give rise to 2a axons that may represent a Y-like channel, whereas 2b axons are derived from small ganglion cells, and may relay a W-like pathway.},
  institution = {Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Department of Neuroanatomy, Leipzig, German Democratic Republic.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, classification/ultrastructure; Biological Transport; Female; Geniculate Bodies, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use/metabolism; Male; Peroxidases, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retina, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3371432},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Braunewell:2001,
  author      = {Braunewell, K. H. and Manahan-Vaughan, D.},
  title       = {Long-term depression: a cellular basis for learning?},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {12},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {121--140},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1515/revneuro.2001.12.2.121},
  abstract    = {Long-term depression (LTD) comprises a persistent activity-dependent reduction in synaptic efficacy which typically occurs following repeated low frequency afferent stimulation. Hippocampal LTD has been a subject of particular interest due to the established role of the hippocampus in certain forms of information storage and retrieval. Recently, it was reported that LTD in the CA1 region may be associated with novelty acquisition in rats. CA1 LTD expression may also be increased in stressful conditions. This suggests a more complex role for this form of plasticity than the oft-cited hypothesis that it simply serves to prevent synapse saturation, by means, for example, of enabling reversal of long-term potentiation (LTP). One possibility is that LTD may be directly involved in the creation of a memory trace. Alternatively, LTD may prime a synapse in readiness for the expression of LTP, thereby contributing indirectly to information storage. There is increasing evidence that LTD is not 
mechanistically the reverse of LTP. Although some common processes exist, molecular, biochemical, electrophysiological and pharmacological studies all point to several quite distinct induction and maintenance mechanisms for this form of synaptic plasticity. Taken together these findings suggest that hippocampal LTD must be considered in a new light. This review focuses on the interpretation of novel and established information with regard to LTD in the hippocampal CA1 region in terms of its possible role as a cellular basis for learning and memory.},
  institution = {Signal Transduction Research Group, Neuroscience Research Center of the Charite, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.},
  journal     = {Rev Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology; Humans; Learning, physiology; Long-Term Potentiation, genetics; Memory, physiology; Mice; Mice, Knockout, genetics/metabolism; Neurons, physiology; Receptors, Glutamate, genetics/metabolism; Signal Transduction, genetics; Synaptic Transmission, genetics},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11392454},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Brauth:1991,
  author      = {Brauth, S. E. and Reiner, A.},
  title       = {Calcitonin-gene related peptide is an evolutionarily conserved marker within the amniote thalamo-telencephalic auditory pathway.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {313},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {227--239},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903130204},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903130204},
  abstract    = {The distribution of neurons and fibers containing calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) was mapped in the thalamo-telencephalic auditory pathways of four amniote species, rats, pigeons (Columba livia), caiman (Caiman crocodilus), and turtles (Pseudemys scripta). In colchicine-treated turtles and pigeons, numerous CGRP+ perikarya were observed in the auditory relay nucleus of the thalamus (n. reuniens of reptiles, and n. ovoidalis of birds). In pigeons, these neurons were most abundant in the outer circumference of the nucleus and were not observed without colchicine pretreatment. In the telencephalon of turtles, caiman, and pigeons, CGRP+ fibers were observed within portions of the dorsal ventricular ridge previously shown to receive projections from the auditory thalamus, thus implying that the thalamic CGRP+ neurons observed here in fact project to these telencephalic areas. In colchicine treated rats, numerous CGRP+ perikarya were observed along the ventral margin of the medial 
geniculate nucleus extending into the posterior intralaminar and peripeduncular nuclei, as well as occasionally within the ventral subdivision of the medial geniculate nucleus. Injections of fluorogold into the auditory cortex combined with immunofluorescence labeling for CGRP revealed that CGRP+ cells in these areas do, in fact, project to the auditory cortices. The present results are interpreted as providing strong support for the theory, advanced previously, that the medial geniculate nucleus of mammals, nucleus ovoidalis of birds, and nucleus reuniens of reptiles contain at least some homologous cell populations. Although the data are consistent with the theory that the telencephalic projection fields are homologous, other interpretations are also consistent with the data presented here. These include the possibility that auditory thalamic projections to the telencephalon arose independently in the lines of evolution leading to mammals and sauropsids.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Alligators and Crocodiles, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Biological Evolution; Biological Markers; Brain Mapping; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, analysis; Columbidae, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Geniculate Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Models, Biological; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Turtles, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1765582},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bravo:1994,
  author      = {Bravo, H. and Inzunza, O.},
  title       = {Effect of pre- and postnatal retinal deprivation on the striate-peristriate cortical connections in the rat.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {27},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {73--77},
  url         = {http://biologiachile.cl/biological_research/VOL27_1994/N1/H_BRAVO_&_O_INZUNZA.pdf},
  abstract    = {The tangential distribution of the striate-peristriate cortical connections in normal, postnatally eye enucleated and congenitally anophthalmic rats, was studied after a single injection of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase into the striate cortex. The typical normal pattern of separate fields in the peristriate cortex is altered in eye enucleated animals, in such a way that their areal distribution in the cerebral cortex is increased and each field tends to fuse with the adjacent one. This process is more marked in anophthalmic animals, a finding that is in agreement with the notion that ganglion cells exert their influence before the visual pathway is functional.},
  institution = {Departamento de Anatomía, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago.},
  journal     = {Biol Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Anophthalmos; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Eye Enucleation; Horseradish Peroxidase; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retina, anatomy /&/ histology; Sensory Deprivation; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7647817},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Bravo:1992,
  Title                    = {Pyramidal neurons of the rat cerebral cortex, immunoreactive to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, project mainly to subcortical targets.},
  Author                   = {H. Bravo and H. J. Karten},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {62--68},
  Volume                   = {320},

  Abstract                 = {Cortical neurons immunoreactive to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) of the rat brain were characterized with monoclonal antibodies directed to ACh-binding subunits (alpha 4) or to ACh-structural subunits (beta 2). A heterogeneous population of nAChR-LI neurons was found in all cortical regions. The most prominent immunoreactive neurons were pyramids of layers V and II-III. The nonpyramidal positive neurons were fusiform horizontally oriented neurons of layer VIb, small cells of layer I and round or ovoid neurons of layers II-V. Double labeled experiments (immunohistochemistry and fluorescent retrograde tracers) showed that cholinoceptive pyramidal neurons of layer V project mainly to subcortical targets such as caudate-putamen, superior colliculus, and pontine nuclei, while very few nAChR positive neurons connect to other cortical areas. These findings suggest that the mainly excitatory effect that has been attributed to the cholinergic innervation upon the cortical 
neurons may have a greater influence upon the cortico-subcortical output than the corticortical one.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903200104},
  Institution              = {Departamento de Anatomía Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal, diagnostic use; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/immunology; Efferent Pathways, cytology/immunology; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, physiology; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Nicotinic, immunology; Rhodamines},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1401242},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903200104}
}

@Article{Bravo-Osuna:2008,
  author      = {Bravo-Osuna, I. and Vauthier, C. and Chacun, H. and Ponchel, G.},
  title       = {Specific permeability modulation of intestinal paracellular pathway by chitosan-poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) core-shell nanoparticles.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {69},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {436--444},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.12.012},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.12.012},
  abstract    = {This work is focused on the evaluation of the in vitro permeation modulation of chitosan and thiolated chitosan (chitosan-TBA) coated poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) (PIBCA) nanoparticles as drug carriers for mucosal administration. Core-corona nanoparticles were obtained by radical emulsion polymerisation of isobutylcyanoacrylate (IBCA) with chitosan of different molecular weights and different proportions of chitosan/chitosan-TBA. In this work, the effect of these nanoparticles on the paracellular permeability of intestinal epithelium was investigated using the Ussing chamber technique, by adding nanoparticle suspensions in the mucosal side of rat intestinal mucosa. Results showed that permeation of the tracer [14C]mannitol and the reduction of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in presence of nanoparticles were more pronounced in those formulations prepared with intermediate amounts of thiolated polymer. This effect was explained thanks to the high diffusion capacity of those 
nanoparticles through the mucus layer that allowed them to reach the tight junctions in higher extent. It was concluded that, although a first contact between nanoparticles and mucus was a mandatory condition for the development of a permeation enhancement effect, the optimal effect depended on the chitosan/chitosan-TBA balance and the conformational structure of the particles shell.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Physicochimie, Université Paris Sud, Chatenay-Malabry, France.},
  journal     = {Eur J Pharm Biopharm},
  keywords    = {Adhesives; Animals; Chitosan; Cyanoacrylates; Diffusion Chambers, Culture; Drug Carriers; Electrochemistry; Intestinal Absorption, drug effects; Male; Mannitol, pharmacokinetics; Molecular Weight; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Permeability; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sulfur, chemistry},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0939-6411(07)00417-1},
  pmid        = {18395430},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bray:1987,
  author      = {Bray, G. M. and Villegas-Pérez, M. P. and Vidal-Sanz, M. and Aguayo, A. J.},
  title       = {The use of peripheral nerve grafts to enhance neuronal survival, promote growth and permit terminal reconnections in the central nervous system of adult rats.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {132},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {5--19},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {During both development and regeneration, the survival of neurones and the growth of axons are controlled by inherent neuronal properties, conditions in the axonal environment, and the establishment of appropriately timed and specific functional contacts. To study the effects of extrinsic influences on the survival, growth and connectivity of axotomized neurones in the mature mammalian CNS, we replaced the optic nerve in adult rats with segments of autologous peripheral nerve (PN) and used morphometric techniques, neuroanatomical tracer substances and immunological cell markers to examine retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), their axons in the PN grafts and their terminals in the superior colliculi (SC) of these animals. We observed that: (1) the survival of axotomized RGCs was enhanced by the PN grafts; (2) in the PN-grafted eyes, approximately 20\% of the surviving RGCs regrew their axons into the grafts and (3) some of the RGC axons that regenerated along the PN grafts bridging the eye and the 
tectum re-entered the SC, arborized and made synaptic contacts with tectal neurones. It is not known if the terminal connections established between RGCs and cells in the SC are appropriate, functional or capable of influencing the long-term survival of their cells of origin.},
  institution = {Neurosciences Unit, Montreal General Hospital and McGill University, Quebec, Canada.},
  journal     = {J Exp Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Survival; Central Nervous System, physiology; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons, physiology; Peripheral Nerves, transplantation; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3323406},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Braz:2008,
  author      = {João Manuel Braz and Allan I Basbaum},
  title       = {Genetically expressed transneuronal tracer reveals direct and indirect serotonergic descending control circuits.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {507},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {1990--2003},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.21665},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21665},
  abstract    = {Despite the evidence for a significant contribution of brainstem serotonergic (5HT) systems to the control of spinal cord "pain" transmission neurons, attention has turned recently to the influence of nonserotonergic neurons, including the facilitatory and inhibitory controls that originate from so-called "on" and "off" cells of the rostroventral medulla (RVM). Unclear, however, is the extent to which these latter circuits interact with or are influenced by the serotonergic cell groups. To address this question we selectively targeted expression of a transneuronal tracer, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), in the 5HT neurons so as to study the interplay between the 5HT and non-5HT systems. In addition to confirming the direct medullary 5HT projection to the spinal cord we also observed large numbers of non-5HT neurons, in the medullary nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and magnocellularis, that were WGA-immunoreactive, i.e., were transneuronally labeled from 5HT neurons. FluoroGold injections 
into the spinal cord established that these reticular neurons are not only postsynaptic to the 5HT neurons of the medulla, but that most are also at the origin of descending, bulbospinal pathways. By contrast, we found no evidence that neurons of the midbrain periaqueductal gray that project to the RVM are postsynaptic to midbrain or medullary 5HT neurons. Finally, we found very few examples of WGA-immunoreactive noradrenergic neurons, which suggests that there is considerable independence of the monoaminergic bulbospinal pathways. Our results indicate that 5HT neurons influence "pain" processing at the spinal cord level both directly and indirectly via feedforward connections with multiple non-5HT descending control pathways.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. bjoao@phy.ucsf.edu},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Brain Mapping, methods; Efferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Gene Expression, genetics; Immunohistochemistry; Integrases, genetics; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism; Pain Threshold, physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Promoter Regions, Genetic, genetics; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/metabolism; Reticular Formation, cytology/metabolism; Serotonin, metabolism; Staining and Labeling, methods; Stilbamidines; Synapses, metabolism/ultrastructure; Transcription Factors, genetics; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, genetics/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {18273889},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Braz:2009,
  author      = {Bráz, J. M. and Basbaum, A. I.},
  title       = {Triggering genetically-expressed transneuronal tracers by peripheral axotomy reveals convergent and segregated sensory neuron-spinal cord connectivity.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {163},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1220--1232},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.07.051},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.07.051},
  abstract    = {To better understand the mechanisms through which non-painful and painful stimuli evoke behavior, new resources to dissect the complex circuits engaged by subsets of primary afferent neurons are required. This is especially true to understand the consequences of injury, when reorganization of central nervous system circuits likely contributes to the persistence of pain. Here we describe a transgenic mouse line (ZWX) in which there is Cre-recombinase-dependent expression of a transneuronal tracer, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), in primary somatic or visceral afferent neurons, but only after transection of their peripheral axons. The latter requirement allows for both regional and temporal control of tracer expression, even in the adult. Using a variety of Cre lines to target WGA transport to subpopulations of sensory neurons, here we demonstrate the extent to which myelinated and unmyelinated "pain" fibers (nociceptors) engage different spinal cord circuits. We found significant convergence (i.
e., manifest as WGA-transneuronal labeling) of unmyelinated afferents, including the TRPV1-expressing subset, and myelinated afferents to NK1-receptor-expressing neurons of lamina I. By contrast, PKCgamma interneurons of inner lamina II only receive a myelinated afferent input. This differential distribution of WGA labeling in the spinal cord indicates that myelinated and unmyelinated sensory neurons target different and spatially segregated populations of postsynaptic neurons. On the other hand, we show that neurons of deeper laminae (III-V) receive direct (i.e., monosynaptic) inputs from myelinated afferents and polysynaptic input from unmyelinated afferents. Taken together, our results indicate that peripheral sensory information is transmitted to the central nervous system both through segregated and convergent pathways.},
  institution = {Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, W.M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, Mission Bay Campus, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. bjoao@phy.ucsf.edu},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axotomy; Genetic Engineering, methods; Green Fluorescent Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Integrases, genetics; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, metabolism; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated, metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Neuronal Tract-Tracers, metabolism; Peptide Fragments, genetics/metabolism; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Protein Kinase C, metabolism; Sciatic Nerve, injuries; Sensory Receptor Cells, metabolism; Spinal Cord, metabolism; Synapses, metabolism; TRPV Cation Channels, metabolism; Tetanus Toxin, genetics/metabolism; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, genetics/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(09)01221-4},
  pmid        = {19647044},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Brech:1993,
  author      = {Brech, A. and Magnusson, S. and Stang, E. and Berg, T. and Roos, N.},
  title       = {Receptor-mediated endocytosis of ricin in rat liver endothelial cells. An immunocytochemical study.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {60},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {154--162},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {The endocytic pathway of ricin in sinusoidal liver endothelial cells (EC) was traced by means of immunocytochemical labeling of ultrathin cryosections. Ricin, a highly mannosylated glycoprotein, is internalized mainly by receptor-mediated endocytosis via the mannose receptor in the EC. Labeling of specimens fixed at different time points after injection of ligand showed that several subcellular compartments are involved in processing of endocytosed ricin. One minute after injection ricin is seen in coated pits, coated vesicles and cisternal-shaped endosomes. After 6 min, the ligand associates with electron-dense, spherical vesicles and electron-lucent vesicles, presumably representing late endosomes. In the same time period we observed labeling in the vicinity of the Golgi stack. At later time points, ricin is increasingly localized in lysosomes. Both late endosomes and lysosomes showed labeling for Igp120, the lysosomal membrane glycoprotein. To compare uptake of ricin with another 
mannosylated ligand, we coinjected ricin and mannosylated colloidal gold particles (Man-Aun). Man-Au20, injected 24 h before fixation as a marker for late endocytic compartments, was found in two distinct compartments, presumably representing late endosomes and lysosomes. The distribution of ricin and Man-Au10, the latter injected 15 min before fixation, in early endosomes was strikingly different, indicating that the structure of this compartment is important in the process of sorting of ligand and receptor.},
  institution = {Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway.},
  journal     = {Eur J Cell Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Bile Canaliculi, metabolism/ultrastructure; Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane, metabolism/ultrastructure; Endocytosis; Endothelium, metabolism/ultrastructure; Gold, metabolism; Lectins, C-Type; Liver, metabolism/ultrastructure; Lysosomes, metabolism/ultrastructure; Male; Mannose-Binding Lectins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Cell Surface; Receptors, Immunologic, metabolism; Ricin, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8462592},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Brecht:2004,
  author      = {Brecht, Michael and Krauss, Andreas and Muhammad, Sajjad and Sinai-Esfahani, Laleh and Bellanca, Sebastiano and Margrie, Troy W.},
  title       = {Organization of rat vibrissa motor cortex and adjacent areas according to cytoarchitectonics, microstimulation, and intracellular stimulation of identified cells.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {479},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {360--373},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.20306},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20306},
  abstract    = {The relationship between motor maps and cytoarchitectonic subdivisions in rat frontal cortex is not well understood. We use cytoarchitectonic analysis of microstimulation sites and intracellular stimulation of identified cells to develop a cell-based partitioning scheme of rat vibrissa motor cortex and adjacent areas. The results suggest that rat primary motor cortex (M1) is composed of three cytoarchitectonic areas, the agranular medial field (AGm), the agranular lateral field (AG1), and the cingulate area 1 (Cg1), each of which represents movements of different body parts. Vibrissa motor cortex corresponds entirely and for the most part exclusively to AGm. In area AG1 body/head movements can be evoked. In posterior area Cg1 periocular/eye movements and in anterior area Cg1 nose movements can be evoked. In all of these areas stimulation thresholds are very low, and together they form a complete representation of the rat's body surface. A strong myelinization and an expanded layer 5 
characterize area AGm. We suggest that both the strong myelinization and the expanded layer 5 of area AGm may represent cytoarchitectonic specializations related to control of high-speed whisking behavior.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Physiology, Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. m.brecht@erasmusmc.nl},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Brain Mapping; Cell Shape, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Eye Movements, physiology; Gyrus Cinguli, physiology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Mechanoreceptors, physiology; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Movement, physiology; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated; Pyramidal Cells, cytology/physiology; Rats; Touch, physiology; Vibrissae, innervation/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {15514982},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Brecht:2004a,
  author      = {Brecht, Michael and Schneider, Miriam and Sakmann, Bert and Margrie, Troy W.},
  title       = {Whisker movements evoked by stimulation of single pyramidal cells in rat motor cortex.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {427},
  number      = {6976},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {704--710},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/nature02266},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02266},
  abstract    = {Neuronal activity in the motor cortex is understood to be correlated with movements, but the impact of action potentials (APs) in single cortical neurons on the generation of movement has not been fully determined. Here we show that trains of APs in single pyramidal cells of rat motor cortex can evoke long sequences of small whisker movements. For layer-5 pyramids, we find that evoked rhythmic movements have a constant phase relative to the AP train, indicating that single layer-5 pyramids can reset the rhythm of whisker movements. Action potentials evoked in layer-6 pyramids can generate bursts of rhythmic whisking, with a variable phase of movements relative to the AP train. An increasing number of APs decreases the latency to onset of movement, whereas AP frequency determines movement direction and amplitude. We find that the efficacy of cortical APs in evoking whisker movements is not dependent on background cortical activity and is greatly enhanced in waking rats. We conclude that in 
vibrissae motor cortex sparse AP activity can evoke movements.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. brecht@mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de},
  journal     = {Nature},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Motor Cortex, cytology/physiology; Movement; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vibrissae, physiology; Wakefulness, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {nature02266},
  pmid        = {14973477},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Brechtel:2006,
  author      = {Brechtel, K. and Tura, A. and Abdibzadeh, M. and Hirsch, S. and Conrad, S. and Schwab, J. M.},
  title       = {Intrinsic locomotor outcome in dorsal transection of rat spinal cord: predictive value of minimal incision depth.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {44},
  number      = {10},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {605--613},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/sj.sc.3101894},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101894},
  abstract    = {Experimental, prospective, blinded, animal study.Subtotal transection models in rodents are widely used in spinal cord injury (SCI) research. In this model, we investigate the effect of the dorso-ventral incision depth (ID) of the spinal cord on functional locomotor outcome using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scale. We introduce the minimal incision depth (ID(min)) and the average lesion depth (ID(mean)) as reliable, fast and easily available predictive parameters for intrinsic locomotor function.Tuebingen, Germany.Dorsal over-hemisection at the level of T8 was performed in male Lewis rats. Functional outcome 4 weeks after SCI and histological analysis of the lesion were studied and correlated in 36 animals. Animals reaching weight support (BBB> or =9) were considered as having reached functional recovery. Data analysis was performed in linear (ordinary least squares; OLS) and nonlinear (logistic) regression models for correlation of histological parameters and functional outcome.BBB 
scores revealed a strong correlation with ID(mean) and ID(min), showing a higher value in predicting functional outcome for the latter parameter. Based on logistic regression analysis, animals with an ID(min) of 69\% would have a 95\% probability of reaching weight support.These results demonstrate that histological analysis is crucial when functional outcome parameters are used in the dorsal over-hemisection SCI model. A simple and feasible histological evaluation can reliably predict spontaneous functional locomotor recovery in dorsal transection models and could provide a simple tool to identify treatment effects of new experimental therapeutic approaches.},
  institution = {Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.},
  journal     = {Spinal Cord},
  keywords    = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Contusions, pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Indoles, diagnostic use; Locomotion, physiology; Male; Predictive Value of Tests; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Recovery of Function; Regression Analysis; Spinal Cord Injuries, pathology/physiopathology; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3101894},
  pmid        = {16389269},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Breckenridge:1975,
  author      = {Breckenridge, W. C. and Kuksis, A.},
  title       = {Triacylglycerol biosynthesis in everted sacs of rat intestinal mucosa.},
  year        = {1975},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {53},
  number      = {11},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1184--1195},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1139/o75-163},
  abstract    = {The molecular specificity of the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols by rat intestinal mucosa was examined by means of radioactive and mass tracers, and thin-layer chromatography with silver nitrate and gas-liquid chromatography with radioactivity monitoring. Bile salt micelles of alternately labeled monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids were incubated with everted sacs of intestinal mucosa for various periods of time and the triacylglycerols isolated by solvent extraction and thin-layer chromatography. Analyses of the molecular species of the triacylglycerols labeled from monoacylglycerols showed that the 2-monoacylglycerol pathway was responsible for the biosynthesis of a maximum of 90\% and the X-1-monoacylglycerol pathway for about 10\% of the total radioactive triacylglycerols. Detailed analyses of the molecular species of triacylglycerols labeled fro free fatty acids showed that the phosphatidic acid pathway contributed a minimum of 20-30\% of the total labeled triacylglycerol formed. 
There was a preferential utilization in triacylglycerol biosynthesis of the more unsaturated diacylglycerols arising from the monoacylglycerol pathway and of the more saturated diacylglycerols originating from the phosphatidic acid pathway. The above experiments do not allow a demonstration of the utilization of the sn-2,3-diacylglycerols in triacylglycerol biosynthesis but are not inconsistent with it.},
  journal     = {Can J Biochem},
  keywords    = {Animals; Chromatography, Gas; Intestinal Mucosa, metabolism; Intestine, Small, metabolism; Lipase; Male; Pancreas, enzymology; Rats; Triglycerides, biosynthesis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1192260},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Brecknell:1996,
  author      = {J. E. Brecknell and J. S. Du and E. Muir and P. S. Fidler and M. L. Hlavin and S. B. Dunnett and J. W. Fawcett},
  title       = {Bridge grafts of fibroblast growth factor-4-secreting schwannoma cells promote functional axonal regeneration in the nigrostriatal pathway of the adult rat.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {74},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {775--784},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(96)00167-4},
  abstract    = {Axons damaged in the adult mammalian central nervous system are able to regenerate when their inhibitory glial environment is replaced with a more permissive substrate. Here, we have used long oblique "bridge" grafts of fibroblast growth factor-4-transfected RN-22 schwannoma cells to allow mechanically lesioned nigrostriatal axons to regenerate back to their original target in the adult rat brain. Regenerated axons were able to leave the bridge graft to form terminal arborizations and increase the density of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibres within the striatum. Bridge grafting also resulted in an increase in the number of neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta taking up the fluorescent retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold from the striatum. Animals which had received RN-22 bridge grafts showed lower rates of amphetamine-induced rotation 10 weeks after a mechanical lesion of the nigrostriatal tract compared to lesioned controls, the magnitude of the behavioural effect being 
related to the number of regenerated axons, and this comparative reduction was reversed by mechanical section of the bridge graft. It is concluded that our bridge grafting strategy allowed the partial anatomical and functional regeneration of the mechanically lesioned nigrostriatal tract, an unmyelinated central axon bundle, and that bridge grafting therefore represents a realistic approach to the repair of central nervous system lesions involving axon tract damage.},
  institution = {Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, U.K.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Amphetamine; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology; Corpus Striatum, physiology; Fibroblast Growth Factor 4; Fibroblast Growth Factors, secretion; Fluorescent Dyes; Male; Motor Activity, drug effects; Neoplasm Transplantation; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Nerve Regeneration; Neurilemmoma, secretion; Proto-Oncogene Proteins, secretion; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Superior Cervical Ganglion, physiology; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306452296001674},
  pmid        = {8884773},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brecknell:1995,
  author      = {Brecknell, J. E. and Dunnett, S. B. and Fawcett, J. W.},
  title       = {A quantitative study of cell death in the substantia nigra following a mechanical lesion of the medial forebrain bundle.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {64},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {219--227},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(94)00370-k},
  abstract    = {An extruding wire knife was used to give adult male CFHB rats a minimally traumatic unilateral mechanical lesion of the medial forebrain bundle. In addition, some rats received bilateral intrastriatal injections of one of three fluorescent retrograde tracers either eight days before or eight days after the lesion. Injections made after the lesion revealed that about half of the animals had complete lesions of the nigrostriatal tract, while the other half were incompletely lesioned, the mean proportion of non-axotomized neurons being 23\%. Over the 10 weeks following the lesions, the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells in the lesioned substantia nigra fell linearly, reaching a mean of 29\% of that of the control substantia nigra. In the animals which were completely lesioned, neuronal survival at 10 weeks varied between 6 and 12\%. That the disappearance of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons was due to cell death rather than the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase itself was 
confirmed by labelling the cells with Fluoro Gold before axotomy; the tracer was seen in survival neurons, microglia and in a few involuted neurons which continued to be tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive. This percentage of neurons surviving axotomy corresponds to the proportion of substantia nigra neurons which project to the contralateral striatum, and these neurons were in the region of the substantia nigra from which the contralateral projection originated. It is concluded that following mechanical transection of the nigrostriatal tract, all truly axotomized substantia nigra neurons die over a period of about 10 weeks.},
  institution = {Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, U.K.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Survival; Corpus Striatum, physiology; Immunochemistry; Male; Medial Forebrain Bundle, physiology; Nerve Degeneration; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Photomicrography; Rats; Substantia Nigra, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(94)00370-K},
  pmid        = {7708207},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Brecknell:1996a,
  author      = {J. E. Brecknell and N. S. Haque and J. S. Du and E. M. Muir and P. S. Fidler and M. L. Hlavin and J. W. Fawcett and S. B. Dunnett},
  title       = {Functional and anatomical reconstruction of the 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned nigrostriatal system of the adult rat.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {71},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {913--925},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00509-9},
  abstract    = {In an attempt to reconstruct the 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned nigrostriatal system of the adult rat we have combined homotopic grafting of embryonic ventral mesencephalon suspensions with the implantation of long oblique "bridge" grafts of fibroblast growth factor-4-transfected RN-22 schwannoma cells stretching from the site of the neuronal grafts to the striatum. At seven weeks after receiving both grafts, animals were killed and processed for immunohistochemistry against tyrosine hydroxylase. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons were seen to extend from the nigral grafts, along the bridge graft to the striatum where terminal arborizations could be seen. The retrograde tracer Fluoro-gold was injected intrastriatally in some of the experimental animals and was taken up by grafted neurons confirming their projection to the striatum. In parallel to the anatomical reconstruction of the system, a decrease in amphetamine-induced rotation was demonstrated in those animals receiving both grafts 
which had received > 98\% complete lesions. This decrease was greatest in those animals with the most tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons in their bridge grafts. The presence of the bridge graft also led to an increase in neuronal graft survival with twice as many tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons being found in the grafts of those animals that had received both grafts compared to those that had received a neuronal graft but no bridge graft.},
  institution = {Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, U.K.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Amphetamine, pharmacology; Animals; Axons, enzymology/immunology/physiology; Behavior, Animal, drug effects; Brain Tissue Transplantation; Cell Line, transplantation; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/drug effects; Dopamine, physiology; Efferent Pathways; Female; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Mesencephalon, cytology; Neurons, cytology/enzymology/ultrastructure; Oxidopamine, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rotation; Schwann Cells, transplantation; Stilbamidines; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/drug effects; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306452295005099},
  pmid        = {8684622},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Breedlove:1986,
  author      = {Breedlove, S. M.},
  title       = {Cellular analyses of hormone influence on motoneuronal development and function.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {157--176},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/neu.480170304},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.480170304},
  abstract    = {The striated bulbocavernosus (BC) muscles of the rodent perineum are innervated by motoneurons in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB). In adulthood, the BC muscles are present in males only. However, newborn female rats have BC muscles, and SNB cells have made both anatomical and functional contact with them. Nevertheless, both motoneurons and muscles will degenerate unless androgens are administered perinatally. Such androgen treatment appears to be acting primarily on the BC muscles themselves, since the muscles are spared by androgen even after the loss of supraspinal neural afferents or even the entire lumbosacral spinal cord. Furthermore, androgen can spare SNB motoneurons that are themselves androgen insensitive. Perinatal steroid treatments can also alter the final spinal location of SNB cells as determined by retrograde tracing studies. Androgen continues to modify the morphology of the SNB system in adulthood, altering the size of both motoneurons and targets, which may 
be important for the reproductive function of BC muscles. Finally, the sexually dimorphic character of motoneuronal groups innervating perineal muscles seems to be common in mammals, since the homologue of the SNB, Onuf's nucleus, has more cells in males than in females in both dogs and humans.},
  journal     = {J Neurobiol},
  keywords    = {Aging; Androgens, metabolism/physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain, physiology; Cell Differentiation; Cell Survival; Circadian Rhythm; Dihydrotestosterone, physiology; Female; Humans; Light; Male; Motor Neurons, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Muscle Development; Muscles, innervation; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Perineum, drug effects/innervation/physiology; Pregnancy; Rats; Receptors, Androgen, physiology; Sex Differentiation, drug effects; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3519862},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bregman:1991,
  author      = {B. S. Bregman and H. Bernstein-Goral},
  title       = {Both regenerating and late-developing pathways contribute to transplant-induced anatomical plasticity after spinal cord lesions at birth.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {112},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {49--63},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0014-4886(91)90113-q},
  abstract    = {Fetal spinal cord transplants prevent the retrograde cell death of immature axotomized central nervous system (CNS) neurons and provide a terrain which supports axonal elongation in the injured immature spinal cord. The current experiments were designed to determine whether the axons which grow across the site of the neonatal lesion and transplant are derived from axotomized neurons and are therefore regenerating or whether the axons which grow across the transplant are late-growing axons that have not been axotomized directly. We have used an experimental paradigm of midthoracic spinal cord lesion plus transplant at birth and temporally spaced retrograde tracing with the fluorescent tracers fast blue (FB) and diamidino yellow (DY) to address this issue. Fast blue was placed into the site of a spinal cord hemisection in rat pups less than 48 h old. After 3-6 h to allow uptake and transport of the tracer, the source of fast blue was removed by aspiration and the lesion was enlarged to an "
over-hemisection." A transplant of Embryonic Day 14 fetal spinal cord tissue was placed into the lesion site. The animals survived 3-6 weeks prior to the injection of the second tracer (DY) bilaterally into the host spinal cord caudal to the lesion plus transplant. Neurons with late-developing axons would not be exposed to the first dye (FB), but could only be exposed to the second tracer, diamidino yellow. Thus, neurons with a diamidino yellow-labeled nucleus are interpreted as "late-developing" neurons. Neurons axotomized by midthoracic spinal cord lesion at birth could be exposed to the first tracer, fast blue. If after axotomy they regrew caudal to the transplant, they could be labeled by the second tracer as well. We interpret these double-labeled neurons as regenerating neurons. If neurons labeled with fast blue and axotomized by the spinal cord hemisection either failed to regenerate or grew into the transplant but not caudal to it, they would be labeled only by the first dye. We have examined the 
pattern and distribution of single (FB or DY)- and double (FB + DY)-labeled neurons in the sensorimotor cortex, red nucleus, locus coeruleus, and raphe nuclei. The sensorimotor cortex contains only DY-labeled neurons. The red nucleus contains both FB- and FB + DY-labeled neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Fetal Tissue Transplantation, physiology; Locus Coeruleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Nerve Regeneration; Neuronal Plasticity; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Red Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology/transplantation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1707369},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bregman:1989,
  Title                    = {Extension of the critical period for developmental plasticity of the corticospinal pathway.},
  Author                   = {B. S. Bregman and E. Kunkel-Bagden and M. McAtee and A. O'Neill},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {355--370},
  Volume                   = {282},

  Abstract                 = {The corticospinal tract (CST) of the rat undergoes a prolonged period of postnatal development. Lesions of the presumptive CST pathway at birth are followed by the aberrant rerouting of the developing corticospinal axons around the lesion site through adjacent undamaged CNS tissue. This developmental plasticity becomes severely restricted by 5-6 days of age, so the axons are no longer capable of growth around the site of injury. The aim of the current study was to determine whether altering the environment at the site of injury by filling the lesion with transplanted fetal spinal cord tissue could prolong the critical period for developmental plasticity of the corticospinal pathway. The spinal cord was damaged (overhemisection) at three stages in the development of the corticospinal (CS) pathway: 1) prior to the arrival of CS axons, 2) after the axons elongated through the cord but prior to synaptogenesis, and 3) after both axonal elongation and synaptogenesis were completed. 
One to 9 months later, anterograde neuronal tracing with horseradish peroxidase was used to assess the growth of the corticospinal pathway with or without a fetal transplant at the site of injury, and the pattern of labeling was compared with that observed in adult nonlesioned control animals. Our results indicate that the presence of a transplant prolongs the critical period for developmental plasticity of the CST. Transplants elicited growth of CST axons throughout the postnatal period examined. CST axons damaged prior to synaptogenesis exhibited more robust growth than those lesioned after synaptogenesis had been completed. These results suggest that both environmental and neuronal factors interact to regulate the response of immature CS neurons to injury.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902820304},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C. 2007.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, growth /&/ development; Nerve Tissue, transplantation; Neural Pathways, growth /&/ development; Neuronal Plasticity; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, growth /&/ development},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2715387},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902820304}
}

@Article{Brehme:2013,
  author      = {Brehme, Cheryl S. and Tracey, Jeff A. and McClenaghan, Leroy R. and Fisher, Robert N.},
  title       = {Permeability of roads to movement of scrubland lizards and small mammals.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {27},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {710--720},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/cobi.12081},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12081},
  abstract    = {A primary objective of road ecology is to understand and predict how roads affect connectivity of wildlife populations. Road avoidance behavior can fragment populations, whereas lack of road avoidance can result in high mortality due to wildlife-vehicle collisions. Many small animal species focus their activities to particular microhabitats within their larger habitat. We sought to assess how different types of roads affect the movement of small vertebrates and to explore whether responses to roads may be predictable on the basis of animal life history or microhabitat preferences preferences. We tracked the movements of fluorescently marked animals at 24 sites distributed among 3 road types: low-use dirt, low-use secondary paved, and rural 2-lane highway. Most data we collected were on the San Diego pocket mouse (Chaetodipus fallax), cactus mouse (Peromyscus eremicus), western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis), orange-throated whiptail (Aspidoscelis hyperythra), Dulzura kangaroo rat (
Dipodomys simulans) (dirt, secondary paved), and deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) (highway only). San Diego pocket mice and cactus mice moved onto dirt roads but not onto a low-use paved road of similar width or onto the highway, indicating they avoid paved road substrate. Both lizard species moved onto the dirt and secondary paved roads but avoided the rural 2-lane rural highway, indicating they may avoid noise, vibration, or visual disturbance from a steady flow of traffic. Kangaroo rats did not avoid the dirt or secondary paved roads. Overall, dirt and secondary roads were more permeable to species that prefer to forage or bask in open areas of their habitat, rather than under the cover of rocks or shrubs. However, all study species avoided the rural 2-lane highway. Our results suggest that microhabitat use preferences and road substrate help predict species responses to low-use roads, but roads with heavy traffic may deter movement of a much wider range of small animal species.},
  institution = {Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 4165 Spruance Road, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92101-0812, USA. cbrehme@usgs.gov},
  journal     = {Conserv Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; California; Conservation of Natural Resources, methods; Ecosystem; Fluorescence; Lizards, physiology; Locomotion, physiology; Rodentia, physiology; Species Specificity; Transportation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {23772966},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Breit:2008,
  author      = {S. Breit and A. Martin and L. Lessmann and D. Cerkez and T. Gasser and J. B. Schulz},
  title       = {Bilateral changes in neuronal activity of the basal ganglia in the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine rat model.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {86},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {1388--1396},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/jnr.21588},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.21588},
  abstract    = {The functional significance of the interhemispheric projections on the basal ganglia level is poorly understood. Insofar as the anatomical evidence for crossing projections between basal ganglia nuclei is sparse, whereas tracing studies demonstrated important crossing projections from the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) to the basal ganglia, it is suggested that the PPN might play a key role in interhemispheric regulation of basal ganglia activity. The present study was performed to assess changes in neuronal activity of ipsilateral and contralateral subthalamic nucleus (STN), substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), and PPN in the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of advanced PD under urethane anesthesia. After unilateral lesioning of the SNc, the firing rate of contralateral STN neurons significantly increased from 10.9 +/- 1.0 spikes/sec (mean +/- SEM) to 16.3 +/- 1.5 spikes/sec. Similarly, the firing rate of contralateral SNr neurons significantly increased from 19.4 +/- 1.2 
to 25.7 +/- 1.9 spikes/sec, and the firing rate of contralateral PPN neurons significantly increased from 10.6 +/- 0.8 to 13.9 +/- 1.1 spikes/sec. The observed activity changes in contralateral STN, SNr, and PPN are similar to those induced in the corresponding nuclei of the hemisphere ipsilateral to the nigrostriatal degeneration. Based on previous, predominantly anatomical data, the results of the present study suggest that the PPN on the lesioned side is at the origin of changes in the activity of STN and SNr on the contralateral hemisphere, because of its crossing efferent projections.},
  institution = {Center of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. sorin.breit@uni-tuebingen.de},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Res},
  keywords    = {Adrenergic Agents, toxicity; Animals; Basal Ganglia, metabolism/pathology; Electroencephalography; Functional Laterality, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, metabolism/pathology; Oxidopamine, toxicity; Parkinsonian Disorders, metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {18061958},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brenhouse:2013,
  author      = {Brenhouse, Heather C. and Lukkes, Jodi L. and Andersen, Susan L.},
  title       = {Early life adversity alters the developmental profiles of addiction-related prefrontal cortex circuitry.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {3},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {143--158},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3390/brainsci3010143},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci3010143},
  abstract    = {Early adverse experience is a well-known risk factor for addictive behaviors later in life. Drug addiction typically manifests during adolescence in parallel with the later-developing prefrontal cortex (PFC). While it has been shown that dopaminergic modulation within the PFC is involved in addiction-like behaviors, little is known about how early adversity modulates its development. Here, we report that maternal separation stress (4 h per day between postnatal days 2-20) alters the development of the prelimbic PFC. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy revealed differences between maternally-separated and control rats in dopamine D1 and D2 receptor expression during adolescence, and specifically the expression of these receptors on projection neurons. In control animals, D1 and D2 receptors were transiently increased on all glutamatergic projection neurons, as well as specifically on PFC→nucleus accumbens projection neurons (identified with retrograde tracer). Maternal separation 
exacerbated the adolescent peak in D1 expression and blunted the adolescent peak in D2 expression on projection neurons overall. However, neurons retrogradely traced from the accumbens expressed lower levels of D1 during adolescence after maternal separation, compared to controls. Our findings reveal microcircuitry-specific changes caused by early life adversity that could help explain heightened vulnerability to drug addiction during adolescence.},
  institution = {McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St, Belmont, MA 02478, USA. sandersen@mclean.harvard.edu.},
  journal     = {Brain Sci},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {brainsci3010143},
  pmid        = {24961311},
  timestamp   = {10.03.2015},
}

@Article{Brenhouse:2008,
  Title                    = {Transient D1 dopamine receptor expression on prefrontal cortex projection neurons: relationship to enhanced motivational salience of drug cues in adolescence.},
  Author                   = {Brenhouse, Heather C. and Sonntag, Kai C. and Andersen, Susan L.},
  Journal                  = {J Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {2375--2382},
  Volume                   = {28},

  Abstract                 = {Adolescence is a transitional period during development that is associated with a greater likelihood of addiction to drugs than any other age. In the prefrontal cortex (PFC), D(1) dopamine receptors mediate motivational salience attribution, which plays a role in addiction. Here, we investigated the relationship of age-related D(1) dopamine receptor expression in the PFC with the maturation of cocaine place conditioning. Confocal microscopy revealed that retrogradely traced cortical output neurons to the nucleus accumbens express higher levels of D(1) receptors during adolescence compared with younger and older ages. D(1) expression does not change on GABAergic interneurons across age. Adolescent differences in D(1) expression occur independently of cortical-accumbens connectivity, which proliferates through adulthood. Behaviorally, adolescent rats are more sensitive to cocaine place conditioning than younger and older rats. However, microinjections of the D(1) antagonist 
SCH23390 into the PFC blocked adolescent place preferences, whereas microinjections of D(1) agonists dose-dependently increased preferences for cocaine-associated environments previously not preferred by juveniles. These results suggest that the heightened expression of D(1) receptors on cortical-accumbens projections may help explain increased sensitivity to environmental events and addictive behaviors during adolescence, whereas the paucity of D(1)-expressing projections may reduce risk in juveniles.},
  Doi                      = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5064-07.2008},
  Institution              = {McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine, pharmacology; Age Factors; Animals; Cocaine-Related Disorders, genetics/metabolism; Cues; Dopamine Agents, pharmacology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Neurons, physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Dopamine D1, agonists/biosynthesis/genetics},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {28/10/2375},
  Pmid                     = {18322084},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5064-07.2008}
}

@Article{Brenowitz:2006,
  author      = {Brenowitz, Stephan D. and Best, Aaron R. and Regehr, Wade G.},
  title       = {Sustained elevation of dendritic calcium evokes widespread endocannabinoid release and suppression of synapses onto cerebellar Purkinje cells.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {26},
  number      = {25},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {6841--6850},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1280-06.2006},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1280-06.2006},
  abstract    = {Endocannabinoids can act as retrograde messengers that allow postsynaptic cells to regulate the strength of their synaptic inputs. In the cerebellum, Purkinje cells (PCs) release endocannabinoids through two mechanisms. Synaptic activation evokes local endocannabinoid release that relies on a pathway that involves the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1 and phospholipase-C (PLC). In contrast, depolarization evokes endocannabinoid release from the entire dendritic arbor. This leads to depolarization-induced suppression of inhibitory (DSI) and excitatory (DSE) synapses by a mechanism that does not involve mGluR1 or PLC. This latter mechanism of endocannabinoid release has only been observed under artificial conditions that transiently elevate postsynaptic calcium to >5 microm. Here, we tested the possibility that this mechanism could lead to retrograde inhibition in response to more realistic calcium signals. At both climbing fiber and inhibitory synapses onto PCs, we found that prolonging 
the elevation of calcium significantly lowered the peak calcium required to evoke PLC-independent endocannabinoid release. This suggests that the mechanism of endocannabinoid release involved in DSI and DSE is likely to evoke endocannabinoid release in response to physiologically relevant levels of calcium. When dendritic calcium was elevated to 0.4-1 microm for 15 s or more, endocannabinoid release from PCs selectively suppressed inhibitory synapses. This suggests that inhibitory synapses are more sensitive to prolonged calcium increases. Thus, in contrast to localized retrograde inhibition evoked by synaptic activation, modest but sustained calcium elevation could globally suppress inhibitory synapses onto PCs.},
  institution = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calcium, metabolism; Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators, metabolism; Cerebellum, cytology; Dendrites, metabolism; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Electric Stimulation, methods; Endocannabinoids; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Membrane Potentials, drug effects/physiology/radiation effects; Neural Inhibition, drug effects/physiology/radiation effects; Patch-Clamp Techniques, methods; Piperidines, pharmacology; Purkinje Cells, cytology/metabolism; Pyrazoles, pharmacology; Quinoxalines, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, drug effects/physiology; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {26/25/6841},
  pmid        = {16793891},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Brenowitz:2005,
  author      = {Brenowitz, Stephan D. and Regehr, Wade G.},
  title       = {Associative short-term synaptic plasticity mediated by endocannabinoids.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {45},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {419--431},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.045},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.045},
  abstract    = {Associative learning is important on rapid timescales, but no suitable form of short-term plasticity has been identified that is both associative and synapse specific. Here, we assess whether endocannabinoids can mediate such plasticity. In the cerebellum, bursts of parallel fiber (PF) activity evoke endocannabinoid release from Purkinje cell dendrites that results in retrograde synaptic inhibition lasting seconds. We find that the powerful climbing fiber (CF) to Purkinje cell synapse regulates this inhibition. Compared to PF stimulation alone, coactivation of PF and CF synapses greatly enhanced endocannabinoid-mediated inhibition of PF synapses. Retrograde inhibition was restricted to PFs activated within several hundred milliseconds of CF activation. This associative plasticity reflects two aspects of calcium-dependent endocannabinoid release. First, PF-mediated activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors locally reduced the dendritic calcium levels required for endocannabinoid release. 
Second, CF and PF coactivation evoked localized supralinear dendritic calcium signals. Thus, endocannabinoids mediate transient associative synaptic plasticity.},
  institution = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.},
  journal     = {Neuron},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Calcium Signaling, physiology; Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators, physiology; Cerebellar Cortex, cytology/physiology; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Electric Stimulation; Endocannabinoids; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Organ Culture Techniques; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Purkinje Cells, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time, physiology; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, physiology; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0896-6273(05)00016-4},
  pmid        = {15694328},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bresnahan:1984,
  author      = {Bresnahan, J. C. and Ho, R. H. and Beattie, M. S.},
  title       = {A comparison of the ultrastructure of substance P and enkephalin-immunoreactive elements in the nucleus of the dorsal lateral funiculus and laminae I and II of the rat spinal cord.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {229},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {497--511},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902290405},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902290405},
  abstract    = {The ultrastructure of substance P (SP)- and enkephalin (ENK)-immunoreactive elements in the nucleus of the dorsal lateral funiculus (NDLF) and in laminae I and II of the spinal cord was examined in the rat using the peroxidate-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. Electron-microscopic observations were made of a large number of immunolabelled terminals (n = 428; many followed in serial sections), axons, and immunoreactive cell bodies and dendrites which were occasionally encountered. Morphometric analysis was used to describe and compare the fine structural features of immunolabelled elements. Both SP- and ENK-immunoreactive terminals contained clear synaptic vesicles and dense-cored vesicles of similar size but the ENK-immunoreactive profiles contained significantly more dense-cored vesicles than SP-immunolabelled profiles. Both SP- and ENK-immunoreactive profiles in the dorsal laminae of the dorsal horn contacted mainly smaller dendritic elements. Only rarely were axo-axonic interactions noted. 
The NDLF contains widely scattered cell bodies dispersed within a neuropil which is rich in synaptic complexes and is interdigitated between fascicles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Numerous SP- and ENK-immunoreactive profiles were observed in the NDLF, many of which made asymmetric synaptic contacts with NDLF neurons. Although both the dorsal gray and NDLF contain large numbers of SP- and ENK-immunoreactive elements which are similar in morphology in both regions, the NDLF can be distinguished from laminae I and II by a number of criteria, including the nature of the neuropil, principle sources of SP innervation, and the termination patterns of ascending projections.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Enkephalins, analysis; Ganglia, Spinal, ultrastructure; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Microscopy, Electron, methods; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology/ultrastructure; Substance P, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6209309},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Breton:2008,
  author      = {Breton, Jean-Didier and Veinante, Pierre and Uhl-Bronner, Sandra and Vergnano, Angela Maria and Freund-Mercier, Marie José and Schlichter, Rémy and Poisbeau, Pierrick},
  title       = {Oxytocin-induced antinociception in the spinal cord is mediated by a subpopulation of glutamatergic neurons in lamina I-II which amplify GABAergic inhibition.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {4},
  pages       = {19},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1186/1744-8069-4-19},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-8069-4-19},
  abstract    = {Recent evidence suggests that oxytocin (OT), secreted in the superficial spinal cord dorsal horn by descending axons of paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) neurons, produces antinociception and analgesia. The spinal mechanism of OT is, however, still unclear and requires further investigation. We have used patch clamp recording of lamina II neurons in spinal cord slices and immunocytochemistry in order to identify PVN-activated neurons in the superficial layers of the spinal cord and attempted to determine how this neuronal population may lead to OT-mediated antinociception.We show that OT released during PVN stimulation specifically activates a subpopulation of lamina II glutamatergic interneurons which are localized in the most superficial layers of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (lamina I-II). This OT-specific stimulation of glutamatergic neurons allows the recruitment of all GABAergic interneurons in lamina II which produces a generalized elevation of local inhibition, a 
phenomenon which might explain the reduction of incoming Adelta and C primary afferent-mediated sensory messages.Our results obtained in lamina II of the spinal cord provide the first clear evidence of a specific local neuronal network that is activated by OT release to induce antinociception. This OT-specific pathway might represent a novel and interesting therapeutic target for the management of neuropathic and inflammatory pain.},
  institution = {Department Nociception and Pain, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France. jean-didier.breton@anu.edu.au},
  journal     = {Mol Pain},
  keywords    = {Analgesia, methods; Animals; Electrophysiology; GABA Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Neurons, physiology; Oxytocin, physiology/secretion; Pain, drug therapy; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, secretion; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, cytology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {1744-8069-4-19},
  pmid        = {18510735},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Brett:1994,
  author      = {B. Brett and S. Di and L. Watkins and D. S. Barth},
  title       = {A horseradish peroxidase study of parallel thalamocortical projections responsible for the generation of mid-latency auditory-evoked potentials.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {647},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {65--75},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)91399-4},
  abstract    = {Mid-latency auditory-evoked potentials (MAEP) were recorded from the parietotemporal region of the rat using a high spatial resolution epicortical multielectrode array. Horseradish peroxidase was injected into regions of primary and secondary auditory cortex which generate spatially and temporally distinct components of the MAEP complex to retrogradely label their thalamocortical projections. These data provide anatomical evidence for three parallel thalamocortical projection systems, originating in the ventral, dorsal and medial subdivisions of the medial geniculate nucleus, which may be responsible for the asynchronous activation of three distinct subpopulations of cortical neurons giving rise to components of the MAEP complex. Specific and non-specific characteristics of the thalamocortical projections are discussed.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder 80309-0345.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, physiology; Brain Mapping; Evoked Potentials, Auditory; Horseradish Peroxidase; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {0006-8993(94)91399-4},
  pmid        = {8069706},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brett-Green:2003a,
  author      = {Brett-Green, Barbara and Fifkov{\'{a}}, Eva and Larue, David T. and Winer, Jeffery A. and Barth, Daniel S.},
  title       = {A multisensory zone in rat parietotemporal cortex: intra- and extracellular physiology and thalamocortical connections.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {460},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {223--237},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.10637},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10637},
  abstract    = {Multisensory integration is essential for the expression of complex behaviors in humans and animals. However, few studies have investigated the neural sites where multisensory integration may occur. Therefore, we used electrophysiology and retrograde labeling to study a region of the rat parietotemporal cortex that responds uniquely to auditory and somatosensory multisensory stimulation. This multisensory responsiveness suggests a functional organization resembling multisensory association cortex in cats and primates. Extracellular multielectrode surface mapping defined a region between auditory and somatosensory cortex where responses to combined auditory/somatosensory stimulation were larger in amplitude and earlier in latency than responses to either stimulus alone. Moreover, multisensory responses were nonlinear and differed from the summed unimodal responses. Intracellular recording found almost exclusively multisensory cells that responded to both unisensory and multisensory 
stimulation with excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and/or action potentials, conclusively defining a multisensory zone (MZ). In addition, intracellular responses were similar to extracellular recordings, with larger and earlier EPSPs evoked by multisensory stimulation, and interactions suggesting nonlinear postsynaptic summation to combined stimuli. Thalamic input to MZ from unimodal auditory and somatosensory thalamic relay nuclei and from multisensory thalamic regions support the idea that parallel thalamocortical projections may drive multisensory functions as strongly as corticocortical projections. Whereas the MZ integrates uni- and multisensory thalamocortical afferent streams, it may ultimately influence brainstem multisensory structures such as the superior colliculus.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Survival, physiology; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, physiology; Extracellular Space, physiology; Intracellular Fluid, physiology; Male; Parietal Lobe, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Temporal Lobe, physiology; Thalamus, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12687687},
  timestamp   = {20.04.2016},
}

@Article{Brett-Green:2003,
  Title                    = {A multisensory zone in rat parietotemporal cortex: intra- and extracellular physiology and thalamocortical connections.},
  Author                   = {Barbara Brett-Green and Eva Fifková and David T Larue and Jeffery A Winer and Daniel S Barth},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {223--237},
  Volume                   = {460},

  Abstract                 = {Multisensory integration is essential for the expression of complex behaviors in humans and animals. However, few studies have investigated the neural sites where multisensory integration may occur. Therefore, we used electrophysiology and retrograde labeling to study a region of the rat parietotemporal cortex that responds uniquely to auditory and somatosensory multisensory stimulation. This multisensory responsiveness suggests a functional organization resembling multisensory association cortex in cats and primates. Extracellular multielectrode surface mapping defined a region between auditory and somatosensory cortex where responses to combined auditory/somatosensory stimulation were larger in amplitude and earlier in latency than responses to either stimulus alone. Moreover, multisensory responses were nonlinear and differed from the summed unimodal responses. Intracellular recording found almost exclusively multisensory cells that responded to both unisensory and 
multisensory stimulation with excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and/or action potentials, conclusively defining a multisensory zone (MZ). In addition, intracellular responses were similar to extracellular recordings, with larger and earlier EPSPs evoked by multisensory stimulation, and interactions suggesting nonlinear postsynaptic summation to combined stimuli. Thalamic input to MZ from unimodal auditory and somatosensory thalamic relay nuclei and from multisensory thalamic regions support the idea that parallel thalamocortical projections may drive multisensory functions as strongly as corticocortical projections. Whereas the MZ integrates uni- and multisensory thalamocortical afferent streams, it may ultimately influence brainstem multisensory structures such as the superior colliculus.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.10637},
  Institution              = {Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cell Survival, physiology; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, physiology; Extracellular Space, physiology; Intracellular Fluid, physiology; Male; Parietal Lobe, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Temporal Lobe, physiology; Thalamus, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pmid                     = {12687687},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10637}
}

@Article{Bretzner:2008,
  author      = {Frederic Bretzner and Jie Liu and Erin Currie and A. Jane Roskams and Wolfram Tetzlaff},
  title       = {Undesired effects of a combinatorial treatment for spinal cord injury--transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells and BDNF infusion to the red nucleus.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {28},
  number      = {9},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1795--1807},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06462.x},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06462.x},
  abstract    = {Transplantations of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have been reported to promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury, but have demonstrated limited growth promotion of rat rubrospinal axons after a cervical dorsolateral funiculus crush. Rubrospinal neurons undergo massive atrophy after cervical axotomy and show only transient expression of regeneration-associated genes. Cell body treatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) prevents this atrophy, stimulates regeneration-associated gene expression and promotes regeneration of rubrospinal axons into peripheral nerve transplants. Here, we hypothesized that the failure of rubrospinal axons to regenerate through a bridge of OEC transplants was due to this weak intrinsic cell body response. Hence, we combined BDNF treatment of rubrospinal neurons with transplantation of highly enriched OECs derived from the nasal mucosa and assessed axonal regeneration as well as behavioral changes after a cervical 
dorsolateral funiculus crush. Each treatment alone as well as their combination prevented the dieback of the rubrospinal axons, but none of them promoted rubrospinal regeneration beyond the lesion/transplantation site. Motor performance in a food-pellet reaching test and forelimb usage during vertical exploration (cylinder test) were more impaired after combining transplantation of OECs with BDNF treatment. This impaired motor performance correlated with lowered sensory thresholds in animals receiving the combinatorial therapy - which were not seen with each treatment alone. Only this combinatorial treatment group showed enhanced sprouting of calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive axons rostral to the lesion site. Hence, some combinatorial treatments, such as OECs with BDNF, may have undesired effects in the injured spinal cord.},
  institution = {ICORD (International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries), Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axotomy, adverse effects; Brain Tissue Transplantation, adverse effects; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, adverse effects; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Efferent Pathways, drug effects/injuries/physiopathology; Growth Cones, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Movement Disorders, drug therapy/physiopathology/surgery; Nerve Regeneration, drug effects/physiology; Neuroglia, cytology/metabolism/transplantation; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects/physiology; Olfactory Bulb, cytology/metabolism/transplantation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Red Nucleus, drug effects/physiopathology; Retrograde Degeneration, drug therapy/physiopathology/prevention /&/ control; Sensory Thresholds, physiology; Spinal Cord Injuries, drug therapy/physiopathology/surgery},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {EJN6462},
  pmid        = {18973595},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brevik:2001,
  author      = {Brevik, A. and Leergaard, T. B. and Svanevik, M. and Bjaalie, J. G.},
  title       = {Three-dimensional computerised atlas of the rat brain stem precerebellar system: approaches for mapping, visualization, and comparison of spatial distribution data.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {204},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {319--332},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s004290100202},
  abstract    = {Comparisons of microscopical neuroanatomic data from different experiments and investigators are typically hampered by the use of different section planes and dissimilar techniques for data documentation. We have developed a framework for visualization and comparison of section-based, spatial distribution data, in brain stem nuclei. This framework provides opportunities for harmonized data presentation in neuroinformatics databases. Three-dimensional computerized reconstructions of the rat brain stem and precerebellar nuclei served as a basis for establishing internal coordinate systems for the pontine nuclei and the precerebellar divisions of the sensory trigeminal nuclei. Coordinate based diagrams were used for presentation of experimental data (spatial distribution of labelled neurons and axonal plexuses) from standard angles of view. Each nuclear coordinate system was based on a cuboid bounding box with a defined orientation. The bounding box was size-adjusted to touch cyto- and 
myeloarchitectonically defined boundaries of the individual nuclei, or easily identifiable nearby landmarks. We exemplify the use of these internal coordinate systems with dual retrograde neural tracing data from pontocerebellar and trigeminocerebellar systems. The new experimental data were combined, in the same coordinate based diagrams, with previously published data made available via a neuroinformatics data repository (www.nesys.uio.no/Database, see also www.cerebellum.org). Three-dimensional atlasing, internal nuclear coordinate systems, and consistent formats for presentation of neuroanatomic data in web-based data repositories, offer new opportunities for efficient analysis and re-analysis of neuroanatomic data.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.},
  journal     = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, methods; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11720236},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Breysse:2002,
  author      = {Breysse, Nathalie and Risterucci, Céline and Amalric, Marianne},
  title       = {D1 and D2 dopamine receptors contribute to the locomotor response induced by Group II mGluRs activation in the rat nucleus accumbens.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {73},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {347--357},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00851-1},
  abstract    = {Whereas the involvement of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) in the functional interaction between glutamate and dopamine (DA) systems in the nucleus accumbens (N. Acc.) is well established, the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) is less clear. This study was thus aimed to investigate the mechanisms involving DA and glutamate systems via mGluRs in the generation of motor activity in rats. Intra-accumbens infusion of the Group II agonist (2S,3S,4S)-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (L-CCG-I; 25, 50, 100 nmol) increased locomotor activity, whereas the Group I agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (S-3,5-DHPG) at the same doses had no effect. The effects of L-CCG-I were blocked by a selective Group II mGluRs antagonist (2S,3S,4S)-2-methyl-2-(carboxypropyl)glycine (MCCG; 50 nmol). The locomotor stimulant effect induced by L-CCG-I might be partly DA mediated, as it is abolished by a pretreatment with the DA receptor antagonist haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg ip) and potentiated by D-
amphetamine systemic injection (0.5 mg/kg sc). Furthermore, selective D1 (SCH 23390; 0.005, 0.01 and 0.02 mg/kg) or D2 (raclopride; 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) antagonists injected systemically were also effective in decreasing L-CCG-I induced hyperactivity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that stimulation of Group II but not Group I mGluRs contributes to the regulation of motor behavior in the N. Acc. and that this increased activity requires the activation of both D1 and D2 DA receptors.},
  institution = {CNRS and Université de la Méditerranée, France},
  journal     = {Pharmacol Biochem Behav},
  keywords    = {Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic, pharmacology; Animals; Benzazepines, pharmacology; Dopamine Antagonists, pharmacology; Drug Interactions; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Glycine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Male; Microinjections; Motor Activity, drug effects; Nucleus Accumbens, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects; Raclopride, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Dopamine D1, drug effects; Receptors, Dopamine D2, drug effects; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, agonists/antagonists /&/ inhibitors/drug effects; Resorcinols, pharmacology; Stimulation, Chemical},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0091305702008511},
  pmid        = {12117589},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Briaud:2001,
  author      = {Briaud, I. and Harmon, J. S. and Kelpe, C. L. and Segu, V. B. and Poitout, V.},
  title       = {Lipotoxicity of the pancreatic beta-cell is associated with glucose-dependent esterification of fatty acids into neutral lipids.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {50},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {315--321},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Prolonged exposure of isolated islets to supraphysiologic concentrations of palmitate decreases insulin gene expression in the presence of elevated glucose levels. This study was designed to determine whether or not this phenomenon is associated with a glucose-dependent increase in esterification of fatty acids into neutral lipids. Gene expression of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), three key enzymes of lipid metabolism, was detected in isolated rat islets. Their levels of expression were not affected after a 72-h exposure to elevated glucose and palmitate. To determine the effects of glucose on palmitate-induced neutral lipid synthesis, isolated rat islets were cultured for 72 h with trace amounts of [14C]palmitate with or without 0.5 mmol/l unlabeled palmitate, at 2.8 or 16.7 mmol/l glucose. Glucose increased incorporation of [14C]palmitate into complex lipids. Addition of exogenous palmitate directed 
lipid metabolism toward neutral lipid synthesis. As a result, neutral lipid mass was increased upon prolonged incubation with elevated palmitate only in the presence of high glucose. The ability of palmitate to increase neutral lipid synthesis in the presence of high glucose was concentration-dependent in HIT cells and was inversely correlated to insulin mRNA levels. 2-Bromopalmitate, an inhibitor of fatty acid mitochondrial beta-oxidation, reproduced the inhibitory effect of palmitate on insulin mRNA levels. In contrast, palmitate methyl ester, which is not metabolized, and the medium-chain fatty acid octanoate, which is readily oxidized, did not affect insulin gene expression, suggesting that fatty-acid inhibition of insulin gene expression requires activation of the esterification pathway. These results demonstrate that inhibition of insulin gene expression upon prolonged exposure of islets to palmitate is associated with a glucose-dependent increase in esterification of fatty acids into neutral lipids.},
  institution = {Pacific Northwest Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98122, USA.},
  journal     = {Diabetes},
  keywords    = {Acyltransferases, genetics; Animals; Caprylates, pharmacology; Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Esterification; Fatty Acids, metabolism; Gene Expression, physiology; Glucose, pharmacology/physiology; Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase, genetics; Insulin, genetics; Islets of Langerhans, metabolism; Lipids, biosynthesis; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Palmitates, pharmacology; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rats, Zucker; Sterol Esterase, genetics; Time Factors; Triglycerides, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11272142},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Brideau:2000,
  author      = {Brideau, A. D. and Card, J. P. and Enquist, L. W.},
  title       = {Role of pseudorabies virus Us9, a type II membrane protein, in infection of tissue culture cells and the rat nervous system.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {74},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {834--845},
  doi         = {10.1128/jvi.74.2.834-845.2000},
  abstract    = {The protein product of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) Us9 gene is a phosphorylated, type II membrane protein that is inserted into virion envelopes and accumulates in the trans-Golgi network. It is among a linked group of three envelope protein genes in the unique short region of the PRV genome which are absent from the attenuated Bartha strain. We found that two different Us9 null mutants exhibited no obvious phenotype after infection of PK15 cells in culture. Unlike those of gE and gI null mutants, the plaque size of Us9 null mutants on Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells was indistinguishable from that of wild-type virus. However, both of the Us9 null mutants exhibited a defect in anterograde spread in the visual and cortical circuitry of the rat. The visual system defect was characterized by restricted infection of a functionally distinct subset of visual projections involved in the temporal organization of behavior, whereas decreased anterograde spread of virus to the cortical projection 
targets was characteristic of animals receiving direct injections of virus into the cortex. Spread of virus through retrograde pathways in the brain was not compromised by a Us9 deletion. The virulence of the Us9 null mutants, as measured by time to death and appearance of symptoms of infection, also was reduced after their injection into the eye, but not after cortical injection. Through sequence analysis, construction of revertants, measurement of gE and gI protein synthesis in the Us9 null mutants, and mixed-infection studies of rats, we conclude that the restricted-spread phenotype after infection of the rat nervous system reflects the loss of Us9 and is not an indirect effect of the Us9 mutations on expression of glycoproteins gE and gI. Therefore, at least three viral envelope proteins, Us9, gE, and gI, function together to promote efficient anterograde transneuronal infection by PRV in the rat central nervous system.},
  institution = {Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.},
  journal     = {J Virol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, pathology/virology; Cattle; Cell Line; Central Nervous System Viral Diseases, virology; Eye, virology; Gene Deletion; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, growth /&/ development/physiology; Lipoproteins, genetics/physiology; Male; Models, Biological; Mutagenesis; Phenotype; Phosphoproteins, genetics/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, pathology/virology; Pseudorabies, virology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Swine; Viral Envelope Proteins, biosynthesis/genetics/physiology; Viral Proteins; Virulence},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10623746},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bridge:2015,
  author      = {Bridge, Holly and Leopold, David A. and Bourne, James A.},
  title       = {Adaptive Pulvinar Circuitry Supports Visual Cognition.},
  year        = {2015},
  language    = {eng},
  month       = {Nov},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.tics.2015.10.003},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.10.003},
  abstract    = {The pulvinar is the largest thalamic nucleus in primates and one of the most mysterious. Endeavors to understand its role in vision have focused on its abundant connections with the visual cortex. While its connectivity mapping in the cortex displays a broad topographic organization, its projections are also marked by considerable convergence and divergence. As a result, the pulvinar is often regarded as a central forebrain hub. Moreover, new evidence suggests that its comparatively modest input from structures such as the retina and superior colliculus may critically shape the functional organization of the visual cortex, particularly during early development. Here we review recent studies that cast fresh light on how the many convergent pathways through the pulvinar contribute to visual cognition.},
  institution = {Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia. Electronic address: James.Bourne@monash.edu.},
  journal     = {Trends Cogn Sci},
  medline-pst = {aheadofprint},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1364-6613(15)00253-3},
  pmid        = {26553222},
  timestamp   = {12.11.2015},
}

@Article{Bridges:1988,
  author      = {Bridges, R. J. and Garty, H. and Benos, D. J. and Rummel, W.},
  title       = {Na+ uptake into colonic enterocyte membrane vesicles.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {254},
  number      = {4 Pt 1},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {C484--C490},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://ajpcell.physiology.org/content/ajpcell/254/4/C484.full.pdf},
  abstract    = {Na+ uptake was studied in colonic enterocyte membrane vesicles prepared from normal and dexamethasone-treated rats. Vesicles from rats treated with dexamethasone demonstrated a fivefold greater 22Na+ uptake compared with vesicles from normal rats. Most of the tracer uptake in membranes derived from treated rats occurred through a conductive, amiloride-blockable pathway located in vesicles with low native K+ permeability and high Cl- permeability. Kinetic analysis of the amiloride inhibition curve revealed the presence of two amiloride-blockable pathways, one with a high affinity (Ki = 9 +/- 1.8 nM), accounting for 85\% of the uptake, and one with a low affinity (Ki = 2.2 +/- 0.71 microM), accounting for only 12\% of the uptake. Only the low-affinity pathway was detected with vesicles from normal rats. The high sensitivity to amiloride, the dependence on dexamethasone pretreatment, and the relative permeabilities to K+ and Cl- indicate that most of the 22Na+ uptake in membranes derived from 
treated rats is through a Na+-specific channel located in apical membrane vesicles. Preincubation of the isolated cells from dexamethasone-treated rats at 37 degrees C in Ca2+-free solutions before homogenization and membrane vesicle purification caused a 5- to 10-fold increase in amiloride-blockable 22Na+ uptake compared with vesicles derived from cells maintained at 0 degrees C. The addition of Ca2+, but not of Mg2+, to the incubation solution markedly reduced this temperature-dependent enhancement in 22Na+ uptake. The uptake of 22Na+ into vesicles from normal rats was unaffected by preincubation at 37 degrees C or the addition of Ca+ to the incubation solutions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Saarland, Hamburg/Saar, Federal Republic of Germany.},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Amiloride, pharmacology; Animals; Biological Transport, Active, drug effects; Cell Membrane, drug effects/metabolism; Colon, drug effects/metabolism; Dexamethasone, pharmacology; Epithelium, metabolism; Female; Kinetics; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reference Values; Sodium, metabolism; Valinomycin, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3354647},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Briggs:2010,
  author      = {Briggs, Farran},
  title       = {Organizing principles of cortical layer 6.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {4},
  pages       = {3},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3389/neuro.04.003.2010},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.04.003.2010},
  abstract    = {Neurons in the deepest layer of mammalian cerebral cortex are morphologically and physiological diverse and are situated in a strategic position to modulate neuronal activity locally and in other structures. The variety of neuronal circuits within which layer 6 neurons participate differs across species and cortical regions. However even amidst this diversity, common organizational features emerge. Examination of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of different classes of layer 6 neuron, each specialized to participate in distinct circuits, provides insight into the functional contributions of layer 6 neurons toward cortical information processing.},
  institution = {roscience, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, CA, USA.},
  journal     = {Front Neural Circuits},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {20179784},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Brink:1979,
  author      = {Brink, E. E. and Morrell, J. I. and Pfaff, D. W.},
  title       = {Localization of lumbar epaxial motoneurons in the rat.},
  year        = {1979},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {170},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {23--41},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(79)90938-7},
  abstract    = {In the rat, lateral longissimus and the lumbar transverso-spinalis muscles are lumbar trunk muscles, and participate in the lordosis reflex (female sexual posturing). Medial longissimus, the remaining major lumbar epaxial muscle, is a muscle of the proximal tail-tailbase. To allow an analysis of the motor control of lordosis, motoneurons for these muscles must be localized. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into lumbar epaxial muscles of female rats. Following injection into medial longissimus, labeled cells were found posterior to the lumbar enlargement, ventrolaterally in the ventral horn. Following injections into lateral longissimus or into lumbar transverso-spinalis muscles, most labeled cells were found on the medial side of the ventral horn, extending through and anterior to the lumbar enlargement. Injections into lumbar transverso-spinalis muscles at more posterior levels led to more posterior locations of labeled cells. The distributions of the labeled cells agree with 
previous observations on innervation of the muscles. Additionally, the spinal cord was scanned for sites at which microstimulation produced visible twitches of medial longissimus or transverso-spinalis muscles. Locations of low threshold twitch sites were consistent with conclusions based on the HRP findings.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Castration; Electric Stimulation; Female; Functional Laterality, physiology; Ganglia, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Lumbosacral Region, innervation; Motor Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Muscles, innervation; Rats; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(79)90938-7},
  pmid        = {466406},
  timestamp   = {11.04.2014},
}

@Article{Brink:1980,
  author      = {Brink, E. E. and Pfaff, D. W.},
  title       = {Vertebral muscles of the back and tail of the albino rat (Rattus norvegicus albinus).},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {1--47},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/121788},
  abstract    = {The dorsal and ventral vertebral muscles of the back and the tail of the albino Norway rat are described and discussed. These muscles were analyzed because they are undoubtably used during the sexual posturing, lordosis, of the female rat, as well as participating in a variety of other behaviors. The muscles are described by region (thoracic-lumbar or sacrocaudal), and the classifications of Vallois are followed where possible. Of the epaxial (dorsal) muscles, the three longitudinal systems of muscles, the transversospinalis, the longissimus, and the iliocostalis systems, can be identified in the albino rat. Muscles of the transversospinalis system are fused in the lumbar region, distinct and specialized in the thoracic region, and form the tail muscle extensor caudae medialis caudally. The iliocostalis system of the lumbar region is fused with one component of the lumbar longissimus system to form lateral longissimus. Anteriorly, iliocostalis thoracis and cervicis represent the iliocostalis 
system. The lumbar longissimus system is represented by the longissimus component of lateral longissimus, medial longissimus, and a short-fiber component. Longissimus dorsi is the anterior continuation of the longissimus portion of the lateral longissimus. The short-fiber component also continues into the thoracic region, where it becomes difficult to separate out from longissimus dorsi. Medial longissimus represents the excursion into the lumbar region of the long, tendinous, tailbase-tail muscle, longissimus caudae; the caudal portion of this muscle is extensor caudae lateralis. The remaining dorsal muscle described is the tail muscle, abductor caudae dorsalis. The hyposomal (ventral) muscles described are quadratus lumborum and the intertransversarii, present in the lumbar region; the muslces iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus and coccygeus which arise from the medial face of the pelvis and insert onto the proximal tail; the long, tendinous, tail muscles, flexor caudae brevis and longus; and the ventral and 
lateral set of segmental tail muscles. The innervation of the lumbar transversospinalis muscles by the medial branches and of lateral longissimus by the lateral branches of the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves was traced and confirmed by electrical stimulation of the nerve branches. The innervation of medial longissimus is also described. Additionally, movements of the vertebral column produced by direct unilateral or bilateral muscle stimulation were observed for a number of the muscles.},
  journal     = {Brain Behav Evol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Back; Electric Stimulation; Female; Movement; Muscles, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation/physiology; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Spine, physiology; Tail},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7370723},
  timestamp   = {01.05.2014},
}

@Article{Brink:1981,
  author      = {Brink, E. E. and Pfaff, D. W.},
  title       = {Supraspinal and segmental input to lumbar epaxial motoneurons in the rat.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {226},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {43--60},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat, however, antidromic tract identification.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(81)91082-9},
  abstract    = {Inputs to medial longissimus (ML) and lateral longissimus (LL) motoneurons were studied in urethane or urethane-chloralose anesthetized rats by recording from ML and LL nerves while stimulating ipsilateral lumbosacral dorsal roots, medial medullary reticular formation (RF), vestibular nuclei (VN), dorsal midbrain (MDBR), or ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Stimulation of appropriate dorsal roots produced short-latency responses (1.5-3.0 ms) in nerves to medial longissimus or lateral longissimus. The connections underlying these responses, which could be monosynaptic, are weak, since generally two or more stimuli were necessary for a response to occur. Short-latency LL nerve responses required more dorsal root stimuli than did ML nerve responses and stable LL responses sometimes could not be obtained, suggesting that segmental reflexes to a back muscle (LL) could be weaker than those to a proximal tail muscle (ML). Trains of conditioning stimuli delivered to the RF, VN, and MDBR facilitated 
segmental responses in ML nerves or LL nerves. Temporal profiles of facilitation of ML differed for the three regions. On one extreme, the facilitation produced by RF conditioning required few stimuli (median, 3 shocks) and peak facilitation occurred at short condition-test intervals (median, 1.5 ms). On the other extreme, facilitation produced by MDBR conditioning required long trains (median, 14 stimuli) and peak facilitation occurred at longer condition-test intervals (median, 10 ms). Stimulation within the VMH never facilitated ML or LL nerve activity. These results demonstrate excitatory connections from reticular formation, vestibular nuclei and the dorsal midbrain to medial longissimus and lateral longissimus. Such connections could be involved in behaviors mediated by midbrain, and in postural regulation through brain stem control of axial musculature. Motoneuron cell bodies for LL, ML and lumbar transversospinalis (TS) muscles were localized by ejecting dye at sites where unitary antidromic 
responses to muscle nerve stimulation were recorded extracellularly. ML cells were found ventrolaterally in the L6-S1 ventral horn. LL and TS cells were found medially in the ventral horn of the lumbar enlargement.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Back, innervation; Brain, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Female; Hypothalamus, physiology; Motor Neurons, physiology; Muscles, innervation; Rats; Reticular Formation, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology; Spinal Nerve Roots, physiology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Vestibular Nuclei, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(81)91082-9},
  pmid        = {7296299},
  timestamp   = {11.04.2014},
}

@Article{Brinley-Reed:1995,
  author      = {M. Brinley-Reed and F. Mascagni and A. J. McDonald},
  title       = {Synaptology of prefrontal cortical projections to the basolateral amygdala: an electron microscopic study in the rat.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {202},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {45--48},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(95)12212-5},
  abstract    = {Prefrontal projections to the magnocellular basal amygdaloid nucleus (Bmg) of the rat were investigated using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) as an anterograde tracer. Electron microscopic examination revealed that most axon terminals in Bmg labeled by PHA-L injections into the prelimbic area contained round synaptic vesicles and made asymmetric synapses. The great majority of labeled terminals (93\%) made synaptic contact with dendritic spines; a few contacts (7\%) were seen with thin dendrites. These findings indicate that the main postsynaptic targets of PFC afferents to Bmg are spiny pyramidal neurons, the projection neurons of the basolateral amygdala. The morphology of the synapses suggests that they are excitatory.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia 29208, USA.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, cytology; Animals; Fixatives; Formaldehyde; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways; Neurons, ultrastructure; Osmium Tetroxide; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Polymers; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Innominata, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pmid        = {8787827},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brinschwitz:2010,
  author    = {K Brinschwitz and A Dittgen and VI Madai and R Lommel and S Geisler and RW Veh},
  title     = {Glutamatergic axons from the lateral habenula mainly terminate on GABAergic neurons of the ventral midbrain},
  year      = {2010},
  volume    = {168},
  pages     = {463-476},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.050},
  journal   = {Neuroscience},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brinton:1994,
  author      = {Brinton, R. D.},
  title       = {The neurosteroid 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one induces cytoarchitectural regression in cultured fetal hippocampal neurons.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {14},
  number      = {5 Pt 1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {2763--2774},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/14/5/2763.long},
  abstract    = {The neurosteroid 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one (3 alpha, 5 alpha-THP) acts as a potent allosteric modulator and a direct activator of the GABA-chloride channel complex. This neurosteroid has also been found to protect against seizures that arise from blockade of the GABA-chloride channel complex. Because 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP protects against excitotoxin-induced seizure activity and because seizure activity has been found to be associated with aberrant hippocampal nerve cell growth, the rapid effect of the neurosteroid 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP upon nerve cell growth was investigated using videomicroscopy of hippocampal neurons in culture. Within 40 min of exposure 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP induced a significant decrease in the area and length of neurites. A concomitant decrement in the number and length of filopodia decorating neuritic extensions also occurred within the 40 min of 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP exposure. Both rapid and slow retrograde movement of intracellular organelles was observed in 3 
alpha,5 alpha-THP-treated neurons. 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP-induced regression of neuritic extensions occurred only in nerve cells that had not yet established contact with other nerve or glial cells in culture. Established structural connections between neurons or glia did not erode during 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP exposure. Neither the inactive stereoisomer 3 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one nor progesterone had a significant effect upon any of the morphological parameters assessed. In approximately 25\% of the cells in which 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP had induced regression, subsequent exposure to 17 beta-estradiol induced profuse filopodial growth within 60 sec of exposure. In cultures similar in age to those used in the morphological studies, 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP induced a significant increase in 36Cl- uptake within 10 sec. The magnitude of 36Cl- uptake was comparable to that induced by exposure to 100 microM GABA. In older, more mature cultures in which the nerve cells had established structural connections, 3 alpha,5 
alpha-THP protected cells from picrotoxin-induced nerve cell death. These results demonstrate that 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP can induce regression of neuronal morphology within a relatively rapid time frame. 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP induction of 36Cl- uptake within 10 sec suggests that activation of neurosteroid-regulated chloride channels is an initial step in the biochemical mechanism underlying the retraction induced by this progesterone metabolite steroid. In select instances, 17 beta-estradiol induced an extremely rapid reversal of the filopodial regression produced by 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Los Angeles 90033.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents, pharmacology; Cell Death, drug effects; Cell Division, drug effects; Cell Survival, drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Chlorides, metabolism; Estradiol, pharmacology; Fetus; Hippocampus, cytology/ultrastructure; Isomerism; Kinetics; Neurites, drug effects/ultrastructure; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/ultrastructure; Picrotoxin, pharmacology/toxicity; Pregnanolone, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/pharmacology/toxicity; Progesterone, pharmacology; Rats; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7910201},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Brisby:2000,
  author      = {Brisby, H. and Byröd, G. and Olmarker, K. and Miller, V. M. and Aoki, Y. and Rydevik, B.},
  title       = {Nitric oxide as a mediator of nucleus pulposus-induced effects on spinal nerve roots.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {18},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {815--820},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/jor.1100180520},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100180520},
  abstract    = {Nerve root dysfunction and sciatic pain in disc herniation are considered to be caused by mechanical compression and related to the presence of nucleus pulposus in the epidural space. Autologous nucleus pulposus has been shown to induce endoneural edema and to decrease nerve-conduction velocity in spinal nerve roots in experimental disc herniation models, and inflammatory mediators have been suggested to be involved in these mechanisms. Nitric oxide, a potent inflammatory mediator, is implicated in vasoregulation, neurotransmission, and neuropathic pain. Nitric oxide synthesis can be induced by different cytokines, e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which recently was shown to be of pathophysiological importance in experimental disc herniation. The enzyme nitric oxide synthase mediates the production of nitric oxide. Three series of experiments were performed in rat and pig disc herniation models to (a) investigate nitric oxide synthase activity in spinal nerve roots after exposure to 
autologous nucleus pulposus and (b) evaluate the effects of systemic treatment with aminoguanidine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, on vascular permeability and nerve-conduction velocity. In a disc herniation model in the rat, calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase activity was measured in nerve roots exposed to nucleus pulposus; however, no nitric oxide synthase activity was detected in nerve roots from animals that underwent a sham operation, reflecting increased inducible nitric oxide synthase activity. In nucleus pulposus-exposed spinal nerve roots in the pig, the edema was less severe after systemic aminoguanidine administration than without aminoguanidine treatment. Aminoguanidine treatment also significantly reduced the negative effect of nucleus pulposus on nerve-conduction velocity in spinal nerve roots in the pig. These results demonstrate that nucleus pulposus increases inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in spinal nerve roots and that nitric oxide synthase inhibition reduces nucleus 
pulposus-induced edema and prevents reduction of nerve-conduction velocity. Furthermore, the results suggest that nitric oxide is involved in the pathophysiological effects of nucleus pulposus in disc herniation.},
  institution = {Department of Orthopaedics, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden. Helena.Brisby@orthop.gu.se},
  journal     = {J Orthop Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Capillary Permeability, drug effects; Edema, chemically induced/pathology; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; Female; Guanidines, pharmacology; Intervertebral Disc, enzymology; Lumbar Vertebrae, innervation/surgery; Nerve Tissue Proteins, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Neural Conduction, drug effects; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Nitric Oxide Synthase, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Nitric Oxide, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Nerve Roots, blood supply/enzymology/pathology/physiology; Swine},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11117305},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Brischoux:2002,
  author      = {Brischoux, F. and Cvetkovic, V. and Griffond, B. and Fellmann, D. and Risold, P. Y.},
  title       = {Time of genesis determines projection and neurokinin-3 expression patterns of diencephalic neurons containing melanin-concentrating hormone.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {9},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1672--1680},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02229.x},
  abstract    = {Anatomical and functional evidence suggests that the diencephalic melanin-concentrating hormone- (MCH-) containing neurons do not form a homogeneous population. In this work, the expression of the neurokinin-3 receptor (NK3) has been researched in MCH neurons which have been retrogradely labelled following fast blue injections into either the spinal cord or the cerebral cortex. The birth-date of these cortically and spinally projecting cells has been determined using the bromodeoxyuridine method. The results obtained show that neurons projecting to the spinal cord are born early (E11) and most of them (78,7\%) do not express NK3, but neurons that send axons to the cerebral cortex are born later (E12-E13) and most of them (84,8\%) express NK3. Both neuronal types are largely intermingled in the lateral hypothalamic area proper. These results are discussed in terms of the functional organization of the MCH neuronal population.},
  institution = {Laboratoire d'Histologie, Embryologie, Cytogénétique, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Franche-Comté, Place St Jacques, 25030 Besançon Cedex.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, embryology/physiology; Hypothalamic Hormones, biosynthesis; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Melanins, biosynthesis; Neurons, metabolism; Pituitary Hormones, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurokinin-3, metabolism; Spinal Cord, embryology/physiology; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {2229},
  pmid        = {12431219},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Brischoux:2008,
  author      = {Brischoux, Frédéric and Mainville, Lynda and Jones, Barbara E.},
  title       = {Muscarinic-2 and orexin-2 receptors on GABAergic and other neurons in the rat mesopontine tegmentum and their potential role in sleep-wake state control.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {510},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {607--630},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.21803},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21803},
  abstract    = {Acetylcholine (ACh) plays an important role in the promotion of paradoxical sleep (PS) with muscle atonia through the muscarinic-2 receptor (M2R) in the mesopontine tegmentum. Conversely, orexin (Orx or hypocretin) appears to be critical for the maintenance of waking with muscle tone through the orexin-2 (or hypocretin-B) receptor (Orx2R), which is lacking in dogs having narcolepsy with cataplexy. In dual-immunostained material viewed under fluorescence microscopy, we examined the presence and distribution of M2R or Orx2R labeling on all neuronal nuclei (NeuN)-stained neurons or on glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-stained neurons through the mesopontine tegmentum. Applying stereological analysis, we determined that many neurons bear M2Rs on their membrane ( approximately 6,300), including relatively large, non-GABAergic cells, which predominate (>75\%) in the oral and caudal pontine (PnO and PnC) reticular fields, and small, GABAergic cells ( approximately 2,800), which predominate (>80\%) 
in the mesencephalic (Mes) reticular formation. Many neurons bear Orx2Rs on their membrane ( approximately 6,800), including relatively large, non-GABAergic cells, which predominate (>70\%) through all reticular fields, and comparatively few GABAergic cells ( approximately 700). In triple-immunostained material viewed by confocal microscopy, many large neurons in PnO and PnC appear to bear both M2Rs and Orx2Rs on their membrane, indicating that ACh and Orx could exert opposing influences of inhibition vs. excitation on putative reticulo-spinal neurons and thus attenuate vs. facilitate activity and muscle tone. A few GABAergic cells bear both receptors and could as PS inhibitor neurons serve under these different influences to control PS effector neurons and accordingly gate PS and muscle atonia appropriately across sleep-wake states.},
  institution = {ontreal, Quebec, Canada.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, metabolism; Animals; Biological Markers, metabolism; Cats; Dogs; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Humans; Male; Narcolepsy, metabolism/physiopathology; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Orexin Receptors; Pons, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Muscarinic M2, metabolism; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, metabolism; Receptors, Neuropeptide, metabolism; Sleep, physiology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, cytology/metabolism; Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins, metabolism; Wakefulness, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {18709662},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Brito:1982,
  author      = {Brito, G. N. and Thomas, G. J. and Davis, B. J. and Gingold, S. I.},
  title       = {Prelimbic cortex, mediodorsal thalamus, septum, and delayed alternation in rats.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {46},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {52--58},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00238097},
  abstract    = {Rats were trained preoperatively on contingently reinforced alternation in a T-maze. Then different matched groups of rats received lesions in the prelimbic cortex, mediodorsal thalamus, posterodorsal septum (aimed at transecting the precommissural fornix), and control operations (no brain lesions). Following a 2-week recovery period the rats were retested in the T-maze for retention of delayed alternation. Control rats were unaffected by the control operations and the testing hiatus of the recovery period. Rats with lesions in the prelimbic cortex performed at chance levels on the first postoperative session as did rats with posterodorsal septal lesions, but both groups recovered with continued experience, i.e., they could relearn the task. Rats with lesions in mediodorsal thalamus were only slightly affected by the lesions. The results suggest that a restricted field in the medial pregenual cortex, the prelimbic area, is critically involved in T-maze alternation. However, the data also 
suggest that a major subcortical source of afferents to prelimbic cortex, the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, is not crucial for retention of contingently reinforced T-maze delayed alternation following interference with septo-hippocampal circuitry is consistent with data previously reported.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Discrimination Learning, physiology; Frontal Lobe, physiology; Limbic System, physiology; Male; Muridae; Neural Pathways, physiology; Orientation, physiology; Rats; Retention (Psychology), physiology; Septum Pellucidum, physiology; Thalamus, pathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7067791},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Book{Brizzee:1990,
  author    = {Brizzee, Kenneth R},
  title     = {The central nervous connections involved in motion induced emesis},
  year      = {1990},
  volume    = {9},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {09.05.2016},
}

@Article{Broadwater:2013,
  author      = {Broadwater, Margaret and Spear, Linda P.},
  title       = {Age differences in fear retention and extinction in male Sprague-Dawley rats: effects of ethanol challenge during conditioning.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {252},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {377--387},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.bbr.2013.06.029},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.06.029},
  abstract    = {Pavlovian fear conditioning is an ideal model to investigate how learning and memory are influenced by alcohol use during adolescence because the neural mechanisms involved have been studied extensively. In Exp 1, adolescent and adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were non-injected or injected with saline, 1 or 1.5 g/kg ethanol intraperitoneally 10 min prior to tone or context conditioning. Twenty-four hours later, animals were tested for tone or context retention and extinction, with examination of extinction retention conducted 24h thereafter. In Exp 2, a context extinction session was inserted between the tone conditioning and the tone fear retention/extinction days to reduce pre-CS baseline freezing levels at test. Basal levels of acquisition, fear retention, extinction, and extinction retention after tone conditioning were similar between adolescent and adult rats. In contrast adolescents showed faster context extinction than adults, while again not differing from adults during context 
acquisition, retention or extinction retention. In terms of ethanol effects, adolescents were less sensitive to ethanol-induced context retention deficits than adults. No age differences emerged in terms of tone fear retention, with ethanol disrupting tone fear retention at both ages in Exp 1, but at neither age in Exp 2, a difference seemingly due to group differences in pre-CS freezing during tone testing in Exp 1, but not Exp 2. These results suggest that age differences in the acute effects of ethanol on cognitive function are task-specific, and provide further evidence for age differences cognitive functioning in a task thought to be hippocampally related.},
  institution = {Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.},
  journal     = {Behav Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Acoustic Stimulation, adverse effects; Aging, physiology; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Central Nervous System Depressants, pharmacology; Conditioning, Classical, drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethanol, pharmacology; Extinction, Psychological, drug effects; Fear, drug effects; Male; Psychoacoustics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retention (Psychology), drug effects; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0166-4328(13)00392-6},
  pmid        = {23810415},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Broadwell:1988,
  author      = {Broadwell, R. D. and Balin, B. J. and Salcman, M.},
  title       = {Transcytotic pathway for blood-borne protein through the blood-brain barrier.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {85},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {632--636},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1073/pnas.85.2.632},
  abstract    = {The transcytosis of blood-borne protein through the blood-brain barrier, a consequence of recruitment of the Golgi complex within nonfenestrated cerebral endothelia, was identified in mice and rats injected intravenously with the lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) conjugated to the enzymatic tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP). WGA enters cells by adsorptive endocytosis after binding to specific cell surface oligosaccharides. Blood-borne WGA-HRP labeled the entire cerebrovascular tree from the luminal side 5 min after injection; pericytes, located on the abluminal surface of cerebral endothelia, sequestered the lectin conjugate 6 hr later. Endothelial organelles harboring WGA-HRP 3 hr after injection included the luminal plasmalemma, endocytic vesicles, endosomes (prelysosomes), secondary lysosomes, and the Golgi complex. The peroxidase reaction product labeled the abluminal surface of cerebral endothelia and occupied the perivascular clefts by 6 hr. Within 12 hr, organelles labeled with WGA-
HRP in pericytes were identical to those observed in endothelia. Blood-borne native HRP, entering cells by bulk-phase endocytosis, was neither directed to the Golgi complex nor transferred across nonfenestrated cerebral endothelia. The results suggest that blood-borne molecules taken into the cerebral endothelium by adsorptive endocytosis and conveyed to the Golgi complex can, either by themselves or as vehicles for other molecules excluded from the brain, undergo transcytosis through the blood-brain barrier without compromising the integrity of the barrier.},
  institution = {Division of Neuropathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201.},
  journal     = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  keywords    = {Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Cytoplasmic Granules, metabolism/ultrastructure; Endocytosis; Endothelium, Vascular, metabolism/ultrastructure; Female; Golgi Apparatus, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Male; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Models, Neurological; Peroxidases, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2448779},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Broadwell:1976,
  Title                    = {Olfactory relationships of the telencephalon and diencephalon in the rabbit. III. The ipsilateral centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulbar and retrobulbar formations.},
  Author                   = {R. D. Broadwell and D. M. Jacobowitz},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1976},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {321--345},
  Volume                   = {170},

  Abstract                 = {The axoplasmic retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from axon terminals to their parent cell bodies and histochemical fluorescence microscopy have been used to study the ipsilateral centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulbs and anterior olfactory nucleus in the rabbit. Focal injections of peroxidase were placed unilaterally into the main or accessory olfactory bulb or into the anterior olfactory nucleus. In animals with injected HRP confined within the main bulb, perikarya retrogradely labeled with the protein in the ipsilateral forebrain were observed in the anterior prepyriform cortex horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band, and far lateral preoptic and rostral lateral hypothalamic areas. Brain stem cell groups that contained HRP-positive somata include the locus coeruleus and midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus. Except for the prepyriform cortex, the basal forebrain structures with labeled perikarya correlate well with locations of cell bodies containing 
acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase. These somata may represent a cholinergic afferent system to the main olfactory bulb. Peroxidase-labeled cell bodies in the locus coeruleus and midbrain raphe are indicative of noradrenergic and serotonergic innervations respectively of the olfactory bulb. In rabbits in which peroxidase was injected or diffused into the accessory olfactory bulb and anterior alfactory nucleus, HRP-positive somata were identified in the prepyriform cortex bilaterally, the horizontal limb of the diagonal band nucleus, lateral hypothalamic region, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, corticomedial complex of the amygdala, mitral and tufted cell layers of the ipsilateral main olfactory bulb, locus coeruleus, and the midbrain raphe. Evidence for centrifugal fibers to the accessory olfactory bulb from the corticomedial complex of the amygdala, locus coeruleus, and possibly the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract and midbrain raphe is discussed. A similar distribution of 
labeled perikarya in the forebrain and brain stem was seen in rats in which peroxidase injected into the main olfactory bulb had spread into the accessory bulb and anterior olfactory nucleus. Histochemical fluorescence microscopy of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs in the rabbit and rat revealed fine caliber, green fluorescent fibers and varicosities predominantly in the granule cell layer and less so among cells in the glomerular layer. In sections through the root of the main olfactory bulb, a similar fluorescence was seen in the deep half of the plexiform layer of the pars externa of the anterior alfactory nucleus. These fluorescent fibers likely represent the noradrenergic innervation of the olfactory bulbar and retrobulbar formations. A fluorescent yellow hue was observed in the glomerular layer of the main bulb and may signify a serotonergic innervation of this lamina...},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.901700305},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, physiology; Cerebral Ventricles, physiology; Diencephalon, physiology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Male; Mesencephalon, physiology; Olfactory Bulb, physiology; Olfactory Nerve, physiology; Olfactory Pathways; Rabbits; Rats; Telencephalon, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {62770},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901700305}
}

@Article{Broadwell:1993,
  Title                    = {Serum proteins bypass the blood-brain fluid barriers for extracellular entry to the central nervous system.},
  Author                   = {R. D. Broadwell and M. V. Sofroniew},
  Journal                  = {Exp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {245--263},
  Volume                   = {120},

  Abstract                 = {Extracellular pathways circumventing the mammalian blood-brain fluid barriers (e.g., blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers) have been investigated in the rat by immunohistochemical localization of the endogenous serum proteins albumin, IgG, complement C-9, and IgM and by the exogenous tracer protein horseradish peroxidase (HRP). A demonstrable extracellular pathway into the central nervous system (CNS) is evident at the level of the subarachnoid space/pial surface. Immunoreaction products for the serum proteins and reaction product of intravenously administered HRP are identified over the entire pial surface, in the Virchow-Robin spaces and subpial cortical grey matter, and within phagocytes occupying the subarachnoid space/pial surface and perivascular clefts throughout the CNS. From specific circumventricular organs (e.g., median eminence, area postrema, subfornical organ), well known to lie outside the blood-brain barrier (BBB), each of the blood-borne proteins readily enters 
adjacent white and grey matter and the ventricular system for subsequent rostrocaudal labeling of the ependymal cell lining. Similar immunohistochemical and blood-borne HRP results are obtained in the CNS of the neonatal rat. Peroxidase delivered into the aorta of postmortem adult rats confirms the presence of a BBB in brain sites containing blood vessels impermeable to blood-borne HRP and the absence of a BBB in sites revealed as leaky to blood-borne HRP in the live rat. The results suggest blood-borne macromolecules, including those of the immune and complement systems, have potential widespread, extracellular distribution within the CNS and cerebrospinal fluid from sites deficient in a BBB (e.g., subarachnoid space/pial surface, circumventricular organs). These observations may have important clinical implications regarding experimental and pathologic autoimmune dysfunction within the CNS and impact on the interpretation of potential transcytosis of blood-borne peptides and proteins through the cerebral 
endothelium in vivo. A summary diagram of suspected extracellular and intracellular pathways circumventing the blood-brain fluid barriers is provided.},
  Doi                      = {10.1006/exnr.1993.1059},
  Institution              = {Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Artifacts; Blood Proteins, metabolism; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Complement C9, analysis; Extracellular Space, metabolism; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, analysis/blood; Humans; Immunoglobulin G, analysis; Immunoglobulin M, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Models, Cardiovascular; Models, Neurological; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred WF; Rats, Wistar; Serum Albumin, analysis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0014-4886(83)71059-9},
  Pmid                     = {8491281},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1993.1059}
}

@Article{Broberger:1998,
  author    = {C. Broberger and L. De Lecea and J.G. Sutcliffe and T. Hökfelt},
  title     = {Hypocretin/orexin- and melanin-concentrating hormone-expressing cells form distinct populations in the rodent lateral hypothalamus: relationship to the neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein systems.},
  year      = {1998},
  volume    = {402},
  pages     = {460-474},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  journal   = {J Comp Neurol},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Broberger:2000,
  author      = {C. Broberger and I. Nylander and T. Geijer and L. Terenius and T. Hökfelt and J. Georgieva},
  title       = {Differential effects of intrastriatally infused fully and endcap phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides on morphology, histochemistry and prodynorphin expression in rat brain.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {75},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {25--45},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00276-4},
  abstract    = {In the present study, we investigated the selectivity and specificity associated with continuous intrastriatal treatment with antisense oligonucleotides. Rats were given intrastriatal infusions for 72 h with phosphodiester, and fully and endcap phosphorothioated oligonucleotide probes complementary to prodynorphin mRNA. Dynorphin (Dyn) peptide levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. The integrity of three other striatal transmitter systems, the neuropeptide Y (NPY)-ergic interneurons, the cholinergic interneurons and the dopaminergic afferent innervation, was assessed histochemically. The gross morphology of the striatum and the distribution of fluorescently labelled antisense probes were also investigated. Brains infused with phosphodiester probes had tissue Dyn levels not different from control. They also showed little or no change in staining for NPY, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and essentially normal striatal gross morphology. In contrast, brains treated 
with fully phosphorothioated oligonucleotides showed significant decreases in striatal Dyn levels but also severe tissue damage accompanied by massive cell infiltration and decreases in immunoreactivities for the striatal neurochemical markers. Fluorescently labelled phosphorothioate probes were observed widely in the striatum and adjacent structures and, presumably retrogradely transported, in the dopamine cell bodies in the substantia nigra, also revealing the presence of abnormal cellular structures within the striatum. By comparison, endcap probes significantly reduced striatal Dyn levels and showed good tissue penetration without inducing major changes in tissue morphology or histochemistry of non-dynorphinergic systems, except for cell infiltration. The deleterious tissue effects of fully phosphorothioated oligonucleotides and the ineffectiveness of phosphodiester oligonucleotides in inhibiting protein synthesis suggest that, of the probes examined in this study, endcap oligonucleotides are the most 
useful for in vivo studies in the central nervous system.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. christian.broberger@neuro.ki.se},
  journal     = {Brain Res Mol Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Brain, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Corpus Striatum, drug effects/metabolism; Dynorphins, analysis/biosynthesis; Enkephalins, genetics; Gene Expression Regulation, drug effects; Infusions, Parenteral; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense, pharmacology; Protein Precursors, genetics; RNA, Messenger, genetics; Rats; Thionucleotides; Transcription, Genetic, drug effects; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0169328X99002764},
  pmid        = {10648885},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brocard:2010,
  author      = {Brocard, Frédéric and Ryczko, Dimitri and Fénelon, Karine and Hatem, Raja and Gonzales, Delphine and Auclair, François and Dubuc, Réjean},
  title       = {The transformation of a unilateral locomotor command into a symmetrical bilateral activation in the brainstem.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {523--533},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3433-09.2010},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3433-09.2010},
  abstract    = {A unilateral activation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) produces symmetrical bilateral locomotion in all vertebrate species tested to date. How this occurs remains unresolved. This study examined the possibility that the symmetry occurred at the level of the inputs from the MLR to reticulospinal (RS) cells. In lamprey semi-intact preparations, we recorded intracellular responses of pairs of large, homologous RS cells on both sides to stimulation of the MLR on one side. The synaptic responses on both sides were very similar in shape, amplitude, and threshold intensity. Increasing MLR stimulation intensity produced a symmetrical increase in the magnitude of the responses on both sides. Ca(2+) imaging confirmed the bilateral activation of smaller-sized RS cells as well. In a high-divalent cation solution, the synaptic responses of homologous RS cells persisted and exhibited a constant latency during high-frequency stimulation. Moreover, during gradual replacement of normal Ringer's 
solution with a Ca(2+)-free solution, the magnitude of responses showed a gradual reduction with a similar time course in the homologous RS cells. These results support the idea that the MLR projects monosynaptically to RS cells on both sides with symmetrical inputs. During locomotion of the semi-intact preparation, the discharge pattern was also very similar in homologous bilateral RS cells. Anatomical experiments confirmed the presence of MLR neurons projecting ipsilaterally to the reticular formation intermingled with neurons projecting contralaterally. We conclude that the bilaterally symmetrical MLR inputs to RS cells are likely contributors to generating symmetrical locomotor activity.},
  institution = {Département de Kinanthropologie Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biophysics; Brain Stem, cytology/physiology; Calcium, metabolism; Electric Stimulation, methods; Electromyography, methods; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Functional Laterality, physiology; Larva; Locomotion, physiology; Neurons, classification/physiology; Petromyzon},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {30/2/523},
  pmid        = {20071515},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Brock:2010,
  author      = {Brock, John H. and Rosenzweig, Ephron S. and Blesch, Armin and Moseanko, Rod and Havton, Leif A. and Edgerton, V Reggie and Tuszynski, Mark H.},
  title       = {Local and remote growth factor effects after primate spinal cord injury.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {29},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {9728--9737},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1924-10.2010},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1924-10.2010},
  abstract    = {Primate models of spinal cord injury differ from rodent models in several respects, including the relative size and functional neuroanatomy of spinal projections. Fundamental differences in scale raise the possibility that retrograde injury signals, and treatments applied at the level of the spinal cord that exhibit efficacy in rodents, may fail to influence neurons at the far greater distances of primate systems. Thus, we examined both local and remote neuronal responses to neurotrophic factor-secreting cell grafts placed within sites of right C7 hemisection lesions in the rhesus macaque. Six months after gene delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) into C7 lesion sites, we found both local effects of growth factors on axonal growth, and remote effects of growth factors reflected in significant reductions in axotomy-induced atrophy of large pyramidal neurons within the primary motor cortex. Additional examination in a rodent model suggested that BDNF, 
rather than NT-3, mediated remote protection of corticospinal neurons in the brain. Thus, injured neural systems retain the ability to respond to growth signals over the extended distances of the primate CNS, promoting local axonal growth and preventing lesion-induced neuronal degeneration at a distance. Remote cortical effects of spinally administered growth factors could "prime" the neuron to respond to experimental therapies that promote axonal plasticity or regeneration.},
  institution = {Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Atrophy, pathology/prevention /&/ control; Axons, physiology; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism/pathology; Cervical Vertebrae, injuries; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Injections, Spinal; Macaca mulatta; Motor Neurons, metabolism/pathology; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neurotrophin 3, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Receptor, trkB, metabolism; Receptor, trkC, metabolism; Spinal Cord Injuries, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {30/29/9728},
  pmid        = {20660255},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Brockett:2013,
  Title                    = {Ascending and descending propriospinal pathways between lumbar and cervical segments in the rat: evidence for a substantial ascending excitatory pathway.},
  Author                   = {Brockett, E. G. and Seenan, P. G. and Bannatyne, B. A. and Maxwell, D. J.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Pages                    = {83--97},
  Volume                   = {240},

  Abstract                 = {Precise mechanisms are required to coordinate the locomotor activity of fore- and hind-limbs in quadrupeds and similar mechanisms persist to coordinate movement of arms and legs in humans. Propriospinal neurons (PSNs) are major components of the networks that coordinate these mechanisms. The b subunit of cholera toxin (CTb) was injected unilaterally into either L1 or L3 segments in order to label ascending and descending propriospinal pathways. Labelled cells were examined with light or confocal microscopy. Cells projecting to lumbar segments were evenly distributed, bilaterally throughout all cervical segments. However many more cells were labelled from L1 injections than L3 injections. Roughly 15\% of cells in both sides of the C2 segment was found to be immunoreactive for calretinin and a small number (4\%) was immunoreactive for calbindin. Axons projecting from L1 to cervical segments formed predominant ipsilateral projections to the cervical intermediate grey matter and 
ventral horn. Very large numbers of terminals were concentrated within the ventrolateral motor (VLM) nuclei of C7-8 segments but there was sparse innervation of the contralateral nucleus. The vast majority (85\%) of these axon terminals in the ipsilateral VML was immunoreactive for the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) and the remaining 15\% was immunoreactive for the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT); many of these contained GABA and/or glycine. Inhibitory and excitatory terminals were also found in the contralateral VLM. Most of the terminals in the VLM made contacts with motoneurons. The major finding of this study is the existence of a substantial excitatory propriospinal pathway that projects specifically to the VLM. Motoneurons in the VLM supply muscles of the axilla therefore this pathway is likely to have a profound influence on the activity of the shoulder joint. This pathway may synchronise lumbar and cervical pattern generators and hence the coordination of locomotor activity in the fore- 
and hind limbs.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.039},
  Institution              = {Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Biotinylation; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Functional Laterality; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Lumbosacral Region; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins, metabolism; Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(13)00173-5},
  Pmid                     = {23454541},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.039}
}

@Article{Brockhaus:1938,
  author    = {Brockhaus, H.},
  title     = {Zur normalen und pathologischen Anatomie des Mandelkerngebietes},
  year      = {1938},
  volume    = {49},
  pages     = {1-136},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  journal   = {J Psychol Neurol},
  owner     = {HiWi},
  timestamp = {29.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brockhaus:1942,
  author    = {Brockhaus, H.},
  title     = {Beitrag zur normalen Anatomie des Hypothalamus und der Zona incerta beim Menschen},
  year      = {1942},
  volume    = {51},
  pages     = {96-196},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  journal   = {J Psychol Neurol},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brodal:1947,
  author      = {Brodal, A.},
  title       = {The amygdaloid nucleus in the rat.},
  year        = {1947},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {87},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {1--16},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.900870102},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Nervous System Physiological Phenomena},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pmid        = {20256274},
  timestamp   = {29.05.2012},
}

@Book{Brodal:1957,
  author    = {Brodal, Alf},
  title     = {The Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem. Anatomical Aspects and Functional Correlations},
  year      = {1957},
  volume    = {18},
  series    = {The Henderson Trust Lectures},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Oliver and Boyd},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {02.07.2015},
}

@Article{Brodal:1980,
  author      = {Brodal, A. and Kawamura, K.},
  title       = {Olivocerebellar projection: a review.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {64},
  pages       = {IVIII, 1--IVIII140},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat. Most projections are reviewed from tract tracing publications in the cat and primates.},
  url         = {http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-67775-5},
  journal     = {Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Behavior, Animal; Cats; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Dendrites, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rabbits; Species Specificity; Synapses, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6161526},
  timestamp   = {19.02.2013},
}

@Article{Brodal:1988,
  author      = {P. Brodal and G. Mihailoff and B. Border and O. P. Ottersen and J. Storm-Mathisen},
  title       = {GABA-containing neurons in the pontine nuclei of rat, cat and monkey. An immunocytochemical study.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {25},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {27-45},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult brain.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(88)90005-x},
  abstract    = {Putative GABAergic elements in the pontine nuclei have been studied in the rat, cat and two old world monkeys (Macaca mulatta and Papio papio) using an antiserum against GABA-glutaraldehyde-protein conjugates and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. In addition, an antiserum against glutamate decarboxylase has been used in the cat. For comparison, Golgi impregnated material from cat and macaque has been studied. In all species there is a moderately dense plexus of fibres with GABA-like immunoreactivity with only minor regional differences between different parts of the pontine nuclei. The number of cell bodies showing GABA-like immunoreactivity is, however, strikingly different. Thus, in the rat there are very few such neurons. In the cat, they make up about 1\% of the total cell population, while the corresponding number in the two primate species is about 5\%. The number is consistently somewhat higher in rostral than in caudal parts of the pontine nuclei. Numbers in the cat are 
essentially the same with the glutamate decarboxylase antiserum as with the GABA antiserum. The size of GABA-like immunoreactivity positive somata is very similar in cat, macaque and baboon, averaging about 160 micron2 in cross-sectional area. The average cross-sectional area of the total neuronal population as measured in adjacent thionin-stained sections is about 280 micron2. However, the range of sizes for GABA-like immunoreactivity positive cells is wide, so that size alone is not a good criterion for their identification. Although their dendritic morphology is varied, a significant proportion of GABA-like immunoreactivity positive cells have very long and straight dendrites. A few examples were found in the primate species of GABA-like immunoreactivity positive cells with processes tentatively identified as axons. Such processes could be seen to divide several times. No such branching processes could be identified, however, in Golgi impregnated material from the same species. In order to determine 
whether GABA-like immunoreactivity positive cells project to the cerebellum, retrograde tracing of horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin was combined with immunocytochemistry. No double labelled cells could be found in the pontine nuclei. Comparison of size distribution of retrogradely labelled pontocerebellar and GABA-like immunoreactivity positive cell bodies showed a high degree of overlap, although the average size of projection neurons and GABA-like immunoreactivity positive ones is clearly different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Anatomical Institute, University of Oslo, Norway.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cats; Glutamate Decarboxylase, analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Macaca mulatta; Neurons, analysis; Papio; Pons, cytology; Rats; Reference Values; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {3393281},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brodin:1986,
  author      = {Brodin, L. and Buchanan, J. T. and Hökfelt, T. and Grillner, S. and Verhofstad, A. A.},
  title       = {A spinal projection of 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons in the lamprey brainstem; evidence from combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {67},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {53--57},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(86)90207-7},
  abstract    = {To investigate whether there is a descending contribution to the spinal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) innervation in the lamprey, a primitive vertebrate, a study using retrograde transport of the fluorescent tracer Fast blue combined with 5-HT immunohistochemistry was conducted. Two to 4 weeks after an injection of Fast blue into the rostral spinal cord, retrogradely labelled cells were seen throughout the brainstem. Two groups of these cells, one within the posterior reticular nucleus of the rhombencephalon and another rostral to the trigeminal motor nucleus, were labelled after incubation with 5-HT antiserum. These findings suggest that in addition to the well-described local intraspinal 5-HT system, there is also, as in higher vertebrates, a descending 5-HT projection from the brainstem which extends at least 20 segments into the spinal cord.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Efferent Pathways, metabolism; Fishes, metabolism; Lampreys, metabolism; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Serotonin, metabolism; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304-3940(86)90207-7},
  pmid        = {3725200},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Brodin:1989,
  author      = {Brodin, L. and Ohta, Y. and Hökfelt, T. and Grillner, S.},
  title       = {Further evidence for excitatory amino acid transmission in lamprey reticulospinal neurons: selective retrograde labeling with (3H)D-aspartate.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {281},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {225--233},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902810206},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902810206},
  abstract    = {The distribution of radiolabeled neurons in the brain stem of Lampetra fluviatilis was studied following unilateral injections of (3H)D-aspartate in the rostral spinal cord. After survival periods of 1-3 days, labeled perikarya were present within and nearby the posterior, middle, and anterior rhombencephalic reticular nuclei and in the mesencephalic reticular nucleus. The highest number of (3H)D-aspartate labeled cell bodies were present in the posterior rhombencephalic reticular nucleus. The labeled reticulospinal neurons were distributed mainly ipsilateral to the injection site and included the giant Müller cells as well as medium-sized and small neurons. Contralateral labeling occurred in cell bodies scattered along the lateral margin of the rhombencephalic reticular formation, the most rostral of these contralaterally projecting neurons being the Mauthner cell. The (3H)D-aspartate labeling correlates with previous electrophysiological studies showing that lamprey reticulospinal neurons 
utilize excitatory amino acid transmission.},
  institution = {Nobel Institute for Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Aspartic Acid, diagnostic use; Autoradiography; Biological Transport; Brain Stem, analysis/cytology; Fishes, physiology; Histological Techniques; Injections, Spinal; Lampreys, physiology; Mesencephalon, analysis/cytology; Receptors, Amino Acid; Receptors, Cell Surface, analysis; Rhombencephalon, analysis/cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2540225},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Book{Brodmann:1909,
  author    = {K. Brodmann},
  title     = {Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt aufgrund des Zellbaues},
  year      = {1909},
  editor    = {K. Brodmann},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Johann Ambrosius Barth},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brody:1989,
  author      = {Brody, B. A. and Ley, C. A. and Parysek, L. M.},
  title       = {Selective distribution of the 57 kDa neural intermediate filament protein in the rat CNS.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {9},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {2391--2401},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/9/7/2391.long},
  abstract    = {In order to determine the CNS distribution of the 57 kDa neural intermediate filament protein (NIFP), a specific antiserum was used in immunofluorescence studies on serial sections taken from each spinal cord level and at 300-microns intervals through the rat brain. The labeling pattern was recorded onto camera lucida tracings of adjacent sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin/luxol fast blue. Three major immunolocalization patterns were revealed. (1) Both large-caliber and fine-caliber axons of optic and all brain stem cranial nerves and their tracts except for the auditory portion of the VIIIth nerve. (2) An extensive array of fine-caliber fibers in the cerebellar white matter and brain stem with region-specific variation in pattern and density. Prominent among the regions with dense arrays of labeled processes were selective cerebellar afferent systems, particularly olivocerebellar fibers, visual afferents arising in the retina, and selective regions of reticular formation. In 
contrast to the brain stem, the telencephalon contained rare label. (3) Filamentous labeling of neuronal cytokarya in sensory ganglia and a small number of CNS nuclear groups, including all autonomic nuclei and the cholinergic pontine nuclei. On sections of selected CNS regions, distribution patterns of the 57 kDa NIFP were correlated to results obtained by in situ hybridization of a cDNA probe for the 57 kDa NIFP. The data suggest the possible existence of neuronal IF proteins specifically related to selective anatomic and/or neurotransmitter systems.},
  institution = {Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, metabolism; Central Nervous System, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Intermediate Filament Proteins, metabolism; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Rats; Tissue Distribution},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2746334},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Brog:1993,
  Title                    = {The patterns of afferent innervation of the core and shell in the "accumbens" part of the rat ventral striatum: immunohistochemical detection of retrogradely transported fluoro-gold.},
  Author                   = {J. S. Brog and A. Salyapongse and A. Y. Deutch and D. S. Zahm},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {255--278},
  Volume                   = {338},

  Abstract                 = {Recent data have emphasized the neurochemically distinct nature of subterritories in the accumbens part of the rat ventral striatum termed the core, shell, and rostral pole. In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how afferents are distributed relative to these subterritories, immunohistochemical detection of retrogradely transported Fluoro-Gold was carried out following iontophoretic injections intended to involve selectively one of the subterritories. The data revealed that a number of cortical afferents of the medial shell and core originate in separate areas, i.e., the dorsal peduncular, infralimbic, and posterior piriform cortices (to medial shell) and the dorsal prelimbic, anterior agranular insular, anterior cingulate, and perirhinal cortices (to core). The lateral shell and rostral pole are innervated by cortical structures that also project either to the medial shell or core. The orbital, posterior agranular insular, and entorhinal cortices, hippocampus, 
and basal amygdala were observed to innervate the accumbens in a topographic manner. Following core injections, strong bilateral cortical labeling was observed. Few labeled cortical cells were observed contralaterally following injections in the medial shell. Intermediate numbers of labeled neurons were observed in contralateral cortices following lateral shell injections. Robust subcortical labeling in a variety of structures in the ventral forebrain, lateral hypothalamus, deep temporal lobe, and brainstem was observed after shell injections, particularly those that involved the caudal dorsomedial extremity of the shell, i.e., its "septal pole." Selective ipsilateral labeling of subcortical structures in the basal ganglia circuitry was observed following injections in the core and, to a lesser extent, lateral shell. It was concluded that a number of afferent systems exhibit varying degrees of segregation with respect to the accumbal subterritories.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903380209},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri 63104.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Biological Transport, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Nucleus Accumbens, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8308171},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903380209}
}

@Article{Broman:1993,
  author      = {Broman, J. and Anderson, S. and Ottersen, O. P.},
  title       = {Enrichment of glutamate-like immunoreactivity in primary afferent terminals throughout the spinal cord dorsal horn.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {5},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {1050--1061},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00958.x},
  abstract    = {Although several lines of evidence indicate that glutamate is a neurotransmitter in primary afferent terminals, controversies exist on the proportion and types of such terminals that release glutamate. In the present study quantitative analysis of immunogold labelling was used to assess the presence of glutamate-like immunoreactivity in primary afferent terminals in laminae I-V of the rat spinal cord dorsal horn. Anterograde transport of choleragenoid-horseradish peroxidase from a spinal ganglion and tetramethyl benzidine histochemistry were used to identify primary afferent terminals in laminae I and III-V. Presumed C-fibre terminals in lamina II were identified on morphological criteria (dense sinusoid axon terminals). Primary afferent terminals in all dorsal horn laminae displayed significantly higher levels of glutamate-like immunoreactivity than pleomorphic vesicle-containing profiles in laminae III-IV and large neuronal cell bodies in laminae III-V. The density of gold particles over 
primary afferent terminals also significantly exceeded the average density of gold particles over laminae II and III-IV. The highest densities of gold particles were present over dense sinusoid axon terminals in lamina II. These findings suggest that glutamate, alone or in combination with other neuroactive compounds, is involved in the transfer of all sensory modalities from primary afferent fibres to dorsal horn neurons.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Sweden.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism; Animals; Female; Glutamates, metabolism; Glutamic Acid; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; Tissue Distribution},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7904222},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bronchti:2002,
  author      = {Gilles Bronchti and Peter Heil and Ronen Sadka and Andreas Hess and Henning Scheich and Zvi Wollberg},
  title       = {Auditory activation of "visual" cortical areas in the blind mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi).},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {311--329},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02063.x},
  abstract    = {The mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi) is a subterranean rodent whose adaptations to its fossorial life include an extremely reduced peripheral visual system and an auditory system suited for the perception of vibratory stimuli. We have previously shown that in this blind rodent the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the primary visual thalamic nucleus of sighted mammals, is activated by auditory stimuli. In this report we focus on the manifestation of this cross-modal compensation at the cortical level. Cyto- and myeloarchitectural analyses of the occipital area showed that despite the almost total blindness of the mole rat this area has retained the organization of a typical mammalian primary visual cortex. Application of the metabolic marker 2-deoxyglucose and electrophysiological recording of evoked field potentials and single-unit activity disclosed that a considerable part of this area is activated by auditory stimuli. Previous neuronal tracing studies had revealed the origin of the bulk of 
this auditory input to be the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus which itself receives auditory input from the inferior colliculus.},
  institution = {Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Gilles_Bronchti@uqtr.ca},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Acoustic Stimulation; Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Auditory Cortex, cytology/physiology; Auditory Pathways, cytology/physiology; Auditory Perception, physiology; Blindness, physiopathology; Brain Mapping; Dark Adaptation, physiology; Deoxyglucose, diagnostic use; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, physiology; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory, physiology; Mechanoreceptors, physiology; Mole Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Physical Stimulation; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/physiology; Vibrissae, physiology; Visual Cortex, cytology/physiology; Visual Pathways, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {2063},
  pmid        = {12169112},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bronchti:1991,
  author      = {Bronchti, G. and Rado, R. and Terkel, J. and Wollberg, Z.},
  title       = {Retinal projections in the blind mole rat: a WGA-HRP tracing study of a natural degeneration.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {58},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {159--170},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-3806(91)90002-z},
  abstract    = {The mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi is a fossorial rodent. Although its peripheral visual system--eye and optic nerve--is highly degenerated, it shows some sensitivity to light. However, in the usual sense, it is essentially blind. An auditory take-over of the visual lateral geniculate nucleus and at least part of the visual cortices was recently demonstrated. In order to visualize the retinal projections during ontogeny, we used an anterograde tracing technique, with monocular injection of wheat germ agglutinin-labeled horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). In the newborn mole rat the retina projects to most of its normal targets as compared with seeing rodents, with bilateral projections to the suprachiasmatic nuclei, the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei, the lateroposterior nuclei, the optic tract nuclei and the superior colliculi. During the course of ontogeny, the retinohypothalamic connection is stabilized but the main optic tract undergoes progressive degeneration. In adults, only a 
few retinal fibers enter the contralateral ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, the lateroposterior nucleus, the optic tract nucleus and the superior colliculus. No retinal fibers could be detected in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Thus, the retinofugal projections in the adult mole rat could explain its reduced sensitivity to light, whereas the complete degeneration of the retino-dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus projection could underlie the invasion of auditory input into this normally visual center.},
  institution = {Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Nerve Degeneration; Retina, cytology/physiology; Rodentia, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2029763},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Brooks:2008,
  author      = {D. J. Brooks and M. Doder and S. Osman and S. K. Luthra and E. Hirani and S. Hume and H. Kase and J. Kilborn and S. Martindill and A. Mori},
  title       = {Positron emission tomography analysis of [11C]KW-6002 binding to human and rat adenosine A2A receptors in the brain.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {62},
  number      = {9},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {671--681},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/syn.20539},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.20539},
  abstract    = {Adenosine A(2A) receptors are found on striatal neurones projecting to the external pallidum. KW-6002 (istradefylline) is a potent and selective antagonist for the adenosine A(2A) receptors in the CNS and acts to inhibit the excessive activity of this pathway in the MPTP marmoset model of PD, thus relieving parkinsonism. The objectives of this study were to investigate the regional binding of the novel positron emission tomography tracer [(11)C]KW-6002 in the healthy human brain and the rat brain, along with receptor occupancy by cold KW-6002 at varying doses in human. The highest [(11)C]KW-6002 uptake in the rat brain was seen in striatum and lower levels in cortex and cerebellum. Brain [(11)C]KW-6002 uptake was well characterized in humans by a two-tissue compartmental model with a blood volume term, and the ED(50) of cold KW-6002 was 0.5 mg in the striatum. Over 90\% receptor occupancy was achieved with daily oral doses of greater than 5 mg. In humans, blockable binding was present in all 
gray matter structures including the cerebellum, which has not been reported to express A(2A) receptors. MRS 1745, an A(2B) receptor selective antagonist, had no effect on the cerebellar binding of [(11)C]KW-6002 in rats, suggesting that this blockable signal is unlikely to result from an affinity for adenosine A(2B) receptors.},
  institution = {MRC Clinical Sciences Centre and Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.},
  journal     = {Synapse},
  keywords    = {Administration, Oral; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; Adult; Animals; Carbon Radioisotopes, diagnostic use; Cerebellum, metabolism/radionuclide imaging; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism/radionuclide imaging; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Kinetics; Male; Middle Aged; Neostriatum, metabolism/radionuclide imaging; Nucleus Accumbens, metabolism/radionuclide imaging; Positron-Emission Tomography, methods; Purines, administration /&/ dosage/diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2, metabolism; Thalamus, metabolism/radionuclide imaging},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {18566974},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brooks:2004,
  author      = {J. W. Brooks and S. W N Thompson and A. S C Rice and M. Malcangio},
  title       = {(S)-AMPA inhibits electrically evoked calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from the rat dorsal horn: reversal by cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716A.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {372},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {85-88},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neulet.2004.09.014},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.09.014},
  abstract    = {Previous studies in the hippocampus and cerebellum demonstrate that depolarisation of postsynaptic neurones stimulates the rapid synthesis and release of an endocannabinoid that retrogradely interacts with pre-synaptic CB(1) to modulate neurotransmitter release. This study evaluated whether depolarisation of second order neurones in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord by the AMPA receptor agonist, (S)-AMPA, would modulate sensory neurotransmission via release of endocannabinoids. Using an isolated rat dorsal horn with dorsal root attached in vitro preparation the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) after electrical stimulation of the dorsal roots was measured. Superfusion of either WIN55,212-2 (1 microM) or (S)-AMPA (1 microM) significantly attenuated CGRP release in a CB(1)-dependent manner (SR141716A, 5 microM). This provides indirect pharmacological evidence for an AMPA-evoked release of endogenous cannabinoids inhibiting peptide release from primary afferent neurons. This 
study confirms that CGRP release from the dorsal horn is modulated via CB(1) activation. Furthermore a depolarising stimulus also modulates CGRP release, potentially via the release of endogenous cannabinoids.},
  institution = {Pain Research Group, Department of Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London SW109NH, UK.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism/secretion; Electric Stimulation, methods; Male; Piperidines, pharmacology; Posterior Horn Cells, drug effects/metabolism/secretion; Pyrazoles, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Cannabinoid, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {S0304-3940(04)01139-5},
  pmid        = {15531093},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Broesamle:1997,
  author      = {C. Brösamle and M. E. Schwab},
  title       = {Cells of origin, course, and termination patterns of the ventral, uncrossed component of the mature rat corticospinal tract.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {386},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {293--303},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970922)386:2<293::aid-cne9>3.0.co;2-x},
  abstract    = {The cells of origin, the course, and termination patterns of the ventral, uncrossed component of the rat corticospinal tract (CST) was investigated by using retrograde and anterograde tracing methods. Anterograde tracing with biotin dextran-amine (BDA) revealed the position and detailed morphology of CST fibers in the spinal cord. Cross sections on spinal levels C4, T8, and L4 showed labeled fibers in the ipsilateral ventral funiculus on all levels. Although ipsilateral ventral CST fibers run close to the midline in the cervical cord, they were found to disperse more in the ventromedial funiculus at lower spinal levels. To study the termination patterns of the ipsilateral ventral projection, a dorsal spinal cord hemisection was performed at level T8, severing the crossed dorsomedial and dorsolateral components but leaving ipsilateral ventral running fibers intact. These fibers were observed to have sometimes several collaterals with terminal arbors extending into different spinal segments, 
innervating mostly laminae III-VI. Structures closely resembling synaptic boutons were identified in these arbors. By retrograde tracing in animals with dorsal spinal cord hemisection, we found labeled cells equally distributed throughout the spinally projecting cortical areas corresponding to the level of tracer injection. Labeled cells were found in layer V. The diameter of the labeled cells was not significantly different from other spinally projecting cortical neurons. In summary, a neuroanatomically complete ipsilateral, ventral corticospinal projection down to low spinal levels was found. The large extension of the terminal arborizations in intermediate laminae of the spinal cord suggests a modulatory role of this CST component.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland. broesam@hifo.unizh.ch},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nerve Endings, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-X},
  pmid        = {9295153},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Broesamle:2000,
  Title                    = {Ipsilateral, ventral corticospinal tract of the adult rat: ultrastructure, myelination and synaptic connections.},
  Author                   = {C. Brösamle and M. E. Schwab},
  Journal                  = {J Neurocytol},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {499--507},
  Volume                   = {29},

  Abstract                 = {The corticospinal tract (CST) of the rat is a widely used model system in developmental, physiological, and regeneration studies. The CST of the rat consists of a main tract, that runs in the dorsomedial funiculus and several minor components. We have shown earlier that one of the minor components, the ipsilateral, ventral CST, projects all the way down the spinal cord in the adult rat and single fibers form large terminal arbors in their spinal target areas. Here we investigated its ultrastructure and compared it to that of CST fibers of the main tract. By the use of anterograde axonal tracing with biotin dextran-amine (BDA) and pre-embedding avidin-peroxidase histochemistry we investigated axon diameters and myelination using electron microscopy. Ipsilateral, ventral CST fibers were found to run in the ventral funiculus close to the midline. They were intermingled with heavily myelinated large diameter axons, presumably reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, or tectospinal fibers. 
Ipsilateral, ventral CST fibers were of small diameter (0.68 microm, +/-0.04) and about [frac34] of them were moderately myelinated (9.64 +/- 0.7 layers of myelin). Co-localization of a rhodamine-dextrane anterograde tracer with the presynaptic marker synaptophysin using confocal microscopy and electron microscopy revealed varicosities on terminal arborisations to be presynaptic boutons and clearly demonstrated contacts to neurons in intermediate laminae of the spinal cord at lumbar spinal levels. This study extends our earlier work indicating that the ipsilateral, ventral CST component of the adult rat is a morphologically complete CST component and may perform similar functions to the main CST component.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Institution              = {Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Winterthurer Str. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cell Size; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Synapses, ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {11279365},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Brose:2012,
  author      = {Brose, Stephen A. and Golovko, Mikhail Y.},
  title       = {A rapid oxygen exchange on prostaglandins in plasma represents plasma esterase activity that is inhibited by diethylumbelliferyl phosphate with high affinity.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {26},
  number      = {20},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {2472--2476},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/rcm.6367},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6367},
  abstract    = {Fatty acids (FA) labeled with (18) O at the carboxyl group, including oxidized species (FA(18) O), are a useful, low-cost, and easy to prepare tool for quantitative and qualitative mass spectrometry (MS) analysis in biological systems. In addition, they are used to trace the fate of FAs in metabolic pathways including FA re-esterification and lipid remodeling pathways. Although a rapid (18) O exchange on FA(18) O in biological systems has been reported, the mechanism contributing to (18) O exchange has not been fully evaluated. This gap in knowledge limits the use of FA(18) O as a standard for MS and complicates data interpretation for FA metabolism in biological systems.In the present study we have addressed a number of possible mechanisms for a rapid (18) O exchange on prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ) using rat plasma as a model. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for quantification.
The major mechanism for a rapid (18) O exchange on PGE(2) (18) O in rat plasma is PGE(2) processing with esterases, while FA re-esterification and non-enzymatic mechanisms do not significantly contribute to this phenomenon. In addition, we report a highly effective inhibition of (18) O exchange with diethylumbelliferyl phosphate that can be used to stabilize FA(18) O in biological samples.These data indicate the necessity to consider esterase activity when FA(18) O are used to study FA metabolism, and the importance of esterase activity inhibition when FA(18) O are used as internal standards for MS analysis in biological systems. In addition, the results provide a rational for the development of new approaches to study esterase activities and affinity towards modified FA.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA.},
  journal     = {Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom},
  keywords    = {Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dinoprostone, blood/metabolism; Esterases, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Fatty Acids, metabolism; Organophosphorus Compounds, pharmacology; Oxygen, metabolism; Plasma, enzymology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Umbelliferones, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {22976214},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Brotchie:1991,
  author      = {Brotchie, J. M. and Crossman, A. R.},
  title       = {D-[3H]aspartate and [14C]GABA uptake in the basal ganglia of rats following lesions in the subthalamic region suggest a role for excitatory amino acid but not GABA-mediated transmission in subthalamic nucleus efferents.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {113},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {171--181},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0014-4886(91)90173-a},
  institution = {Department of Cell and Structural Biology, University of Manchester, England.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Amino Acids, physiology; Animals; Aspartic Acid, pharmacokinetics; Basal Ganglia, metabolism; Carbon Radioisotopes, diagnostic use; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Globus Pallidus, physiology; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology; Thalamus, pathology/physiology; Tritium, diagnostic use; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, pharmacokinetics/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0014-4886(91)90173-A},
  pmid        = {1651255},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Brouns:2000,
  Title                    = {Intraepithelial vagal sensory nerve terminals in rat pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies express P2X(3) receptors.},
  Author                   = {Brouns, I. and Adriaensen, D. and Burnstock, G. and Timmermans, J. P.},
  Journal                  = {Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {52--61},
  Volume                   = {23},

  Abstract                 = {The neurotransmitters/modulators involved in the interaction between pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) and the vagal sensory component of their innervation have not yet been elucidated. Because P2X(3) purinoreceptors are known to be strongly expressed in peripheral sensory neurons, the aim of the present study was to examine the localization of nerve endings expressing P2X(3) purinoreceptors in the rat lung in general and those contacting pulmonary NEBs in particular. Most striking were intraepithelial arborizations of P2X(3) purinoceptor-immunoreactive (IR) nerve terminals, which in all cases appeared to ramify between calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- or calbindin D28k (CB)-labeled NEB cells. However, not all NEBs received nerve endings expressing P2X(3) receptors. Using CGRP and CB staining as markers for two different sensory components of the innervation of NEBs, it was revealed that P2X(3) receptor and CB immunoreactivity were colocalized, whereas CGRP-IR 
fibers clearly formed a different population. The disappearance of characteristic P2X(3) receptor-positive nerve fibers in contact with NEBs after infranodosal vagal crush and colocalization of tracer and P2X(3) receptor immunoreactivity in vagal nodose neuronal cell bodies in retrograde tracing experiments further supports our hypothesis that the P2X(3) receptor-IR nerve fibers contacting NEBs have their origin in the vagal sensory nodose ganglia. Combination of quinacrine accumulation in NEBs, suggestive of the presence of high concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in their secretory vesicles, and P2X(3) receptor staining showed that the branching intraepithelial P2X(3) receptor-IR nerve terminals in rat lungs were exclusively associated with quinacrine-stained NEBs. We conclude that ATP might act as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the vagal sensory innervation of NEBs via a P2X(3) receptor-mediated pathway. Further studies are necessary to determine whether the P2X(3) receptor-expressing 
neurons, specifically innervating NEBs in the rat lung, belong to a population of P2X(3) receptor-IR nociceptive vagal nodose neurons.},
  Doi                      = {10.1165/ajrcmb.23.1.3936},
  Institution              = {Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.},
  Keywords                 = {Adenosine Triphosphate, metabolism; Animals; Axonal Transport; Biological Markers, analysis; Bronchi, cytology/innervation; Calbindin 1; Calbindins; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, analysis/immunology; Epithelial Cells, cytology/immunology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Lung, cytology/innervation; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nerve Crush; Neuroeffector Junction, immunology/metabolism/physiology; Neurons, cytology/immunology/metabolism; Nodose Ganglion, cytology/immunology/metabolism/physiology; Quinacrine, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Purinergic P2, analysis/immunology/metabolism; Receptors, Purinergic P2X3; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G, analysis/immunology; Vagus Nerve, cytology/immunology/metabolism/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {10873153},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb.23.1.3936}
}

@Article{Broussard:1998,
  author      = {Broussard, D. L. and Lynn, R. B. and Wiedner, E. B. and Altschuler, S. M.},
  title       = {Solitarial premotor neuron projections to the rat esophagus and pharynx: implications for control of swallowing.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {114},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {1268--1275},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70433-0},
  abstract    = {The buccopharyngeal and esophageal phases of swallowing are controlled by distinct networks of premotor neurons localized in the nucleus tractus solitarius. The neuronal circuitry coordinating the two phases was investigated using a combination of central and peripheral tracing techniques.Using pseudorabies virus, a transsynaptic tracer, in anesthetized rats, third-order esophageal neurons (neurons projecting to premotor neurons) were identified. In a separate protocol that combined transsynaptic and retrograde fluorescent tracing, third-order esophageal neurons projecting to pharyngeal motoneurons (buccopharyngeal premotor neurons) were then identified.Third-order esophageal neurons were identified in the interstitial and intermediate subnuclei of the nucleus tractus solitarius and in other medullary, pontine, midbrain, and forebrain nuclei. A subpopulation of these neurons (double labeled) in the interstitial and intermediate subnuclei were found to project to pharyngeal motoneurons (
buccopharyngeal premotor neurons) and to be linked synaptically to esophageal premotor neurons.The synaptic link between buccopharyngeal and esophageal premotor neurons provides an anatomic pathway for the central initiation of esophageal peristalsis and its coordination with the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. This neural circuitry within the nucleus tractus solitarius is consistent with a complex central control mechanism for the swallowing motor sequence that can function independently of afferent feedback.},
  institution = {Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.},
  journal     = {Gastroenterology},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, cytology/physiology; Deglutition, physiology; Esophagus, innervation; Fluorescent Dyes; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Male; Motor Neurons, physiology; Pharynx, innervation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Stem Cells, physiology; Stilbamidines; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0016508598005514},
  pmid        = {9609764},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Brown:1984,
  author      = {Brown, D. and Garcia-Segura, L. M. and Orci, L.},
  title       = {Carbonic anhydrase is present in olfactory receptor cells.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {80},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {307--309},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00495782},
  abstract    = {A modification of Hansson 's histochemical technique was used to reveal carbonic anhydrase activity in mounted cryostat sections of rat olfactory mucosa, after glutaraldehyde fixation. A positive reaction that could be inhibited by acetazolamide was found in a population of olfactory receptor cells, whereas the supporting cells were negative. Axons of receptor cells were also positive and could be traced through the cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb.},
  journal     = {Histochemistry},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, enzymology; Carbonic Anhydrases, analysis; Cell Nucleus, enzymology; Epithelium, enzymology; Neurons, Afferent, enzymology; Olfactory Mucosa, enzymology; Rats; Sensory Receptor Cells, enzymology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6427142},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Brown:2005a,
  Title                    = {Polysynaptic pathways from the vestibular nuclei to the lateral mammillary nucleus of the rat: substrates for vestibular input to head direction cells.},
  Author                   = {Brown, J. E. and Card, J. P. and Yates, B. J.},
  Journal                  = {Exp Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {47--61},
  Volume                   = {161},

  Abstract                 = {The activity of some neurons in the lateral mammillary nucleus (LMN) of the rat corresponds with the animal's current head direction (HD). HD cells have been studied extensively but the circuitry responsible for the generation and maintenance of the HD signal has not been established. The present study tested the hypothesis that a polysynaptic pathway connects the vestibular nuclei with the LMN via one or more relay nuclei. This circuitry could provide a substrate for the integration of sensory input necessary for HD cell activity. This hypothesis is based upon the prior demonstration that labyrinthectomy abolishes HD selectivity in thalamic neurons. Viral transneuronal tracing with pseudorabies virus (PRV) was used to test this hypothesis. We injected recombinants of PRV into the LMN and surrounding nuclei of adult male rats and defined the patterns of retrograde transneuronal infection at survival intervals of 60 and 72 h. Infected medial vestibular neurons (MVN) were only 
observed at the longest postinoculation interval in animals in which the injection site was localized largely to the LMN. Robust infection of the dorsal tegmental nucleus (DTN) and nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (PH) in these cases, but not in controls, at both survival intervals identified these nuclei as potential relays of vestibular input to the LMN. These data are consistent with the conclusion that vestibular information that contributes to the LMN HD cell activity is relayed to this caudal hypothalamic cell group via a polysynaptic brainstem circuit.},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/s00221-004-2045-4},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Head Movements, physiology; Male; Mamillary Bodies, chemistry/physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, chemistry/physiology; Vestibular Nuclei, chemistry/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {15688176},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-004-2045-4}
}

@Article{Brown:1990,
  author      = {Brown, J. L. and Brunjes, P. C.},
  title       = {Development of the anterior olfactory nucleus in normal and unilaterally odor deprived rats.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {301},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {15--22},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903010103},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903010103},
  abstract    = {The development of a second order structure in the olfactory pathway, the anterior olfactory nucleus, was examined in both normal rat pups and in subjects which underwent unilateral naris closure on postnatal day 1 (P1). Naris occlusion in neonatal rats produces a constellation of changes within the first relay in the pathway, the olfactory bulb, including a 25\% reduction in total volume. Such large changes suggest that higher order structures might also be affected. Anterior olfactory nucleus development was quantified in several ways. Laminar volumes were computed by using serial section planimetry. In control animals differential development was observed, with regions extending most rostrally (e.g., pars externa and pars lateralis) exhibiting the least growth. The anterior olfactory nucleus on the "deprived" side of subjects with a single naris occluded was identical in size to that observed in controls, development within the pars lateralis was examined in control animals at P10, P20, 
P30, and adults. Developmental increases in numbers of both branches per cell and spines were noted, but mean branch length remained relatively constant. Finally, the effects of naris occlusion on histological patterns of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) staining and 2-deoxyglucose uptake within pars lateralis were examined at P20 to test for more subtle effects of naris occlusion. SDH staining was quite similar in deprived and control rats at P20. However, 3H-2-DG uptake was decreased in rostral areas of the anterior olfactory nucleus ipsilateral to the deprived olfactory bulb, suggesting that naris closure does affect the structure.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Deoxyglucose, pharmacology; Electrophysiology; Olfactory Pathways, growth /&/ development; Rats; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Smell, physiology; Staining and Labeling; Succinate Dehydrogenase, analysis/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1706356},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Brown:1977,
  Title                    = {A study of afferent input to the inferior olivary complex in the rat by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.},
  Author                   = {J. T. Brown and V. Chan-Palay and S. L. Palay},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1977},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {1-22},
  Volume                   = {176},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.901760102},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Reticular Formation, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Morawska, Pauline},
  Pmid                     = {903429},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901760102}
}

@Article{Brown:1971,
  author      = {Brown, Jr, LT},
  title       = {Projections and termination of the corticospinal tract in rodents.},
  year        = {1971},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {13},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {432--450},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00234340},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, cytology; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Cerebral Decortication; Dendrites; Guinea Pigs; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Degeneration; Rats; Receptors, Neurotransmitter; Spinal Cord, cytology; Staining and Labeling; Synapses, cytology; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {4107896},
  timestamp   = {15.05.2013},
}

@Article{Brown:2005,
  author      = {Brown, Kerry M. and Donohue, Duncan E. and D'Alessandro, Giampaolo and Ascoli, Giorgio A.},
  title       = {A cross-platform freeware tool for digital reconstruction of neuronal arborizations from image stacks.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {3},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {343--360},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1385/NI:3:4:343},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/NI:3:4:343},
  abstract    = {Digital reconstruction of neuronal arborizations is an important step in the quantitative investigation of cellular neuroanatomy. In this process, neurites imaged by microscopy are semi-manually traced through the use of specialized computer software and represented as binary trees of branching cylinders (or truncated cones). Such form of the reconstruction files is efficient and parsimonious, and allows extensive morphometric analysis as well as the implementation of biophysical models of electrophysiology. Here, we describe Neuron_ Morpho, a plugin for the popular Java application ImageJ that mediates the digital reconstruction of neurons from image stacks. Both the executable and code of Neuron_ Morpho are freely distributed (www.maths. soton.ac.uk/staff/D'Alessandro/morpho or www.krasnow.gmu.edu/L-Neuron), and are compatible with all major computer platforms (including Windows, Mac, and Linux). We tested Neuron_Morpho by reconstructing two neurons from each of the two preparations 
representing different brain areas (hippocampus and cerebellum), neuritic type (pyramidal cell dendrites and olivar axonal projection terminals), and labeling method (rapid Golgi impregnation and anterograde dextran amine), and quantitatively comparing the resulting morphologies to those of the same cells reconstructed with the standard commercial system, Neurolucida. None of the numerous morphometric measures that were analyzed displayed any significant or systematic difference between the two reconstructing systems.},
  institution = {Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, USA.},
  journal     = {Neuroinformatics},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Cell Shape, physiology; Cerebellum, cytology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Female; Hippocampus, cytology; Image Cytometry, methods/standards/trends; Male; Nervous System, cytology; Neurons, cytology; Pyramidal Cells, cytology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Software, economics/standards},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {NI:3:4:343},
  pmid        = {16284416},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Brown:1992,
  author      = {Brown, L. L.},
  title       = {Somatotopic organization in rat striatum: evidence for a combinational map.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {89},
  number      = {16},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {7403--7407},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1073/pnas.89.16.7403},
  abstract    = {2-Deoxy-D-[14C]glucose autoradiography was used in awake rats to map neural activity in the sensorimotor sector of striatum. Stimulation of hindlimb, trunk, or forelimb activated primary sensory cortex in a localized columnar pattern, indicating activation of somatosensory receptors and a discrete cortical functional unit. In sensorimotor striatum, an image analysis detection technique revealed regions of maximal activity, or features, that formed a patchy pattern of activation reminiscent of the known anatomic patterns of cortico-striate terminals. Ipsilateral as well as contralateral activation was observed. The activated areas revealed a body map in striatum that was organized in a manner consistent with cortical topography (dorsoventrally: hindlimb, trunk, forelimb) at most anteroposterior levels, similar to that found in other species. However, at other levels, a different organization (e.g., trunk, hindlimb, forelimb) was observed. Furthermore, the arrangements of body region and side 
were also unique at different anteroposterior levels. Thus, functional activity showed multiple, different juxtapositions of body elements--i.e., a combinational map. The data suggest that striatum may provide an anatomic substrate for different combinations of inputs necessary to select and integrate movement.},
  institution = {Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.},
  journal     = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Mapping; Carbon Radioisotopes; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Deoxyglucose, metabolism; Forelimb, innervation; Hindlimb, innervation; Male; Models, Neurological; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1502150},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Brown:1993,
  author      = {Brown, L. L. and Feldman, S. M.},
  title       = {The organization of somatosensory activity in dorsolateral striatum of the rat.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {99},
  pages       = {237--250},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.},
  journal     = {Prog Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Physical Stimulation; Rats, physiology; Skin, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8108551},
  timestamp   = {04.08.2015},
}

@Article{Brown:2002,
  author      = {Lucy L Brown and Samuel M Feldman and Diane M Smith and James R Cavanaugh and Robert F Ackermann and Ann M Graybiel},
  title       = {Differential metabolic activity in the striosome and matrix compartments of the rat striatum during natural behaviors.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {22},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {305--314},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/22/1/305.long},
  abstract    = {The striosome and matrix compartments of the striatum are clearly identified by their neurochemical expression patterns and anatomical connections. To determine whether these compartments are distinguishable functionally, we used [14C]deoxyglucose metabolic mapping in the rat and tested whether neutral behavioral states (free movement, gentle restraint, and focal tactile stimulation under gentle restraint) were associated with regions of high metabolic activity in the matrix, in striosomes, or in both. We identified metabolic peaks in the striatum by means of image analysis, striosome-matrix boundaries by [3H]naloxone binding, and primary somatosensory corticostriatal input clusters by injections of anterograde tracer into electrophysiologically identified sites in SI. Peak metabolic activity was primarily confined to the matrix compartment under each behavioral condition. These findings show that during relatively neutral behavioral conditions the balance of activity between the two 
compartments favors the matrix and suggest that this balance is present in the striatum as part of normal behavior and processing of afferent activity.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. brown@aecom.yu.edu},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Brain Mapping; Corpus Striatum, metabolism; Deoxyglucose, metabolism/pharmacokinetics; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Naloxone, metabolism/pharmacokinetics; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Restraint, Physical},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {22/1/305},
  pmid        = {11756514},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brown:1998,
  author      = {L. L. Brown and D. M. Smith and L. M. Goldbloom},
  title       = {Organizing principles of cortical integration in the rat neostriatum: corticostriate map of the body surface is an ordered lattice of curved laminae and radial points.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {392},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {468--488},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980323)392:4<468::aid-cne5>3.3.co;2-x},
  abstract    = {The neuroanatomic organizing principles underlying integrative functions in the striatum are only partially understood. Within the three major subdivisions of the striatum-sensorimotor, associative, and limbic--longitudinal zones of axonal plexuses from the cerebral cortex end in bands and clusters that innervate cell groups. To identify organizing principles of the corticostriate bands and clusters, we localized somatosensory cortical cells receptive to light touch on the hindlimb, forelimb, or vibrissae by extracellular recording, and we labeled their projections by iontophoretic application of dextran anterograde tracers. The results show that cortical cells in columnar groups project to the striatum in the form of successive strips, or laminae, that parallel the curve of the external capsule. The vibrissae somatosensory cortex projects to the most lateral lamina. Just medial to the vibrissae projection, the major axonal arborizations arising from hindlimb and forelimb somatosensory 
cortex are organized within a common lamina, where they interdigitate and overlap as well as remain separate. In addition, the hindlimb and forelimb cortex send small projections to the vibrissae lamina, and vice versa, forming broken, radially oriented lines of points across the laminar strips. The major somatosensory projections are in the dorsolateral, calbindin-poor sensorimotor striatum, whereas the radially oriented projection points extend into the medial, calbindin-rich associative striatum. Extending previous studies of corticostriate projections, this report shows a grid translation of columnar somatosensory cortical inputs into striatum and a detailed map for the rat sensorimotor zone. The lattice-like grid is a novel functional/neuroanatomic organization that is ideal for distributing, combining, and integrating information for sensorimotor and cognitive processing.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. brown@aecom.yu.edu},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, chemistry/physiology; Brain Mapping; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis; Cell Size; Electrophysiology; Male; Microinjections; Microscopy, Confocal; Neostriatum, chemistry/physiology; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, physiology; Somatosensory Cortex, chemistry/physiology; Vibrissae, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-Z},
  pmid        = {9514511},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brown:1983,
  author      = {Brown, L. L. and Wolfson, L. I.},
  title       = {A dopamine-sensitive striatal efferent system mapped with [14C]deoxyglucose in the rat.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {261},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {213--229},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)90625-x},
  abstract    = {Rats which had exhibited contralateral rotation following unilateral injection of dopamine (DA) through a striatal cannula were given 0.5 - 50 micrograms DA intrastriatally and then were injected with [14C]deoxyglucose peripherally to measure glucose utilization in the striatum and its projection nuclei. Quantitative autoradiographic techniques were used to measure glucose utilization. Brain areas which showed L-R asymmetries and changes in glucose utilization different from vehicle-injected animals were: the substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata), the subthalamic n., entopeduncular n., lateral habenula, and deep layers of the superior colliculus. The globus pallidus was affected also, but only in one group for which the injected DA may have spread and affected it directly. Each of these areas receives projections from the striatum or is one additional synapse away. Intrastriatal injections of norepinephrine, isoproterenol, and procaine did not produce changes in glucose 
utilization in the striatal projection nuclei. The results support the existence of a DA-sensitive strionigral system to both the reticulata and compacta regions of the nigra, and suggest that this activity is paralleled by a strio-subthalamic and strio-entopeduncular-habenular system. The onset of changes in glucose utilization in the entopeduncular-habenular system was later than in the strio-subthalamic and strionigral systems and correlated with the onset of rotation. However, data from 4 animals which did not rotate suggest that each of these systems is necessary but not sufficient for rotation. It is concluded that DA receptors in the striatum play a significant role in the effects of peripherally administered DA agonists on other nuclei, even though most of these other nuclei also have their own DA receptors.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping, methods; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects; Deoxyglucose, metabolism; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Dopamine, pharmacology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Motor Activity, drug effects; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(83)90625-X},
  pmid        = {6831209},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Brown:1974,
  author      = {Brown, L. T.},
  title       = {Rubrospinal projections in the rat.},
  year        = {1974},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {154},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {169--187},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.901540205},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901540205},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons; Dendrites; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Red Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Synapses},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {4826093},
  timestamp   = {15.05.2013},
}

@Article{Brown:1974a,
  author      = {Brown, L. T.},
  title       = {Corticorubral projections in the rat.},
  year        = {1974},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {154},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {149--167},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.901540204},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901540204},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Methods; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Motor Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Red Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {4826092},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Brown:1987,
  author      = {Brown, M. C. and Hardman, V. J.},
  title       = {A reassessment of the accuracy of reinnervation by motoneurons following crushing or freezing of the sciatic or lumbar spinal nerves of rats.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {110 ( Pt 3)},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {695--705},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1093/brain/110.3.695},
  abstract    = {The accuracy of reinnervation in peripheral nerves following second degree injuries, which do not disrupt the longitudinal continuity of the endoneurial sheaths, has been studied in rats. The sciatic nerve or lumbar spinal nerves (that is the extraspinal nerves before their fusion in the sciatic plexus) were crushed with fine watchmakers' forceps in neonatal and adult rats. In addition, the lumbar spinal nerves were frozen in a group of 5 adult rats. After allowing reinnervation to occur for 5 to 9 weeks, the motoneurons whose axons ran in the plantar nerve were labelled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase. Their positions in the grey matter of the lumbar spinal cord were recorded and compared with those labelled from the contralateral unoperated plantar nerve. Very few errors of projection occurred after a crush lesion of the adult sciatic nerve but all the other lesions produced significant numbers of errors. The order, starting with the preparations with fewest errors was as follows (
numbers in brackets = percentage of neurons misplaced): sciatic crush in adult (3\%), sciatic crush in neonate (23\%), spinal nerve freeze in adult (23\%), spinal nerve crush in adult (35\%), and spinal nerve crush in neonate (72\%). It seems that a significant number of axonal growth cones cross endoneurial sheaths after crush or cryoinjuries. Explanations for the difference in observed reinnervation accuracy between young and old rats and between lesions in peripheral nerves and spinal nerves are discussed. The first is that axons in peripheral nerves in older rats have a less penetrable endoneurial membrane encasing them. The second is that the amount of misrouting is the same at all lesion sites but is much less easily detectable after sciatic lesions than spinal nerve lesions. This is because axons are organized in a 'musculotopic' manner in peripheral nerves and exchange of axon positions will occur largely between axons destined for the same peripheral target. In contrast, exchange of positions of 
axons in spinal nerves will lead to more overt errors because at this site axons destined for particular muscles do not lie side by side but are intermingled with axons innervating other peripheral targets.},
  journal     = {Brain},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, physiology; Freezing; Motor Neurons, physiology; Nerve Crush; Nerve Regeneration; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Sciatic Nerve, physiology; Spinal Nerves, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3580830},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Brown:1980,
  author      = {P. A. Brown},
  title       = {The inferior olivary connections to the cerebellum in the rat studied by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {5},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {267-275},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(80)90168-9},
  abstract    = {Olivocerebellar projections were investigated in the rat using retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Discrete cell groups of the inferior olive were labelled, subsequent to injections in the paravermal region, the vermis, or the caudolateral hemisphere. Injections in the mid-rostrocaudal third of the paravermal area resulted in labelling of cells in the medial accessory olive (MAO), in cell group "b" at caudal levels, and in its lateral portion at mid-rostrocaudal levels. The rostral pole of the principal olive (PO), the dorsal accessory olive (DAO), and the dorsomedial cell column, were heavily labelled. By comparison, caudal paravermal injections resulted in labelling in the medial part of the mid-rostrocaudal levels of the MAO, but not in its caudal portion. The PO lamellae were labelled in their lateral half, excluding the lateral bend connecting them. Injections slightly lateral within this paravermal area gave no caudal MAO labelling, but did label cells in segments of 
both PO lamellae, medial to those in the previous case. From vermal injections, cell groups "b" and "c" of the caudal MAO were labelled, but no labelled cells were present in the PO. Subsequent to injections in the paramedian lobule, cells in the dorsal lamella of the PO were labelled. No cells of the MAO were labelled. These results are discussed in terms of specific labelling patterns and the general concepts of organization presently held for the olivocerebellar system.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {7397571},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brown:1996,
  author      = {R. S. Brown and J. Y. Leung and S. J. Fisher and K. A. Frey and S. P. Ethier and R. L. Wahl},
  title       = {Intratumoral distribution of tritiated-FDG in breast carcinoma: correlation between Glut-1 expression and FDG uptake.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {37},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {1042--1047},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Increased expression of glucose transporters is frequently associated with transformation and is often found in malignant tumors. To assess the relationship between cellular glucose transporter Glut-1 (brain/erythrocyte) and FDG uptake in malignant tumors we studied the expression of Glut-1 and 3H-FDG uptake in a syngeneic rat mammary cancer (RMC), an animal tumor model that closely mimics human breast carcinoma.Tumors of 1-9 RMT cell line were grown in female Lewis rats and were studied by immunoperoxidase staining with anti-Glut-1 antibodies, macro- and microautoradiography and densitometry following intravenous injection of 3H-FDG.Most of the cancer cells contained Glut-1 positive cytoplasmic granules. Cells with strongly stained cell membrane were mainly observed in areas of intensive intraductal proliferation and high tumor cell density. No staining was observed in necrotic areas, connective tissue stroma or granulation tissue. FDG uptake in areas of high cancer cell density was 
consistently higher than average tumor uptake. Silver grain counts were 31 +/- 8/0.023 mm2 in regions of viable cancer cells, and were higher as compared to 10 +/-7 counted in necrotic or 8 +/- 8 in connective tissue areas (p = 0.0001). Densitometry of the autoradiograms and of the histochemically stained consecutive sections showed positive correlation between estimates of FDG uptake and the intensity of staining of the Glut-1 antigen (r=0.3-0.6; p=0.0001).Our results demonstrate significant positive correlation between the expression of the facilitative glucose transporter Glut-1 and FDG accumulation in viable cancer cells in the syngeneic rat breast cancer. They suggest that the regulation of FDG uptake may be mediated by Glut-1 and the heterogeneous expression of Glut-1 and tracer uptake may reflect localized variations in the metabolic conditions.},
  institution = {Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0028, USA.},
  journal     = {J Nucl Med},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Deoxyglucose, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Female; Fluorine Radioisotopes; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Immunohistochemistry; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental, metabolism; Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8683298},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brown:2005b,
  author      = {Brown, William J. and Schmidt, John A.},
  title       = {Use of acyltransferase inhibitors to block vesicular traffic between the ER and Golgi complex.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {404},
  pages       = {115--125},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/S0076-6879(05)04012-7},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(05)04012-7},
  abstract    = {This article describes the use of acyltransferase inhibitors as probes for studying the potential role of lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPAT) in intracellular membrane trafficking in the secretory and endocytic pathways. The small molecule inhibitors that are described here were originally found as acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors. One of these, CI-976 (2,2-methyl-N-(2,4,6,-trimethoxyphenyl)dodecanamide), was also found to be a potent LPAT inhibitor. CI-976 is a small, hydrophobic, membrane-permeant compound and both in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that it, but not other ACAT inhibitors, has a profound effect on multiple membrane trafficking pathways in eukaryotic cells including: (1) inhibition of COPII vesicle budding from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), (2) inhibition of transferrin and transferrin receptor export from the endocytic recycling compartment, and (3) stimulation of tubule-mediated retrograde trafficking of Golgi membranes to the ER. Here we 
describe the use of CI-976 and other ACAT inhibitors for studies with both cultured mammalian cells and in vitro reconstitution assays, with a particular emphasis on COPII vesicle budding from the ER. All of these studies strongly suggest that CI-976-sensitive LPATs play a role in coated vesicle fission, and therefore, CI-976 is a valuable addition to the arsenal of small molecule inhibitors that can be used to study secretory and endocytic membrane trafficking pathways.},
  institution = {Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.},
  journal     = {Methods Enzymol},
  keywords    = {1-Acylglycerophosphocholine O-Acyltransferase, physiology; Acyltransferases, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Anilides, pharmacology; Animals; COP-Coated Vesicles, drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Endoplasmic Reticulum, drug effects/metabolism; Golgi Apparatus, drug effects/metabolism; Imidazoles, pharmacology; Intracellular Membranes, drug effects/physiology; Protein Transport, drug effects; Rats; Sterol O-Acyltransferase, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Urea, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0076-6879(05)04012-7},
  pmid        = {16413263},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Browner:1975,
  author      = {R. H. Browner and D. B. Webster},
  title       = {Projections of the trapezoid body and the superior olivary complex of the Kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami).},
  year        = {1975},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {5-6},
  pages       = {322--354},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/123644},
  abstract    = {Glass micropipettes filled with 2 M sodium cyanide were used to physiologically locate and iontophoretically damage the nucleus of the trapezoid body (NTB), the medial superior olive (MSO), and the lateral superior olive (LSO). Mechanical lesions were made in the trapezoid body as it leaves the cochlear nuclei. After a 3- to 10-day survival time the projections and terminal degeneration were traced with the Fink-Heimer and Nauta-Gygax stains. The ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) projects via the trapezoid body to ipsilateral LSO, ipsilateral preolivary nuclei, ipsilateral lateral and a contralateral medial dendritic fields of MSO, and contralateral NTB; there is also a small ipsilateral projection to the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) and the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CNIC). Some trapezoid body fibers ascend via the contralateral lateral lemniscus to VNLL, DNLL (dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus), and CNIC. There is no projection from the ventral 
cochlear nucleus to the ipsilateral NTB and contralateral preolivary nuclei. All portions of NTB project ipsilaterally to LSO (ventral NTB to dorsomedial LSO, dorsal NTB to ventral LSO) and to the retro-olivary nucleus. In two animals with NTB lesions there is also degeneration in the ventromedial portion of the ipsilateral facial nucleus. NTB projects contralaterally by way of the stria of Monakow to the pyramidal and molecular cell layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). The NTB does not project ipsilaterally to MSO, preolivary nuclei, VNLL, DNLL and CNIC. Contralaterally there are no projections to any of the nuclei of the auditory pathway except the DCN. Most MSO projections are ipsilateral. The densest goes by way of the lateral lemniscus to the lateral aspect of the ipsilateral CNIC, terminating throughout its dorsoventral axis. MSO also projects bilaterally to the pyramidal and molecular cell layers of dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), and ipsilaterally to the ventral portion of the motor nucleus of 
V and to the facial nucleus. MSO does not project ipsilaterally to the LSO, NTB, preolivary, VCN and retro-olivary nuclei. On the contralateral side, all structures except the DCN are free of projection patterns from axons originating in the MSO. LSO projects bilaterally to the central and ventral portions of CNIC and to the nuclei of the lateral lemnisci, and ipsilaterally to the large and small spherical cell areas of anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) and to all portions of DCN. The LSO does not project ipsilaterally to the NTB, MSO, preolivary and retro-olivary nuclei. On the side opposite, this nucleus does not project to NTB, MSO, retro-olive, VCN, preolivary and LSO. For all lesions regardless of the site, there is no degeneration found rostral to the CNIC. The medial geniculate body or other structures in the diencephalon or cortex are free of any fields of terminal degeneration.},
  journal     = {Brain Behav Evol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Dipodomys, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Evoked Potentials; Motor Neurons, physiology; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Endings, physiology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rodentia, anatomy /&/ histology; Tissue Survival},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1192176},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brownfield:1977,
  author      = {Brownfield, M. S. and Kozlowski, G. P.},
  title       = {The hypothalamo-choroidal tract. I. Immunohistochemical demonstration of neurophysin pathways to telencephalic choroid plexuses and cerebrospinal fluid.},
  year        = {1977},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {178},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {111--127},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00232829},
  abstract    = {Neurosecretory pathways were examined in normal male rats by the use of the immunoperoxidase technique for the localization of neurophysin in Bouin-fixed, deparaffinized sections. Using this technique two projections of extrahypothalamic neuorosecretory fibers can be traced to the sites of origin of the choid plexuses of both horns of the lateral ventricles. Neurophysin-containing axons originating primarily from the paraventricular field course dorsolaterad to enter the choroid fissure of the dorsal horn. A caudally direced group of fibers course ventrolaterad to enter the ventral horn choroid fissures. The supraoptic nuclear field is the primary contributor to the latter group. Scattered neurosecretory neurons are found in association with both pathways, usually in contact with blood vessels supplying the choroid plexuses, or in the telencephalic subependymal stroma. Neurosecretory fibers and terminals occur within the choroid fissures and juxtaventricular neuropil. The neurosecretory 
terminals in the choroid fissures appear as Herring-body type neurohemal organs; in the neuropil they appear as punctate peri-neuronal desities suggestive of synaptic contacts. Thes morphologic findings are discussed in relation to reports indicating the presence of antidiuretic, vasopressin-like activity in cerebrospinal fluid and choroid plexus extraxts together with ultrastructural evidence supportive of vasopressin-mediated transchoroidal cerebrospinal fluid absorption. These results and those of others indicated the possible involvement of the neurosecretory system in the regulation of brain interstitial-ventricular cerebrospinal fluid dynamics.},
  journal     = {Cell Tissue Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebrospinal Fluid, metabolism; Choroid Plexus, analysis; Hypothalamus, Anterior, analysis; Hypothalamus, analysis; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neural Pathways, analysis; Neurophysins, analysis; Rats; Telencephalon, analysis; Vasopressins, metabolism; Water-Electrolyte Balance},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {319910},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Browning:2005,
  Title                    = {Characterization of pancreas-projecting rat dorsal motor nucleus of vagus neurons.},
  Author                   = {Kirsteen N Browning and F. Holly Coleman and R. Alberto Travagli},
  Journal                  = {Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {G950--G955},
  Volume                   = {288},

  Abstract                 = {The electrophysiological and morphological properties of rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurons innervating the pancreas were examined by using whole cell patch clamp recordings from brain stem slices and postfixation morphological reconstructions of Neurobiotin-filled neurons. Recordings were made from 178 DMV neurons whose projections had been identified by previous apposition of the fluorescent neuronal tracer DiI to the body of the pancreas. DMV neurons projecting to the pancreas had an input resistance of 434 +/- 14 M omega, an action potential duration of 3 +/- 0.1 ms, and an afterhyperpolarization of 18 +/- 0.4 mV amplitude and 108 +/- 7 ms time constant of decay; these electrophysiological properties resembled those of gastric-projecting neurons but were significantly different from those of intestinal-projecting neurons. Interestingly, 14 of 178 pancreas-projecting neurons showed the presence of a slowly developing afterhyperpolarization whose presence was 
not reported in DMV neurons projecting to any other gastrointestinal area. The morphological characteristics of pancreas-projecting neurons (soma area 274 +/- 12 microm2; soma diameter of 25 +/- 0.7 microm; soma form factor 0.74 +/- 0.01; segments 9.7 +/- 0.41), however, were similar to those of intestinal- but differed from those of gastric-projecting neurons. In summary, these results suggest that pancreas-projecting rat DMV neurons are heterogeneous with respect to some electrophysiological and morphological properties. These differences might underlie functional differences in the vagal modulation of pancreatic functions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1152/ajpgi.00549.2004},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Female; Male; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Pancreas, innervation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vagus Nerve, cytology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {00549.2004},
  Pmid                     = {15637183},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00549.2004}
}

@Article{Browning:1999b,
  author      = {Browning, K. N. and Renehan, W. E. and Travagli, R. A.},
  title       = {Electrophysiological and morphological heterogeneity of rat dorsal vagal neurones which project to specific areas of the gastrointestinal tract.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {517 ( Pt 2)},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {521--532},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0521t.x},
  abstract    = {1. The electrophysiological properties of rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurones (n = 162) were examined using whole cell patch clamp recordings from brainstem slices. Recordings were made from DMV neurones whose projections to the gastrointestinal tract had been identified by previously applying fluorescent retrograde tracers to the gastric fundus, corpus or antrum/pylorus, or to the duodenum or caecum. 2. The neuronal groups were markedly heterogeneous with respect to several electrophysiological properties. For example, neurones which projected to the fundus had a higher input resistance (400 +/- 25 Momega), a smaller and shorter after-hyperpolarization (16.7 +/- 0.49 mV and 63.5 +/- 3.9 ms) and a higher frequency of action potential firing (19.3 +/- 1.4 action potentials s-1) following injection of depolarizing current (270 pA) when compared with caecum-projecting neurones (302 +/- 22 Momega; 23. 5 +/- 0.87 mV and 81.1 +/- 5.3 ms; 9.7 +/- 1.1 action potentials s-1; P < 0.05 
for each parameter). Differences between neuronal groups were also apparent with respect to the distribution of several voltage-dependent potassium currents. Inward rectification was present only in caecum-projecting neurones, for example. 3. Neurones (n = 82) were filled with the intracellular stain Neurobiotin allowing post-fixation morphological reconstruction. Neurones projecting to the caecum had the largest cell volume (5238 +/- 535 microm3), soma area (489 +/- 46 microm2) and soma diameter (24.6 +/- 1.24 microm) as well as the largest number of dendritic branch segments (23 +/- 2). 4. In summary, these results suggest that DMV neurones are heterogeneous with respect to some electrophysiological as well as some morphological properties and can be divided into subgroups according to their gastrointestinal projections.},
  institution = {Neurogastroenterology Research, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.},
  journal     = {J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Digestive System Physiological Phenomena; Electrophysiology; Female; Male; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Potassium Channels, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Vagus Nerve, chemistry/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {PHY_9011},
  pmid        = {10332099},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Browning:1999,
  Title                    = {Characterization of the in vitro effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on identified neurones of the rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV).},
  Author                   = {K. N. Browning and R. A. Travagli},
  Journal                  = {Br J Pharmacol},
  Year                     = {1999},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1307--1315},
  Volume                   = {128},

  Abstract                 = {1 Whole cell patch clamp techniques were used on thin brainstem slices to investigate the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on gastrointestinal-projecting dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurones. Neurones were identified as projecting to the stomach (n=122) or intestine (n=84) if they contained the fluorescent tracer Dil after it had been applied to the gastric fundus, corpus or antrum/pylorus or to the duodenum or caecum. 2 A higher proportion of intestinal neurones (69\%) than gastric neurones (47\%) responded to 5-HT with a concentration-dependent inward current which was antagonized fully by the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin (1 microM). 3 Stimulation of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) induced inhibitory synaptic currents that were reduced in amplitude by application of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OHDPAT (1 microM) or the 5-HT1A/1B receptor agonist TFMPP (1 microM) in 61\% and 52\% of gastric- and intestinal-projecting neurones, respectively. 5-HT 
also significantly reduced the frequency but not the amplitude of spontaneous inhibitory currents. 4 These data show that 5-HT excites directly a larger proportion of intestinal projecting neurones than gastric-projecting neurones, as well as inhibiting synaptic transmission from the NTS to the DMV. These data imply that the response to DMV neurones to 5-HT may be determined and classified by their specific projections.},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/sj.bjp.0702908},
  Institution              = {Neurogastroenterology Research, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place 2D, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, pharmacology; Animals; Cesium, pharmacology; Chlorides, pharmacology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects; Female; Indoles, pharmacology; Intestines, innervation; Ketanserin, pharmacology; Ligands; Male; Membrane Potentials, drug effects; Motor Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3; Receptors, Serotonin, drug effects; Serotonin Antagonists, pharmacology; Serotonin Receptor Agonists, pharmacology; Serotonin, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Stomach, innervation; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects; Vagus Nerve, drug effects/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {10578146},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0702908}
}

@Article{Browning:1993,
  author      = {Browning, R. and Maggio, R. and Sahibzada, N. and Gale, K.},
  title       = {Role of brainstem structures in seizures initiated from the deep prepiriform cortex of rats.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {34},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {393--407},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02579.x},
  abstract    = {Previous studies showed that brainstem seizures can still be evoked after transections that separate forebrain from brainstem. We sought to determine whether forebrain-evoked electrographic seizures require brainstem connections for initiation and generalization. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 295-320 g implanted with epidural electrodes had brain transections placed at the pre-, mid-, or postcollicular level. In experiment 1, the transections were limited to severing the brainstem, sparing the telencephalon laterally; these are referred to as "core" transections. In experiment 2, the transections severed the brainstem and also cut through the lateral telencephalon. These "extended" transections were either (a) bilateral, (b) unilateral (i.e., a hemitransection confined to one hemisphere), or (c) partial (sparing pathways ventral to the pretectal nuclei). All transections were performed under ether anesthesia, and seizures were initiated 3 h later by focal infusion of bicuculline (BIC) 
into the area tempestas (AT) through a previously implanted guide cannula. In experiment 1, bilateral forebrain electrographic seizures occurred in the complete absence of connections between forebrain and brainstem, showing that the brainstem is not required for forebrain-evoked seizures. In experiment 2, forebrain seizures evoked by BIC in AT were suppressed by bilateral extended transections which interrupted connections between AT and the caudal lateral telencephalon. Under these circumstances, application of carbachol with BIC reinstated the forebrain seizure response. These results indicate that carbachol application served to compensate for loss of an excitatory influence on AT resulting from the severing of connections with the caudal telencephalon. The demonstration of direct projections from entorhinal cortex to AT using Fluoro-Gold tracing together with the finding that extended brain transections caudal to the telencephalon do not suppress focally evoked forebrain seizures provided further 
support for the notion that AT afferents from the caudal telencephalon regulate the sensitivity of AT to BIC. The present findings provide further evidence that seizure substrates in the forebrain and brainstem are separable and independent.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.},
  journal     = {Epilepsia},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Animals; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Carbachol, pharmacology; Electrodes, Implanted; Electroencephalography; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Pentylenetetrazole, pharmacology; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Seizures, chemically induced; Stilbamidines},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8504774},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Brozhek:1977,
  author      = {G. Brozhek and G. Velits and V. M. Klimenko and O. Bureshova and L. Buresh},
  title       = {[Role of licking and concomitant changes in the excitability of nerve centers in the elaboration of gustatory information in rats].},
  year        = {1977},
  language    = {rus},
  volume      = {27},
  number      = {6},
  pages       = {1216--1223},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {The mechanism of nervous control of licking was studied in the frame work of the electrophysiological analysis of conditioned taste aversion. The licking rhythm is so stable that the rats are unable to slow it down by 20 percent. If the solution which was previously used for establishing the conditioned taste aversion, appears in the drinking spout, the rat stops drinking after one or two licks. Analysis of temporal relationships between afferent and efferent impulse activity of licking shows that the comparison of gustatory signals with memory traces and the corresponding decision occurs within 80 to 120 ms after lick onset. Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic centres through implanted electrodes has shown that the amplitude of evoked responses and the impairment of licking increases, in proportion to the delay between lick onset and stimulus application. Isolated discharges of epileptic foci in the frontal cortex and the hypothalamus cause an omission of one or several licks, 
without interfering with the activity of the licking generator.},
  journal     = {Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova},
  keywords    = {Animals; Avoidance Learning, physiology; Conditioning, Classical, physiology; Drinking Behavior, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Frontal Lobe, physiopathology; Hypothalamus, physiology; Neural Analyzers, physiology; Rats; Seizures, physiopathology; Taste, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {595875},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bruce:1992,
  author      = {Bruce, K. and Grofova, I.},
  title       = {Notes on a light and electron microscopic double-labeling method combining anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and retrograde tracing with cholera toxin subunit B.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {45},
  number      = {1-2},
  pages       = {23--33},
  note        = {A tract tracing study without description of sources and targets.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-0270(92)90040-k},
  abstract    = {Investigations of monosynaptic connections in the central nervous system have been hindered by the lack of compatible markers that can be used at both light and electron microscopic levels. In attempts to determine synaptic contacts between fibers originating in the substantia nigra and neurons projecting to the spinal cord, we have developed a double immunolabeling technique using anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and retrograde transport of unconjugated cholera toxin subunit B (CTB). In this report, we describe technical modifications which consistently produced superior labeling together with adequate ultrastructural preservation of the tissue and discuss the advantages of the two tracers.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1316.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Cholera Toxin; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0165-0270(92)90040-K},
  pmid        = {1283431},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bruce:1997,
  author      = {Bruce, L. L. and Christensen, M. A. and Fritzsch, B.},
  title       = {Electron microscopic differentiation of directly and transneuronally transported DiI and applications for studies of synaptogenesis.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {73},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {107--112},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0165-0270(96)02218-2},
  abstract    = {The neuronal tracer DiI is a lipophilic dye which diffuses along the lipid bilayer of membranes and sometimes will move transcellularly. We used this tracer to study the development of olivocochlear synapses in the auditory system in rats and chickens by applying DiI directly to severed axons in the olivocochlear bundle. Observations with epi-fluorescent microscopy showed that DiI had labelled efferent axons directly and had labelled spiral ganglion cells and hair cells transneuronally. Ultrastructural analysis of photoconverted DiI tissue in rats revealed that transneuronal diffusion occurred when the plasma membrane of directly labelled axons made contact with the plasma membrane of their target structure. Directly and transneuronally labelled profiles can be distinguished easily at the electron microscopic level. In directly labelled profiles, all plasma, nuclear, endoplasmic reticulum, and outer mitochondrial membranes and cell cytoplasm are labelled leaving only the mitochondrial matrix 
unstained. However, in transneuronally labelled cells the endoplasmic, nuclear, and immature synaptic membranes are labelled but mitochondrial and non-synaptic plasma membranes are not labelled. This labelling pattern can be explained by diffusion through continuous membranes. These characteristics make DiI diffusion a powerful technique for identifying and studying early events in neuronal development and synapse formation.},
  institution = {Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA. lbruce@bif.creighton.edu},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Fluorescence; Hair Cells, Auditory, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Synapses, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0165-0270(96)02218-2},
  pmid        = {9130683},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bruce:1987,
  Title                    = {The organization of trigeminotectal and trigeminothalamic neurons in rodents: a double-labeling study with fluorescent dyes.},
  Author                   = {Bruce, L. L. and McHaffie, J. G. and Stein, B. E.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1987},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {315--330},
  Volume                   = {262},

  Abstract                 = {Retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes (fast blue and diamidino-dihydrochloride yellow) were used to compare the distributions of trigeminofugal neurons that project to the superior colliculus and/or the thalamus in three rodent species. The objective was to determine what the projection and collateralization patterns of these trigeminofugal pathways are and whether they are similar among different species. In each anesthetized animal, one dye was injected into the superior colliculus and the other into the topographically congruent area of the thalamus. Counts of the numbers of yellow, blue, and double-labeled neurons were made throughout the trigeminal complex: principalis, pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis. Trigeminothalamic projections were similar in each of the rodent species studied. The densest concentration of retrogradely labeled neurons was in principalis, with substantially fewer neurons in pars interpolaris, and fewer still in pars oralis and pars 
caudalis. These neurons were generally small and tended to have round or fusiform somata. A common pattern was also noted among the three species for trigeminotectal neurons. Most trigeminotectal projections originated from neurons in pars interpolaris, somewhat fewer from pars oralis, and the fewest from principalis and pars caudalis. These neurons tended to be the largest in each subdivision and were often multipolar. Following paired injections of the tracers, double-labeled neurons were scattered throughout the sensory trigeminal complex and had morphologies characteristic of single-labeled trigeminotectal neurons. Although comparatively few double-labeled neurons were observed in any species, most of those seen were restricted to the ventrolateral portion of pars interpolaris, a position that corresponds to the representation of the vibrissae. These data indicate that, regardless of the rodent species, the vast majority of labeled trigeminal neurons project either to the superior colliculus or the 
thalamus, but not to both targets. This might be expected on the basis of the very different behavioral roles these structures play. On the other hand, a subpopulation of trigeminal neurons exists (mainly in pars interpolaris) that does project to both the superior colliculus and the thalamus, perhaps because both structures require some of the same somatosensory information to perform their behavioral functions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902620302},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cricetinae, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Mice, physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, physiology; Superior Colliculi, cytology/physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus, cytology/physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2821084},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902620302}
}

@InCollection{Brueck:1987,
  author    = {Brück, K},
  title     = {Significance of brain stem neuronal connectivities for thermoregulation and thermal adaptation},
  booktitle = {Functional Morphology of Neuroendocrine Systems},
  year      = {1987},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {51--64},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-642-72886-0_5},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {12.05.2016},
}

@Article{Brueckner:1994,
  author      = {G. Brückner and A. Schütz and W. Härtig and K. Brauer and B. R. Paulke and V. Bigl},
  title       = {Projection of non-cholinergic basal forebrain neurons ensheathed with perineuronal nets to rat mesocortex.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {11--18},
  doi         = {10.1016/0891-0618(94)90032-9},
  abstract    = {The existence of non-cholinergic (GABAergic) components in the septo-hippocampal system but also in basal forebrain projections terminating in the olfactory bulb and certain cortical areas has been documented by several authors using retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques. On the other hand, the basal forebrain also contains a high number of mainly parvalbumin-positive neurons ensheathed by a lattice-like matrix of polyanionic proteoglycans forming so-called perineuronal nets of as yet unknown function. By a combination of retrograde tracing using Fluoro-Gold injection into mesocortical areas of rats and staining of perineuronal nets by Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) the present study describes the projection pattern and distribution of non-cholinergic projection neurons characterized by perineuronal nets in the anterior parts of the basal forebrain complex (medial septal nucleus, nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, magnocellular preoptic nucleus). After tracer injection into 
the cingulate cortex labelled net-associated neurons were distributed within the rostrocaudal extension of the basal forebrain complex but were predominantly found in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca. Retrograde labelling of neurons with perineuronal nets after tracer injection into the retrosplenial cortex was more pronounced in the medial septum. Choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive (ChAT-ir) projection neurons were in no case associated with perineuronal nets. The results demonstrate that a large portion of the non-cholinergic projection neurons of the basal forebrain are endowed with a specialized microenvironment of proteoglycans and form a strong input system of mesocortical components of the limbic system.},
  institution = {Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Germany.},
  journal     = {J Chem Neuroanat},
  keywords    = {Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Gyrus Cinguli, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunohistochemistry; Lectins; Nerve Net, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Plant Lectins; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/enzymology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Acetylglucosamine; Stilbamidines},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0891-0618(94)90032-9},
  pmid        = {7893417},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Brudzynski:1998,
  Title                    = {Mesolimbic component of the ascending cholinergic pathways: electrophysiological-pharmacological study.},
  Author                   = {Brudzynski, S. M. and Kadishevitz, L. and Fu, X. W.},
  Journal                  = {J Neurophysiol},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1675--1686},
  Volume                   = {79},

  Abstract                 = {The cholinergic input from the pontomesencephalic cholinergic neurons to the diencephalic and basal forebrain structures has been implicated in a number of limbically controlled overt behaviors. The cellular mechanism by which the cholinergic terminals initiate behavioral manifestations is not clear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the ascending cholinergic projection from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) on neuronal firing in the anterior hypothalamic-medial preoptic region (AHMP), known to be involved in agonistic behavior. Experiments were performed on urethan-anesthetized rats. Iontophoretic application of carbachol (CCh) into the vicinity of single cells in the AHMP caused a dose-dependent decrease in the mean firing rate of 83\% of units and an increase in 10\% of units. The inhibitory effect of CCh, but not the excitatory effect, was reversed by iontophoretic pretreatment with scopolamine. The inhibition of the firing rate was 
repeatable for the same dose of CCh and dose dependent. Electrical stimulation of neurons in the LDT caused a comparable, current-dependent decrease in the mean firing rate of AHMP neurons that also was reversed by pretreatment of neurons in the AHMP with scopolamine. The antagonizing effects of scopolamine were reversible with time. The same units in the AHMP that inhibited their firing to stimulation of the LDT also responded with a similar inhibition to local iontophoretic CCh. Finally, the fluorescent carbocyanine dye, 4-(4-(dihexadecylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide, (DiA), has been used as a retrograde axonal tracer and was injected into the recording sites immediately after the electrophysiological recordings. After 1 wk, DiA dye was found in numerous neurons in the LDT as shown by the fluorescence confocal microscopy. Results of the study suggest that LDT cholinergic neurons project and terminate in the AHMP and that their activation causes a decrease in the mean firing rate of the AHMP 
neurons. It is postulated that this inhibitory effect is implicated in the initiation of some of the behavioral patterns like defensive or alarm vocalization and behavioral inhibition.},
  Institution              = {Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.},
  Keywords                 = {Acetylcholine, physiology; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Carbachol, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/pharmacology; Diencephalon, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Limbic System, physiology; Male; Mesencephalon, physiology; Muscarinic Agonists, pharmacology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Pons, physiology; Prosencephalon, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {9535938},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013}
}

@Article{Bruinstroop:2012,
  Title                    = {Spinal projections of the A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A7 noradrenergic cell groups in rats.},
  Author                   = {Bruinstroop, Eveline and Cano, Georgina and Vanderhorst, Veronique G J M. and Cavalcante, Judney C. and Wirth, Jena and Sena-Esteves, Miguel and Saper, Clifford B.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {1985--2001},
  Volume                   = {520},

  Abstract                 = {The pontine noradrenergic cell groups, A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A7, provide the only noradrenergic innervation of the spinal cord, but the individual contribution of each of these populations to the regional innervation of the spinal cord remains controversial. We used an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector encoding green fluorescent protein under an artificial dopamine beta-hydroxylase (PRSx8) promoter to trace the spinal projections from the A5, A6, and A7 groups. Projections from all three groups travel through the spinal cord in both the lateral and ventral funiculi and in the dorsal surface of the dorsal horn, but A6 axons take predominantly the dorsal and ventral routes, whereas A5 axons take mainly a lateral and A7 axons a ventral route. The A6 group provides the densest innervation at all levels, and includes all parts of the spinal gray matter, but it is particularly dense in the dorsal horn. The A7 group provides the next most dense innervation, again including 
all parts of the spinal cord, but is it denser in the ventral horn. The A5 group supplies only sparse innervation to the dorsal and ventral horns and to the cervical and lumbosacral levels, but provides the densest innervation to the thoracic intermediolateral cell column, and in particular to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Thus, the pontine noradrenergic cell groups project in a roughly topographic and complementary fashion onto the spinal cord. The pattern of spinal projections observed suggests that the locus coeruleus might have the greatest effect on somatosensory transmission, the A7 group on motor function, and the A5 group on sympathetic function.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.23024},
  Institution              = {Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Dependovirus, genetics; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Functional Laterality; Green Fluorescent Proteins, genetics; Locus Coeruleus, cytology; Male; Microinjections; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, cytology; Spinal Cord, cytology; Transduction, Genetic},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {22173709},
  Timestamp                = {26.04.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23024}
}

@Article{Brumovsky:2006,
  Title                    = {The neuropeptide tyrosine Y1R is expressed in interneurons and projection neurons in the dorsal horn and area X of the rat spinal cord.},
  Author                   = {Brumovsky, P. and Hofstetter, C. and Olson, L. and Ohning, G. and Villar, M. and Hökfelt, T.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1361--1376},
  Volume                   = {138},

  Abstract                 = {The localization of the neuropeptide tyrosine Y1 receptor was studied with immunohistochemistry in parasagittal and transverse, free-floating sections of the rat lumbar spinal cord. At least seven distinct Y1 receptor-positive populations could tentatively be recognized: Type 1) abundant small, fusiform Y1 receptor-positive neurons in laminae I-II, producing a profuse neuropil; Type 2) Y1 receptor-positive projection neurons in lamina I; Type 3) small Y1 receptor-positive neurons in lamina III, similar to Type 1 neurons, but less densely packed; Type 4) a number of large, multipolar Y1 receptor-positive neurons in the border area between laminae III-IV, with dendrites projecting toward laminae I-II; Type 5) a considerable number of large, multipolar Y1 receptor-positive neurons in laminae V-VI; Type 6) many large Y1 receptor-positive neurons around the central canal (area X); and Type 7) a small number of large Y1 receptor-positive neurons in the medial aspect of the ventral 
horns (lamina VIII). Many of the neurons present in laminae V-VI and area X produce craniocaudal processes extending for several hundred micrometers. Retrograde tracing using cholera toxin B subunit injected at the 9th thoracic spinal cord level shows that several Type 5 neurons in laminae V-VI, and at least a few Type 2 in lamina I and Type 6 in area X have projections extending to the lower segments of the thoracic spinal cord (and perhaps to supraspinal levels). The present results define distinct subpopulations of neuropeptide tyrosine-sensitive neurons, localized in superficial and deep layers of the dorsal, in the ventral horns and in area X. The lamina II neurons express somatostatin [The neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor is a somatic receptor on dorsal root ganglion neurons and a postsynaptic receptor on somatostatin dorsal horn neurons. Eur J Neurosci 11:2211-2225] and are presumably glutamatergic [Todd AJ, Hughes DI, Polgar E, Nagy GG, Mackie M, Ottersen OP, Maxwell DJ (2003) The expression of vesicular 
glutamate transporters VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in neurochemically defined axonal populations in the rat spinal cord with emphasis on the dorsal horn. Eur J Neurosci 17:13-27], that is they are excitatory interneurons under a Y1 receptor-mediated inhibitory influence. The remaining Y1 receptor-positive spinal neurons need to be phenotyped, for example if the large Y1 receptor-positive laminae III-IV neurons (Type 5) are identical to the neurokinin (NK)1R-positive neurons previously shown to receive neuropeptide tyrosine positive dendritic contacts [Polgár E, Shehab SA, Watt C, Todd AJ (1999) GABAergic neurons that contain neuropeptide Y selectively target cells with the NK1 receptor in laminae III and IV of the rat spinal cord. J Neurosci 19:2637-2646]. If so, neuropeptide tyrosine could have an antinociceptive action not only via Y1 receptor-positive interneurons (Type 1) but also projection neurons. The present results show neuropeptide tyrosine-sensitive neuron populations virtually in all parts of the lumbar 
spinal cord, suggesting a role for neuropeptide tyrosine signaling in many spinal functions, including pain.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.069},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, B2:5, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Pablo.Brumovsky@ki.se},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Cell Shape, physiology; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Dendrites, metabolism/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Interneurons, cytology/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Neuropil, metabolism/ultrastructure; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism; Pain, metabolism/physiopathology; Posterior Horn Cells, cytology/metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Tyrosine, metabolism/pharmacology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(05)01349-7},
  Pmid                     = {16448775},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.069}
}

@Article{Brumovsky:2012,
  author      = {Brumovsky, P. R. and La, J-H. and McCarthy, C. J. and Hökfelt, T. and Gebhart, G. F.},
  title       = {Dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating pelvic organs in the mouse express tyrosine hydroxylase.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {223},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {77--91},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.043},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.043},
  abstract    = {Previous studies in rat and mouse documented that a subpopulation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating non-visceral tissues express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Here we studied whether or not mouse DRG neurons retrogradely traced with Fast Blue (FB) from colorectum or urinary bladder also express immunohistochemically detectable TH. The lumbar sympathetic chain (LSC) and major pelvic ganglion (MPG) were included in the analysis. Previously characterized antibodies against TH, norepinephrine transporter type 1 (NET-1) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were used. On average, ∼14\% of colorectal and ∼17\% of urinary bladder DRG neurons expressed TH and spanned virtually all neuronal sizes, although more often in the medium-sized to small ranges. Also, they were more abundant in lumbosacral than thoracolumbar DRGs, and often coexpressed CGRP. We also detected several TH-immunoreactive (IR) colorectal and urinary bladder neurons in the LSC and the MPG, more frequently in the 
former. No NET-1-IR neurons were detected in DRGs, whereas the majority of FB-labeled, TH-IR neurons in the LSC and MPG coexpressed this marker (as did most other TH-IR neurons not labeled from the target organs). TH-IR nerve fibers were detected in all layers of the colorectum and the urinary bladder, with some also reaching the basal mucosal cells. Most TH-IR fibers in these organs lacked CGRP. Taken together, we show: (1) that a previously undescribed population of colorectal and urinary bladder DRG neurons expresses TH, often CGRP but not NET-1, suggesting the absence of a noradrenergic phenotype; and (2) that TH-IR axons/terminals in the colon or urinary bladder, naturally expected to derive from autonomic sources, could also originate from sensory neurons.},
  institution = {Center for Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. pablo_brumovsky@yahoo.com},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Amidines, metabolism; Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, metabolism; Colon, innervation; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, metabolism; Pelvis, innervation; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism; Urinary Bladder, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(12)00768-3},
  pmid        = {22858598},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Brun:2001,
  author      = {Brun, V. H. and Ytterbo, K. and Morris, R. G. and Moser, M. B. and Moser, E. I.},
  title       = {Retrograde amnesia for spatial memory induced by NMDA receptor-mediated long-term potentiation.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {21},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {356--362},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/1/356.long},
  abstract    = {If information is stored as distributed patterns of synaptic weights in the hippocampal formation, retention should be vulnerable to electrically induced long-term potentiation (LTP) of hippocampal synapses after learning. This prediction was tested by training animals in a spatial water maze task and then delivering bursts of high-frequency (HF) or control stimulation to the perforant path in the angular bundle. High-frequency stimulation induced LTP in the dentate gyrus and probably also at other hippocampal termination sites. Retention in a later probe test was disrupted. When the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) was administered before the high-frequency stimulation, water maze retention was unimpaired. CPP administration blocked the induction of LTP. Thus, high-frequency stimulation of hippocampal afferents disrupts memory retention only when it induces a change in the spatial pattern of synaptic weights. The NMDA receptor 
dependency of this retrograde amnesia is consistent with the synaptic plasticity and memory hypothesis.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. vegard.brun@svt.ntnu.no},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Amnesia, Retrograde, metabolism; Animals; Dentate Gyrus, cytology/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Electrodes, Implanted; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Hippocampus, physiology/surgery; Long-Term Potentiation, drug effects/physiology; Male; Maze Learning, drug effects/physiology; Memory Disorders, metabolism; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Perforant Pathway, physiology; Piperazines, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Reaction Time, drug effects/physiology; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Retention (Psychology), drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {21/1/356},
  pmid        = {11150353},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Brunner:2003,
  author      = {Brunner, Friedrich and Wölkart, Gerald},
  title       = {Peroxynitrite-induced cardiac depression: role of myofilament desensitization and cGMP pathway.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {60},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {355--364},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.cardiores.2003.08.001},
  abstract    = {The oxidant species peroxynitrite, the reaction product of nitric oxide (NO.) and superoxide, has been implicated in several pathophysiological conditions of the heart. Here, we studied the mechanism of peroxynitrite-induced cardiac depression using specific drugs and simultaneous analyses of myocardial function and intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)).Rat hearts were perfused retrogradely and left ventricular function (balloon method) and [Ca(2+)](i) transients were recorded on a beat-to-beat basis using the aequorin bioluminescence method. Peroxynitrite was infused at 10.8+/-0.93 microM via sideline for 10 min, followed by a 15-min recovery period to monitor irreversible effects. Test drugs were infused prior to and during peroxynitrite application.Peroxynitrite depressed left ventricular developed pressure (LVDevP; -40\%), yet increased systolic and diastolic [Ca(2+)](i) (1.3- and 2.3-fold, respectively; n=12). When Ca(2+) entry through Ca(2+) channels or Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange transport was 
blocked using nicardipine (1 microM, n=3) or dichlorobenzamil (30 microM, n=5), respectively, cells showed lower [Ca(2+)](i) and accentuated negative inotropic action in response to peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite slowed left ventricular relaxation and [Ca(2+)](i) transients, both of which were not affected by extracellular Ca(2+) restriction. Importantly, the oxidant greatly depressed myofilament responsiveness to Ca(2+), which was partly antagonized by Rp-8-(4-chlorophenylthio)guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Rp-cGMPS), an inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Also, the inhibitor partially restored left ventricular contractility (n=6). Peroxynitrite stimulated cardiac cGMP production and coronary cGMP efflux (n=6). Decomposed peroxynitrite had no effect in any of the tests.Peroxynitrite depresses myocardial contractility by decreasing the ability of Ca(2+) to trigger contraction, and this effect is partly mediated by the cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase pathway.},
  institution = {Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria. friedrich.brunner@kfunigraz.ac.at},
  journal     = {Cardiovasc Res},
  keywords    = {1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, pharmacology; Amiloride, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Animals; Calcium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Calcium, metabolism; Cyclic GMP, metabolism; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; Female; Homeostasis; Male; Myocardial Contraction, drug effects; Myocardium, metabolism; Nicardipine, pharmacology; Oxidants, pharmacology; Perfusion; Peroxynitrous Acid, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase, antagonists /&/ inhibitors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0008636303005662},
  pmid        = {14613865},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bruns:1968,
  author      = {Bruns, R. R. and Palade, G. E.},
  title       = {Studies on blood capillaries. II. Transport of ferritin molecules across the wall of muscle capillaries.},
  year        = {1968},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {37},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {277--299},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1083/jcb.37.2.277},
  abstract    = {The pathway by which intravenously injected ferritin molecules move from the blood plasma across the capillary wall has been investigated in the muscle of the rat diaphragm. At 2 min after administration, the ferritin molecules are evenly distributed in high concentration in the blood plasma of capillaries and occur within vesicles along the blood front of the endothelium. At the 10-min time point, a small number of molecules appear in the adventitia, and by 60 min they are relatively numerous in the adventitia and in phagocytic vesicles and vacuoles of adventitial macrophages. Thereafter, the amount of ferritin in the adventitia and pericapillary regions gradually increases so that at 1 day the concentration in the extracellular spaces approaches that in the blood plasma. Macrophages and, to a lesser extent, fibroblasts contain large amounts of ferritin. 4 days after administration, ferritin appears to be cleared from the blood and from the capillary walls, but it still persists in the 
adventitial macrophages and fibroblasts. At all time points examined, ferritin molecules within the endothelial tunic were restricted to vesicles or to occasional multivesicular or dense bodies; they were not found in intercellular junctions or within the cytoplasmic matrix. Ferritin molecules did not accumulate within or against the basement membranes. Over the time period studied, the concentration of ferritin in the blood decreased, first rapidly, then slowly, in two apparently exponential phases. Liver and spleen removed large amounts of ferritin from the blood. Diaphragms fixed at time points from 10 min to 1 day, stained for iron by the Prussian Blue method, and prepared as cleared whole mounts, showed a progressive and even accumulation of ferritin in adventitial macrophages along the entire capillary network. These findings indicate: (1) that endothelial cell vesicles are the structural equivalent of the large pore system postulated in the pore theory of capillary permeability; (2) that the basement 
membrane is not a structural restraint in the movement of ferritin molecules across the capillary wall; (3) that transport of ferritin occurs uniformly along the entire length of the capillary; and (4) that the adventitial macrophages monitor the capillary filtrate and partially clear it of the tracer.},
  journal     = {J Cell Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Basement Membrane; Biological Transport, physiology; Capillaries, physiology; Cell Membrane Permeability, physiology; Diaphragm, blood supply; Ferritins, blood/metabolism; Fibroblasts; Liver, metabolism; Macrophages; Microscopy, Electron; Muscles, blood supply; Phagocytosis; Rats; Spleen, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {5656395},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Brunzell:2001,
  author      = {Brunzell, D. H. and Kim, J. J.},
  title       = {Fear conditioning to tone, but not to context, is attenuated by lesions of the insular cortex and posterior extension of the intralaminar complex in rats.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {115},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {365--375},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&id=2001-00866-009},
  abstract    = {C. Shi and M. Davis (1999) recently reported that combined lesions of the posterior extension of the intralaminar complex (PINT) and caudal insular cortex (INS) block acquisition but not expression of fear-potentiated startle to discrete conditioned stimuli (CSs) and a footshock unconditioned stimulus (US) and proposed that PINT-INS projections to the amygdala constitute the essential US pathways involved in fear conditioning. The present study further tested this hypothesis by examining whether PINT-INS lesions block fear conditioning (as measured by freezing) to diffuse-context and discrete-tone CSs, and whether posttraining lesions with continued CS-US training result in extinction to the CSs. Posttraining lesions resulted in a selective attenuation of tone conditioning, but context conditioning was unaffected by pre- and posttraining lesions. These results do not support the view that the PINT-INS represent the essential US pathway in fear conditioning.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8205, USA.},
  journal     = {Behav Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, physiology; Animals; Association Learning, physiology; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Conditioning, Classical, physiology; Electroshock; Extinction, Psychological, physiology; Fear, physiology; Male; Motor Activity, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Startle Reaction, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11345961},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Brushart:1990,
  author      = {Brushart, T. M.},
  title       = {Preferential motor reinnervation: a sequential double-labeling study.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {281--287},
  note        = {The source of a projection through the N. femoralis motor branches is unclear. HRP and/or FG were applied in female rats.},
  doi         = {10.3233/RNN-1990-13416},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/RNN-1990-13416},
  abstract    = {Previous experiments have shown that motor axons regenerating in mixed nerve will preferentially reinnervate a distal motor branch. The present experiments examine the mechanism through which this sensory-motor specificity is generated. An enclosed 0.5 mm gap was created in the proximal femoral nerves of juvenile rats. Two, three or eight weeks later the specificity of motor axon regeneration was evaluated by simultaneous application of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to one distal femoral branch (sensory or motor) and Fluoro-Gold to the other. Motoneurons were then counted as projecting (i) correctly to the motor branch, (ii) incorrectly to the sensory branch, and (iii) simultaneously to both branches (double-labeled). Motor axon regeneration was random at 2 weeks, with equal numbers of motoneurons projecting to sensory and motor branches. However, the number of correct projections increased dramatically between 2 and 3 weeks. Twenty-six percent of neurons labeled at 2 weeks contained both 
tracers, indicating axon collateral projections to both sensory and motor branches. This number decreased significantly at each time period. Axon collaterals were thus 'pruned' from the sensory branch, increasing the number of correct projections at the expense of double-labeled neurons. These findings suggest random reinnervation of the distal stump, with specificity generated through trophic interaction between axons and the pathway and/or end organ.},
  institution = {Departments of Orthopaedics and Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, and The Raymond M. Curtis Hand Center, Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD (U.S.A.).},
  journal     = {Restor Neurol Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {B344361407737614},
  pmid        = {21551568},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Brushart:1981,
  author      = {Brushart, T. M. and Henry, E. W. and Mesulam, M. M.},
  title       = {Reorganization of muscle afferent projections accompanies peripheral nerve regeneration.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {10},
  pages       = {2053--2061},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(81)90043-9},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Lectins, diagnostic use; Leg; Muscles, innervation; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Peripheral Nerves, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Skin, innervation; Spinal Cord, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6272158},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Brushart:1983,
  author      = {Brushart, T. M. and Tarlov, E. C. and Mesulam, M. M.},
  title       = {Specificity of muscle reinnervation after epineurial and individual fascicular suture of the rat sciatic nerve.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {248--253},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0363-5023(83)80152-x},
  abstract    = {We experimentally analyzed the specificity of muscle reinnervation after suture and regeneration of rat sciatic nerve. We used a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique of axon tracing to compare the number and location of motoneurons that innervate muscle via the peroneal nerve after epineurial and individual fascicular suture of the parent sciatic nerve. These motoneurons are significantly reduced in number from control levels and are often in spinal cord locations that indicate previous innervation of antagonistic muscle via the tibial nerve. This inappropriate reinnervation of peroneal muscle by tibial motoneurons is minimized by individual fascicular suture without compromise of overall reinnervation. Our findings thus support the hypothesis that individual fascicular suture may avoid distortion of the central connections of peripheral units.},
  journal     = {J Hand Surg Am},
  keywords    = {Animals; Female; Motor Neurons, physiology; Nerve Regeneration; Neuromuscular Junction, physiology; Peroneal Nerve, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sciatic Nerve, physiology/surgery; Suture Techniques; Tibial Nerve, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6348148},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Brus-Ramer:2007,
  author      = {Brus-Ramer, Marcel and Carmel, Jason B. and Chakrabarty, Samit and Martin, John H.},
  title       = {Electrical stimulation of spared corticospinal axons augments connections with ipsilateral spinal motor circuits after injury.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {27},
  number      = {50},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {13793--13801},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3489-07.2007},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3489-07.2007},
  abstract    = {Activity-dependent competition shapes corticospinal (CS) axon outgrowth in the spinal cord during development. An important question in neural repair is whether activity can be used to promote outgrowth of CS axons in maturity. After injury, spared CS axons sprout and make new connections, but often not enough to restore function. We propose that electrically stimulating spared axons after injury will enhance sprouting and strengthen connections with spinal motor circuits. To study the effects of activity, we electrically stimulated CS tract axons in the medullary pyramid. To study the effects of injury, one pyramid was lesioned. We studied sparse ipsilateral CS projections of the intact pyramid as a model of the sparse connections preserved after CNS injury. We determined the capacity of CS axons to activate ipsilateral spinal motor circuits and traced their spinal projections. To understand the separate and combined contributions of injury and activity, we examined animals receiving 
stimulation only, injury only, and injury plus stimulation. Both stimulation and injury alone strengthened CS connectivity and increased outgrowth into the ipsilateral gray matter. Stimulation of spared axons after injury promoted outgrowth that reflected the sum of effects attributable to activity and injury alone. CS terminations were densest within the ventral motor territories of the cord, and connections in these animals were significantly stronger than after injury alone, indicating that activity augments injury-induced plasticity. We demonstrate that activity promotes plasticity in the mature CS system and that the interplay between activity and injury preferentially promotes connections with ventral spinal motor circuits.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Efferent Pathways, physiopathology; Electric Stimulation Therapy, methods; Female; Functional Laterality; Medulla Oblongata, injuries; Neuronal Plasticity; Pyramidal Tracts, injuries/pathology/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recovery of Function; Spinal Cord Injuries, pathology/therapy},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {27/50/13793},
  pmid        = {18077691},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bryan:2004,
  author      = {Bryan, Nathan S. and Rassaf, Tienush and Rodriguez, Juan and Feelisch, Martin},
  title       = {Bound NO in human red blood cells: fact or artifact?},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {10},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {221--228},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.niox.2004.04.008},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2004.04.008},
  abstract    = {There has been considerable debate over the nature and chemistry of the interaction between nitric oxide (NO) and red blood cells (RBCs), in particular whether hemoglobin consumes or conserves NO bioactivity. Given the vast range of nitrosation levels reported for human RBCs in the literature, we sought to investigate whether there was a common denominator that could account for such discrepancies across different methodologies and reaction conditions and if such a pathway may exist in physiology. Here, we show that there are marked differences in reactivity toward NO between human and rat hemoglobin, which offers a mechanistic explanation for why basal levels of NO-adducts in primate RBCs are considerably lower than those in rodents. We further demonstrate that the inadvertent introduction of trace amounts of nitrite and incomplete thiol alkylation lead to rapid heme and thiol nitros(yl)ation, with generation of nitrosylhemoglobin (NOHb) and S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNOHb), while neither 
species is detectable in human RBCs at physiological nitrite concentrations. Thus, caution should be exercised in interpreting experimental results on SNOHb/NOHb levels that were obtained in the absence of knowledge about the degree of nitrite contamination, in particular when a physiological role for such species is implicated.},
  institution = {Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.},
  journal     = {Nitric Oxide},
  keywords    = {Adult; Artifacts; Erythrocytes, metabolism; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nitric Oxide, blood; Nitrites, blood},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S108986030400076X},
  pmid        = {15275868},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bryant:1993,
  author      = {Bryant, T. H. and Yoshida, S. and {de Castro}, D. and Lipski, J.},
  title       = {Expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger Complex in the rat: a morphological study following intracellular labeling with biocytin.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {335},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {267--282},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903350210},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350210},
  abstract    = {The term "Bötzinger Complex" (BOT) refers to a distinct group of neurons, located near the rostral portion of the nucleus ambiguus, which are known to play an important role in the control of respiratory movements. Previous studies conducted in cats have demonstrated that most of these neurons are active during expiration, exerting a monosynaptic inhibitory action on several subpopulations of inspiratory neurons in the medulla and spinal cord. The aim of this study was to examine morphological properties and possible synaptic targets of BOT neurons in the rat. Forty-one expiratory neurons were labeled intracellularly with biocytin; 12 were interneurons (BOT neurons) and 29 were motoneurons. The latter could not be antidromically activated following stimulation of the superior laryngeal or vagal nerves. BOT neurons showed extensive axonal arborisations in the ipsilateral medulla, with some projections to the contralateral side. Bouton-like axon varicosities mainly clustered in two areas: near 
the parent cell bodies, and in the area corresponding to the rostral part of the ventral respiratory group (VRG). In five pairs of labeled neurons, each consisting of one BOT neuron and one inspiratory neuron in the rostral VRG, no appositions were identified at the light microscopic level between axons of BOT neurons and dendrites or cell bodies of inspiratory neurons. These results demonstrate that some features of BOT expiratory neurons in the rat are similar to those previously described in cats. The differences include their more ventral location in relation to the compact formation of nucleus ambiguus (retrofacial nucleus), and the relative paucity in the rat of neurons displaying an augmenting pattern of activity and of neurons with spinally projecting axons. In addition, we were unable to find morphological evidence for contacts between labeled BOT neurons and ipsilateral inspiratory neurons near the obex level, a finding not consistent with previous electrophysiological studies in the cat in which 
such synaptic connections have been identified.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Electric Stimulation; Electrodes; Histocytochemistry; Interneurons, physiology; Laryngeal Nerves, physiology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/metabolism; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Motor Neurons, physiology; Neurons, metabolism; Phrenic Nerve, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiratory Mechanics, physiology; Synapses, physiology; Vagotomy},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8227518},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Brysch:1984,
  author      = {Brysch, I. and Brysch, W. and Creutzfeldt, O. and Hayes, N. L. and Schlingensiepen, K. H.},
  title       = {The second, intralaminar thalamo-cortical projection system.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {169},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {111--118},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00303139},
  abstract    = {In the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), HRP and 3H-apo-HRP were injected into various cortical regions and the positions of labelled neurons in the non-specific, intralaminar thalamic nuclei (N. centralis and centre m edian ) were investigated. Although neuron populations projecting to the different cortical regions overlap widely, a coarse topology exists inasmuch as intralaminar neurons projecting to the posterior cortex were located more rostrally and those projecting to the anterior cortex were located more caudally in the intralaminar complex. With injections into nearby cortical regions of the parieto-temporal association cortex with HRP and 3H-apo-HRP, respectively, no double labelled cells were found in the intralaminar nuclei, although the fields of labelled cells completely overlapped. Also in the specific projection nuclei no double labelled cells were encountered. About 10-20\% of the thalamo-cortical projection cells are located in the intralaminar nuclei. Some functional aspects 
of this second thalamo-cortical projection system are discussed.},
  journal     = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Callitrichinae; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6331230},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bryz-Gornia:1986,
  author      = {Bryz-Gornia, Jr, WF and Stelzner, D. J.},
  title       = {Ascending tract neurons survive spinal cord transection in the neonatal rat.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {93},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {195--210},
  doi         = {10.1016/0014-4886(86)90159-7},
  abstract    = {Retrograde axonal transport was used to determine which ascending nerve tracts from the lumbosacral spinal cord are present in the cervical spinal cord of the newborn rat and if their cell bodies survive axotomy. A pledget of true blue was applied to a low cervical spinal transection in the newborn rat (N = 4). After a 5-day survival period, neurons were labeled in the laminae of origin of all ascending nerve tracts throughout the lumbosacral spinal cord. Neurons labeled in the same way survived for at least 1 month postoperatively when the spinal cord was transected at a midthoracic level at 5 days of age (N = 4). No neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord were labeled if the midthoracic spinal cord was transected at the same time as application of the dye to cervical spinal cord (N = 2). Therefore, neurons labeled with true blue from cervical spinal cord during the neonatal period are likely to have been axotomized by thoracic injury made at 5 days of age. Three months after midthoracic 
spinal transection of newborn rats, HRP was injected or a pledget was applied to the first spinal segment caudal to this lesion (N = 8). The same population of neurons was labeled as in adult rats receiving application of HRP to an acute midthoracic spinal transection (N = 4). Neurons were seldom labeled in adult rats in which HRP was injected and ascending nerve tract axons not damaged (N = 4). These results suggest that most ascending nerve tract axons are present in cervical spinal cord during the neonatal period (by 4 to 5 days of age).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, surgery; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Lumbosacral Region; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology/growth /&/ development/surgery},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0014-4886(86)90159-7},
  pmid        = {3732459},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bubar:2011,
  Title                    = {5-HT(2C) receptors localize to dopamine and GABA neurons in the rat mesoaccumbens pathway.},
  Author                   = {Marcy J Bubar and Sonja J Stutz and Kathryn A Cunningham},
  Journal                  = {PLoS One},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {e20508},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Abstract                 = {The serotonin 5-HT(2C) receptor (5-HT(2C)R) is localized to the limbic-corticostriatal circuit, which plays an integral role in mediating attention, motivation, cognition, and reward processes. The 5-HT(2C)R is linked to modulation of mesoaccumbens dopamine neurotransmission via an activation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, we recently demonstrated the expression of the 5-HT(2C)R within dopamine VTA neurons suggesting the possibility of a direct influence of the 5-HT(2C)R upon mesoaccumbens dopamine output. Here, we employed double-label fluorescence immunochemistry with the synthetic enzymes for dopamine (tyrosine hydroxylase; TH) and GABA (glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform 67; GAD-67) and retrograde tract tracing with FluoroGold (FG) to uncover whether dopamine and GABA VTA neurons that possess 5-HT(2C)R innervate the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The highest numbers of FG-labeled cells were detected in the middle versus rostral 
and caudal levels of the VTA, and included a subset of TH- and GAD-67 immunoreactive cells, of which >50\% also contained 5-HT(2C)R immunoreactivity. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that the 5-HT(2C)R colocalizes in DA and GABA VTA neurons which project to the NAc, describe in detail the distribution of NAc-projecting GABA VTA neurons, and identify the colocalization of TH and GAD-67 in the same NAc-projecting VTA neurons. These data suggest that the 5-HT(2C)R may exert direct influence upon both dopamine and GABA VTA output to the NAc. Further, the indication that a proportion of NAc-projecting VTA neurons synthesize and potentially release both dopamine and GABA adds intriguing complexity to the framework of the VTA and its postulated neuroanatomical roles.},
  Doi                      = {10.1371/journal.pone.0020508},
  Institution              = {Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Dopamine, biosynthesis/metabolism; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Humans; Male; Neurons, cytology/enzymology/metabolism; Neurotransmitter Agents, biosynthesis/metabolism; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/metabolism; Protein Transport; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C, metabolism; Staining and Labeling; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism; Ventral Tegmental Area, cytology/metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, biosynthesis/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {PONE-D-11-00732},
  Pmid                     = {21687728},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020508}
}

@Article{Bubser:2001,
  author      = {M. Bubser and J. R. Backstrom and E. Sanders-Bush and B. L. Roth and A. Y. Deutch},
  title       = {Distribution of serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors in afferents of the rat striatum.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {39},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {297--304},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing experiment in the rat. Description of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor.},
  doi         = {3.0.CO;2-Q},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/3.0.CO;2-Q},
  abstract    = {Treatment with conventional antipsychotic drugs (APDs) is accompanied by extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), which are thought to be due to striatal dopamine D(2) receptor blockade. In contrast, treatment with atypical APDs is marked by a low incidence or absence of EPS. The reduced motor side effect liability of atypical APDs has been attributed to a high serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor affinity coupled with a relatively low D(2) affinity. Despite the high density of 5-HT(2A) binding sites in the striatum, there are few detectable 5-HT(2A) mRNA-expressing neurons in the striatum. This suggests that most striatal 5-HT(2A) receptors are heteroceptors located on afferent axons. A combined retrograde tracer-immunohistochemistry method was used to determine the sites of origin of striatal 5-HT(2A)-like immunoreactive axons. 5-HT(2A)-like immunoreactive neurons in both the cortex and globus pallidus were retrogradely labeled from the striatum; very few nigrostriatal or thalamostriatal neurons 
expressed 5-HT(2A)-like immunoreactivity. Within the striatum, parvalbumin-containing interneurons displayed 5-HT(2A) immunolabeling; these neurons are the targets of cortical and pallidal projections. Our data indicate that cortico- and pallido-striatal neurons are the major source of 5-HT(2A) receptor binding in the striatum, and suggest that cortico- and pallido-striatal neurons are strategically positioned to reduce the motor side effects that accompany striatal D(2) receptor blockade or are seen in parkinsonism.},
  institution = {Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA.},
  journal     = {Synapse},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, chemistry; Globus Pallidus, chemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Models, Neurological; Neostriatum, chemistry; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; Receptors, Serotonin, analysis/immunology; Substantia Nigra, chemistry; Thalamus, chemistry},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-Q},
  pmid        = {11169779},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bubser:1998,
  author      = {M. Bubser and A. Y. Deutch},
  title       = {Thalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons collateralize to innervate the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {787},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {304--310},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01373-5},
  abstract    = {The prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens are primary recipients of medial thalamic inputs, prominently including projections from the thalamic paraventricular nucleus. It is not known if paraventricular neurons collateralize to innervate both the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. We used dual retrograde tract tracing methods to examine this question. A small population of paraventricular neurons was found to innervate the prefrontal cortex and medial nucleus accumbens. These data suggest that the thalamic paraventricular nucleus may coordinately influence activity in the prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum.},
  institution = {Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212, USA. michael.bubser@mcmail.vanderbilt.edu},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(97)01373-5},
  pmid        = {9518661},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bubser:1999,
  Title                    = {Stress induces Fos expression in neurons of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus that innervate limbic forebrain sites.},
  Author                   = {M. Bubser and A. Y. Deutch},
  Journal                  = {Synapse},
  Year                     = {1999},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {13--22},
  Volume                   = {32},

  Abstract                 = {The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is a midline thalamic nucleus that responds strongly to exposure to various stressors. Many of the projection targets of PVT neurons, including the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and central/basolateral nuclei of the amygdala, are also activated by stress. We sought to determine if PVT neurons that respond to stress are those that project to one or more of these forebrain sites. Retrograde tract tracing combined with immunohistochemical detection of Fos protein-like immunoreactivity was used to assess the activation of target-specific populations of PVT projection neurons by mild footshock stress in the rat. Stress markedly increased Fos protein-like immunoreactivity in PVT neurons, but without regard to the projection target of the thalamic neurons. Thus, the percentage of PVT cells that were retrogradely labeled from either the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, or amygdala, and that expressed Fos-like 
immunoreactivity did not differ substantially across the three forebrain sites. These data suggest that the PVT may have a role as a generalized relay for information relating to stress, and may serve an important role in the stress-induced activation of limbic forebrain areas.},
  Doi                      = {3.0.CO;2-R},
  Institution              = {Department of Psychiatry, Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA. michael.bubser@mcmail.vanderbilt.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Amygdala, metabolism; Animals; Electroshock; Immunohistochemistry; Limbic System, metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Nucleus Accumbens, metabolism; Prefrontal Cortex, metabolism; Prosencephalon, metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stress, Physiological, metabolism; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {3.0.CO;2-R},
  Pmid                     = {10188633},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/3.0.CO;2-R}
}

@Article{Bubser:2000,
  author      = {M. Bubser and J. L. Scruggs and C. D. Young and A. Y. Deutch},
  title       = {The distribution and origin of the calretinin-containing innervation of the nucleus accumbens of the rat.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {12},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {1591--1598},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00052.x},
  abstract    = {The nucleus accumbens of the rat consists of several subregions that can be distinguished on the basis of histochemical markers. For example, the calcium-binding protein calbindin D28k is a useful marker of the core compartment of the nucleus accumbens. Calretinin, another calcium-binding protein, is found in a dense fibre plexus in the accumbal shell and septal pole regions. The source of the accumbal calretinin innervation is not known. We examined the distribution of calretinin in the nucleus accumbens and used tract-tracing and lesion methods to determine the source of this calretinin innervation. Intense calretinin immunoreactivity was present in the medial shell, but the density of calretinin axons diminished sharply in the ventrolateral shell. Regions of dense calretinin immunostaining and those areas with calbindin-like immunoreactive cell bodies were generally segregated in the nucleus accumbens, although some overlap in the transition region between the core and shell was seen. 
Small clusters of calretinin-immunoreactive fibres were seen in the core, where they were restricted to calbindin-negative patches. Injections of the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine into the paraventricular thalamic nucleus labelled fibres in calretinin-rich regions of the accumbens. Conversely, injections of Fluoro-gold into the accumbal shell retrogradely labelled numerous cells in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus that were calretinin-immunoreactive. Electrolytic lesions of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus reduced calretinin levels in the shell by approximately 80\%. These data indicate that the calretinin innervation of the nucleus accumbens is derived primarily from the thalamic paraventricular nucleus, and marks accumbal territories that are largely complementary to those defined by calbindin.},
  institution = {Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212, USA. michael.bubser@mcmail.vanderbilt.edu},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent, analysis/metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {ejn052},
  pmid        = {10792437},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bucci:1999,
  author      = {D. J. Bucci and M. Conley and M. Gallagher},
  title       = {Thalamic and basal forebrain cholinergic connections of the rat posterior parietal cortex.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {10},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {941--945},
  doi         = {10.1097/00001756-199904060-00009},
  abstract    = {The thalamic connectivity and basal forebrain cholinergic input to the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of Long-Evans rats was examined using combined retrograde tracing and immunocytochemical methods. As in previous studies, the PPC could be distinguished by its input from the lateral posterior, lateral dorsal, and posterior nuclei of the thalamus, but not the lateral geniculate nucleus or ventrobasal complex. These nuclei were also observed to receive reciprocal projections from the ipsilateral PPC. Cholinergic neurons innervating the PPC were primarily localized to the substantia innominata/nucleus basalis region. The implications of these data for possible functions of the cholinergic input to PPC are discussed.},
  institution = {Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599, USA.},
  journal     = {Neuroreport},
  keywords    = {Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Frontal Lobe, cytology/physiology; Male; Molecular Probes; Neural Pathways, enzymology/physiology; Neurons, enzymology/physiology; Parietal Lobe, cytology/physiology; Prosencephalon, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/enzymology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {10321464},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bucci:2000,
  author      = {Bucci, D. J. and Phillips, R. G. and Burwell, R. D.},
  title       = {Contributions of postrhinal and perirhinal cortex to contextual information processing.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {114},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {882--894},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1037//0735-7044.114.5.882},
  url         = {http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&id=2000-02592-003},
  abstract    = {The role of the postrhinal cortex (POR) and the perirhinal cortex (PER) in processing relational or contextual information was examined with Pavlovian fear conditioning. Rats with electrolytic or neurotoxic lesions of the POR or PER were tested in 2 contextual fear conditioning paradigms. In Experiment 1, electrolytic lesions of the POR or PER produced impairments in contextual fear conditioning but not in conditioning to a phasic auditory conditioned stimulus. Neurotoxic lesions of the POR or PER likewise resulted in anterograde (Experiment 2) and retrograde (Experiment 3) deficits in fear conditioning to the training context in an unsignaled shock paradigm. The results suggest that operations performed on sensory information by the POR and PER are necessary to support contextual learning.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, USA.},
  journal     = {Behav Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Cognition, physiology; Conditioning, Classical, physiology; Environment; Fear, physiology; Male; Memory, physiology; Olfactory Pathways, pathology/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11085602},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Buchan:1991,
  author      = {Buchan, A. M. and Kwok, Y. N. and Pederson, R. A.},
  title       = {Anatomical relationship between neuropeptide-containing fibers and efferent vagal neurons projecting to the rat corpus.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {34},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {1--12},
  doi         = {10.1016/0167-0115(91)90219-7},
  abstract    = {Injections of the retrograde tracers into the posterior surface of the stomach at the greater curvature resulted in labelling of the right half of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Whereas injections into the anterior and posterior surfaces of the corpus resulted in bilateral labelling in the medulla. Immunocytochemical staining of the labelled sections using antisera to substance P was confined to a dense network of fibers within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the nucleus tractus solitarius with no cell bodies being detected. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactivity was detected in nerve fibers in the nucleus tractus solitarius and cell bodies of the hypoglossal nucleus. Finally, neuropeptide Y-immunoreactivity was confined to nerve fibers within the vagal complex. Of the neurons labelled by the retrograde tracers injected into the corpus all were in close spatial contact with fibers containing substance P-immunoreactivity. A smaller number were associated with 
neuropeptide Y-containing fibers with a few adjacent to calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive fibers. These results indicate that substance P and neuropeptide Y may directly regulate efferent neurons controlling gastric motility and acid secretion. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, however, is unlikely to directly modulate the cell bodies of the neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus but may modulate the dendrites from these neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.},
  journal     = {Regul Pept},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, diagnostic use; Efferent Pathways, cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Motor Neurons, cytology; Neurons, Efferent, cytology; Neuropeptides, diagnostic use; Radioactive Tracers; Rats; Stomach, anatomy /&/ histology/innervation; Substance P, diagnostic use; Vagus Nerve, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1713331},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Buchhalter:1990,
  author      = {J. R. Buchhalter and A. Fieles and M. A. Dichter},
  title       = {Hippocampal commissural connections in the neonatal rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {56},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {211--216},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-3806(90)90084-c},
  abstract    = {The presence and specific connections of the hippocampal commissure were investigated in neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats. Unilateral hippocampal injections into specific subfields with rhodamine-labelled microspheres (RLM) were performed between 3 and 5 days of postnatal life. Retrograde transport of the RLM was allowed to proceed for 48 h following the injection, at which time brains were removed and prepared for histology. Frozen sections were cut at 30-microns intervals in the coronal plane and examined with fluorescence microscopy. All 5 brains which had an injection restricted to CA1 demonstrated contralateral retrograde transport to the homotopic CA1 subfield only, and all 5 brains with focal CA3 injections had contralateral homotopic CA3 labelling. Eight brains had injections involving more than one subfield; in 5 of these brains, the results were consistent with the CA3 to CA3 commissural projection demonstrated by the more restricted injections. However, 3 brains in which the injection 
involved CA1 as well as CA3, contralateral CA1 labelling was not found, most likely due to 'missing' the projection site in CA1. We conclude: (1) the hippocampal commissural projection exists in the early postnatal rat, (2) a CA3 to CA3 homotopic commissural projection exists, as it does in the adult, and (3) a CA1 to CA1 projection is present in the neonatal rat.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axonal Transport; Hippocampus, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1702042},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Buckmaster:1999a,
  author      = {Buckmaster, P. S. and Jongen-R{\^{e}}lo, A. L.},
  title       = {Highly specific neuron loss preserves lateral inhibitory circuits in the dentate gyrus of kainate-induced epileptic rats.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {19},
  number      = {21},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {9519--9529},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/21/9519.long},
  abstract    = {Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy display neuron loss in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. This has been proposed to be epileptogenic by a variety of different mechanisms. The present study examines the specificity and extent of neuron loss in the dentate gyrus of kainate-treated rats, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Kainate-treated rats lose an average of 52\% of their GAD-negative hilar neurons (putative mossy cells) and 13\% of their GAD-positive cells (GABAergic interneurons) in the dentate gyrus. Interneuron loss is remarkably specific; 83\% of the missing GAD-positive neurons are somatostatin-immunoreactive. Of the total neuron loss in the hilus, 97\% is attributed to two cell types-mossy cells and somatostatinergic interneurons. The retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-apoHRP-gold was used to identify neurons with appropriate axon projections for generating lateral inhibition. Previously, it was shown that lateral inhibition between regions separated by 1 mm persists in 
the dentate gyrus of kainate-treated rats with hilar neuron loss. Retrogradely labeled GABAergic interneurons are found consistently in sections extending 1 mm septotemporally from the tracer injection site in control and kainate-treated rats. Retrogradely labeled putative mossy cells are found up to 4 mm from the injection site, but kainate-treated rats have fewer than controls, and in several kainate-treated rats virtually all of these cells are missing. These findings support hypotheses of temporal lobe epileptogenesis that involve mossy cell and somatostatinergic neuron loss and suggest that lateral inhibition in the dentate gyrus does not require mossy cells but, instead, may be generated directly by GABAergic interneurons.},
  institution = {Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5410, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Biomarkers; Dentate Gyrus, drug effects/pathology/physiopathology; Disease Models, Animal; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, chemically induced/pathology/physiopathology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, analysis; Interneurons, drug effects/pathology/physiology; Kainic Acid, toxicity; Male; Nerve Net, pathology/physiopathology; Neurons, drug effects/pathology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatostatin, analysis; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10531454},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Buckmaster:1999,
  author      = {Buckmaster, P. S. and Jongen-Rêlo, A. L.},
  title       = {Highly specific neuron loss preserves lateral inhibitory circuits in the dentate gyrus of kainate-induced epileptic rats.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {19},
  number      = {21},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {9519--9529},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/21/9519.long},
  abstract    = {Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy display neuron loss in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. This has been proposed to be epileptogenic by a variety of different mechanisms. The present study examines the specificity and extent of neuron loss in the dentate gyrus of kainate-treated rats, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Kainate-treated rats lose an average of 52\% of their GAD-negative hilar neurons (putative mossy cells) and 13\% of their GAD-positive cells (GABAergic interneurons) in the dentate gyrus. Interneuron loss is remarkably specific; 83\% of the missing GAD-positive neurons are somatostatin-immunoreactive. Of the total neuron loss in the hilus, 97\% is attributed to two cell types-mossy cells and somatostatinergic interneurons. The retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-apoHRP-gold was used to identify neurons with appropriate axon projections for generating lateral inhibition. Previously, it was shown that lateral inhibition between regions separated by 1 mm persists in 
the dentate gyrus of kainate-treated rats with hilar neuron loss. Retrogradely labeled GABAergic interneurons are found consistently in sections extending 1 mm septotemporally from the tracer injection site in control and kainate-treated rats. Retrogradely labeled putative mossy cells are found up to 4 mm from the injection site, but kainate-treated rats have fewer than controls, and in several kainate-treated rats virtually all of these cells are missing. These findings support hypotheses of temporal lobe epileptogenesis that involve mossy cell and somatostatinergic neuron loss and suggest that lateral inhibition in the dentate gyrus does not require mossy cells but, instead, may be generated directly by GABAergic interneurons.},
  institution = {Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5410, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Biological Markers; Dentate Gyrus, drug effects/pathology/physiopathology; Disease Models, Animal; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, chemically induced/pathology/physiopathology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, analysis; Interneurons, drug effects/pathology/physiology; Kainic Acid, toxicity; Male; Nerve Net, pathology/physiopathology; Neurons, drug effects/pathology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatostatin, analysis; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10531454},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Buckmaster:1992,
  Title                    = {Mossy cell axonal projections to the dentate gyrus molecular layer in the rat hippocampal slice.},
  Author                   = {P. S. Buckmaster and B. W. Strowbridge and D. D. Kunkel and D. L. Schmiege and P. A. Schwartzkroin},
  Journal                  = {Hippocampus},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {349--362},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Abstract                 = {The ipsilateral associational pathway connects different septotemporal levels of the dentate gyrus. Neurons of the dentate hilus project hundreds of micrometers from the cells of origin to the inner molecular layer. The authors hypothesized that mossy cells, the major cell type of the hilus, also project locally to the inner molecular layer. Within a 400 microns slice, mossy cells were (1) recorded intracellularly while the inner molecular layer was stimulated to test for antidromic responses, and (2) labeled with biocytin and examined with light and electron microscopy for axonal projections into the molecular layer. The authors found that mossy cells can be antidromically activated by inner molecular layer stimulation and that axonal projections to the molecular layer can be visualized within a 400 microns hippocampal slice. In 13 of 19 intracellularly labeled and electrophysiologically characterized mossy cells, collaterals could be traced into the molecular layer. These 
results suggest that mossy cells contribute to the ipsilateral associational pathway and also participate in local recurrent circuitry to influence granule cell activity.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/hipo.450020403},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.},
  Keywords                 = {Action Potentials; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Membrane Potentials; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1284975},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450020403}
}

@Article{Buckmaster:1993,
  author      = {Buckmaster, P. S. and Strowbridge, B. W. and Schwartzkroin, P. A.},
  title       = {A comparison of rat hippocampal mossy cells and CA3c pyramidal cells.},
  journal     = {J Neurophysiol},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {70},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {1281--1299},
  abstract    = {1. There is a long-standing debate about whether the large spiny cells in the hilar region of the hippocampus should be classified as pyramidal cells of Ammon's horn or as a distinct cell type of the dentate gyrus. The rationale for grouping these hilar neurons (termed "mossy cells") with pyramidal cells of Ammon's horn is shared characteristics. In the present study we have compared the morphological and physiological characteristics of mossy cells and nearby CA3c pyramidal cells with the use of a rat hippocampal slice preparation. 2. Biocytin-labeled neurons were examined on the basis of soma area, location, shape, number of primary dendrites, extent of dendritic spines, dendritic location, and axon trajectories. Mossy cells had larger soma areas than CA3c pyramidal cells, and they had more large complex spines (thorny excrescences) on their proximal dendrites and somata than CA3c pyramidal cells. Mossy cell dendritic trees and axon collaterals ramified in different regions of the 
hippocampus than dendrites and axons of CA3c pyramidal cells. 3. Intrinsic physiological properties, and spontaneous and evoked synaptic properties, were measured and compared. Mossy cells had significantly higher input resistances, smaller amplitude burst afterhyperpolarizations, smaller amplitude action potentials, less spike-frequency adaptation, and more anomalous rectification than CA3c pyramidal cells. 4. Mossy cells had spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) that were significantly higher in frequency and larger in amplitude than CA3c pyramidal cells. A larger proportion of mossy cells than CA3c pyramidal cells responded to perforant path stimulation with depolarizing postsynaptic potentials without any apparent hyperpolarization. Conversely, a smaller proportion of mossy cells than CA3c pyramidal cells responded to perforant path stimulation with inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), and spontaneous IPSPs were more difficult to detect in mossy cells. 5. The intrinsic 
physiological properties of mossy cells endow these cells with potent excitatory mechanisms but relatively fewer inhibitory control processes than CA3c pyramidal cells. Recordings of spontaneous and evoked PSPs suggest that mossy cells receive more excitatory input and less inhibitory input than CA3c pyramidal cells. These intrinsic and synaptic properties of mossy cells may explain this cell type's exceptional vulnerability to excitotoxic damage by intense afferent stimulation. 6. In summary, mossy cells were significantly different from CA3c pyramidal cells in many of their morphological, intrinsic physiological, and synaptic properties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Female; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology; Histocytochemistry; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8283200},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Buckmaster:1996,
  author      = {Buckmaster, P. S. and Wenzel, H. J. and Kunkel, D. D. and Schwartzkroin, P. A.},
  title       = {Axon arbors and synaptic connections of hippocampal mossy cells in the rat in vivo.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {366},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {271--292},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960304)366:2<270::aid-cne7>3.0.co;2-2},
  abstract    = {The axon collateralization patterns and synaptic connections of intracellularly labeled and electrophysiologically identified mossy cells were studied in rat hippocampus. Light microscopic analysis of 11 biocytin-filled cells showed that mossy cell axon arbors extended through an average of 57\% of the total septotemporal length of the hippocampus (summated two-dimensional length, not adjusted for tissue shrinkage). Axon collaterals were densest in distant lamellae rather than in lamellae near the soma. Most of the axon was concentrated in the inner one-third of the molecular layer, with the hilus containing an average of only 26\% of total axon length and the granule cell layer containing an average of only 7\%. Ultrastructural analysis was carried out on three additional intracellularly stained mossy cells, in which axon collaterals and synaptic targets were examined in serial sections of chosen axon segments. In the central and subgranular regions of the hilus, mossy cell axons 
established a low density of synaptic contacts onto dendritic shafts, neuronal somata, and occasional dendritic spines. Most hilar synapses were made relatively close to the mossy cell somata. At greater distances from the labeled mossy cell (1-2 mm along the septotemporal axis), the axon collaterals ramified predominantly within the inner molecular layer and made a high density of asymmetric synaptic contacts almost exclusively onto dendritic spines. Quantitative measurements indicated that more than 90\% of mossy cell synaptic contacts in the ipsilateral hippocampus are onto spines of proximal dendrites of presumed granule cells. These results are consistent with a primary mossy cell role in an excitatory associational network with granule cells of the dentate gyrus.},
  institution = {Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Electrophysiology; Female; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Histocytochemistry; Interneurons, cytology/physiology; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8698887},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Buckner:2008,
  author      = {Buckner, Randy L. and Andrews-Hanna, Jessica R. and Schacter, Daniel L.},
  title       = {The brain's default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1124},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {1--38},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1196/annals.1440.011},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1440.011},
  abstract    = {Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain's default network-a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cognition. Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment. Analysis of connectional anatomy in the monkey supports the presence of an interconnected brain system. Providing insight into function, the default network is active when individuals are engaged in internally focused tasks including autobiographical memory retrieval, envisioning the future, and conceiving the perspectives of others. Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems. The medial temporal lobe subsystem provides information from prior experiences in the form of memories and associations that are 
the building blocks of mental simulation. The medial prefrontal subsystem facilitates the flexible use of this information during the construction of self-relevant mental simulations. These two subsystems converge on important nodes of integration including the posterior cingulate cortex. The implications of these functional and anatomical observations are discussed in relation to possible adaptive roles of the default network for using past experiences to plan for the future, navigate social interactions, and maximize the utility of moments when we are not otherwise engaged by the external world. We conclude by discussing the relevance of the default network for understanding mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, Harvard University, William James Hall, 33 Kirkland Drive, Cambridge, MA 02148, USA. rbuckner@wjh.harvard.edu},
  journal     = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Diseases, pathology/physiopathology; Brain Mapping; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Humans; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {1124/1/1},
  pmid        = {18400922},
  timestamp   = {22.01.2013},
}

@Article{Buckwalter:1997,
  author      = {Buckwalter, J. B. and Mueller, P. J. and Clifford, P. S.},
  title       = {Autonomic control of skeletal muscle vasodilation during exercise.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {83},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {2037--2042},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Despite extensive investigation, the control of blood flow during dynamic exercise is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine whether beta-adrenergic or muscarinic receptors are involved in the vasodilation in exercising skeletal muscle. Six mongrel dogs were instrumented with ultrasonic flow probes on both external iliac arteries and with a catheter in a branch of one femoral artery. The dogs exercised on a treadmill at 6 miles/h while drugs were injected intra-arterially into one hindlimb. Isoproterenol (0.2 microg) or acetylcholine (1 microg) elicited increases in iliac blood flow of 89.8 +/- 14.4 and 95.6 +/- 17.4\%, respectively, without affecting systemic blood pressure or blood flow in the contralateral iliac artery. Intra-arterial propranolol (1 mg) or atropine (500 microg) had no effect on iliac blood flow, although they abolished the isoproterenol and acetylcholine-induced increases in iliac blood flow. These data indicate that exogenous activation of beta-
adrenergic or muscarinic receptors in the hindlimb vasculature increases blood flow to dynamically exercising muscle. More importantly, because neither propranolol nor atropine affected iliac blood flow, we conclude that beta-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors are not involved in the control of blood flow to skeletal muscle during moderate steady-state dynamic exercise in dogs.},
  institution = {Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53295, USA.},
  journal     = {J Appl Physiol (1985)},
  keywords    = {Adrenergic beta-Agonists, pharmacology; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, pharmacology; Animals; Atropine, pharmacology; Autonomic Nervous System, physiology; Blood Pressure, physiology; Dogs; Heart Rate, physiology; Hindlimb, blood supply/physiology; Isoproterenol, pharmacology; Muscarinic Antagonists, pharmacology; Muscle, Skeletal, blood supply/innervation; Physical Exertion, physiology; Propranolol, pharmacology; Regional Blood Flow, physiology; Vasodilation, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9390978},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Budilin:2008,
  author      = {Budilin, S Yu and Midzyanovskaya, I. S. and Shchegolevskii, N. V. and Ioffe, M. E. and Bazyan, A. S.},
  title       = {Asymmetry in dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens and motor preference in rats.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {38},
  number      = {9},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {991--994},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s11055-008-9082-6},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11055-008-9082-6},
  abstract    = {Several studies on mice have demonstrated a correlation between the concentrations of dopamine and its metabolites in the nucleus accumbens and asymmetry in forelimb preference. Dopamine concentrations were greater in the nucleus accumbens ipsilateral in relation to the preferred paw. Limb preference was demonstrated in rats during performance of a response consisting of withdrawing food from a horizontal tube. Brain tissue dopamine concentrations were estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The results showed that in "left-handed" rats, the dopamine concentration in the left nucleus accumbens was significantly greater than that in "right-handed" rats. In right-handed rats, the dopamine concentration in the right nucleus accumbens was greater than that in the left. The results obtained here are significantly consistent with data obtained in mice and support the suggestion that the dopamine level in rats is greater in the nucleus accumbens 
ipsilateral to the preferred limb.},
  institution = {Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. budilin@yandex.ru},
  journal     = {Neurosci Behav Physiol},
  keywords    = {3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid, metabolism; Animals; Dopamine, metabolism; Functional Laterality; Homovanillic Acid, metabolism; Male; Nucleus Accumbens, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {18975098},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Budinger:2006,
  author      = {Budinger, E. and Heil, P. and Hess, A. and Scheich, H.},
  title       = {Multisensory processing via early cortical stages: Connections of the primary auditory cortical field with other sensory systems.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {143},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {1065--1083},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.035},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.035},
  abstract    = {It is still a popular view that primary sensory cortices are unimodal, but recent physiological studies have shown that under certain behavioral conditions primary sensory cortices can also be activated by multiple other modalities. Here, we investigate the anatomical substrate, which may underlie multisensory processes at the level of the primary auditory cortex (field AI), and which may, in turn, enable AI to influence other sensory systems. We approached this issue by means of the axonal transport of the sensitive bidirectional neuronal tracer fluorescein-labeled dextran which was injected into AI of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Of the total number of retrogradely labeled cell bodies (i.e. cells of origin of direct projections to AI) found in non-auditory sensory and multisensory brain areas, approximately 40\% were in cortical areas and 60\% in subcortical structures. Of the cell bodies in the cortical areas about 82\% were located in multisensory cortex, viz., the 
dorsoposterior and ventroposterior, posterior parietal cortex, the claustrum, and the endopiriform nucleus, 10\% were located in the primary somatosensory cortex (hindlimb and trunk region), and 8\% in secondary visual cortex. The cortical regions with retrogradely labeled cells also contained anterogradely labeled axons and their terminations, i.e. they are also target areas of direct projections from AI. In addition, the primary olfactory cortex was identified as a target area of projections from AI. The laminar pattern of corticocortical connections suggests that AI receives primarily cortical feedback-type inputs and projects in a feedforward manner to its target areas. Of the labeled cell bodies in the subcortical structures, approximately 90\% were located in multisensory thalamic, 4\% in visual thalamic, and 6\% in multisensory lower brainstem structures. At subcortical levels, we observed a similar correspondence of retrogradely labeled cells and anterogradely labeled axons and terminals in visual (
posterior limitans thalamic nucleus) and multisensory thalamic nuclei (dorsal and medial division of the medial geniculate body, suprageniculate nucleus, posterior thalamic cell group, zona incerta), and in the multisensory nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus. Retrograde, but not anterograde, labeling was found in the multisensory pontine reticular formation, particularly in the reticulotegmental nucleus of the pons. Conversely, anterograde, but no retrograde, labeling was found in the visual laterodorsal and lateroposterior thalamic nuclei, in the multisensory peripeduncular, posterior intralaminar, and reticular thalamic nuclei, as well as in the multisensory superior and pericentral inferior colliculi (including cuneiform and sagulum nucleus), pontine nuclei, and periaqueductal gray. Our study supports the notion that AI is not merely involved in the analysis of auditory stimulus properties but also in processing of other sensory and multisensory information. Since AI is directly connected 
to other primary sensory cortices (viz. the somatosensory and olfactory ones) multisensory information is probably also processed in these cortices. This suggests more generally, that primary sensory cortices may not be unimodal.},
  institution = {Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Department of Auditory Learning and Speech, Brenneckestrasse 6, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany. budinger@ifn-magdeburg.de},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Auditory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Axonal Transport, physiology; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Dextrans; Fluorescein; Gerbillinae; Male; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Sensation, physiology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(06)01115-8},
  pmid        = {17027173},
  timestamp   = {04.09.2014},
}

@Article{Bueno:2003,
  author      = {Bueno, Adrian and {De Olmos}, Soledad and Heimer, Lennart and {De Olmos}, Jose},
  title       = {NMDA-antagonist MK-801-induced neuronal degeneration in Wistar rat brain detected by the Amino-Cupric-Silver method.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {54},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {319--334},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1078/0940-2993-00264},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0940-2993-00264},
  abstract    = {The neurotoxic effect following a single intraperitoneal injection of MK-801 (10 mg/kg) in adult female Wistar rats at different survival times was studied with the 1994 version of de Olmos' Amino-Cupric-Silver (A-Cu-Ag) technique for detection of neural degeneration. In addition to the well documented somatodendritic degeneration observable in cortical olfactory structures, dentate gyrus, retrosplenial and sensory cortices, we detected this type of neuronal degeneration also in the main olfactory bulb, motor and anterior cingulate cortices, thalamus and cerebellum. Terminal degeneration, not reported by previous authors, was detected in cortical olfactory structures, hippocampal formation, sensory, infralimbic, prelimbic, agranular insular, ectorhinal, perirhinal and lateral orbital cortices. These results demonstrate that the A-Cu-Ag procedure is more efficient than other silver methods for detecting the degeneration induced by MK-801. In fact, the use of the A-Cu-Ag method has made it 
possible to infer the connectional relations between the damaged cell bodies and corresponding terminal degeneration. Our results also indicate that the A-Cu-Ag technique may be a suitable method for the staining of neurons undergoing apoptotic-like degeneration. The probable degenerative mechanism of MK-801 in the main olfactory system is discussed.},
  institution = {Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, Córdoba, Argentina.},
  journal     = {Exp Toxicol Pathol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Apoptosis; Brain Diseases, chemically induced/pathology; Brain, drug effects/pathology; Copper; Dizocilpine Maleate, toxicity; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, toxicity; Female; Nerve Degeneration, chemically induced; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Silver; Staining and Labeling, methods; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0940-2993(04)70112-8},
  pmid        = {12710716},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Buffo:2003,
  author      = {Annalisa Buffo and Daniela Carulli and Ferdinando Rossi and Piergiorgio Strata},
  title       = {Extrinsic regulation of injury/growth-related gene expression in the inferior olive of the adult rat.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {18},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {2146-2158},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02940.x},
  abstract    = {Successful axon regeneration relies on the capability of the lesioned neurons to up-regulate a specific set of injury/growth-associated genes. In the adult central nervous system, the strength of the cell body response is generally related to the distance of the injury site from the perikaryon, being stronger for proximal lesions. Nevertheless, inferior olive (IO) cells react to injury and regenerate their axons even after distal transections. To investigate the mechanisms that regulate the IO growth properties, we examined the expression of injury/growth markers (nitric oxide synthase, growth-associated protein 43 and c-Jun) after target deletion or axotomy performed at different sites along the olivocerebellar pathway. Both axon injury and target loss disclose two subsets of IO neurons distributed within precise subnuclei: one subset up-regulates all markers in all conditions, whereas the other shows a mild c-Jun expression but remains unresponsive even after a very proximal axotomy. These 
observations indicate that distinct subpopulations of IO cells respond to different regulatory strategies. Unresponsive neurons appear insensitive to environmental positive or negative cues, suggesting that they are intrinsically unable to set up a cellular reaction to injury. In contrast, cell body changes in reactive neurons are elicited after the removal of retrogradely transported target-derived inhibitory signals. Target loss also induces degeneration of IO cells, whose survival remains partially dependent on Purkinje targets in adulthood. Thus, the intrinsic regenerative potential of a functionally homogeneous population is regulated by multiple mechanisms, specific for distinct neuronal subsets.},
  institution = {Rita Levi-Montalcini Center for Brain Repair, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, C. Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy. annalisa.buffo@unito.it},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal, toxicity; Axons, metabolism/pathology; Axotomy, methods; Bacterial Proteins; Brain Injuries, metabolism; Cell Count; Cell Survival, drug effects; Cerebellum, injuries; Colchicine, analogs /&/ derivatives/toxicity; GAP-43 Protein, metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, drug effects; Immunoglobulin G, toxicity; Immunotoxins, toxicity; In Situ Hybridization; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; N-Glycosyl Hydrolases, toxicity; Neurons, metabolism; Nitric Oxide Synthase, metabolism; Olivary Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors, genetics; Plant Proteins, toxicity; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1; Suction, methods; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {2940},
  pmid        = {14622175},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bugaysen:2013,
  author      = {Bugaysen, Jenia and Bar-Gad, Izhar and Korngreen, Alon},
  title       = {Continuous modulation of action potential firing by a unitary GABAergic connection in the globus pallidus in vitro.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {33},
  number      = {31},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {12805--12809},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1970-13.2013},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1970-13.2013},
  abstract    = {The firing patterns of neurons in the globus pallidus (GP) are affected by two major sources of GABAergic inhibition: striatal afferents and local axon collaterals. Local GABAergic GP-GP synapses display short-term depression (STD) and very sparse connectivity. At the high presynaptic firing rates typical in the GP, one would expect this STD to be complete, practically cancelling the postsynaptic impact of the synapse. To investigate the apparent paradox of a synapse not affecting its postsynaptic neuron, we performed dual whole-cell recordings in acute brain slices from rats and recorded, for the first time, unitary IPSPs from a GP-GP GABAergic connection. We show that at high presynaptic firing rates the unitary connection continuously modulates the postsynaptic firing rate through a combination of large chloride driving force, unitary IPSP summation, and incomplete synaptic depression. Our findings indicate that, despite substantial STD and sparse connectivity, local GABAergic axon 
collaterals in the GP may echo the changes in presynaptic firing frequency across postsynaptic targets.},
  institution = {The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Biophysics; Electric Stimulation; Female; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists, pharmacology; GABAergic Neurons, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Globus Pallidus, cytology; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Male; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {33/31/12805},
  pmid        = {23904615},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Buhl:1988,
  Title                    = {Morphological diversity of displaced retinal ganglion cells in the rat: a lucifer yellow study.},
  Author                   = {Buhl, E. H. and Dann, J. F.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1988},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {210--218},
  Volume                   = {269},

  Abstract                 = {Displaced retinal ganglion cells (DRGCs) were retrogradely labelled by injections of the fluorescent dye Fast Blue into the superior colliculi of pigmented rats. Following fixation these cells were intracellularly injected with Lucifer Yellow to determine their dendritic morphology and distribution. Graphic reconstruction of Lucifer Yellow-filled prelabelled neurones revealed a heterogeneous population of DRGCs. Their stratification within the inner plexiform layer was diverse and cells were classified according to their dendritic morphology. The present sample consists largely of unistratifying neurones, the dendrites of which arborized within a narrow sublamina of the inner plexiform layer. They were characterized by a centrally located soma and densely branched dendritic network with little overlap within the branching pattern. In contrast, bistratifying DRGCs possessed a loose and sparsely branched dendritic structure, while diffusely stratifying neurones contained a high 
degree of dendritic crossing, culminating in a complex network, in which the soma position was biased toward the periphery. One type of DRGC bore a striking resemblance to type 1 neurones (Perry, 1979; Proc. R. Soc. Lond. [Biol.] 204:363-375) in the ganglion cell layer. They were characterized by a large soma (15.5 micron +/- 2.2 micron s.d.) and a dendritic field diameter averaging 288 micron (s.d. +/- 62 micron) and were on average larger than the rest of the displaced population but smaller than type 1 cells in the ganglion cell layer. Since the stratification patterns of the displaced and nondisplaced type 1 neurones were indistinguishable, it is reasonable to assume that the Lucifer Yellow-filled cells in the present study represent the displaced counterpart of regular type 1 ganglion cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902690206},
  Institution              = {Max Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Injections; Intracellular Membranes; Isoquinolines, diagnostic use; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology; Retina, cytology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {3356810},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902690206}
}

@Article{Buhl:1991,
  author      = {E. H. Buhl and J. F. Dann},
  title       = {Cytoarchitecture, neuronal composition, and entorhinal afferents of the flying fox hippocampus.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {131--152},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/hipo.450010203},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450010203},
  abstract    = {In a comparative approach, the anatomical organization of the hippocampus was investigated in two species of megachiropteran bats, the grey-headed flying fox, Pteropus poliocephalus, and the little red flying fox, Pteropus scapulatus. In general, the cytoarchitectonic appearance of the flying fox hippocampus corresponded well with that of other mammals, revealing all major subdivisions. While the dentate fascia was trilaminated with a molecular layer, a granule cell layer, and a distinct polymorphic layer, the ammonic subfields were subdivided into stratum lacunosum molecular, stratum radiatum, stratum lucidum or mossy fiber layer (restricted to the CA3 region), pyramidal cell layer, and stratum oriens. In Ammon's horn, only subfields CA1, CA3, and CA3c were clearly discernible, whereas the CA2 region remained indistinct. In some cytoarchitectonic features, such as the dispersion of the pyramidal layer in CA1, the megachiropteran hippocampus resembled the corresponding region in primates. 
Five characteristic neuronal cell types of the megachiropteran hippocampus were studied in fixed slice preparations after intracellular injection with Lucifer Yellow. While the morphological appearance of CA3 pyramidal cells, horizontal stratum oriens cells, aspiny stellate cells, and mossy cells strongly resembled their counterparts in rodents, primates, and carnivores, granule cells showed an interesting variation from the nonprimate pattern. Like a subset of granule cells in the primate dentate gyrus, 75\% of flying fox granule cells revealed 1-2 basal dendrites that ramified in the polymorphic layer. These processes are presumed to form the morphological substrate for recurrent excitation. Entorhinal afferents to Ammon's horn and the dentate fascia were revealed by employing the method of tract tracing in fixed tissue with the carbocyanine dye DiI. Similar to the rat and cat, but unlike the monkey, the entorhino-dentate projection in the flying fox is bilaminate, with medial entorhinal afferents 
occupying the middle third of the molecular layer and lateral entorhinal axons ramifying closer to the hippocampal fissure. The remaining inner third of the molecular layer was free from entorhinal input. In contrast to the radial organization of the projection to dentate gyrus and subfield CA3, entorhinal afferents to region CA1 followed a proximo-distal gradient, with medial entorhinal afferents terminating closer to the CA3/CA1 border. Photoconverted preparations were used to determine the trajectory of individual axons. The majority of entorhino-dentate axons traversed the hippocampal fissure, usually close to the crest region, and gave rise to several terminal branches with numerous en passant varicosities. Individual fibers coursed for considerable distances parallel to the granule cell layer, thus presumably activating a large number of postsynaptic granule cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.},
  journal     = {Hippocampus},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Chiroptera, physiology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Histocytochemistry; Iontophoresis; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Staining and Labeling; Tissue Fixation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1727000},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Buhl:1994,
  Title                    = {Physiological properties of anatomically identified axo-axonic cells in the rat hippocampus.},
  Author                   = {Buhl, E. H. and Han, Z. S. and Lörinczi, Z. and Stezhka, V. V. and Karnup, S. V. and Somogyi, P.},
  Journal                  = {J Neurophysiol},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1289--1307},
  Volume                   = {71},

  Abstract                 = {1. The properties of a well-defined type of GABAergic local circuit neuron, the axo-axonic cell (n = 17), were investigated in rat hippocampal slice preparations. During intracellular recording we injected axo-axonic cells with biocytin and subsequently identified them with correlated light and electron microscopy. Employing an immunogold-silver intensification technique we showed that one of the physiologically characterized cells was immunoreactive for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). 2. Axo-axonic cells were encountered in the dentate gyrus (n = 5) as well as subfields CA3 (n = 2) and CA1 (n = 10). They generally had smooth, beaded dendrites that extended throughout all hippocampal layers. Their axons ramified densely in the cell body layers and in the subjacent stratum oriens or hilus, respectively. Tested with electron microscopy, labeled terminals (n = 53) established synapses exclusively with the axon initial segment of principal cells in strata oriens and pyramidale and 
rarely in lower radiatum. Within a 400-microns slice a single CA1 axo-axonic cell was estimated to be in synaptic contact with 686 pyramidal cells. 3. Axo-axonic cells (n = 14) had a mean resting membrane potential of -65.1 mV, an average input resistance of 73.9 M omega, and a mean time constant of 7.7 ms. Action potentials were of short duration (389-microseconds width at half-amplitude) and had a mean amplitude of 64.1 mV. 4. Nine of 10 tested cells showed a varying degree of spike frequency adaptation in response to depolarizing current injection. Current-evoked action potentials were usually curtailed by a deep (10.2 mV) short-latency afterhyperpolarization (AHP) with a mean duration of 28.1 ms. 5. Cells with strong spike frequency accommodation (n = 5) had a characteristic firing pattern with numerous spike doublets. These appeared to be triggered by an underlying depolarizing afterpotential. In the same cells, prolonged bursts of action potentials were followed by a prominent long-duration AHP with a 
mean time constant of 1.15 s. 6. Axo-axonic cells responded to the stimulation of afferent pathways with short-latency excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) or at higher stimulation intensity with up to three action potentials. Axo-axonic cells in the dentate gyrus could be activated by stimulating the CA3 area as well as the perforant path, whereas in the CA1 area responses were elicited after shocks to the perforant path, Schaffer collaterals, and the stratum oriens-alveus border. 7. In the CA1 area the EPSP amplitude increased in response to membrane hyperpolarization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  Institution              = {Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford University, United Kingdom.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Electric Stimulation; Female; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Interneurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Nerve Net, physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, GABA, physiology; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8035215},
  Timestamp                = {29.11.2012}
}

@Article{Buhl:1989b,
  author      = {Buhl, E. H. and Lübke, J.},
  title       = {Intracellular lucifer yellow injection in fixed brain slices combined with retrograde tracing, light and electron microscopy.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {28},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {3--16},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(89)90227-3},
  abstract    = {The present paper contains a full methodological description of iontophoretic Lucifer Yellow injections in fixed brain slices in mammals. In brief, cortical tissue was either perfused or immersion-fixed in paraformaldehyde. After Vibratome sectioning, tissue slices were transferred to epifluorescence microscopes equipped with long distance objectives. Under visual guidance, neurons were selectively impaled with Lucifer Yellow-filled electrodes and intracellularly injected until all dendrites appeared brightly fluorescent. Excellent dendritic staining was obtained in both perfusion-fixed cat visual cortex and immersion-fixed human brain biopsies. Dendritic spines, varicosities and growth cones could be readily discerned. Filling of axonal collaterals was, however, incomplete. Callosally projecting neurons in cat visual cortex were retrogradely traced with a mixture of the fluorescent tracers Fast Blue and DiI. Subsequently the morphology of labelled cells was determined by intracellular 
Lucifer Yellow injection. Although the Fast Blue fluorescence had become undetectable in filled neurons the granular red appearance of DiI was still discernible. Hence the neuronal composition of even relatively sparse projections can be demonstrated. To obtain permanent preparations, dye-filled neurons were immersed in a diaminobenzidine solution and irradiated with epifluorescent illumination until all visible fluorescence had faded. Photo-oxidation resulted in the intracellular formation of a homogeneously distributed brown reaction product visible with the light microscope. Brief osmication enhanced the staining contrast, thus providing a Golgi-like image. Subsequent electron microscopy of photo-converted cells showed the fine granular nature of the electron opaque reaction product, thus revealing numerous cytological features. The precipitate was homogeneously distributed throughout the entire cytoplasm and nucleus, extending into dendrites and axon. Any apparent leakage of the label into the 
extracellular space was not observed. Intracellular staining in fixed tissue yields a high number of neurons with extensive filling of dendritic arbors. Photo-oxidation provides stable, non-fading preparations with the option of subsequent electron microscopy. In addition, the technique can be combined with immunocytochemistry and a variety of fluorescent tracer substances. These features, combined with its high selectivity and relative methodological simplicity, render the method to be a promising alternative to classical neuroanatomical approaches.},
  institution = {Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, Frankfurt, F.R.G.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, ultrastructure; Cats; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Fluorescent Dyes; Histological Techniques; Injections; Intracellular Membranes; Isoquinolines, diagnostic use; Microscopy, Electron},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2668782},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Buhl:1989a,
  author    = {Buhl, EBERHARD H and Schwerdtfeger, WALTER K and Germroth, PETER},
  title     = {New anatomical approaches to reveal afferent and efferent hippocampal circuitry},
  year      = {1989},
  pages     = {71--83},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {http://content.hccfl.edu/facultyinfo/pgermroth/files/71C713F7D94B4145B713D8AD35FE22DD.pdf},
  journal   = {The Hippocampus-New Vistas V Chan-Palay and CK öhler, eds Alan R Liss, New York},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Buhl:1989,
  author      = {Buhl, E. H. and Schwerdtfeger, W. K. and Germroth, P. and Singer, W.},
  title       = {Combining retrograde tracing, intracellular injection, anterograde degeneration and electron microscopy to reveal synaptic links.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {29},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {241--250},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(89)90148-9},
  abstract    = {Synaptic circuitry was investigated by combining retrograde tracing, intracellular staining, anterograde degeneration and electron microscopy in the same piece of tissue. This methodological procedure was successfully applied to disentangle a disynaptic neuronal chain, which originated in the olfactory bulb, was synaptically relayed in the entorhinal cortex and terminated in the ipsilateral hippocampus. Presumed entorhinal relay cells were retrogradely labelled from their hippocampal termination site by means of a fluorescent tracer. Subsequently, the marked projection neurones were intracellularly injected with Lucifer yellow in fixed slice preparations. Following a simple photo-conversion procedure, dye filled cells were processed for electron microscopy. The origin of presynaptic afferents to identified relay cells was revealed ultrastructurally after lesion induced anterograde degeneration of olfactory mitral cell axons. Due to its reliability, technical simplicity and a high degree of 
selectivity the new approach is considered an appropriate tool for unravelling neuronal networks.},
  institution = {Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, Frankfurt, F.R.G.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebral Cortex, ultrastructure; Hippocampus, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Degeneration; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olfactory Bulb, ultrastructure; Rats; Staining and Labeling; Synapses, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2477649},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Buhler:2005,
  Title                    = {Neurotensin activation of the NTR1 on spinally-projecting serotonergic neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla is antinociceptive.},
  Author                   = {Buhler, A. V. and Choi, J. and Proudfit, H. K. and Gebhart, G. F.},
  Journal                  = {Pain},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {1-2},
  Pages                    = {285--294},
  Volume                   = {114},

  Abstract                 = {Microinjection of neurotensin (NT) in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) produces dose-dependent antinociception. The NTR1 (Neurotensin Receptor Subtype 1) may mediate part of this response, however definitive evidence is lacking, and the spinal mediators of NTR1-induced antinociception are unknown. In the present study, we used immunohistochemical techniques to show that the NTR1, but not the NTR2 is expressed by spinally projecting serotonergic neurons of the RVM. We also show that microinjection of NT or the NTR1-selective agonist PD149163 in the RVM both produce dose-dependent antinociception in the tail-flick test that is blocked by the NTR1-selective antagonist SR48692. The antinociception produced by NT or PD149163 is also blocked by intrathecal administration of the non-selective serotonergic receptor antagonist methysergide. The results of these experiments provide anatomical and behavioral evidence that activation of NTR1-expressing spinally projecting neurons in 
the RVM produces antinociception through release of serotonin in the spinal dorsal horn. These results support the conclusion that the NTR1 plays an important role in the central modulation of nociception.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.031},
  Institution              = {Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. amber-buhler@uiowa.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Analgesics, pharmacology; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Medulla Oblongata, drug effects/metabolism; Microinjections; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Neurotensin, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Pain Measurement, drug effects/methods; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurotensin, agonists/metabolism; Serotonin, metabolism; Spinal Cord, drug effects/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0304-3959(04)00618-9},
  Pmid                     = {15733655},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.031}
}

@Article{Buhler:2004,
  Title                    = {Separate populations of neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla project to the spinal cord and to the dorsolateral pons in the rat.},
  Author                   = {A. V. Buhler and H. K. Proudfit and G. F. Gebhart},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {12--19},
  Volume                   = {1016},

  Abstract                 = {Activation of neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) directly modulates spinal nociceptive transmission by projections to the spinal cord dorsal horn and indirectly by projections to neurons in the dorsolateral pons (DLP) that project to the spinal cord dorsal horn. However, it is not known whether the same neurons in the RVM produce both direct and indirect modulation of nociception. Deposits of the retrograde tracers Fluoro-Gold (FG) in the spinal cord dorsal horn and DiI in the DLP were used to determine whether the same RVM neurons project to both of these regions. Only 0.9+/-0.1\% of RVM neurons retrogradely labeled with Fluoro-Gold from the spinal cord were also labeled with DiI placed in the DLP. In addition, spinally projecting RVM neurons were significantly larger than RVM neurons that project to the DLP. Finally, spinally projecting neurons were found predominantly on the midline and within the RVM; neurons that project to the DLP had a wider distribution 
and were present both within and outside of the RVM. Thus, separate and morphologically distinct populations of RVM neurons appear to modulate nociception by direct and indirect descending pathways.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.brainres.2004.04.060},
  Institution              = {Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Bowen Science BLD 2-351, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. amber-buhler@uiowa.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Carbocyanines, diagnostic use; Cell Count, methods; Cell Size, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, chemistry/classification/physiology; Pons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology; Stilbamidines, diagnostic use},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0006899304006456},
  Pmid                     = {15234247},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.04.060}
}

@Article{Bui:2013,
  author      = {Bui, Tuan V. and Akay, Turgay and Loubani, Osama and Hnasko, Thomas S. and Jessell, Thomas M. and Brownstone, Robert M.},
  title       = {Circuits for grasping: spinal dI3 interneurons mediate cutaneous control of motor behavior.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {78},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {191--204},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuron.2013.02.007},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.02.007},
  abstract    = {Accurate motor performance depends on the integration in spinal microcircuits of sensory feedback information. Hand grasp is a skilled motor behavior known to require cutaneous sensory feedback, but spinal microcircuits that process and relay this feedback to the motor system have not been defined. We sought to define classes of spinal interneurons involved in the cutaneous control of hand grasp in mice and to show that dI3 interneurons, a class of dorsal spinal interneurons marked by the expression of Isl1, convey input from low threshold cutaneous afferents to motoneurons. Mice in which the output of dI3 interneurons has been inactivated exhibit deficits in motor tasks that rely on cutaneous afferent input. Most strikingly, the ability to maintain grip strength in response to increasing load is lost following genetic silencing of dI3 interneuron output. Thus, spinal microcircuits that integrate cutaneous feedback crucial for paw grip rely on the intermediary role of dI3 interneurons.},
  institution = {Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.},
  journal     = {Neuron},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antigens, Thy-1, genetics; Bacterial Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Electric Stimulation; Feedback, Sensory, physiology; Green Fluorescent Proteins, genetics; Hand Strength, physiology; Interneurons, physiology; LIM-Homeodomain Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Luminescent Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Membrane Potentials, genetics; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Movement, physiology; Nerve Net, physiology; Parvalbumins, metabolism; Patch-Clamp Techniques; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Reflex, physiology; Skin, innervation; Spinal Cord, cytology; Transcription Factors, genetics/metabolism; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, genetics/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0896-6273(13)00138-4},
  pmid        = {23583114},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Buie:2013,
  author      = {Buie, Lakisha K. and Karim, Md Zahidul and Smith, Matthew H. and Borrás, Teresa},
  title       = {Development of a model of elevated intraocular pressure in rats by gene transfer of bone morphogenetic protein 2.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {54},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {5441--5455},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1167/iovs.13-11651},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.13-11651},
  abstract    = {To determine whether inducing calcification in the trabecular meshwork results in elevated IOP in living rats. To use this property to create an elevated IOP animal model by gene transfer of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2).Calcification was assessed by alizarin red staining in primary human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the angle tissue. Brown Norway (BN) and Wistar rats were intracamerally injected with Ad5BMP2 (OS) and control Ad5.CMV-Null (OD). IOPs were taken twice a week and expressed as mean integral pressures. Morphology was assessed on fixed, paraffin-embedded anterior segments. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were quantified on retrograde and Brn-3a-labeled flat mounts using MetaMorph software.BMP2-treated cells displayed marked increase in calcification. Trabecular meshwork tissue showed moderate ALP activity at 13 days postinjection. Fifty-four of 55 BN and 15 of 19 Wistar rats displayed significantly elevated IOP. In a representative 
29-day experiment, the integral IOP difference between treated and control eyes was 367.7 ± 83 mm Hg-days (P = 0.007). Morphological evaluation revealed a well-organized trabecular meshwork tissue, exhibiting denser matrix in the treated eyes. The Ad5BMP2-treated eye showed 34.4\% ± 4.8\% (P = 0.00002) loss of peripheral RGC over controls.Gene transfer of the calcification inducer BMP2 gene to the trabecular meshwork induces elevated IOP in living rats without altering the basic structure of the tissue. This strategy generates an elevated IOP model in rats that would be useful for evaluation of glaucoma drugs targeting the outflow pathway.},
  institution = {Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7041, USA.},
  journal     = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci},
  keywords    = {Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, administration /&/ dosage/biosynthesis/genetics; Calcinosis, genetics/metabolism/pathology; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Transfer Techniques; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Intraocular Pressure, physiology; Male; Ocular Hypertension, genetics/metabolism/physiopathology; RNA, genetics; Rats; Rats, Inbred BN; Rats, Wistar; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Trabecular Meshwork, drug effects/pathology; Young Adult},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {iovs.13-11651},
  pmid        = {23821199},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Buijs:2014,
  Title                    = {The suprachiasmatic nucleus is part of a neural feedback circuit adapting blood pressure response.},
  Author                   = {Buijs, F. N. and Cazarez, F. and Basualdo, M. C. and Scheer, F A J L. and Perusquía, M. and Centurion, D. and Buijs, R. M.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Pages                    = {197--207},
  Volume                   = {266},

  Abstract                 = {The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is typically considered our autonomous clock synchronizing behavior with physiological parameters such as blood pressure (BP), just transmitting time independent of physiology. Yet several studies show that the SCN is involved in the etiology of hypertension. Here, we demonstrate that the SCN is incorporated in a neuronal feedback circuit arising from the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), modulating cardiovascular reactivity. Tracer injections into the SCN of male Wistar rats revealed retrogradely filled neurons in the caudal NTS, where BP information is integrated. These NTS projections to the SCN were shown to be glutamatergic and to terminate in the ventrolateral part of the SCN where light information also enters. BP elevations not only induced increased neuronal activity as measured by c-Fos in the NTS but also in the SCN. Lesioning the caudal NTS prevented this activation. The increase of SCN neuronal activity by hypertensive stimuli 
suggested involvement of the SCN in counteracting BP elevations. Examining this possibility we observed that elevation of BP, induced by α1-agonist infusion, was more than twice the magnitude in SCN-lesioned animals as compared to in controls, indicating indeed an active involvement of the SCN in short-term BP regulation. We propose that the SCN receives BP information directly from the NTS enabling it to react to hemodynamic perturbations, suggesting the SCN to be part of a homeostatic circuit adapting BP response. We discuss how these findings could explain why lifestyle conditions violating signals of the biological clock may, in the long-term, result in cardiovascular disease.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.018},
  Institution              = {Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, UNAM, Mexico. Electronic address: ruudbuijs@gmail.com.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(14)00122-5},
  Pmid                     = {24583038},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.018}
}

@Article{Buijs:1985,
  author    = {Buijs, RM},
  title     = {Extrahypothalamic pathways of a neurosecretory system: their role in neurotransmission},
  year      = {1985},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {http://depot.knaw.nl/2705/1/19340.pdf},
  journal   = {Neurosecretion and the Biology of Neuropeptides},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Japan Sci. Soc. Press/Springer Verlag},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Buijs:1985a,
  author    = {Buijs, RM and De Vries, GJ and Van Leeuwen, FW},
  title     = {Distribution and synaptic release of oxytocin in the central nervous system},
  year      = {1985},
  volume    = {666},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  journal   = {Oxytocin: Clinical and Laboratory Aspects},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Excerpta Medica},
  timestamp = {17.05.2016},
}

@Article{Buijs:1978a,
  author      = {Buijs, R. M.},
  title       = {Intra- and extrahypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin pathways in the rat. Pathways to the limbic system, medulla oblongata and spinal cord.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {192},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {423--435},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00212323},
  abstract    = {Vasopressin and oxytocin pathways were specifically localized in glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde fixed rat brains, with the use of the unlabelled antibody enzyme method and purification of the first antiserum. Vasopressin and oxytocin containing pathways were traced from the paraventricular nucleus towards the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, the nuclei of the amygdala, substantia nigra and substantia grisea, nucleus tractus solitarius, nucleus ambiguus and to the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. In addition, a vasopressin containing pathway between the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the lateral habenular nucleus was demonstrated. The possible nature (axons or dendrites) and role of these extrahypothalamic fibres is discussed in relation to water balance, milk ejection and avoidance behaviour.},
  journal     = {Cell Tissue Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Nerve Fibers, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways; Neurosecretory Systems, anatomy /&/ histology; Oxytocin, metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Supraoptic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Vasopressins, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {699026},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Buijs:1994,
  Title                    = {Ultrastructural evidence for intra- and extranuclear projections of GABAergic neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.},
  Author                   = {Buijs, R. M. and Hou, Y. X. and Shinn, S. and Renaud, L. P.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {381--391},
  Volume                   = {340},

  Abstract                 = {GABAergic projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) were demonstrated in a double-labelling ultrastructural study which visualised the efferents of the SCN by PHA-L tracing, diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunocytochemistry, and GABA with immunogold postembedding staining. The results show a strong contralateral projection of the SCN that is partly GABA-containing. In addition, ipsilateral SCN projections to the dorsomedial hypothalamus and periventricular part of the paraventricular nucleus and sub-paraventricular nucleus were shown to contain GABA. The present results indicate that the SCN may utilize this inhibitory neurotransmitter to regulate and organize its own circadian rhythm as well as using GABA to transmit its diurnal information to other regions of the brain.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903400308},
  Institution              = {Neurosciences Unit, Loeb Research Institute, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ontario, Canada.},
  Keywords                 = {3,3'-Diaminobenzidine; Animals; Circadian Rhythm, physiology; Hypothalamus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, metabolism/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8188857},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903400308}
}

@Article{Buijs:2003,
  Title                    = {The suprachiasmatic nucleus balances sympathetic and parasympathetic output to peripheral organs through separate preautonomic neurons.},
  Author                   = {Buijs, Ruud M. and {la Fleur}, Susanne E. and Wortel, Joke and {Van Heyningen}, Caroline and Zuiddam, Laura and Mettenleiter, Thomas C. and Kalsbeek, Andries and Nagai, Katsuya and Niijima, Akira},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {36--48},
  Volume                   = {464},

  Abstract                 = {Opposing parasympathetic and sympathetic signals determine the autonomic output of the brain to the body and the change in balance over the sleep-wake cycle. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) organizes the activity/inactivity cycle and the behaviors that go along with it, but it is unclear how the hypothalamus, in particular the SCN, with its high daytime electrical activity, influences this differentiated autonomic balance. In a first series of experiments, we visualized hypothalamic pre-sympathetic neurons by injecting the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold into the thoracic sympathetic nuclei of the spinal cord. Pre-parasympathetic neurons were revealed by injection of the retrograde trans-synaptic tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV) into the liver and by sympathetic liver denervation, forcing the virus to infect via the vagus nerve only. This approach revealed separate pre-sympathetic and pre-parasympathetic neurons in the brainstem and hypothalamus. Next, selective retrograde 
tracing with two unique reporter PRV strains, one injected into the adrenal and the other into the sympathetic denervated liver, demonstrated that there are two separate populations of pre-sympathetic and pre-parasympathetic neurons within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Interestingly, this segregation persists into the SCN, where, as a result, the day-night balance in autonomic function of the organs is affected by specialized pre-sympathetic or pre-parasympathetic SCN neurons. These separate preautonomic SCN neurons provide the anatomical basis for the circadian-driven regulation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic output.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.10765},
  Institution              = {Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. r.buijs@nih.knaw.nl},
  Keywords                 = {Adrenal Glands, innervation; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, metabolism; Cell Count; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, metabolism; Liver, innervation; Luminescent Proteins, metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Confocal, instrumentation/methods; Motor Neurons, metabolism; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Parasympathectomy, methods; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, metabolism; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiology; Stilbamidines; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism/physiology; Sympathectomy, methods; beta-Galactosidase, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {12866127},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10765}
}

@Article{Buijs:1993,
  Title                    = {Projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to stress-related areas in the rat hypothalamus: a light and electron microscopic study.},
  Author                   = {R. M. Buijs and M. Markman and B. Nunes-Cardoso and Y. X. Hou and S. Shinn},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {42--54},
  Volume                   = {335},

  Abstract                 = {The purpose of the present study was to investigate the sites in the hypothalamus where the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) may influence corticosteroid secretion. In spite of the well established, SCN-mediated, daily rhythms in adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosteroid secretion, previous studies determining the projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus failed to illustrate direct connections with corticotrophin-releasing hormone neurons (CRH). In order to identify where in the central nervous system the SCN may influence corticosteroid secretion, areas were selected that contained SCN efferents contacting neurons involved in the stress response. To achieve this in the present study, SCN efferents were visualized by Pha-L tract-tracing, together with the neurons involved in the stress response by immunocytochemical staining for c-fos protein. The sites where these efferents contacted c-fos-positive neurons were established by light microscopic double staining and 
electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies. It appeared that apart from the medial parvocellular area of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, many more regions showed fos-positive neurons. Sites where SCN efferents contacted such neurons are limited only to areas immediately adjacent to these putative CRH neurons but are not concentrated on these neurons themselves. These areas consist of the periventricular and rostral PVN together with the dorsomedial hypothalamus: all three regions are known to project into the PVN. Therefore, it is concluded that the SCN transmits its information related to corticosteroid secretion via interneurons in and around the PVN to the CRH-containing neurons, rather than by a direct interaction with these neurons themselves.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903350104},
  Institution              = {Loeb Medical Research Institute, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Canada.},
  Keywords                 = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones, secretion; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, secretion; Animals; Efferent Pathways, ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Staining and Labeling; Stress, Physiological, pathology; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, secretion/ultrastructure; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis; Vasopressins, analysis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7691904},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350104}
}

@Article{Buijs:1978,
  author      = {R. M. Buijs and D. F. Swaab and J. Dogterom and F. W. van Leeuwen},
  title       = {Intra- and extrahypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin pathways in the rat.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {186},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {423--433},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00224932},
  abstract    = {Perfusion of rat brain followed by immersion fixation with 2.5\% glutaraldehyde-1\% paraformaldehyde, purification of the first antisera and application of the unlabelled antibody enzyme method were used to specifically identify vasopressin and oxytocin containing cells and fibres. The conventional sites of production of these hormones were confirmed as follows: supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, suprachiasmatic nucleus (only vasopressin), and other cells and cell groups of the hypothalamus. Fibres from the suprachiasmatic nucleus spread out in various direction, and probably project to the nucleus praeopticus periventricularis, organum vasculosum laminae terminalis and in the direction of the supraoptic nucleus. Oxytocin and vasopressin containing pathways could be traced from the paraventricular nucleus to the lateral ventricle, the stria terminalis and the stria medullaris. Some of the oxytocin and vasopressin containing tracts appear to continue onto ther septum. The possible 
importance of these morphological findings for the behavioural effects of vasopressin and oxytocin is discussed.},
  journal     = {Cell Tissue Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Ventricles, analysis; Hypothalamus, analysis; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Oxytocin, analysis; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, analysis; Rats; Septum Pellucidum, analysis; Supraoptic Nucleus, analysis; Vasopressins, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {342106},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Buijs:1999,
  author      = {Buijs, R. M. and Wortel, J. and {Van Heerikhuize}, J. J. and Feenstra, M. G. and {Ter Horst}, G. J. and Romijn, H. J. and Kalsbeek, A.},
  title       = {Anatomical and functional demonstration of a multisynaptic suprachiasmatic nucleus adrenal (cortex) pathway.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {1535--1544},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00575.x},
  abstract    = {In view of mounting evidence that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is directly involved in the setting of sensitivity of the adrenal cortex to ACTH, the present study investigated possible anatomical and functional connections between SCN and adrenal. Transneuronal virus tracing from the adrenal revealed first order labelling in neurons in the intermedio-lateral column of the spinal cord that were shown to receive an input from oxytocin fibres and subsequently second-order labelling in neurons of the autonomic division of the paraventricular nucleus. The latter neurons were shown to receive an input from vasopressin or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) containing SCN efferents. The true character of this SCN input to second-order neurons was also demonstrated by the fact that third-order labelling was present within the SCN, vasopressin or VIP neurons. The functional presence of the SCN-adrenal connection was demonstrated by a light-induced fast decrease in plasma corticosterone that 
could not be attributed to a decrease in ACTH. Using intact and SCN-lesioned animals, the immediate decrease in plasma corticosterone was only observed in intact animals and only at the beginning of the dark period. This fast decrease of corticosterone was accompanied by constant basal levels of blood adrenaline and noradrenaline, and is proposed to be due to a direct inhibition of the neuronal output to the adrenal cortex by light-mediated activation of SCN neurons. As a consequence, it is proposed that the SCN utilizes neuronal pathways to spread its time of the day message, not only to the pineal, but also to other organs, including the adrenal, utilizing the autonomic nervous system.},
  institution = {Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. R.Buijs@nih.knaw.nl},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Adrenal Cortex, cytology/physiology; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, blood; Animals; Circadian Rhythm, physiology; Corticosterone, blood; Darkness; Denervation; Epinephrine, blood; Lighting; Male; Melatonin, physiology; Neural Pathways; Norepinephrine, blood; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Photic Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10215906},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1988,
  author      = {Buisseret-Delmas, C.cam},
  title       = {Sagittal organization of the olivocerebellonuclear pathway in the rat. II. Connections with the nucleus interpositus.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {5},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {494--512},
  doi         = {10.1016/0168-0102(88)90039-9},
  abstract    = {The organization of the sagittal Zone C of the cerebellar cortex of the rat was studied with respect to its efferent projections and to its inferior olive (IO) afferent connections. Wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was used as a tracer. Zone C has been defined as the cortical region projecting to the nucleus interpositus anterior (NIA) and posterior (NIP). The results show that, in spite of some differences, Zone C of the rat is homologous to that of the cat. Three subzones, C1, C2 and C3, were clearly identified. Subzone C1 appears as a longitudinal band of the cerebellar cortex interrupted at the level of lobules VIb,c and part of lobule VII. It is therefore divided into two sagittal segments, one anterior to lobules I to VIa adjacent to Zone B; and one posterior to lobules VII to VIII adjacent to Zone A. Both segments receive climbing fibres from the lateral aspect of the rostral two-thirds and the medial aspect of the caudal one-third of the dorsal accessory 
olive (DAO). The Purkinje cell axons from subzone C1 project to both the NIA and the NIP where they occupy the medial one-third of the nucleus. Subzone C2 consists of a continuous sagittal band of the cerebellar cortex and lies between Subzones C1 and C3. It receives climbing fibres from the rostral aspect of the medial accessory olive (MAO) and projects to the central aspect of the NIA and to the lateral half of the NIP. Subzone C3, which is lateral to Subzone C2 and medial to Zone D, appears as a sagittal band of cortex interrupted at the level of lobule VI. It receives climbing fibres from the medial aspect of the DAO and projects to the lateral aspect of the NIA. The orientation of the olivocerebellonuclear circuit is fundamentally sagittal not only in the cerebellar cortex but also in the nuclei and, although less sharply, in the inferior olive.},
  institution = {Unité de Recherches de Neurophysiologie Pharmacologique de l'I.N.S.E.R.M. (U. 161), Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, ultrastructure; Cerebellar Nuclei, ultrastructure; Male; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3173810},
  timestamp   = {24.01.2013},
}

@Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1988a,
  author      = {C. Buisseret-Delmas},
  title       = {Sagittal organization of the olivocerebellonuclear pathway in the rat. I. Connections with the nucleus fastigii and the nucleus vestibularis lateralis.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {5},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {475-493},
  doi         = {10.1016/0168-0102(88)90038-7},
  abstract    = {The organization of the afferent and efferent connections of the sagittal Zones A and B of the cerebellar cortex of the rat have been studied using wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase as a tracer. A single injection of this tracer into the cerebellar cortex allowed us to study, simultaneously, the crossed olivocortical connections (revealed by the retrograde transport) and the direct corticonuclear connections (revealed by the anterograde transport). The results demonstrate that the olivocerebellonuclear pathway is organized in a longitudinal direction so that for a given small injection of the tracer in one lobule of the cortex, a long sagittal band of the retrograde-labelled cells is obtained in the inferior olive, and a long sagittal band of the labelled terminals is obtained in the cerebellar nuclei. Zone A and Zone B have been arbitrarily defined as the cortical regions projecting, respectively, to the nucleus fastigii (NF) and the nucleus vestibularis lateralis (
NVL). Zone A of the rat runs parasagitally from lobules I to IX as described in the cat, but in the posterior lobe it extends much more laterally than in the other mammals to include the lobulus paramedianus and crus I regions. The projections of Zone A to the NF recognize a mediolateral as well as a dorsoventral organization. Zone A receives climbing fibres exclusively from the caudal half of the medial accessory olive (MAO) with a further topographical organization in 4 distinct connections. Zone B of the rat is a narrow strip of the cortex lying adjacent to Zone A and extending from lobule I to VI. It receives climbing fibres from the caudolateral half of the dorsal accessory olive (DAO) and projects to the ipsilateral NVL with no other detectable organization. The majority of the labelled terminals end in the dorsal aspect of the NVL, but a non-negligible quantity also end in the ventral aspect.},
  institution = {Unité de Recherches de Neurophysiologie Pharmacologique de l'I.N.S.E.R.M. (U. 161), Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, ultrastructure; Cerebellar Nuclei, ultrastructure; Male; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {3173809},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1988b,
  author      = {C. Buisseret-Delmas and P. Angaut},
  title       = {The cerebellar nucleocortical projections in the rat. A retrograde labelling study using horseradish peroxidase combined to a lectin.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {84},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {255-260},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(88)90516-2},
  abstract    = {Following injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate in the cerebellar cortex of adult rats, retrograde cellular labelling was of two kinds within the cerebellar deep nuclei: (i) of high intensity, in those nuclear regions that also showed anterograde terminal labelling; this topographically arranged nucleocortical projection has therefore been called 'reciprocal'. 'Reciprocal' projections to zone A, to the zones C1 and C2, and to zone D come from the nucleus medialis, the interposed nuclear complex, and the nucleus lateralis, respectively; (ii) of low intensity, in nuclear areas surrounding the previous ones. No nucleocortical projections could be evidenced to either B or the C3 zones.},
  institution = {Unité de Recherches de Neurophysiologie Pharmacologique de l'INSERM U. 161, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {2451193},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1989,
  author      = {C. Buisseret-Delmas and P. Angaut},
  title       = {Sagittal organisation of the olivocerebellonuclear pathway in the rat. III. Connections with the nucleus dentatus.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {131-143},
  doi         = {10.1016/0168-0102(89)90053-9},
  abstract    = {The organization of olivary afferents and nuclear efferents of the D-zone of the rat cerebellum was studied by means of tracing with wheat-germ agglutinin-coupled peroxidase using tetramethylbenzidine as a chromagen. The tracer was injected iontophoretically within the cerebellar cortex. This allowed us to study both afferent and efferent pathways of the cerebellar lobules concerned with retrograde and anterograde tracing, respectively. Retrograde cellular labelling in the inferior olive was restricted to the principal olive (PO). Anterograde terminal labelling was found only within the various subdivisions of the nucleus lateralis or dentatus (ND). For any one of our small cortical injections there was a corresponding sagittal band of retrogradely labelled cells in the contralateral PO, and a sagittal band of terminal labelling through the ND. Based on both their olivary and nuclear connections, 3 sagittal subzones can be distinguished within the D-zone of the rat. From medial to lateral, 
we call them D0, D1 and D2. The 3 subzones run through part of the anterior and posterior lobes. D1 and D2 run continuously from their rostral to their caudal extents whereas D0 is discontinuous. It is interrupted through lobule VIc (crus I). The olivary projections to D0 arise within the medial half of the ventral lamella of the PO, including the dorsomedial cell column. Those to D1 arise within the dorsal lamella of the PO. Those to D2 arise within the lateral half of the ventral lamella of the PO. Rostrocaudally, widely distant cells of the same subdivision of the PO project to the same cerebellar lobule. This indicates extensive convergence of the olivary afferents within each of the 3 hemispheric compartments, D0, D1 and D2. Each of the 3 hemispheric subzones specifically projects to one of the 3 subdivisions distinguished within the ND of the rat, without apparent mediolateral overlapping. The medialmost D0 projects onto the dorsolateral hump; D1 projects more laterally onto the main, magnocellular 
part of the ND, and D2 projects ventrally onto the parvicellular subdivision of the ND. Thus the sagittal partition of the hemispheric cortex is reflected at the nuclear level. In contrast, Purkinje cell axons from individual lobules appear to branch extensively in the rostrocaudal direction. Therefore, within each of the 3 compartments D0, D1 as well as D2, the nuclear projection of the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe are largely coextensive.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Motricité, URA-385 CNRS, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {0168-0102(89)90053-9},
  pmid        = {2482467},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1989a,
  Title                    = {Anatomical mapping of the cerebellar nucleocortical projections in the rat: a retrograde labeling study.},
  Author                   = {C. Buisseret-Delmas and P. Angaut},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {297-310},
  Volume                   = {288},

  Abstract                 = {An analysis of the cerebellar nucleocortical projections was made by means of retrograde cellular labeling with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate. Each of the main nuclear subregions appears to give rise to nucleocortical projections. The cortical distribution of the projections is referred to here in term of sagittal zones. Zones A, B, and C conform to the recent description in the rat (Buisseret-Delmas, '88a,b) on the basis of their olivocortical and corticonuclear projections. A corresponding description of zone D is given here. According to their distribution, three types of nucleocortical projections have been distinguished: 1) ipsilateral, reciprocal; 2) nonreciprocal; and 3) contralateral, symmetrical to the corticonuclear afferent. Reciprocal projections are strictly arranged in the sagittal direction, with the following zonal distribution. Zone A is subdivided into two subzones. Medial A zone receives its nuclear afferents from the medial aspect of 
the nucleus medialis (NM). The lateral A zone of the anterior lobe and lobule VI and that of the posterior lobe receive their reciprocal nuclear afferents from the ventrolateral NM and the dorsolateral protuberance, respectively. Zone B does not seem to receive nucleocortical projections. Zone C has three subzones in the rat. C1 is supplied from the medial third of the anterior and posterior subdivisions of the nucleus interpositus (NIA and NIP, respectively). C2 is supplied from the central third of the NIA and NIP. Rostrocaudally, the anterior lobe and lobule VIII are connected to the NIA, and lobules VI and VII to the NIP. C3 appears to be connected to the lateral third of NIA. Zone D contains three subzones mediolaterally in the rat. D0, not previously described, is defined on the basis of both its olivary afferent from the medial half of the ventral lamella of the principal olive and its corticonuclear projections onto the dorsolateral hump of Goodman et al. ('63). It receives a reciprocal 
nucleocortical afferent from the dorsolateral hump. D1 receives its olivary afferent from the dorsal lamella of the principal olive. It is reciprocally connected with the lateral, magnocellular part of the nucleus lateralis (NL). D2 is the most lateral subzone of the hemisphere. Its olivary afferent comes from the lateral half of the ventral lamella of the principal olive. D2 is reciprocally connected with the ventral, parvicellular subdivision of NL. The main cortical recipients for the nonreciprocal projections are the lateral A zone, the C3, and the D1 subzones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902880208},
  Institution              = {Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Motricité, URA 385 C.N.R.S., Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris, France.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Functional Laterality; Horseradish Peroxidase; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Morawska, Pauline},
  Pmid                     = {2477418},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902880208}
}

@Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1993a,
  author      = {Buisseret-Delmas, C. and Angaut, P.},
  title       = {The cerebellar olivo-corticonuclear connections in the rat.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {40},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {63--87},
  doi         = {10.1016/0301-0082(93)90048-w},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Motricité, URA-385 C.N.R.S., Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Prog Neurobiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Olivary Nucleus, physiology; Rats, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0301-0082(93)90048-W},
  pmid        = {8424128},
  timestamp   = {24.01.2013},
}

@Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1998,
  author      = {C. Buisseret-Delmas and P. Angaut and C. Compoint and M. Diagne and P. Buisseret},
  title       = {Brainstem efferents from the interface between the nucleus medialis and the nucleus interpositus in the rat.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {402},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {264-275},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19981214)402:2<264::aid-cne10>3.3.co;2-x},
  abstract    = {In a previous report (Buisseret-Delmas et al. [1993] Neurosci. Res. 16:195-207), the authors identified the interface between the cerebellar nuclei medialis and interpositus as the origin of the nuclear output from cortical zone X. They named this nuclear interface the interstitial cell group (icg). In this study, the authors analyzed the icg efferents to the brainstem by using the anterograde and retrograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine. The main targets of these efferents are from rostral to caudal: 1) the accessory oculomotor nuclear region, essentially, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal; 2) the caudoventral region of the red nucleus; 3) a dorsal zone of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis; 4) restricted regions of the four main vestibular nuclei; and 5) three restricted areas in the inferior olive, one that is caudal in the medial accessory subnucleus and two others that are rostral and caudal in the dorsal accessory subnucleus, respectively. These data support the notion that 
the icg contributes to the control of gaze-orientation mechanisms, particularly those that are related to the vestibuloocular reflex.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle des Systèmes Sensorimoteurs, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Eye Movements, physiology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Posture, physiology; Purkinje Cells, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular, physiology; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-5},
  pmid        = {9845248},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1999,
  author      = {C. Buisseret-Delmas and C. Compoint and C. Delfini and P. Buisseret},
  title       = {Organisation of reciprocal connections between trigeminal and vestibular nuclei in the rat.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {409},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {153--168},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990621)409:1<153::aid-cne11>3.0.co;2-#},
  abstract    = {In order to study the connection patterns between the sensory trigeminal and the vestibular nuclei (VN), injections of anterogradely and/or retrogradely transported neuronal tracers were made in the rat. Trigeminal injections resulted in anterogradely labelled fibres, with an ipsilateral preponderance, within the VN: in the ventrolateral part of the inferior nucleus (IVN), in the lateral part of the medial nucleus (MVN), in the lateral nucleus (LVN) with a higher density in its ventral half, and in the superior nucleus (SVN), more in the periphery than in the central part. Moderate trigeminal projections were observed in the small vestibular groups f, x and y/l and in the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi. Additional retrogradely labelled neurones were seen in the IVN, MVN, and LVN, in the same regions as those receiving trigeminal afferents. Morphological analysis of vestibular neurones demonstrated that vestibulo-trigeminal neurones are relatively small and belong to a different population 
than those receiving projections from the trigeminal nuclei. The trigeminovestibular and vestibulo-trigeminal relationships were confirmed by tracer injections in the VN. The results show that, in the VN, there is sensory information from facial receptors in addition to those reported from the neck and body. These facial afferents complement those from the neck and lower spinal levels in supplying important somatosensory information from the face and eye muscles. The oculomotor connections of the respective zones of the VN receiving trigeminal afferents suggest that sensory inputs from the face, including extraocular proprioception, may, through this pathway, influence the vestibular control of eye and head movements.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle des Systèmes Sensorimoteurs, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Hypoglossal Nerve, physiology; Median Eminence, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, physiology; Vestibular Nuclei, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-},
  pmid        = {10363717},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1997,
  author      = {C. Buisseret-Delmas and G. Pinganaud and C. Compoint and P. Buisseret},
  title       = {Projection from trigeminal nuclei to neurons of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in rat.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {229},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {189--192},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00452-7},
  abstract    = {The mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus contains cell bodies of primary somatic sensory neurons that innervate the head region. The neurons resemble dorsal root ganglion cells but a striking difference is the presence of synaptic boutons in the nucleus. The present report demonstrates with anterograde tracers, the existence of a direct trigeminal projection from secondary sensory neurons of the principal and spinal nuclei to the mesencephalic nucleus. Our observations strongly suggest that synaptic contact may be established on the cell bodies as well as on the neurites of the mesencephalic neurons. These pathways could play a modulatory role in the processing of sensory afferent information and in the control of orofacial and/or oculomotor functions.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  institution = {923, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Dextrans, diagnostic use; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Mesencephalon, cytology; Microinjections; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Trigeminal Nuclei, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0304-3940(97)00452-7},
  pmid        = {9237490},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Buisseret-Delmas:1993,
  author      = {Buisseret-Delmas, C. and Yatim, N. and Buisseret, P. and Angaut, P.},
  title       = {The X zone and CX subzone of the cerebellum in the rat.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {195--207},
  doi         = {10.1016/0168-0102(93)90124-9},
  abstract    = {The existence of an X zone (lateral to the A zone) and a CX subzone (lateral to the C1 subzone) was documented within the anterior lobe and lobule VI in cats and primates. On the basis of their respective efferent and climbing fibre (CF) afferent connections, delineation of these two cortical subdivisions has been investigated here, in the rat, using small injections of WGA-HRP in the cerebellar cortex. We observe that both X and CX are "fractured" into a rostral and a caudal compartment. The rostral compartment of the X zone extends over lobules IV, V and VI and its caudal compartment over lobules VIII, IX and X. The rostral compartment of the CX subzone seems to be restricted to lobules V and VI, its caudal compartment cannot be topographically distinguished, over lobules IX and X, from the caudal compartment of the X zone. The olivary afferents to the X zone and the CX subzone arise from the horizontal and vertical lamellae of the medial accessory olive: subnucleus a projects into the 
rostral compartment and lobule VIII of the X zone. Subnuclei b and c project into the rostral compartment of both X and CX. The dorsomedial cell column selectively projects onto the caudal compartment of both X and CX over the vestibulo-cerebellum. The corticonuclear projections of the X zone have been found within the junctional region between the nucleus medialis and the nucleus interpositus (NI), here defined as the interstitial cell groups (icg), the corticonuclear projections of the CX subzone within the medial NI. It is suggested that the icg correspond to clusters of neurones dissociated from the medial aspect of the NI. We therefore consider the X zone and CX subzone of the rat, on the basis of their corticonuclear efferents, as "medial C1" and "lateral C1" subzone, respectively, although both may be regarded as part of the A zone on the basis of their olivary afferents.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Motricité, CNRS-UR 14, Paris, France.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Nucleus, ultrastructure; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7683779},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Bukalis:2007,
  author      = {Bukalis, Katarzyna and Alber, Dorothea and Bukalis, Gregor and Behne, Dietrich and Kyriakopoulos, Antonios},
  title       = {Effects of selenium diet on expression of selenoproteins in the lung of the rat.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1095},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {467--472},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1196/annals.1397.050},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1397.050},
  abstract    = {In the present article the radiotracer techniques have been combined with biochemical separation procedures to investigate the effects of changes in the selenium status on the expression of the selenium-containing proteins in the lung and their subcellular fractions. Subcellular separation of the lung has been achieved by differential ultracentrifugation. The selenium-containing proteins in these compartments have been investigated by labeling of rats in vivo with (75)Se, gel electrophoretic separation of the proteins, and autoradiographic detection of the tracer. In the lung of the selenium-deficient animals, the selenium administered was used predominantly to restore the levels of the selenoproteins, while in the lung of the selenium-sufficient animals most of the selenium retained was incorporated into the glutathione peroxidase. Also, higher activity of this enzyme has been found in the lung of the selenium-sufficient animals. The differences in the specific incorporation of the element 
in the selenium deficiency into different compounds suggested that there are different metabolic pathways for selenium, strongly dependent on its status.},
  institution = {Glienicker Str. 100, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. k.bukalis@hmi.de},
  journal     = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Dietary Proteins, analysis/metabolism; Dietary Supplements; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; Lung, chemistry/metabolism; Male; Molecular Weight; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Selenium Radioisotopes, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Selenium, administration /&/ dosage/deficiency; Selenoproteins, analysis/biosynthesis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {1095/1/467},
  pmid        = {17404059},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bukowiecki:1989,
  author      = {Bukowiecki, L. J.},
  title       = {Energy balance and diabetes. The effects of cold exposure, exercise training, and diet composition on glucose tolerance and glucose metabolism in rat peripheral tissues.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {67},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {382--393},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1139/y89-062},
  abstract    = {The effects of cold exposure, exercise training, and diet (high fat versus high carbohydrate) on glucose tolerance and glucose metabolism in rat peripheral tissues will be briefly reviewed. Stimulation of energy expenditure by cold exposure (4 degrees C) or exercise training generally leads to decreased plasma insulin levels and to an improvement in glucose tolerance, suggesting that insulin action on peripheral tissues is increased when energy expenditure is stimulated. On the contrary, feeding high-fat diets to sedentary rats living in the warm (25 degrees C) induces hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance resulting in a marked deterioration of glucose tolerance. Nevertheless, cold exposure reverses the diabetogenic effects of high-fat feeding, demonstrating that nutrition-induced insulin resistance is amplified in sedentary animals living at temperatures close to thermoneutrality. Radioactive tracer studies of 2-deoxyglucose uptake in peripheral tissues revealed that cold exposure 
synergistically potentiates the effects of insulin on glucose uptake in skeletal muscles as well as in white and brown adipose tissues. However, more recent data showed that cold exposure improves glucose tolerance and stimulates glucose uptake in starved animals (ie., in the virtual absence of circulating insulin) nearly by the same order of magnitude as in fed animals. It is therefore concluded that cold exposure, and possibly also exercise, improve glucose tolerance and stimulate glucose uptake in peripheral tissues primarily by enhancing glucose oxidation via insulin-independent pathways, and secondarily by increasing the responsiveness of peripheral tissues to insulin.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, Laval University Medical School, Québec, Canada.},
  journal     = {Can J Physiol Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {Acclimatization; Animals; Blood Glucose, metabolism; Cold Temperature; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, physiopathology; Diet; Energy Metabolism; Glucose, metabolism; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Rats; Reference Values},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2667731},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Buljubacich:2009,
  author    = {Buljubacich, Karina Alejandra and Mugnaini, Mar{\'\i}a Teresa and So{\~n}ez, Carlos Alberto and Rolando, Alicia Nélida and Romanini, Mar{\'\i}a Cristina and Bozzo, A{\'\i}da Andrea and SO{\~N}EZ, M and Gauna, Héctor Fernando},
  title     = {Chronic Stress Effects on NPY Neuronal Population During Rat Development.},
  year      = {2009},
  volume    = {27},
  number    = {3},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/ijmorphol/v27n3/art39.pdf},
  journal   = {International Journal of Morphology},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {SciELO Chile},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Buljubacich:2009a,
  author    = {Buljubacich, Karina Alejandra and Mugnaini, Mar{\'\i}a Teresa and So{\~n}ez, Carlos Alberto and Rolando, Alicia Nélida and Romanini, Mar{\'\i}a Cristina and Bozzo, A{\'\i}da Andrea and So{\~n}ez, Mar{\'\i}a Cristina and Gauna, Héctor Fernando},
  title     = {Efectos del Stress Crónico sobre la Población Neuronal NPY Durante el Desarrollo de Ratas},
  year      = {2009},
  volume    = {27},
  number    = {3},
  pages     = {879--889},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url       = {http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/ijmorphol/v27n3/art39.pdf},
  journal   = {International Journal of Morphology},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {SciELO Chile},
  timestamp = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Buller:2001,
  Title                    = {Dorsal and ventral medullary catecholamine cell groups contribute differentially to systemic interleukin-1beta-induced hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis responses.},
  Author                   = {Buller, K. and Xu, Y. and Dayas, C. and Day, T.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroendocrinology},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {129--138},
  Volume                   = {73},

  Abstract                 = {Medial parvocellular paraventricular corticotropin-releasing hormone (mPVN CRH) cells are critical in generating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses to systemic interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). However, although it is understood that catecholamine inputs are important in initiating mPVN CRH cell responses to IL-1beta, the contributions of distinct brainstem catecholamine cell groups are not known. We examined the role of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and ventrolateral medulla (VLM) catecholamine cells in the activation of mPVN CRH, hypothalamic oxytocin (OT) and central amygdala cells in response to IL-1beta (1 microg/kg, i.a.). Immunolabelling for the expression of c-fos was used as a marker of neuronal activation in combination with appropriate cytoplasmic phenotypic markers. First we confirmed that PVN 6-hydroxydopamine lesions, which selectively depleted catecholaminergic terminals, significantly reduced IL-1beta-induced mPVN CRH cell activation. The 
contribution of VLM (A1/C1 cells) versus NTS (A2 cells) catecholamine cells to mPVN CRH cell responses was then examined by placing ibotenic acid lesions in either the VLM or NTS. The precise positioning of these lesions was guided by prior retrograde tracing studies in which we mapped the location of IL-1beta-activated VLM and NTS cells that project to the mPVN. Both VLM and NTS lesions reduced the mPVN CRH and OT cell responses to IL-1beta. Unlike VLM lesions, NTS lesions also suppressed the recruitment of central amygdala neurons. These studies provide novel evidence that both the NTS and VLM catecholamine cells have important, but differential, contributions to the generation of IL-1beta-induced HPA axis responses.},
  Doi                      = {54629},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.},
  Keywords                 = {Adrenal Glands, drug effects/physiology; Amygdala, cytology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Catecholamines, physiology; Cholera Toxin, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, metabolism; Hypothalamus, drug effects/physiology; Ibotenic Acid, pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; Interleukin-1, pharmacology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Oxidopamine, pharmacology; Oxytocin, metabolism; Pituitary Gland, drug effects/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {54629},
  Pmid                     = {11244300},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/54629}
}

@Article{Buller:2002,
  Title                    = {Systemic administration of interleukin-1beta activates select populations of central amygdala afferents.},
  Author                   = {Buller, Kathryn M. and Day, Trevor A.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {288--296},
  Volume                   = {452},

  Abstract                 = {The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is activated robustly by an immune challenge such as the systemic administration of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). Because IL-1beta is not believed to cross the blood-brain barrier in any significant amount, it is likely that IL-1beta elicits CeA cell recruitment by means of activation of afferents to the CeA. However, although many studies have investigated the origins of afferent inputs to the CeA, we do not know which of these also respond to IL-1beta. Therefore, to identify candidate neurons responsible for the recruitment of CeA cells by an immune challenge, we iontophoretically deposited a retrograde tracer, cholera toxin b-subunit (CTb), into the CeA of rats 7 days before systemic delivery of IL-1beta (1 microg/kg, i.a.). By using combined immunohistochemistry, we then quantified the number of Fos-positive CTb cells in six major regions known to innervate the CeA. These included the medial prefrontal 
cortex, paraventricular thalamus (PVT), ventral tegmental area, parabrachial nucleus (PB), nucleus tractus solitarius, and ventrolateral medulla. Our results show that after deposit of CTb into the CeA, the majority of double-labeled cells were located in the PB and the PVT, suggesting that CeA cell activation by systemic IL-1beta is likely to arise predominantly from cell bodies located in these regions. These findings may have significant implications in determining the central pathways involved in generating acute central responses to a systemic immune challenge.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.10389},
  Institution              = { of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. k.buller@mailbox.uq.edu.au},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Amygdala, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Animals; Cell Count; Cholera Toxin; Genes, fos; Immunohistochemistry; Interleukin-1, pharmacology; Male; Midline Thalamic Nuclei, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, cytology/drug effects; Peptide Fragments; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {12353224},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10389}
}

@Article{Buller:2003,
  author      = {Buller, K. M. and Dayas, C. V. and Day, T. A.},
  title       = {Descending pathways from the paraventricular nucleus contribute to the recruitment of brainstem nuclei following a systemic immune challenge.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {118},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {189--203},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00808-4},
  abstract    = {Hypothalamic nuclei, particularly the paraventricular nuclei (PVN), are important brain sites responsible for central nervous system responses during an immune challenge. The brainstem catecholamine cells of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and ventrolateral medulla (VLM) have been shown to play critical roles in relaying systemic immune signals to the PVN. However, whilst it is well recognised that PVN divisions also innervate the NTS and VLM, it is not known whether descending PVN pathways can modulate the recruitment of brainstem cells during an immune challenge. Using systemic administration of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta, in combination with Fos immunolabelling, we firstly investigated the effect of PVN lesions on NTS and VLM catecholamine and non-catecholamine cell responses. We found that ibotenic acid lesions of the PVN significantly reduced numbers of Fos-positive non-catecholamine, noradrenergic and adrenergic cells observable in the VLM and NTS after 
interleukin-1beta administration. We then investigated the origins of descending inputs to the VLM and NTS, activated by systemic interleukin-1beta, by mapping the distribution of Fos-positive retrogradely-labelled cells in divisions of the PVN after iontophoretically depositing choleratoxin-b subunit into the NTS or VLM one week prior to interleukin-1beta administration. We found that, after either NTS or VLM deposits, the majority of retrogradely-labelled Fos-positive cells activated by interleukin-1beta were localised in the medial and lateral parvocellular PVN divisions. Retrogradely-labelled Fos-positive cells were also observed in the NTS after VLM deposits, and in the VLM after NTS tracer deposits, suggesting reciprocal communication between these two nuclei after systemic interleukin-1beta. Thus the present study shows that the PVN has the capacity to modulate NTS and VLM responses after an immune challenge and that these may result from descending projections arising in the medial and lateral PVN 
divisions. These findings suggest that central nervous system responses to an immune challenge are likely to involve complex reciprocal connections between the PVN and the brainstem as well as between brainstem nuclei themselves.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Qld. 4072, Brisbane, Australia. k.buller@mailbox.uq.edu.au},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, cytology/physiology; Catecholamines, metabolism; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Denervation; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Inflammation Mediators, pharmacology; Inflammation, physiopathology; Interleukin-1, pharmacology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Neuroimmunomodulation, physiology; Neurotoxins, pharmacology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reticular Formation, physiology; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452202008084},
  pmid        = {12676149},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bullier:1990,
  author      = {Bullier, J. and Dehay, C. and Dreher, B.},
  title       = {Bihemispheric Axonal Bifurcation of the Afferents to the Visual Cortical Areas during Postnatal Development in the Rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {2},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {332--343},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1990.tb00425.x},
  abstract    = {Numerous cortical neurons in the juvenile and adult rat project to visual areas of both hemispheres whereas the vast majority of subcortical structures projecting to the visual cortex send strictly ipsilateral projections (Dreher et al., 1990). In the present study, the authors have sought to determine whether this pattern of axonal bifurcation in the connectivity of the visual areas undergoes a change during postnatal development. Two retrograde fluorescent dyes were used, fast blue (FB) and diamidino yellow (DY). Large multiple injections of one of the dyes were placed in all visual areas of one hemisphere and a small injection of the other dye was placed in area 17 of the opposite hemisphere. Labelled neurons were observed in subcortical and cortical structures on the side of the small injection. The experiments were performed on ten neonatal albino rat pups aged between 3 and 12 postnatal days (p.n.d.) at the time of injection and the results were compared with those obtained in the 
juvenile and adult animals, as reported in the preceding paper. In the thalamus of newborn animals, neurons belonging to nuclei located away from the midline send strictly ipsilateral cortical projections. However, in the midline nuclei of the intralaminar thalamic complex, a small region of overlap was observed between neurons projecting ipsilaterally and neurons projecting contralaterally in animals aged less than 9 postnatal days. In addition, in these neonatal animals a small number of bilaterally projecting neurons was detected in this region of overlap. In all other subcortical structures examined (ventral tegmental area, diagonal band of Broca, claustrum), the laterality of the projection was the same in the newborn and the adult animals. In particular, in the claustrum of neonatal animals, as in adult animals, there was a large contingent of contralaterally projecting neurons and only a very small number of bilaterally projecting neurons. The results in the cortex contrast with those observed in 
subcortical structures. Whereas ipsilaterally projecting neurons were distributed in a broadly similar way in newborn and adult animals, the laminar and areal distribution of contralaterally projecting neurons in newborn animals clearly differed from those observed in the adult animals. Furthermore, double labelled neurons were more numerous in animals aged less than 12 days than in adults. The proportions of such bilaterally projecting neurons were computed with respect to the numbers of neurons sending ipsilateral projections to area 17. These proportions are constant at all ages in the claustrum and cortical area 8. In areas 18a, 29 and 35 on the other hand, the proportions of bilaterally projecting neurons increase after 5 days and reach a peak in the period extending from 9 to 11 days of age when more than half of the neurons projecting ipsilaterally also send an axonal branch to the contralateral cortex. In cortical areas 29 and 35, this peak is followed by a sudden drop to the adult level at 12 
postnatal days, whereas the return to the adult level is gradual in area 18a. These results demonstrate that, in subcortical structures and in cortical area 8, the laterality of the afferent connections to the visual cortex does not change during postnatal development. By contrast, cortical areas 18a, 29 and 35 go through a stage when numerous cells send bifurcating connections to both hemispheres. The timing of the decrease in proportions of bilaterally projecting neurons in these areas suggests that numerous neurons retract their callosal axonal branch when the adult pattern of callosal connectivity is established at 9 - 11 days of age.},
  institution = {Vision et Motricité, INSERM Unité 94, 16 avenue du Doyen Lépine F-69500 Bron, France.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {ejn_02040332},
  pmid        = {12106040},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bullitt:1989,
  author      = {Bullitt, E.},
  title       = {Induction of c-fos-like protein within the lumbar spinal cord and thalamus of the rat following peripheral stimulation.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {493},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {391--397},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)91177-3},
  abstract    = {Noxious stimulation induces c-fos-like protein within neurons of the spinal cord and thalamus in patterns that suggest c-fos induction may serve as a marker for activity within nociresponsive pathways. Similar patterns of immunoreactivity were not seen following gentle mechanical stimulation or in control animals. Within the thalamus, noxious stimulation induces immunoreactivity not only in traditionally expected locations, but also within the paraventricular, submedial and reuniens nuclei.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Male; Pain, metabolism; Peripheral Nerves, physiopathology; Physical Stimulation; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Proto-Oncogene Proteins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, metabolism/physiopathology; Thalamus, metabolism/physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(89)91177-3},
  pmid        = {2504439},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bullitt:1990,
  author      = {Bullitt, E.},
  title       = {Expression of c-fos-like protein as a marker for neuronal activity following noxious stimulation in the rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {296},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {517--530},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902960402},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902960402},
  abstract    = {C-fos is a proto-oncogene that is expressed within some neurons following depolarization. The protein product, c-fos protein, can be identified by immunohistochemical techniques. Therefore, c-fos expression might be used as a marker for neuronal activity throughout the neuraxis following peripheral stimulation. This study has analyzed patterns of c-fos expression in both control and anesthetized animals and in anesthetized rats subjected to various forms of peripheral stimulation. Labeled cells were counted in the spinal cord, brainstem, hypothalamus, and thalamus. Little c-fos immunoreactivity was found in control animals. Prolonged inhalational anesthesia increased the number of labeled cells at several brainstem sites. Noxious stimulation of anesthetized rats induced c-fos within the neuraxis in patterns consistent with data obtained from electrophysiological studies and in additional locations for which few direct electrophysiological data are available, such as the ventrolateral medulla,
 the posterior hypothalamic nucleus, and the reuniens and paraventricular thalamic nuclei. Gentle mechanical stimulation was ineffective in inducing c-fos-like protein. The data suggest that c-fos can be used as a transynaptic marker for neuronal activity following noxious stimulation. However, c-fos is expressed only in some kinds of neurons following peripheral stimulation, and it therefore may be an incomplete marker for nociresponsive activity. In addition, at least a few neurons express c-fos protein in the absence of noxious stimulation. Experiments analyzing c-fos expression must be designed with care, as both extraneous stimuli and anesthetic depth influence the results.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, metabolism/physiopathology; Hot Temperature; Hypothalamus, metabolism/physiopathology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Pain, metabolism/physiopathology; Physical Stimulation; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Proto-Oncogene Proteins, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, metabolism/physiopathology; Thalamus, metabolism/physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2113539},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bulloch:1981,
  Title                    = {Innervation of the thymus gland by brain stem and spinal cord in mouse and rat.},
  Author                   = {K. Bulloch and R. Y. Moore},
  Journal                  = {Am J Anat},
  Year                     = {1981},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {157--166},
  Volume                   = {162},

  Abstract                 = {Central nervous system (CNS) projections to the thymus were studied in the mouse and rat using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-retrograde transport method. With discrete HRP injections localized to the thymus, labeled neurons are evident in both medulla and spinal cord. In the medulla the largest population of labeled neurons is present in the retrofacial nucleus. Within this cytoarchitectonically distinct nucleus, the majority of neurons are labeled with large HRP injections in the thymus. In addition to retrofacial nucleus, scattered labeled neurons are found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus ambiguus and in the dorsal medullary tegmentum adjacent to the dorsal motor vagus nucleus. With HRP injections restricted to thymus parenchyma, no labeled neurons are evident in the dorsal motor vagus nucleus. Three groups of spinal cord neurons are labeled. In segments C2-C4, neurons localized to the ventral horn are labeled in two distinct columns, one located lying 
laterally in the ventral horn and the other located medially. Labeling of neurons in these segments is distinct from that of large motor neurons located medially in the ventral horn extending from the level of the decussation of the pyramids through the C1 segment. The location and sizes of neurons labeled in these areas following HRP injection in the thymus are identical in the mouse and rat. These observations provide evidence for previously unknown projections from spinal cord and brain stem to the thymus which may play an important role in the regulation of thymic function.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/aja.1001620207},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Stem, cytology/physiology; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Neural Pathways; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Thymus Gland, innervation},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7304470},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001620207}
}

@Article{Bulte:2005,
  Title                    = {Entorhinal projections terminate onto principal neurons and interneurons in the subiculum: a quantitative electron microscopical analysis in the rat.},
  Author                   = {L. Baks-Te Bulte and F. G. Wouterlood and M. Vinkenoog and M. P. Witter},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {729--739},
  Volume                   = {136},

  Abstract                 = {The synaptic organization of projections to the subiculum from superficial layers of the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex was analyzed in the rat, using anterograde neuroanatomical tracing followed by electron microscopical quantification. Our aim was to assess the synaptic organization and whether the two projection components (lateral, medial) within the perforant pathway are qualitatively and quantitatively similar with respect to the types of synapses formed and with respect to the postsynaptic targets of these entorhinal projections. The tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex, respectively, and resulting anterograde labeling in the subiculum was studied. For each of the two projection components, we analyzed in four animals (2 x 2) a total of 100 synapses/animal with respect to features of the synapse type, i.e. asymmetrical or symmetrical, as well as regarding their postsynaptic target, i.e. dendritic shaft or 
spine. No clear differences were observed between the two pathways. The majority of the synapses were of the asymmetrical type, making contact with spines (78\%) or with dendritic shafts (14\%). A low percentage of symmetrical synapses targeted dendritic shafts (4.2\%) or spines (1.3\%). About 2.5\% of the synapses remained undetermined. The findings indicate that the majority of entorhinal fibers reaching the subiculum exert an excitatory influence primarily onto principal neurons, with a much smaller feed forward inhibitory component. Only a small percentage of entorhinal fibers in the subiculum appears to be inhibitory, largely influencing interneurons.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.001},
  Institution              = {Graduate School of Neurosciences Amsterdam, Research Institute Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, MF-G-102C, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Cell Count, methods; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Dextrans, metabolism; Entorhinal Cortex, cytology; Female; Hippocampus, cytology; Interneurons, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synapses, classification/ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(05)00287-3},
  Pmid                     = {16344147},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.001}
}

@Article{Bulvik:2012,
  author      = {Bulvik, Baruch E. and Berenshtein, Eduard and Meyron-Holtz, Esther G. and Konijn, Abraham M. and Chevion, Mordechai},
  title       = {Cardiac protection by preconditioning is generated via an iron-signal created by proteasomal degradation of iron proteins.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {11},
  pages       = {e48947},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1371/journal.pone.0048947},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048947},
  abstract    = {Ischemia associated injury of the myocardium is caused by oxidative damage during reperfusion. Myocardial protection by ischemic preconditioning (IPC) was shown to be mediated by a transient 'iron-signal' that leads to the accumulation of apoferritin and sequestration of reactive iron released during the ischemia. Here we identified the source of this 'iron signal' and evaluated its role in the mechanisms of cardiac protection by hypoxic preconditioning. Rat hearts were retrogradely perfused and the effect of proteasomal and lysosomal protease inhibitors on ferritin levels were measured. The iron-signal was abolished, ferritin levels were not increased and cardiac protection was diminished by inhibition of the proteasome prior to IPC. Similarly, double amounts of ferritin and better recovery after ex vivo ischemia-and-reperfusion (I/R) were found in hearts from in vivo hypoxia pre-conditioned animals. IPC followed by normoxic perfusion for 30 min ('delay') prior to I/R caused a reduced 
ferritin accumulation at the end of the ischemia phase and reduced protection. Full restoration of the IPC-mediated cardiac protection was achieved by employing lysosomal inhibitors during the 'delay'. In conclusion, proteasomal protein degradation of iron-proteins causes the generation of the 'iron-signal' by IPC, ensuing de-novo apoferritin synthesis and thus, sequestering reactive iron. Lysosomal proteases are involved in subsequent ferritin breakdown as revealed by the use of specific pathway inhibitors during the 'delay'. We suggest that proteasomal iron-protein degradation is a stress response causing an expeditious cytosolic iron release thus, altering iron homeostasis to protect the myocardium during I/R, while lysosomal ferritin degradation is part of housekeeping iron homeostasis.},
  institution = {Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, Faculties of Dental Medicine and Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.},
  journal     = {PLoS One},
  keywords    = {Animals; Ferritins, metabolism; Iron, metabolism; Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial, methods; Male; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, metabolism/prevention /&/ control; Myocardium, metabolism; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {PONE-D-12-19817},
  pmid        = {23155431},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Buma:1992,
  Title                    = {Ultrastructure of the periaqueductal grey matter of the rat: an electron microscopical and horseradish peroxidase study.},
  Author                   = {P. Buma and J. Veening and T. Hafmans and H. Joosten and R. Nieuwenhuys},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {519--535},
  Volume                   = {319},

  Abstract                 = {The neurons of the mesencephalic periaqueductal grey substance (PAG) in the rat are small and medium sized. The cells are frequently located in small clusters, without interdigitating glial elements and may be connected by direct membrane appositions or by gap junctions. The inner zone of the PAG is cell poor. In many cases, the cytoplasm of the cells is filled with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and large lysosome-like granules. The nuclei show large indentations. The cells have a high nucleus-cytoplasm ratio. The neuropil is very extensive and particularly rich in large numbers of small unmyelinated axons, dendrites, axonal varicosities, and synaptic connections. Myelinated fibres are relatively scarce. The orientation of the fibres was studied in transverse and horizontal sections, in combination with HRP track tracing experiments. It appeared that throughout the PAG most of the fibres were orientated longitudinally. Quantitation 
showed that most fibres were present in the inner zones of the PAG. Moreover, the diameter of the fibres adjacent to the aqueduct was smaller than that of the fibres in the peripheral parts of the PAG. The thin unmyelinated fibres made extensive synaptic connections within the PAG. Many synaptic varicosities were found in the neuropil of the PAG. There were four types of synaptic varicosities, characterized by different populations of clear and dense-core secretory granules and by the different morphology of the synaptic specializations. In general, the different types of varicosity were homogeneously distributed in the different parts of the PAG. Electron dense secretory granules, when present, were located at some distance from the synaptic junction. Serial sections revealed varicosities which contained only dense-core secretory granules, without synaptic specializations. The dendrites of PAG neurons generally lacked synaptic spines. Many dendrites, particularly those of neurons located in the peripheral 
parts of the PAG, were directed toward the aqueduct. The present study shows that the PAG is a very complex brain area. The crisscrossing of axons and dendrites with synaptic connections at considerable distances from the cell bodies render it very difficult to unravel the relationships between the possible sources and destinations of ongoing information. This structure complicates the search for relationships between the functional organization and the cytoarchitectural borders in the PAG area.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903190405},
  Institution              = {Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neuroglia, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Periaqueductal Gray, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1619043},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903190405}
}

@Article{Bunce:2003,
  author      = {Bunce, J. G. and Sabolek, H. R. and Chrobak, J. J.},
  title       = {Intraseptal infusion of oxotremorine impairs memory in a delayed-non-match-to-sample radial maze task.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {121},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {259--267},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00462-7},
  abstract    = {The medial septal nucleus is part of the forebrain circuitry that supports memory. This nucleus is rich in cholinergic receptors and is a putative target for the development of cholinomimetic cognitive-enhancing drugs. Septal neurons, primarily cholinergic and GABAergic, innervate the entire hippocampal formation and regulate hippocampal formation physiology and emergent function. Direct intraseptal drug infusions can produce amnestic or promnestic effects depending upon the type of drug administered. However, intraseptal infusion of the cholinomimetic oxotremorine has been reported to produce both promnestic and amnestic effects when administered prior to task performance. The present study examined whether post-acquisition intraseptal infusion of oxotremorine would be promnestic or amnestic in a delayed-non-match-to-sample radial maze task. In this task rats must remember information about spatial locations visited during a daily sample session and maintain that information over extended 
retention intervals (hours) in order to perform accurately on the daily test session. Treatments may then be administered during the retention interval. Alterations in maze performance during the test session an hour or more after treatment evidences effects on memory. In the present study, intraseptal infusion of oxotremorine (1.0-10.0 microg) produced a linear dose-related impairment of memory performance. Importantly, we also observed disrupted performance on the day after treatment. This persistent deficit was related only to memory over the retention interval and did not affect indices of short-term memory (ability to avoid repetitive or proactive errors during both the pre- and post-delay sessions). The persistent deficit contrasts with the acute amnestic effects of other intraseptally administered drugs including the cholinomimetics carbachol and tacrine. Thus, intraseptal oxotremorine produced a preferential disruption of memory consolidation as well as a persistent alteration of medial septal 
circuits. These findings are discussed with regards to multi-stage models of hippocampal-dependent memory formation and the further development of therapeutic strategies in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment as well as age-related decline and Alzheimer's dementia.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Behavior, Animal; Discrimination Learning; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Routes, veterinary; Drug Administration Schedule; Male; Maze Learning, drug effects; Memory Disorders, chemically induced; Muscarinic Agonists, adverse effects/pharmacology; Oxotremorine, adverse effects/pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time, drug effects; Septal Nuclei, drug effects/physiology; Spatial Behavior, drug effects; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452203004627},
  pmid        = {14521985},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bunch:1990,
  author      = {Bunch, S. T. and Fawcett, J. W.},
  title       = {A comparison of the initial retinal ganglion cell projection to the contralateral superior colliculus in albino and pigmented rats.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {52},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {259--264},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-3806(90)90243-r},
  abstract    = {Newborn albino and pigmented rats received localised Fast blue (FB) injections into the most caudal part of the contralateral superior colliculus (SC). A proportion of retinal ganglion cells (RGC's) from the temporal retina which in the adult projects exclusively to the rostral half of the colliculus are labelled by injections to the caudal colliculus in neonatal animals. The majority of these cells die during the period of naturally occurring cell death in the retina, which occurs during the first 10 postnatal days. The object of this experiment was to see whether albino rats, which have well documented abnormalities in axon pathfinding in their visual system, had a larger number of cells in temporal retina which initially project to caudal colliculus than pigmented animals. On postnatal day 2 (P2), the ratio of temporal to nasal RGCs projecting to the caudal SC is greater in albino than pigmented rats (6.2\% vs 2.65\%). After the wave of naturally occurring cell death, at P14, when many of 
the neonatal errors have been eliminated, the ratio of temporal to nasal RGC's is reduced to 1.71\% for albinos versus 1.53\% for pigmented rats.},
  institution = {Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, U.K.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Albinism, pathology; Amidines; Animals; Cell Count; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Rats; Retina, cytology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology/physiology; Superior Colliculi, cytology/physiology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2331794},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bunney:1976,
  author      = {B. S. Bunney and G. K. Aghajanian},
  title       = {The precise localization of nigral afferents in the rat as determined by a retrograde tracing technique.},
  year        = {1976},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {117},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {423--435},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(76)90751-4},
  abstract    = {Afferent innervation of the rat substantia nigra (SN) was studied by the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. High concentrations of HRP were deposited in discrete subregions of the SN by means of a microiontophoretic delivery system. Using this technique it was possible to demonstrate that the caudatonigral projection system is arranged topographically; All portions of the caudate-putamen except for a central medial core were found to contain HRP positive cells, indicative of retrograde transport. In the positive areas a much larger percentage of cells (30-50\%) were found to participate in this projection than has previously been reported. Only medium size cells (12-20 mum) were found to contain the HRP reaction product. Other areas found to heavily innervate the SN were the globus pallidus, central nucleus of the amygdala and dorsal raphe nucleus. Areas containing fewer reactive cells but which also appear to innervate the SN included the prefrontal cortex and lateral habenula. 
These results emphasize the importance of striatonigral projections which recent studies have suggested contain a GABAergic link.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Caudate Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Dopamine, physiology; Globus Pallidus, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent; Rats; Serotonin, physiology; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(76)90751-4},
  pmid        = {990939},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bunt:1976,
  author      = {Bunt, A. H. and Haschke, R. H. and Lund, R. D. and Calkins, D. F.},
  title       = {Factors affecting retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the visual system.},
  year        = {1976},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {102},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {152--155},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(76)90581-3},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Borohydrides, pharmacology; Geniculate Bodies, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Isoenzymes, metabolism; Neural Pathways; Periodic Acid, pharmacology; Peroxidases, metabolism; Rats; Retina, physiology; Visual Cortex, metabolism; Visual Pathways, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(76)90581-3},
  pmid        = {55291},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Bunt:1974,
  author      = {A. H. Bunt and R. D. Lund and J. S. Lund},
  title       = {Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase by ganglion cells of the albino rat retina.},
  year        = {1974},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {73},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {215--228},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(74)91045-2},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Age Factors; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, enzymology; Ganglia, cytology/enzymology; Geniculate Bodies, enzymology; Interneurons, enzymology; Optic Nerve, enzymology; Peroxidases, metabolism; Rats; Retina, cytology/enzymology/growth /&/ development; Superior Colliculi, enzymology; Visual Pathways, enzymology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(74)91045-2},
  pmid        = {4133900},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Bunt:1983a,
  author      = {Bunt, S. M. and Horder, T. J.},
  title       = {Evidence for an orderly arrangement of optic axons within the optic nerves of the major nonmammalian vertebrate classes.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {213},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {94--114},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902130109},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902130109},
  abstract    = {The pathways of selected optic axons were traced in representative urodele, anuran, teleost, reptile, and avian species by filling the fibers with HRP or by tracing, at the light and electron microscopic (EM) level, the degeneration caused by focal retinal or optic nerve lesions. In all species it was shown that fibers retain retinotopic neighborhood relationships throughout their transit of the optic nerve. Additionally, in anurans, it was found that a subset of large diameter, myelinated fibers take up a random arrangement in the nerve. It is argued that retinotopic fiber organisation is a reflection of contact guidance of axons during fiber outgrowth in the embryo and that this organisation could account for the arrival of fibers in orderly arrays at central nuclei during normal embryonic development.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Chickens, anatomy /&/ histology; Fishes, anatomy /&/ histology; Goldfish, anatomy /&/ histology; Lizards, anatomy /&/ histology; Optic Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure; Rana pipiens, anatomy /&/ histology; Rana temporaria, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Triturus, anatomy /&/ histology; Xenopus, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6600751},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bunt:1983,
  author      = {S. M. Bunt and R. D. Lund and P. W. Land},
  title       = {Prenatal development of the optic projection in albino and hooded rats.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {282},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {149--168},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat in vivo.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-3806(83)90093-7},
  abstract    = {The development of retinofugal projections has been examined in albino and hooded rat embryos from embryonic day 16 to birth (E21.5). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected intraocularly through the uterine wall and its anterograde transport revealed with TMB and DAB. The retrograde transport of HRP or the fluorescent dyes Nuclear yellow, Fast blue and propidium iodide from optic tract, superior colliculus (SC) or lateral geniculate body (LG) injections was used to demonstrate the origin of the projections. Superficial projections to the contralateral SC were first identified at E16. A light projection to the entire medio-lateral extent of the ipsilateral SC could be detected a day later. The optic axons grow over the surface of the diencephalon at E16 and it was only at later stages that the fibers were observed to invade successively deeper parts of the LG. A superficial projection to the ipsilateral LG could first be detected at E17. Both the ipsilateral and contralateral projections 
grew through the entire dorso-ventral extent of the lateral geniculate body: some restriction of the axons to their normal adult termination zones could be detected by E21. No difference in the distribution of projections could be detected between the albino and pigmented rats although the projections were lighter, and possibly because of this were detected later, in the albino rats. At all the ages examined in this study labeled retinal ganglion cells were observed in the non-injected eyes after injection of label into the contralateral eye. The use of persistent fluorescent dyes showed that these retinal ganglion cells did not survive for more than 5 days postnatally. The projection to the uninjected eye came preferentially from ganglion cells in the lower nasal retina while the ipsilateral central projections came predominantly but not exclusively from the lower temporal retina of the injected eye. It appears, therefore, that the initial projections of optic axons in the rat are not limited to their 
normal termination zones and that the choice of pathway at the chiasm appears to be only loosely controlled.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Geniculate Bodies, embryology; Mesencephalon, embryology; Optic Chiasm, embryology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retina, embryology; Superior Colliculi, embryology; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, embryology; Visual Pathways, embryology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6831237},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Buonviso:1991,
  author      = {Buonviso, N. and Revial, M. F. and Jourdan, F.},
  title       = {The Projections of Mitral Cells from Small Local Regions of the Olfactory Bulb: An Anterograde Tracing Study Using PHA-L (Phaseolus vulgaris Leucoagglutinin).},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {3},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {493--500},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1991.tb00836.x},
  abstract    = {Numerous anatomical and electrophysiological studies have demonstrated a lack of simple point-to-point topographical relationships between the olfactory bulb and primary olfactory projection areas. They reveal instead, a complex pattern of divergence and convergence. Furthermore, several authors reported that a single mitral cell could project onto different widely spaced cortical regions of the olfactory cortex. In the present study, we attempted to label the projections of a few mitral cells so close together so that they might be assumed to be connected to the same glomerulus, and to determine if these cells had similar patterns of axonal projections. For this purpose small Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) injections were performed in the olfactory bulb of adult rats. We found that labelling two to five mitral cells, lying close together in the mitral cell layer, resulted in well-delineated patches of labelled fibres in the cortex. The number of patches was not related to the 
number of labelled mitral cells but the fibre density in each patch increased with the number of PHA-L filled somata in the olfactory bulb. We conclude that mitral cells lying close together in the mitral cell layer have similar patterns of axonal projections. Functional implications of such an organization in olfactory coding is discussed.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Physiologie Neurosensorielle, CNRS/Université Cl. Bernard, Lyon I, 69622 Villeurbanne, Cedex, France.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {ejn_03060493},
  pmid        = {12106481},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bupesh:2011,
  author      = {Bupesh, Munisamy and Legaz, Isabel and Abellán, Antonio and Medina, Loreta},
  title       = {Multiple telencephalic and extratelencephalic embryonic domains contribute neurons to the medial extended amygdala.},
  year        = {2011},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {519},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {1505--1525},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.22581},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22581},
  abstract    = {Dysfunctions in emotional control and social behavior are behind human neuropsychiatric disorders, some of which are associated with an alteration of amygdalar development. The medial extended amygdala is a key telencephalic center for control of social behavior, but very little is known about its development. We used in vitro migration assays for analyzing the origin of the neurons of the medial extended amygdala in mouse embryos (E13.5-E16.5). We compared the migration assays with immunofluorescence/immunohistochemistry for calbindin and radial glial fibers and with mRNA expression of several genetic markers of distinct forebrain subdivisions. We provide experimental evidence for multiple embryonic origins of the principal neurons of the medial extended amygdala. In particular, we provide novel evidence indicating that a major part of the neurons derives from a caudoventral pallidal subdivision (previously called or included as part of the anterior peduncular area), forming a cell corridor 
with similar molecular features (expression of Lhx6 and calbindin), connectivity, and function, which relates to reproductive behavior. We also provide novel experimental evidence indicating that the ventral pallium produces some neurons for the medial amygdala, which correlates with data from Lhx9 expression. Our results also confirm that some neurons of the medial extended amygdala originate in the preoptic area (our results indicate that these cells specifically originate in its commissural subdivision) and the supraoptoparaventricular domain of the hypothalamus. Our study helps to set up the foundations for a better understanding of medial amygdalar control of behavior in normal and abnormal conditions.},
  institution = {Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Institut of Biomedical Research of Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Lleida, Spain.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, cytology/embryology; Animals; Cell Movement; Embryo, Mammalian, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Humans; Mice; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Telencephalon, cytology/embryology; Tissue Culture Techniques},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {21452208},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Burattini:2014,
  author      = {Burattini, Costanza and Battistini, Giulia and Tamagnini, Francesco and Aicardi, Giorgio},
  title       = {Low-frequency stimulation evokes serotonin release in the nucleus accumbens and induces long-term depression via production of endocannabinoid.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {111},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {1046--1055},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1152/jn.00498.2013},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00498.2013},
  abstract    = {The nucleus accumbens (NAc), a major component of the mesolimbic system, is involved in the mediation of reinforcing and addictive properties of many dependence-producing drugs. Glutamatergic synapses within the NAc can express plasticity, including a form of endocannabinoid (eCB)-long-term depression (LTD). Recent evidences demonstrate cross talk between eCB signaling pathways and those of other receptor systems, including serotonin (5-HT); the extensive colocalization of CB1 and 5-HT receptors within the NAc suggests the potential for interplay between them. In the present study, we found that 20-min low-frequency (4 Hz) stimulation (LFS-4Hz) of glutamatergic afferences in rat brain slices induces a novel form of eCB-LTD in the NAc core, which requires 5-HT2 and CB1 receptor activation and L-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel opening. Moreover, we found that exogenous 5-HT application (5 μM, 20 min) induces an analogous LTD (5-HT-LTD) at the same synapses, requiring the activation of the 
same receptors and the opening of the same Ca(2+) channels; LFS-4Hz-LTD and 5-HT-LTD were mutually occlusive. Present results suggest that LFS-4Hz induces the release of 5-HT, which acts at 5-HT2 postsynaptic receptors, increasing Ca(2+) influx through L-type voltage-gated channels and 2-arachidonoylglycerol production and release; the eCB travels retrogradely and binds to presynaptic CB1 receptors, causing a long-lasting decrease of glutamate release, resulting in LTD. These observations might be helpful to understand the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying drug addiction, major depression, and other psychiatric disorders characterized by dysfunction of 5-HT neurotransmission in the NAc.},
  institution = {Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; and.},
  journal     = {J Neurophysiol},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {jn.00498.2013},
  pmid        = {24335217},
  timestamp   = {01.05.2014},
}

@Article{Burcham:1997,
  author      = {Burcham, K. J. and Corwin, J. V. and Stoll, M. L. and Reep, R. L.},
  title       = {Disconnection of medial agranular and posterior parietal cortex produces multimodal neglect in rats.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {86},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {41--47},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0166-4328(96)02241-3},
  abstract    = {Two cortical areas in rats have been found to be important in directed attention and spatial processing: the medial agranular cortex (AGm), the rodent analog of the frontal eye fields; and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), the rodent analog of area 7 in primates. As in primates, unilateral destruction of either of these cortical association areas produces severe contralesional neglect of visual, auditory, and tactile stimulation. AGm and PPC are reciprocally interconnected by longitudinally oriented axons traveling in layer VI of the cortex. Their trajectory provides a unique opportunity to examine the effects of disconnection of these two areas. The key question is whether these two regions function independently or as components of a cortical network for directed attention. Unilateral disconnection of the PPC and AGm was achieved via transverse knife-cuts extending through layer VI of cortex, and the disconnection verified by tract-tracing methods. The knife-cuts produced severe 
multimodal neglect and allesthesia/allokinesia. The deficits produced by the knife-cuts were virtually identical to those produced by unilateral destruction of these regions. The control operates, which received knife-cuts that spared the interconnections between the AGm and PPC, were unimpaired. The results indicate that AGm and PPC in rats function as parts of a cortical system for directed attention.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb 60115, USA. tj0jvcl@corn.cso.niu.edu},
  journal     = {Behav Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Attention, physiology; Auditory Perception, physiology; Axons, physiology; Brain Mapping; Dominance, Cerebral, physiology; Frontal Lobe, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Orientation, physiology; Parietal Lobe, physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology; Rats; Touch, physiology; Visual Perception, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0166-4328(96)02241-3},
  pmid        = {9105580},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Burd:1982,
  author      = {Burd, G. D. and Davis, B. J. and Macrides, F. and Grillo, M. and Margolis, F. L.},
  title       = {Carnosine in primary afferents of the olfactory system: an autoradiographic and biochemical study.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {2},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {244--255},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/2/2/244.long},
  abstract    = {Previous in vivo studies have shown that beta-alanine is incorporated specifically into the dipeptide L-carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine). In the present study, we administered beta-[3H]alanine to the nasal cavity of hamsters and used biochemical analyses to identify the radioactively labeled compounds in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb and autoradiography to demonstrate the localization and transport of the label in the primary afferents of the olfactory system. The olfactory epithelium and lamina propria were labeled intensely 6 hr after intranasal beta-[3H]alanine administration. At this survival time, 61\% of the radioactivity in the olfactory epithelium was present in the carnosine fraction, while 37\% of the label remained in the beta-alanine fraction. After 24-hr and 4-day survival periods, greater than 82\% of the radioactivity was present in the carnosine fraction, and the olfactory receptors and bundles of axons were labeled preferentially. The olfactory nerve and 
glomerular layers of the main olfactory bulb were labeled intensely at 6 and 24 hr after beta-[3H]alanine administration; much less label was present in these layers at 4 days survival. At all three of these survival times, greater than 84\% of the radioactivity in the olfactory bulb was present in the carnosine fraction. No label was present in the olfactory epithelium or bulb 18 days after beta-[3H]alanine administration. While the autoradiographic labeling over the structures of the accessory olfactory system was consistently less intense than that over the main olfactory system structures, the patterns of labeling were similar over the four survival times. Intranasal alpha-[3H]alanine administration resulted in some labeling in the primary afferent fibers, but the labeling did not have the specificity nor the same time course over the four survival times that was observed after beta-[3H]alanine administration. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that carnosine is a neurotransmitter or 
neuromodulator in the olfactory neurons. The results also suggest that carnosine may play a similar role in the vomeronasal neurons.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, metabolism; Animals; Autoradiography; Carnosine, metabolism; Central Nervous System, metabolism; Cricetinae; Dipeptides, metabolism; Male; Nasal Cavity, cytology/metabolism; Olfactory Bulb, cytology/metabolism; Olfactory Pathways, metabolism; beta-Alanine, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6801217},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Burde:1983,
  author      = {Burde, R. M.},
  title       = {The visceral nuclei of the oculomotor complex.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {81},
  pages       = {532--548},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {A series of experiments in monkeys utilizing the fluorescent tracer substances, FB and NY, injected into the ciliary ganglion have demonstrated labeling in three distinct regions in the mesencephalon: (1) the AM, (2) the NP, and (3) the EWN. Further, it was shown that the caudal extensions of the EWN reached to the level of the CCN of the somatic complex and that the LVC divided into a major and accessory column at the junction of the middle and posterior one-third of the somatic complex. The latter finding, ie, projections from the LVC to the ciliary ganglion in concert with the known connections of the retinorecipient areas in the pretectum with the visceral nuclei, allowed the formation of postulates about the reflex pupillary light pathways.},
  journal     = {Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc},
  keywords    = {Animals; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology; Macaca fascicularis; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, anatomy /&/ histology; Oculomotor Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6676978},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Burde:1989,
  author      = {Burde, R. M. and Williams, F.},
  title       = {Parasympathetic nuclei.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {498},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {371--375},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)91119-0},
  abstract    = {A series of experiments in monkeys using the fluorescent tracer substances Fast Blue and Nuclear yellow as well as wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase injected into the ciliary ganglion has demonstrated labeling in 3 distinct regions of the mesencephalon: (1) anterior median nucleus; (2) Edinger-Westphal nucleus; and (3) the nucleus of Perlia. Further it was shown that the caudal extent of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus reaches the level of the central caudal nucleus of the somatic complex and that the lateral visceral column divided into a major and accessory column at the junction of the middle and posterior one-third of the somatic complex.},
  institution = {Department of Ophthalmology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Benzimidazoles; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Macaca fascicularis; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Oculomotor Nerve, ultrastructure; Parasympathetic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(89)91119-0},
  pmid        = {2790489},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Burdyga:2004,
  Title                    = {Expression of cannabinoid CB1 receptors by vagal afferent neurons is inhibited by cholecystokinin.},
  Author                   = {Burdyga, Galina and Lal, Simon and Varro, Andrea and Dimaline, Rod and Thompson, David G. and Dockray, Graham J.},
  Journal                  = {J Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {2708--2715},
  Volume                   = {24},

  Abstract                 = {Both inhibitory (satiety) and stimulatory (orexigenic) factors from the gastrointestinal tract regulate food intake. In the case of the satiety hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), these effects are mediated via vagal afferent neurons. We now report that vagal afferent neurons expressing the CCK-1 receptor also express cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Retrograde tracing established that these neurons project to the stomach and duodenum. The expression of CB1 receptors determined by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in rat nodose ganglia was increased by withdrawal of food for > or =12 hr. After refeeding of fasted rats there was a rapid loss of CB1 receptor expression identified by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. These effects were blocked by administration of the CCK-1 receptor antagonist lorglumide and mimicked by administration of CCK to fasted rats. Because CCK is a satiety factor that acts via the vagus nerve and CB1 agonists stimulate food intake, 
the data suggest a new mechanism modulating the effect on food intake of satiety signals from the gastrointestinal tract.},
  Doi                      = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5404-03.2004},
  Institution              = {Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cholecystokinin, pharmacology/physiology; Culture Techniques; Duodenum, innervation; Food Deprivation, physiology; Hormone Antagonists, pharmacology; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Nerve Crush; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism; Nodose Ganglion, cytology/metabolism; Proglumide, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/genetics/metabolism; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2, biosynthesis/genetics; Receptor, Cholecystokinin A, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Satiety Response, physiology; Stomach, innervation; Vagus Nerve, cytology/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {24/11/2708},
  Pmid                     = {15028763},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5404-03.2004}
}

@Article{Buresova:1973a,
  author      = {Buresov{\'{a}}, O. and Bures, J.},
  title       = {Mechanisms of interhemispheric transfer of visual information in rats.},
  year        = {1973},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {33},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {673--688},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  abstract    = {Pattern discrimination learning in functionally hemidecorticate rats leads to formation of memory traces in the intact hemisphere. The interhemispheric transfer (IHT) of such lateralized engrams is more efficient when the untrained eye rather than the trained eye is used during interdepression training (10 trials) preceding the retention test with the contralateral hemisphere, probably because the untrained hemisphere is indispensable for readout in the first case (imperative IHT) but can be completely bypassed in the second case (facultative IHT). Monocular acquisition of a pattern discrimination habit induces a strong primary engram in the contralateral and a weak secondary engram in the ipsilateral hemicortex. The primary trace is further improved with overtraining while the secondary engram is abolished. During interocular transfer, the primary trace is at first read out through commissural fibers while a secondary trace is rapidly transferred to the untrained hemisphere. Pretraining 
administration of 2-pyrrolidone acetamide (Piracetam, 100 mg/kg) improves the secondary trace acquired during monocular pattern discrimination learning almost to the level of the primary trace, and facilitates the imperative IHT. Uncrossed optic projections and subcortical storage may contribute to IHT of brightness but not of pattern discrimination. It is concluded that IHT of visual engrams is mainly due to transcommissural encoding activated during learning or by transcommissural readout of lateralized traces.},
  journal     = {Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, drug effects/physiology; Corpus Callosum, physiology; Cortical Spreading Depression; Discrimination Learning; Form Perception; Functional Laterality; Male; Memory, drug effects; Pyrrolidinones, pharmacology; Rats; Visual Perception},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {4781917},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Buresova:1973,
  author      = {Buresová, O. and Bures, J.},
  title       = {Mechanisms of interhemispheric transfer of visual information in rats.},
  year        = {1973},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {33},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {673--688},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Pattern discrimination learning in functionally hemidecorticate rats leads to formation of memory traces in the intact hemisphere. The interhemispheric transfer (IHT) of such lateralized engrams is more efficient when the untrained eye rather than the trained eye is used during interdepression training (10 trials) preceding the retention test with the contralateral hemisphere, probably because the untrained hemisphere is indispensable for readout in the first case (imperative IHT) but can be completely bypassed in the second case (facultative IHT). Monocular acquisition of a pattern discrimination habit induces a strong primary engram in the contralateral and a weak secondary engram in the ipsilateral hemicortex. The primary trace is further improved with overtraining while the secondary engram is abolished. During interocular transfer, the primary trace is at first read out through commissural fibers while a secondary trace is rapidly transferred to the untrained hemisphere. Pretraining 
administration of 2-pyrrolidone acetamide (Piracetam, 100 mg/kg) improves the secondary trace acquired during monocular pattern discrimination learning almost to the level of the primary trace, and facilitates the imperative IHT. Uncrossed optic projections and subcortical storage may contribute to IHT of brightness but not of pattern discrimination. It is concluded that IHT of visual engrams is mainly due to transcommissural encoding activated during learning or by transcommissural readout of lateralized traces.},
  journal     = {Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, drug effects/physiology; Corpus Callosum, physiology; Cortical Spreading Depression; Discrimination Learning; Form Perception; Functional Laterality; Male; Memory, drug effects; Pyrrolidinones, pharmacology; Rats; Visual Perception},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {4781917},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Burg:1994,
  author      = {Burg, M. and Zahm, D. S. and Knuepfer, M. M.},
  title       = {Immunocytochemical co-localization of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in afferent renal nerve soma of the rat.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {173},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {87--93},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(94)90156-2},
  abstract    = {Substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and somatostatin immunoreactivities have been demonstrated in putative afferent renal nerve fibers in the rat. Utilizing retrograde-tracing and immunohistochemistry, we labeled afferent renal nerve soma throughout dorsal root ganglia T9 to L1. Most (85\%) of afferent renal nerve perikarya were immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide, 21\% had substance P immunoreactivity and none had somatostatin immunoreactivity. All renal afferents immunoreactive for substance P also contained calcitonin gene-related peptide. These results provide evidence that calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P are present and co-localized in afferent renal nerves, and therefore, mediate transmission of afferent renal input to the spinal cord in the rat.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St. Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Animals; Antibody Specificity; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, immunology/metabolism; Carbocyanines; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Spinal, immunology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Kidney, innervation; Male; Neurons, Afferent, immunology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Substance P, immunology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7524001},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Burgalossi:2014,
  author      = {Burgalossi, Andrea and Brecht, Michael},
  title       = {Cellular, columnar and modular organization of spatial representations in medial entorhinal cortex.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {47--54},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.conb.2013.08.011},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2013.08.011},
  abstract    = {Spatial discharge patterns in medial entorhinal cortex consist of grid, head direction, border and spatial-band cells. These firing patterns differ from the single-peaked fields of hippocampal place cells, in that they have well-defined geometries and extend throughout the available space. Such discharge properties could contribute to a metric representation of space. Both functional and anatomical evidence point to principal cell diversity, modularity and columnar organization, but linking entorhinal anatomy and physiology remains challenging. Layer 2 microcircuits consist of pyramidal neurons and a stellate cell network, which lacks recurrent excitation and is coupled by disynaptic inhibition. Intracellular recordings showed that periodic, grid-like firing emerges from depolarization ramps, whereas theta-oscillations determine spike timing. Interference with various inputs to entorhinal cortex abolishes grid activity, often without concomitant loss of hippocampal place activity.},
  institution = {Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Humboldt University, 10115 Berlin, Philippstr. 13 Haus 6, Germany. Electronic address: michael.brecht@bccn-berlin.de.},
  journal     = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0959-4388(13)00170-0},
  pmid        = {24492078},
  timestamp   = {16.06.2014},
}

@Article{Burgalossi:2014a,
  author    = {Burgalossi, Andrea and von Heimendahl, Moritz and Brecht, Michael},
  title     = {Deep layer neurons in the rat medial entorhinal cortex fire sparsely irrespective of spatial novelty},
  year      = {2014},
  volume    = {8},
  number    = {74},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  issn      = {1662-5110},
  doi       = {10.3389/fncir.2014.00074},
  url       = {http://www.frontiersin.org/neural_circuits/10.3389/fncir.2014.00074/abstract},
  abstract  = {Extracellular recordings in medial entorhinal cortex have revealed the existence of spatially-modulated firing patterns, which are thought to contribute to a cognitive map of external space. Previous work indicated that during exploration of novel environments, spiking activity in deep entorhinal layers is much sparser than in superficial layers. In the present report, we ask whether this laminar activity profile is a consequence of environmental novelty. We report on a large dataset of juxtacellularly-recorded neurons (n = 70) whose spiking activity was monitored while rats explored either a novel or a familiar environment, or both within the same session. Irrespective of previous knowledge of the environment, deep layer activity was very low during exploration (median firing rate 0.4 Hz for non-silent cells), with a large fraction of silent cells (n = 19 of a total 37), while superficial layer activity was several times higher (median firing rate 2.4 Hz; n = 33). The persistence of laminar 
differences in firing activity both under environmental novelty and familiarity, and even in head-restrained stationary animals, suggests that sparse coding might be a constitutive feature of deep entorhinal layers.},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Neural Circuits},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {20.06.2014},
}

@Article{Burgunder:1988,
  author      = {Burgunder, J. M. and Young, 3rd, WS},
  title       = {The distribution of thalamic projection neurons containing cholecystokinin messenger RNA, using in situ hybridization histochemistry and retrograde labeling.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {464},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {179--189},
  doi         = {10.1016/0169-328x(88)90024-1},
  abstract    = {The distribution of cholecystokinin (CCK) synthesizing neurons in the thalamus was studied using in situ hybridization histochemistry. The message coding for CCK is present at different levels of intensity in almost all neurons (95\%) of the anterior, ventral, medial and lateral groups of nuclei, with the ventral nuclei having the highest grain density. Many neurons (90\%) of the medial and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei also contained high levels of CCK transcripts. Very few neurons were found to express CCK in the parafascicular and paraventricular nuclei (2\% and 10\%, respectively), whereas the other intralaminar and midline nuclei had intermediate levels of CCK transcripts (75\% of the neurons). The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and the reticular nucleus were completely devoid of signal. After injection of the fluorescent dye, Fluorogold, into several areas of the cortex and corpus striatum, almost all retrogradely labeled cells in the thalamus (except in the parafascicular 
nucleus) expressed the CCK gene.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Cholecystokinin, metabolism; Corpus Striatum, cytology/metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/metabolism; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines; Thalamus, cytology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3208109},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Burgunder:1989,
  author      = {J. M. Burgunder and W. S. Young},
  title       = {Distribution, projection and dopaminergic regulation of the neurokinin B mRNA-containing neurons of the rat caudate-putamen.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {32},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {323--335},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(89)90081-x},
  abstract    = {Neurons containing transcripts encoding neurokinin B, a member of the tachykinin family, were studied in the rat caudate-putamen using hybridization histochemistry. Neurons containing neurokinin B mRNA were distributed throughout the caudate-putamen, with a slightly higher density in the middle portions as compared with the more rostral and caudal portions. These neurons were either isolated, often located close to neurons devoid of neurokinin B mRNA, or in small clusters of three to 10 cells. A larger group of neurons with neurokinin B mRNA was seen in the ventrolateral caudate-putamen, near the tip of the external capsule. Neurokinin B mRNA was colocalized in neurons with substance P (59\% of neurokinin B neurons had substance P mRNA) and with enkephalin mRNA (25\% of neurokinin B neurons had enkephalin mRNA). After injections of the fluorescent dye Fluorogold into the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, retrograde axonal transport studies demonstrated neurokinin B mRNA in 
striatopallidal but not striatonigral projections. The influence of dopaminergic input on the level of neurokinin B mRNA in the caudate-putamen was studied after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area. Both the number of cells detected containing neurokinin B mRNA as well as the level of transcripts per cell increased on the side ipsilateral to the lesion, whereas the opposite was seen on the contralateral side. These results describe a novel neurochemical system within the rat basal ganglia that is regulated by dopaminergic innervation from the mesencephalon.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Caudate Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Cell Count; Dopamine, physiology; Enkephalins, metabolism; Hydroxydopamines; Male; Neurokinin B, metabolism; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Oxidopamine; Putamen, cytology/metabolism; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substance P, metabolism; Substantia Nigra, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2479882},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Burgunder:1989a,
  Title                    = {Neurons with neurokinin B mRNA in the rat magnocellular basal nucleus: distribution, projection and colocalization studies.},
  Author                   = {J. M. Burgunder and W. S. Young},
  Journal                  = {J Chem Neuroanat},
  Year                     = {1989},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {239--251},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Abstract                 = {Mapping and cortical projections of neurons containing neurokinin B (NKB) mRNA in the rat basal forebrain were studied using hybridization histochemistry and retrograde labeling. Neurokinin B mRNA was found in a small proportion of the neurons present in the magnocellular basal nucleus that project to the cortex. Most of these neurons projected to the frontal and parietal cortices, whereas only few projected to the occipital cortex and almost none to allocortical areas, including the olfactory bulb. NKB mRNA colocalization with galanin or substance P mRNAs, both found within neurons of the magnocellular basal nucleus, was not detected there. These results demonstrate a novel diffuse neocortical tachykinin input from the basal forebrain, in addition to the well-known cholinergic one.},
  Institution              = {Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, cytology/metabolism; Galanin; Male; Neurokinin B, metabolism; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Peptides, metabolism; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substance P, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2478159},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Burgunder:1990,
  Title                    = {Cortical neurons expressing the cholecystokinin gene in the rat: distribution in the adult brain, ontogeny, and some of their projections.},
  Author                   = {J. M. Burgunder and W. S. Young},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1990},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {26--46},
  Volume                   = {300},

  Abstract                 = {Recent studies of neuronal cholecystokinin (CCK) expression performed with more sensitive techniques have demonstrated that the distribution of the expression of this peptide is more widespread than previously thought. In the present study, hybridization histochemistry was used to map cortical neurons expressing the CCK gene in adult and developing rats. Retrograde tracing with Fluorogold in combination with hybridization histochemistry was used to demonstrate some of the projections of these neurons. Neurons expressing the CCK gene were found in all areas of the neo- and allocortices. They were of several morphological types, including pyramidal neurons, and were found in almost all layers, albeit at different relative numbers and with different levels of expression. Generally, layers II and III, deep layer V, and layer VI had many neurons expressing CCK mRNA. Cortical CCK expression was first detected on the 15th day of gestation in the primordial plexiform layer. Expression 
developed thereafter in a regular and continuous fashion until an adult-like pattern was present on the 21st day after birth. Cortical neurons containing CCK mRNA were found in almost all the projections studied. Many neurons in both neo- and allocortical areas with cortico-cortical, associational, and commissural pathways contained CCK mRNA. Similarly, numerous corticostriatal neurons contained CCK mRNA; however, only a few corticothalamic neurons expressed CCK mRNA. These results demonstrate that in the rat cortex the distribution of projection neurons expressing CCK is much more widespread than had been previously shown and will stimulate further investigations into the role of CCK in these neurons.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903000104},
  Institution              = {Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development; Cholecystokinin, genetics; Gene Expression; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2229486},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903000104}
}

@Article{Burke:2006,
  author      = {Burke, Michelle C. and Letts, Penny A. and Krajewski, Sally J. and Rance, Naomi E.},
  title       = {Coexpression of dynorphin and neurokinin B immunoreactivity in the rat hypothalamus: Morphologic evidence of interrelated function within the arcuate nucleus.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {498},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {712--726},
  note        = {A partial lesion of the substantia nigra pars compacta and retrorubral field decreases the harmaline-induced glutamate release in the rat cerebellum.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.21086},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21086},
  abstract    = {Considerable evidence suggests that dynorphin and neurokinin B (NKB) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus participate in the sex-steroid regulation of reproduction. In the present study, we used dual-label immunofluorescence to explore the distribution of prodynorphin and proNKB immunoreactivity in the rat hypothalamus. Additionally, we investigated whether arcuate prodynorphin-ir (immunoreactive) neurons expressed the neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) or nuclear estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha). We found that the majority of prodynorphin-ir neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus expressed proNKB, whereas nearly all (99\%) of the proNKB neurons were immunoreactive for prodynorphin. The arcuate nucleus was the only site in the hypothalamus where neuronal somata coexpressing prodynorphin and proNKB-immunoreactivity were identified. A dense plexus of double-labeled prodynorphin/proNKB-ir fibers was found within the arcuate nucleus extending to the median eminence and throughout the 
periventricular zone of the hypothalamus. Prodynorphin/proNKB fibers were also identified in the paraventricular nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area, medial preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus, anteroventral periventricular nucleus, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in a distribution consistent with previously described arcuate nucleus projections. Interestingly, the majority of prodynorphin-ir neurons in the arcuate nucleus expressed NK3R, and nearly 100\% of the prodynorphin-ir neurons contained nuclear ERalpha. Our results suggest that there is a close functional relationship between dynorphin and NKB peptides within the arcuate nucleus of the rat, which may include an autofeedback loop mediated through NK3R. The diverse hypothalamic projections of fibers expressing both prodynorphin and proNKB provide evidence that these neurons may participate in a variety of homeostatic and neuroendocrine processes.},
  institution = {Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Arcuate Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Cell Count, methods; Enkephalins, metabolism; Female; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Neurokinin B, metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Protein Precursors, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Tachykinin, metabolism; Tissue Distribution},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {16917850},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@InCollection{Burke:2013,
  author    = {Burke, Robert},
  title     = {Spinal Motoneurons},
  booktitle = {Neuroscience in the 21st Century},
  year      = {2013},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {1027--1062},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4614-1997-6_33},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {12.05.2016},
}

@InCollection{Burke:2002,
  author    = {Burke, Robert E and Marks, William B},
  title     = {Some approaches to quantitative dendritic morphology},
  booktitle = {Computational Neuroanatomy},
  year      = {2002},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {27--48},
  doi       = {10.1385/1-59259-275-9:27},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {12.05.2016},
}

@Article{Burkhalter:1989,
  Title                    = {Intrinsic connections of rat primary visual cortex: laminar organization of axonal projections.},
  Author                   = {A. Burkhalter},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {171--186},
  Volume                   = {279},

  Abstract                 = {The organization of local projections within the rat primary visual cortex (area 17) was investigated by tracing fibers with HRP in in vitro brain slices. The projections from different layers showed distinct laminar patterns. Layer 4 made a strong, topographically precise, projection to lower layer 2/3; weaker projections extended laterally and terminated diffusely in layer 2/3 but also ran vertically to layers 5 and 6. The connections of lower and upper layer 2/3 were reciprocal and point-to-point. Within layer 2/3, a large number of fibers ran horizontally and terminated at variable distances from the injection site without making terminal clusters. The main output from layer 2/3 was to layer 5. The most prominent projections from the upper half of layer 5 were to layers 2/3 and 6; lower layer 5, in contrast, made wide-ranging, clustered projections to layer 1, the bottom of layer 2/3, and the top of layers 4 and 5. The patches were 130-160 micron wide and spaced apart by 230-
260 micron. The main projection that arose from the superficial layer 6 terminated in layer 4 above the injection site. In contrast, lower layer 6 made clustered projections to the layer 3/4 border, extending up to 2 mm in the coronal plane. The patches were 190-220 micron wide and spaced apart by 320-390 micron. Additional projections went to the layer 5/6 border and layers 1 and 2. These results indicate that geniculocortical input is processed through interlaminar connections that are topographically precise, widespread, or patchy. These connectivity patterns suggest a role for these connections in the transformation of functional maps between layers; focused projections preserve the architecture of the layers of origin, and diverging or patchy projections rearrange this organization and form new maps in the target layers (Lund: Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 11:253-288, '88). However, only a few interlaminar connections show one of these patterns in isolation, making it difficult to assign a single function to a 
particular connection. We, therefore, tentatively conclude that projections terminating in layers 1-4, with the possible exception of the connection between upper layer 6 and layer 4, transform functional maps. In contrast, the topographically precise projections from upper to lower layers preserve functional maps. The specific role of these connections in the construction of receptive field properties, however, is not known.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902790202},
  Institution              = {Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, analysis; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Visual Cortex, cytology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2913064},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902790202}
}

@Article{Burkhalter:1990,
  Title                    = {Organization of local axon collaterals of efferent projection neurons in rat visual cortex.},
  Author                   = {A. Burkhalter and V. Charles},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1990},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {920--934},
  Volume                   = {302},

  Abstract                 = {We have studied the laminar origins of local long-range connections within rat primary visual cortex (area 17), by using retrograde tracing of nerve cell bodies with fluorescent markers. Injections throughout the thickness of cortex produce distinct laminar labeling patterns which indicate that a substantial number of cells in layers 2/3, 5, and 6 have wide local axon collateral arbors, while the local arbors of layer 4 cells are much narrower. Double labeling experiments which combined area 17 injections with injections into different projection targets of area 17 (opposite area 17, area 18a, and area 18b) show that many cortico-cortically projecting cells make widespread projections within area 17. In contrast, the overwhelming majority of subcortically projecting cells have narrow collateral arbors within area 17. Anterograde tracing of local projections within areas 17 with the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin shows an extensive system of horizontally running fibers 
which terminate in distinct 0.15-0.25 mm wide clusters up to 1.8 mm from the injection site. On horizontal sections the termination pattern resembles a closely spaced lattice. The results indicate that cortico-cortically projecting cells provide for long-range interactions between distant points of the visuotopic map, while subcortically projecting cells mediate information within a cortical column. Interestingly, subcortically projecting cells differ functionally from cortico-cortically projecting cells in that they are not orientation selective (Klein et al., Neurosci. 17:57-78, '86; Mangini and Pearlman, J. Comp. Neurol. 193:203-222, '80; Simmons and Pearlman, J. Neurophysiol. 50:838-848, '83). We therefore suggest that cortico-cortically projecting cells with wide collateral arbors are orientation selective and that clustered long-range projections within area 17 connect columns with similar functional specificity.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903020417},
  Institution              = {Department of Neurology and Neurological Surgery and Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Efferent Pathways, ultrastructure; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Rats; Thalamus, cytology; Visual Cortex, cytology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  Pmid                     = {2081821},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020417}
}

@Article{Burks:1985,
  author      = {Burks, T. F. and Buck, S. H. and Miller, M. S.},
  title       = {Mechanisms of depletion of substance P by capsaicin.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {44},
  number      = {9},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {2531--2534},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Capsaicin is a neurotoxin that can deplete sensory nerves of their content of substance P and interfere with certain sensory functions, such as responses of animals to noxious heat stimuli. In adult guinea pigs, a species that is susceptible to the effects of capsaicin on both substance P content and sensory function, capsaicin induces selective depletion of substance P from dorsal root ganglia and the dorsal spinal cord, sites of the cell bodies and central terminals of primary afferent neurons, respectively. As the onset of thermal analgesia in guinea pigs precedes depletion of substance P, direct neural actions of capsaicin probably account for its effects on sensory function. Capsaicin interferes with the retrograde transport of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the cell bodies of sensory nerves. Decreased availability of NGF at the site of neural protein synthesis leads to decreased synthesis of substance P. After failure of synthesis of substance P, the content of the peptide in sensory 
nerves gradually decreases until depletion occurs.},
  journal     = {Fed Proc},
  keywords    = {Analgesia; Animals; Capsaicin, pharmacology; Guinea Pigs; Nerve Growth Factors, pharmacology/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Substance P, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism/physiology; Tissue Distribution},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2581820},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Burman:2008,
  author      = {Jonathon L Burman and Lyne Bourbonniere and Jacynthe Philie and Thomas Stroh and Selma Y Dejgaard and John F Presley and Peter S McPherson},
  title       = {Scyl1, mutated in a recessive form of spinocerebellar neurodegeneration, regulates COPI-mediated retrograde traffic.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {283},
  number      = {33},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {22774-22786},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1074/jbc.M801869200},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M801869200},
  abstract    = {Scy1-like 1 (Scyl1), a member of the Scy1-like family of catalytically inactive protein kinases, was recently identified as the gene product altered in muscle-deficient mice, which suffer from motor neuron degeneration and cerebellar atrophy. To determine the function of Scyl1, we have now used a mass spectrometry-based screen to search for Scyl1-binding partners and identified components of coatomer I (COPI) coats. The interaction was confirmed in pull-down assays, and Scyl1 co-immunoprecipitates with betaCOP from brain lysates. Interestingly, and unique for a non-transmembrane domain protein, Scyl1 binds COPI coats using a C-terminal RKLD-COO(-) sequence, similar to the KKXX-COO(-) COPI-binding motif found in transmembrane endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins. Scyl1 co-localizes with betaCOP and is localized, in an Arf1-independent manner, to the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment and the cis-Golgi, sites of COPI-mediated membrane budding. The localization and binding properties of Scyl1 
strongly suggest a function in COPI transport, and inhibitory RNA-mediated knock down of the protein disrupts COPI-mediated retrograde traffic of the KDEL receptor to the ER without affecting anterograde traffic from the ER. Our data demonstrate a function for Scyl1 as an accessory factor in COPI trafficking and suggest for the first time that alterations in the COPI pathway result in neurodegenerative disease.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.},
  journal     = {J Biol Chem},
  keywords    = {Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport, genetics/metabolism; Animals; Binding Sites; Brain, enzymology; Coat Protein Complex I, metabolism; Genes, Recessive; Mutation; Protein Kinases, genetics/metabolism; Rats; Spinocerebellar Degenerations, genetics; Transcription Factors, genetics/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {M801869200},
  pmid        = {18556652},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Burne:1981,
  author    = {Burne, R. A., S. A. Azizi, G. A. Mihailoff and D. J. Woodward},
  title     = {The tectopontine projection the the rat with comments on visual pathways to the basilar pons},
  year      = {1981},
  volume    = {202(2)},
  pages     = {287-307},
  doi       = {10.1002/cne.902020212},
  journal   = {J Comp Neurol},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Burnett:1995,
  Title                    = {Localization of nitric oxide synthase in spinal nuclei innervating pelvic ganglia.},
  Author                   = {Burnett, A. L. and Saito, S. and Maguire, M. P. and Yamaguchi, H. and Chang, T. S. and Hanley, D. F.},
  Journal                  = {J Urol},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {212--217},
  Volume                   = {153},

  Abstract                 = {We employed retrograde axonal tracing techniques and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry to identify NOS-containing neuronal populations within the lumbosacral spinal cord and determine whether these project to the major pelvic ganglion in the adult male Sprague-Dawley rat. Immunohistochemical localizations of NOS included neurons situated at the L5 to S2 segments of the spinal cord, which corresponded to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. Another prominent locus for NOS was a group of neurons identified in the L1 segment corresponding to the dorsal commissural nucleus. These regions correlated directly with preganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic neuronal origins, respectively, which were established with ChAT colocalizations. Retrograde tracing verified the projection of these neurons to the pelvis. Additional neuronal localizations of NOS were observed throughout the intermediolateral cell column, involving the 
superficial laminae of the dorsal horn, in the region surrounding the central canal and occasionally in the medial area of the ventral horn. These results indicate that the regulation of pelvic visceral activity may involve NO-based neuronal mechanisms operating at the level of the lumbosarcal spinal cord.},
  Doi                      = {10.1097/00005392-199501000-00079},
  Institution              = {Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.},
  Keywords                 = {Amino Acid Oxidoreductases, analysis; Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, analysis; Ganglia, chemistry/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Lumbosacral Region; Male; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Pelvis, innervation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, chemistry/physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0022-5347(01)67893-5},
  Pmid                     = {7526004},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005392-199501000-00079}
}

@PhdThesis{Burns:1997,
  author    = {G.A.P.C. Burns},
  title     = {Neural connectivity of the rat: theory, methods and applications},
  year      = {1997},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat. Metastudy or review.},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  school    = {Magdalen College, Oxford},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Burns:2000,
  author      = {Burns, G. A. and Young, M. P.},
  title       = {Analysis of the connectional organization of neural systems associated with the hippocampus in rats.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {355},
  number      = {1393},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {55--70},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1098/rstb.2000.0549},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0549},
  abstract    = {The hippocampus of the rat enjoys a central significance for researchers interested in the neural mechanisms of memory and spatial information processing. Many of the theoretical models advanced to explain function in this system, however, do not reflect the wealth of information on the connectivity of these structures, and employ greatly simplified treatments of its complex connectivity. We were interested in whether a more analytical approach, which begins with analysis of the connectivity of the system, might provide insights complementary to those derived by synthetic models. Accordingly, we collated detailed neuroanatomical information about the connectivity of the hippocampal system in the rat, and analysed the resulting data. Analyses of connectivity based on a variety of different analytical techniques have recently been used to elucidate the global organization of other systems in the macaque and cat, and have given rise to successful predictions. We applied non-metric 
multidimensional scaling and non-parametric cluster analysis to our summary matrix of connection data. The analyses produced organizational schemes that were consistent with known physiological properties and provided the basis for making tentative predictions of the further structures that may contain 'place' and 'head-direction' cells, which structures we identify. The consistency between the analyses of connectivity and the distribution of physiological properties across the system suggests that functional relationships are constrained by the organization of the connectivity of the system, and so that structure and function are linked at the systems level.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.},
  journal     = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cluster Analysis; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology; Memory, physiology; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways; Rats; Space Perception, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10703044},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Burns:2006,
  author      = {Burns, Gully A P C. and Cheng, Wei-Cheng},
  title       = {Tools for knowledge acquisition within the NeuroScholar system and their application to anatomical tract-tracing data.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  pages       = {10},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1186/1747-5333-1-10},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1747-5333-1-10},
  abstract    = {Knowledge bases that summarize the published literature provide useful online references for specific areas of systems-level biology that are not otherwise supported by large-scale databases. In the field of neuroanatomy, groups of small focused teams have constructed medium size knowledge bases to summarize the literature describing tract-tracing experiments in several species. Despite years of collation and curation, these databases only provide partial coverage of the available published literature. Given that the scientists reading these papers must all generate the interpretations that would normally be entered into such a system, we attempt here to provide general-purpose annotation tools to make it easy for members of the community to contribute to the task of data collation.In this paper, we describe an open-source, freely available knowledge management system called 'NeuroScholar' that allows straightforward structured markup of the PDF files according to a well-designed schema to 
capture the essential details of this class of experiment. Although, the example worked through in this paper is quite specific to neuroanatomical connectivity, the design is freely extensible and could conceivably be used to construct local knowledge bases for other experiment types. Knowledge representations of the experiment are also directly linked to the contributing textual fragments from the original research article. Through the use of this system, not only could members of the community contribute to the collation task, but input data can be gathered for automated approaches to permit knowledge acquisition through the use of Natural Language Processing (NLP).We present a functional, working tool to permit users to populate knowledge bases for neuroanatomical connectivity data from the literature through the use of structured questionnaires. This system is open-source, fully functional and available for download from [1].},
  institution = {Information Sciences Institute, 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina Del Rey, CA 90292, USA. gully@usc.edu},
  journal     = {J Biomed Discov Collab},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {1747-5333-1-10},
  pmid        = {16895608},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@InCollection{Burns:1997a,
  author    = {Burns, GAPC and O'Neill, MA and Young, MP},
  title     = {Calculating finely-graded ordinal weights for neural connections from neuroanatomical data from different anatomical studies},
  booktitle = {Computational Neuroscience},
  year      = {1997},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {53--57},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4757-9800-5_9},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {12.05.2016},
}

@Article{Burns:1993,
  author      = {Burns, L. H. and Robbins, T. W. and Everitt, B. J.},
  title       = {Differential effects of excitotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala, ventral subiculum and medial prefrontal cortex on responding with conditioned reinforcement and locomotor activity potentiated by intra-accumbens infusions of D-amphetamine.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {55},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {167--183},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0166-4328(93)90113-5},
  abstract    = {The experiments reported here have investigated the impact on reward-related processes of lesioning the basolateral amygdala, ventral subiculum and prelimbic cortex which represent the major limbic sources of afferents to the ventral striatum. The results showed that, while lesions of the prelimbic cortex were without effect on the approach to a CS predictive of sucrose reinforcement and the acquisition of a new response with conditioned reinforcement, lesions of the other two structures significantly impaired both responses. However, there were important differences between the effects of basolateral amygdala and ventral subiculum lesions. Thus, lesions of the ventral subiculum completely abolished the locomotor response to intra-accumbens infusions of D-amphetamine, in addition to blocking the potentiative effect of the same treatment on responding with conditioned reinforcement. Lesions of the basolateral amygdala, by contrast, reduced the control over behaviour by a conditioned 
reinforcer, but not the potentiation of that control by intra-accumbens D-amphetamine except at the highest dose. Moreover, the locomotor response to D-amphetamine-induced increases in dopamine in the nucleus accumbens was unaffected by amygdala lesions over the dose range blocked by ventral subiculum lesions. The results suggest a rather selective effect of amygdala-ventral striatal interactions on processes subserving conditioned reinforcement and a more fundamental influence of ventral subiculum-ventral striatal interactions in mediating the psychomotor stimulant effects of D-amphetamine.},
  institution = {Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK.},
  journal     = {Behav Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Amygdala, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Arousal, drug effects/physiology; Association Learning, drug effects/physiology; Brain Mapping; Conditioning, Classical, drug effects/physiology; Dextroamphetamine, pharmacology; Dominance, Cerebral, drug effects/physiology; Dopamine, physiology; Efferent Pathways, drug effects/physiology; Hippocampus, drug effects/physiology; Limbic System, drug effects/physiology; Male; Motivation; Motor Activity, drug effects/physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, drug effects/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, drug effects/physiology; Quinolinic Acid, pharmacology; Rats; Reinforcement Schedule},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8357526},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Bursian:2009,
  author      = {Bursian, A. V. and Dmitrieva, L. E. and Sizonov, V. A.},
  title       = {[Secondary rhythms of automatically functioning systems].},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {rus},
  volume      = {45},
  number      = {6},
  pages       = {553--558},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1134/s0022093009060040},
  abstract    = {In wakeful rats at the age from newborn to 3 weeks there were studied interrelations of rhythmical fluctuations of heart rate, respiration rate, and periodic spontaneous motor activity. In all studied systems, these fluctuations are coordinated and occur in several frequency diapasons. Frequencies in the periminute diapason (the period from 30 to 90 s) are the most constant and do not change with age. Regular fluctuations are the most stable in newborns. Bursts of motor activity usually are irregular, but episodically the distinct periminute rhythm is traced. Studies of the character of interaction of the heart activity, respiration, and periodic somatomotor excitation allow stating that the main coordination pathway of spontaneous autorhythmical functions in early postnatal ontogenesis is formation of secondary rhythms. Possible pathway of formation of the secondary rhythms are considered.},
  journal     = {Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Heart Rate, physiology; Motor Activity, physiology; Periodicity; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiration},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {20063777},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Burstein:1990a,
  Title                    = {Cells of origin of the spinohypothalamic tract in the rat.},
  Author                   = {R. Burstein and K. D. Cliffer and G. J. Giesler},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1990},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {329--344},
  Volume                   = {291},

  Abstract                 = {We recently demonstrated that large numbers of neurons in the spinal cord of rats project directly to the hypothalamus. In the present study, we used the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) to examine this projection more completely. In the first series of studies, we attempted to label the entire population of spinal cord neurons that project to the hypothalamus. Injections that virtually filled the hypothalamus on one side without spreading into any other diencephalic area labeled a large number of neurons (estimated to be more than 9,000 in the case with the most neurons labeled) bilaterally at all levels of the spinal cord. Approximately 60\% of the labeled neurons were contralateral to the injection. The greatest number of labeled neurons was found within the deep dorsal horn. Many were also found within the lateral spinal nucleus, the superficial dorsal horn, and the gray matter surrounding the central canal. A small number of labeled cells was located in the intermediate 
zone and ventral horn of the spinal gray matter. Labeled neurons were distributed bilaterally within the sacral parasympathetic nucleus and trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Injections of FG restricted to the medial hypothalamus labeled neurons within the spinal cord in a distribution similar to that produced by injections that filled the hypothalamus. However, fewer neurons were labeled in the spinal cord (estimated to be more than 6,200) and trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Injections of FG restricted to the lateral hypothalamus also labeled fewer neurons (approximately 3,300) than did injections that filled the hypothalamus. In these cases, also, the pattern of labeled neurons within the spinal cord was similar to that produced by injections within either medial or both medial and lateral hypothalamus. However, few neurons were labeled in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus following injections into the lateral hypothalamus. These findings show the distribution of a large number of spinal cord neurons that project 
directly to medial or lateral hypothalamic regions that are involved in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and emotional responses to somatosensory stimulation, including painful stimuli.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902910302},
  Institution              = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Animals; Hypothalamus, cytology; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2298937},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902910302}
}

@Article{Burstein:1987,
  author      = {Burstein, R. and Cliffer, K. D. and Giesler, Jr, GJ},
  title       = {Direct somatosensory projections from the spinal cord to the hypothalamus and telencephalon.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {12},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {4159--4164},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/7/12/4159.long},
  abstract    = {Somatosensory input to the hypothalamus has been thought to ascend via an indirect, multisynaptic pathway. However, we have antidromically identified nociceptive spinal cord neurons that project directly to the lateral hypothalamus in rats. Retrograde tracers injected into the lateral hypothalamus labeled many spinal neurons bilaterally within the marginal zone, the lateral reticulated area, the lateral spinal nucleus, and the area surrounding the central canal. An anterograde tracer injected into these areas of the spinal cord labeled fibers and terminals in the lateral hypothalamus and, surprisingly, in a number of telencephalic areas. These findings demonstrate a direct somatosensory projection from the spinal cord to the hypothalamus and several telencephalic regions.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Hypothalamus, cytology; Motor Neurons, cytology; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, cytology; Telencephalon, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pmid        = {3694268},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Burstein:1991,
  author      = {Burstein, R. and Dado, R. J. and Cliffer, K. D. and Giesler, Jr, GJ},
  title       = {Physiological characterization of spinohypothalamic tract neurons in the lumbar enlargement of rats.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {66},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {261--284},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {1. Ninety-six neurons in the lumbar enlargement of urethananesthetized rats were antidromically activated from the contralateral hypothalamus. The antidromic stimulating electrode was moved systematically within the hypothalamus until antidromic activation could be produced with currents of less than or equal to 50 microA (18.6 +/- 10.8 microA; mean +/- SD). The points at which antidromic activation thresholds were lowest were found in several regions of the hypothalamus but were concentrated in the optic tract and the supraoptic decussation. 2. The recording locations of 79 spinohypothalamic tract (SHT) neurons were marked and recovered. Twenty-nine were located in the superficial dorsal horn (SDH), 42 in the deep dorsal horn (DDH), 4 in the intermediate zone, and 2 in the gray matter surrounding the central canal. Two additional marks were located in the dorsal lateral funiculus (DLF). 3. The responses of 46 SHT neurons were examined during innocuous and noxious mechanical stimulation of 
their receptive fields. Forty-eight percent of recorded SHT neurons responded to both innocuous and noxious stimuli (wide dynamic range, WDR) and 39\% responded only to noxious stimuli (high threshold, HT). Therefore 87\% of SHT neurons responded preferentially or exclusively to noxious mechanical stimulation. Nine percent of SHT neurons responded exclusively to innocuous manipulation of joints and muscles. Four percent of SHT neurons responded only to innocuous tactile stimul (low threshold, LT). WDR, HT, and LT neurons were recorded widely throughout the dorsal horn; no relationship was found between the locations of recording sites in the dorsal horn and the response types of the neurons. SHT neurons that responded to stimulation of muscle, tendon, or joint were recorded deep in the gray matter. 4. The effects of heating the receptive fields were determined for 25 SHT neurons. Fourteen (56\%) responded to thermal stimuli. Six (43\%) of the responsive neurons responded at low frequencies to innocuous 
warming (38-41 degrees C) but more vigorously to noxious (greater than or equal to 45 degrees C) heating. The other eight responded only to noxious heat. Eighteen percent (3/17) of tested SHT neurons were activated by noxious cooling of their receptive fields. 5. Cutaneous receptive fields of most recorded SHT neurons were small, typically involving areas as small as two or three toes on the ipsilateral hindlimb; the largest receptive fields covered the entire paw. These findings indicate that relatively precise information about the location of innocuous and noxious stimuli is conveyed directly to the hypothalamus by SHT neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.},
  journal     = {J Neurophysiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Electrophysiology; Hot Temperature; Hypothalamus, physiology; Lumbosacral Region; Male; Neck; Neural Conduction; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, physiology; Spinothalamic Tracts, cytology/physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pmid        = {1655994},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Burstein:1990b,
  author      = {Burstein, R. and Dado, R. J. and Giesler, Jr, GJ},
  title       = {The cells of origin of the spinothalamic tract of the rat: a quantitative reexamination.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {511},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {329--337},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)90179-f},
  abstract    = {We quantitatively reinvestigated the cells of origin of the spinothalamic tract (STT) of the rat. Injections of Fluoro-Gold that filled the thalamus on one side labeled large numbers of neurons throughout the length of the spinal cord. In 3 cases, we estimated the total number of STT neurons by counting labeled neurons in 18 of the 34 total segments, applying correction factors to these counts, and estimating the numbers of labeled neurons in the 16 remaining unexamined segments. The accuracy of these estimates was tested in two animals in which labeled neurons were counted in all 34 spinal segments. In both cases, the estimated totals of STT neurons differed from the counted totals by less than 5\%. In the most effective case, we estimated that more than 9500 STT neurons were labeled. This study indicates that the number of STT neurons in rats is larger than previously reported and suggests that the STT may play an important role in nociception in rats, as it does in primates including 
humans.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Count; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinothalamic Tracts, cytology; Stilbamidines},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pii         = {0006-8993(90)90179-F},
  pmid        = {2334851},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Burstein:1996,
  Title                    = {Distinct lateral and medial projections of the spinohypothalamic tract of the rat.},
  Author                   = {R. Burstein and O. Falkowsky and D. Borsook and A. Strassman},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {549--574},
  Volume                   = {373},

  Abstract                 = {We recently described a direct nociceptive projection from the spinal cord to the hypothalamus in the rat. Several electrophysiological studies of this projection indicated that the axons of some spinohypothalamic tract neurons (SHT) reach the hypothalamus either by a lateral or by a medial route. The purpose of this study was to determine the origin of all SHT neurons that reach the hypothalamus through the lateral and the medial projections, and to investigate the possibility of ablating the SHT without damaging other important sensory and motor tracts by combining retrograde tracing techniques with axonal ablation. As compared with control cases, significant (P < .05) reductions in the number of labeled SHT neurons were encountered, 26\% in the ipsilateral spinal cord following lesions of the medial projection, 67\% in the contralateral spinal cord following lesions of the lateral projection, and 94\% in both contra- and ipsilateral sides following lesions of both the medial 
and lateral projections. Bilateral lesions of the lateral projections had no effect on the distribution of labeled neurons in the spinal cord and dorsal column nuclei following injections of Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the thalamus, and a small unilateral lesion of the lateral projection reduced the ipsilateral labeling in the motor cortex following injections of FG into the pyramidal decussation. These findings suggest that most SHT neurons ascend through the contralateral lateral projection and that less than half continue in the medial projection to the ipsilateral side. They also suggest a site that can be lesioned without affecting other ascending sensory spinal pathways.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {gt;3.0.CO;2-1},
  Institution              = {Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Rburstei@bih.harvard.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain Mapping; Cell Count; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Hypothalamus, physiology; Male; Motor Neurons, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, physiology; Spinothalamic Tracts, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {3.0.CO;2-1},
  Pmid                     = {8889944},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-1}
}

@Article{Burstein:1989,
  author      = {R. Burstein and G. J. Giesler},
  title       = {Retrograde labeling of neurons in spinal cord that project directly to nucleus accumbens or the septal nuclei in the rat.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {497},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {149--154},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(89)90981-5},
  abstract    = {Somatosensory information has been thought to ascend from the spinal cord to limbic areas of the telencephalon through indirect, multisynaptic pathways. We now report that injections of Fluoro-gold into either the nucleus accumbens or the septal nuclei labeled hundreds of neurons in the spinal cord. These and our recent anterograde tracing experiments indicate that some spinal cord neurons project directly to the telencephalon and suggest that nucleus accumbens and septal nuclei process somatosensory information.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septal Nuclei, cytology; Spinal Cord, cytology; Stilbamidines},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(89)90981-5},
  pmid        = {2790450},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Burstein:1993,
  Title                    = {Retrograde labeling of neurons in the spinal cord that project directly to the amygdala or the orbital cortex in the rat.},
  Author                   = {R. Burstein and S. Potrebic},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {469--485},
  Volume                   = {335},

  Abstract                 = {The amygdala and orbital cortex are thought to play an important role in the regulation of autonomic functions, hormonal secretion, and behavioral expression in response to sensory stimulation. The responsiveness of neurons in these regions to stimulation of cutaneous and visceral organs indicates that sensory information reaches the amygdala and orbital cortex. In the past, a large number of studies have thoroughly documented multiple neural pathways by which sensory information can reach these regions via relay nuclei in the brainstem and diencephalon. Recent studies reported that the amygdala and orbital cortex also receive direct input from the spinal cord. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and the origin of these projections in the rat. Injections of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG), restricted to the amygdala, labeled several hundred neurons bilaterally (60\% contralateral) throughout the length of the spinal cord. More than 60\% of labeled neurons 
were found in the lateral reticulated area of the deep dorsal horn and the gray matter surrounding the central canal. Many neurons were also found in the lateral spinal nucleus. Labeled neurons were concentrated in upper lumbar and upper cervical segments. Injections of Fluoro-Gold that were centered in the orbital cortex labeled only a small number of neurons (73\% contralateral) within the spinal cord. Most labeled neurons were found in the lateral reticulated area. Neurons located in the intermediate zone and the gray matter surrounding the central canal were found mainly in upper lumbar and upper cervical segments. These findings, together with the anterograde tracing observations, provide evidence for direct projections of spinal cord neurons to the amygdala and orbital cortex. Their laminar distribution in the spinal cord and the involvement of the amygdala and orbital cortex in limbic functions suggest that these pathways may play a role in neuronal circuits that enable somatosensory information, 
including pain, to affect autonomic, endocrine and behavioral functions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903350402},
  Institution              = {Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.},
  Keywords                 = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Injections; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, cytology; Stilbamidines},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  Pmid                     = {8227531},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350402}
}

@Article{Burstein:1990,
  author      = {R. Burstein and J. L. Wang and R. P. Elde and G. J. Giesler},
  title       = {Neurons in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus that project to the hypothalamus do not also project through the pelvic nerve--a double labeling study combining Fluoro-gold and cholera toxin B in the rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {506},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {159--165},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)91214-2},
  abstract    = {We recently reported that neurons in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) project directly to the hypothalamus. In the present study, we examined the possibility that individual neurons in SPN send both an axon into the pelvic nerve and an ascending projection to the hypothalamus. We used a new double-labeling technique in which two sensitive retrograde tracers (Fluoro-gold and cholera toxin subunit B immunocytochemically stained with rhodamine-labeled antibodies) were combined. The effectiveness of this combination for singly and doubly labeling neurons was established in experiments in which both tracers were injected into overlapping areas of the tongue or ventrobasal thalamus. These injections doubly labeled large numbers of neurons in the hypoglossal or dorsal column nuclei, respectively. In studies of the projections of neurons in the SPN, injection of one tracer into the hypothalamus and the other into the pelvic nerve and/or pelvic ganglion singly labeled many neurons (more than 
3300 in the 7 examined cases). However, no SPN neurons were doubly labeled. These findings indicate that the SPN in the rat consists of at least two distinct groups of cells, parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and neurons that project to the hypothalamus.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cell Count; Cholera Toxin; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Peripheral Nerves, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stilbamidines; Viscera, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {2302554},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Burton:1977,
  Title                    = {Projections to the spinal cord from medullary somatosensory relay nuclei.},
  Author                   = {Burton, H. and Loewy, A. D.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1977},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {773--792},
  Volume                   = {173},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.901730408},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cats; Efferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Haplorhini; Macaca fascicularis; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Rats; Reticular Formation, cytology; Spinal Cord, cytology/physiology; Trigeminal Nerve, cytology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {HiWi},
  Pmid                     = {68038},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901730408}
}

@Article{Burwell:2000,
  author      = {Burwell, R. D.},
  title       = {The parahippocampal region: corticocortical connectivity.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {911},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {25--42},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06717.x},
  abstract    = {The parahippocampal region, as defined in this review, comprises the cortical regions that surround the rodent hippocampus including the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices. The comparable regions in the primate brain are the perirhinal, parahippocampal, and entorhinal cortices. The perirhinal and postrhinal/parahippocampal cortices provide the major polysensory input to the hippocampus through their entorhinal connections and are the recipients of differing combinations of sensory information. The differences in the perirhinal and postrhinal cortical afferentation have important functional implications, in part, because these two regions project with different terminal patterns to the entorhinal cortex. The perirhinal cortex projects preferentially to the lateral entorhinal area (LEA), and the postrhinal cortex projects preferentially to the medial entorhinal area (MEA) and the caudal portion of LEA. Although the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices provide the major cortical 
input to the entorhinal cortex, the entorhinal cortex itself receives some direct cortical input. An examination of the cortical afferentation of the entorhinal cortex reveals an interesting principle of connectivity among these regions; the composition of the direct neocortical input to the LEA is more similar to that of the perirhinal cortex, and the composition of the direct neocortical input to the MEA is more similar to that of the postrhinal cortex. Thus, polymodal associational input to the LEA and the MEA exhibits some segregation and is organized in parallel. The organization of intrinsic connections for each of the parahippocampal regions also contributes to the segregation of information into parallel pathways.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. Rebecca_Burwell@Brown.edu},
  journal     = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Entorhinal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Humans; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Olfactory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Parahippocampal Gyrus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10911865},
  timestamp   = {20.01.2015},
}

@Article{Burwell:2001,
  author      = {Burwell, R. D.},
  title       = {Borders and cytoarchitecture of the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices in the rat.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {437},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {17--41},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.1267},
  abstract    = {Cytoarchitectonic and histochemical analyses were carried out for perirhinal areas 35 and 36 and the postrhinal cortex, providing the first detailed cytoarchitectonic study of these regions in the rat brain. The rostral perirhinal border with insular cortex is at the extreme caudal limit of the claustrum, consistent with classical definitions of insular cortex dating back to Rose ([1928] J. Psychol. Neurol. 37:467-624). The border between the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices is at the caudal limit of the angular bundle, as previously proposed by Burwell et al. ([1995] Hippocampus 5:390-408). The ventral borders with entorhinal cortex are consistent with the Insausti et al. ([1997] Hippocampus 7:146-183) description of that region and the Dolorfo and Amaral ([1998] J. Comp. Neurol. 398:25-48) connectional findings. Regarding the remaining borders, both the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices encroach upon temporal cortical regions as defined by others (e.g., Zilles [1990] The cerebral cortex 
of the rat, p 77-112; Paxinos and Watson [1998] The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates). Based on cytoarchitectonic and histochemical criteria, perirhinal areas 35 and 36 and the postrhinal cortex were further subdivided. Area 36 was parceled into three subregions, areas 36d, 36v, and 36p. Area 35 was parceled into two cytoarchitectonically distinctive subregions, areas 35d and 35v. The postrhinal cortex was divided into two subregions, areas PORd and PORv. These regional definitions of perirhinal areas 35 and 36 and the postrhinal cortex were confirmed by new empirical analyses of previously reported quantitative connectional data (Burwell and Amaral [1998a] J. Comp. Neurol. 398:179-205).},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, Brown University, 89 Waterman Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. Rebecca_Burwell@Brown.edu},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, analysis; Animals; Entorhinal Cortex, cytology; Hippocampus, cytology; Male; Memory; Parahippocampal Gyrus, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Silver Staining},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11477594},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Burwell:1998,
  author      = {R. D. Burwell and D. G. Amaral},
  title       = {Cortical afferents of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {398},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {179--205},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980824)398:2<179::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-y},
  abstract    = {We have divided the cortical regions surrounding the rat hippocampus into three cytoarchitectonically discrete cortical regions, the perirhinal, the postrhinal, and the entorhinal cortices. These regions appear to be homologous to the monkey perirhinal, parahippocampal, and entorhinal cortices, respectively. The origin of cortical afferents to these regions is well-documented in the monkey but less is known about them in the rat. The present study investigated the origins of cortical input to the rat perirhinal (areas 35 and 36) and postrhinal cortices and the lateral and medial subdivisions of the entorhinal cortex (LEA and MEA) by placing injections of retrograde tracers at several locations within each region. For each experiment, the total numbers of retrogradely labeled cells (and cell densities) were estimated for 34 cortical regions. We found that the complement of cortical inputs differs for each of the five regions. Area 35 receives its heaviest input from entorhinal, piriform, and 
insular areas. Area 36 receives its heaviest projections from other temporal cortical regions such as ventral temporal association cortex. Area 36 also receives substantial input from insular and entorhinal areas. Whereas area 36 receives similar magnitudes of input from cortices subserving all sensory modalities, the heaviest projections to the postrhinal cortex originate in visual associational cortex and visuospatial areas such as the posterior parietal cortex. The cortical projections to the LEA are heavier than to the MEA and differ in origin. The LEA is primarily innervated by the perirhinal, insular, piriform, and postrhinal cortices. The MEA is primarily innervated by the piriform and postrhinal cortices, but also receives minor projections from retrosplenial, posterior parietal, and visual association areas.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. Rebecca_Burwell@Brown.edu},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Entorhinal Cortex, cytology; Fluorescent Dyes; Frontal Lobe, cytology; Hippocampus, cytology; Male; Memory, physiology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Temporal Lobe, cytology; Terminology as Topic},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-Y},
  pmid        = {9700566},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Burwell:1998b,
  author      = {R. D. Burwell and D. G. Amaral},
  title       = {Perirhinal and postrhinal cortices of the rat: interconnectivity and connections with the entorhinal cortex.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {391},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {293--321},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980216)391:3<293::aid-cne2>3.0.co;2-x},
  abstract    = {The cortical regions dorsally adjacent to the posterior rhinal sulcus in the rat can be divided into a rostral region, the perirhinal cortex, which shares features of the monkey perirhinal cortex, and a caudal region, the postrhinal cortex, which has connectional attributes similar to the monkey parahippocampal cortex. We examined the connectivity among the rat perirhinal (areas 35 and 36), postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices by placing anterograde and retrograde tracers in all three regions. There is a dorsal-to-ventral cascade of connections in the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices. Dorsal area 36 projects strongly to ventral area 36, and ventral area 36 projects strongly to area 35. The return projections are substantially weaker. The cascade continues with the perirhinal to entorhinal connections. Area 35 is more strongly interconnected with the entorhinal cortex, ventral area 36 somewhat less strongly, and dorsal area 36 projects only weakly to the entorhinal cortex. The postrhinal-to-
perirhinal connections also follow this general pattern. The postrhinal cortex is more heavily connected with dorsal area 36 than with ventral area 36 and is more heavily connected with area 36 than with area 35. The rostral portion of the postrhinal cortex has the strongest connections with the perirhinal cortex. Like in the monkey, the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices have different patterns of projections to the entorhinal cortex. The perirhinal cortex is preferentially connected with the rostrolateral portion of the entorhinal cortex. The postrhinal cortex projects to a part of this same region but is also connected to caudal and redial portions of the entorhinal cortex. The perirhinal and postrhinal projections to the entorhinal cortex originate in layers III and V and terminate preferentially in layers II and III.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. rebecca_burwell@brown.edu},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Entorhinal Cortex, physiology; Injections; Limbic System, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Terminology as Topic},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-X},
  pmid        = {9492202},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Burwell:2004,
  author      = {Burwell, Rebecca D. and Bucci, David J. and Sanborn, Matthew R. and Jutras, Michael J.},
  title       = {Perirhinal and postrhinal contributions to remote memory for context.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {49},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {11023--11028},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3781-04.2004},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3781-04.2004},
  abstract    = {The perirhinal (PER) and postrhinal (POR) cortices, two components of the medial temporal lobe memory system, are reciprocally connected with the hippocampus both directly and via the entorhinal cortex. Damage to PER or POR before or shortly after training on a contextual fear conditioning task causes deficits in the subsequent expression of contextual fear, implicating these regions in the acquisition or expression of contextual memory. Here, we examined the contribution of PER and POR to the processing of remotely learned contextual information. Male Long-Evans rats were trained in an unsignaled contextual fear conditioning paradigm. After training, rats received bilateral neurotoxic lesions to PER or POR or sham control surgeries at three different training-to-lesion intervals: 1, 28, or 100 d after training. Two weeks after surgery, lesioned and control rats were returned to the training context to assess contextual fear as measured by freezing. Rats with PER or POR damage froze 
significantly less in the training context than control rats but were not different from each other. The severity of the deficit did not differ across training-to-lesion intervals for any group. This pattern of deficits differs from that of posttraining hippocampal lesions, for which longer training-to-lesion intervals produce significantly more fear-conditioned contextual freezing than shorter training-to-lesion intervals. In the absence of such a retrograde gradient in the present study, our interpretation is that PER and POR have an ongoing role in the storage or retrieval of representations for context. Alternatively, these regions may be involved in a more extended consolidation process that becomes apparent beyond 100 d after learning.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. Rebecca_Burwell@Brown.edu},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Conditioning, Operant; Electroshock; Entorhinal Cortex, physiology; Fear, physiology; Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic, physiology; Hippocampus, physiology; Ibotenic Acid; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurotoxins; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Retention (Psychology), physiology; Temporal Lobe, pathology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {24/49/11023},
  pmid        = {15590918},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Burwell:1995,
  author      = {Burwell, R. D. and Witter, M. P. and Amaral, D. G.},
  title       = {Perirhinal and postrhinal cortices of the rat: a review of the neuroanatomical literature and comparison with findings from the monkey brain.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {5},
  number      = {5},
  pages       = {390--408},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/hipo.450050503},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450050503},
  institution = {Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, SUNY at Stony Brook 11794-2575, USA.},
  journal     = {Hippocampus},
  keywords    = {Animals; Entorhinal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Haplorhini; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8773253},
  timestamp   = {22.01.2015},
}

@Article{Busch:1996,
  author      = {Busch, O. and Solheim, E. and Bang, G. and Tornes, K.},
  title       = {Guided tissue regeneration and local delivery of insulinlike growth factor I by bioerodible polyorthoester membranes in rat calvarial defects.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {498--505},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Thirty 8-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into three groups of 10 rats each. A 5-mm defect in the left parietal bone was made in each rat. In the defects of the first group of rats, no implant was used (control group). In the second group, polyorthoester membranes were placed in the defects without active substance. In the third group, polyorthoester membranes were placed with insulinlike growth factor I. The rats were sacrificed 6 weeks postoperatively. Bone formation in the defects was quantified by computer-assisted measurements of the area of the residual defect on radiographs. Host-tissue response was evaluated by light microscopy. The area of residual bone defect was greatest in the control group, less for the defects with polyorthoester membrane without active substance, and least for the defects with polyorthoester membranes with the growth factor. During histologic evaluation, no inflammation was seen, and only traces of the polyorthoester were detected in the 
defects with polyorthoester membrane with or without the growth factor.},
  institution = {Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Bergen, Norway.},
  journal     = {Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biodegradation, Environmental; Bone Regeneration, drug effects; Connective Tissue, drug effects/pathology/radiography; Guided Tissue Regeneration; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, administration /&/ dosage/therapeutic use; Male; Membranes, Artificial; Osteogenesis, drug effects; Parietal Bone, drug effects/pathology/radiography/surgery; Polyesters, chemistry; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Skull, drug effects/pathology/radiography/surgery},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8803345},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Buscher:1991,
  author      = {Buscher, H. P. and Schramm, U. and MacNelly, S. and Kurz, G. and Gerok, W.},
  title       = {The acinar location of the sodium-independent and the sodium-dependent component of taurocholate uptake. A histoautoradiographic study of rat liver.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {13},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {169--178},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {The acinar location of tritium-labelled taurocholate taken up from sodium-containing and sodium-free perfusion media in isolated perfused rat liver was made visible by means of histoautoradiography on cryoslices at low, medium and high bile salt concentrations. In antegrade perfusion studies, in the presence of sodium, with taurocholate concentrations of 1 and 20 microM, respectively, the silver grain label was mainly restricted to acinar zones 1. At an 80 microM concentration, zones 2 and 3 were also labelled but with decreasing intensities towards the terminal hepatic venules. At 120 microM taurocholate, all acinar zones were nearly equally labelled. In the absence of sodium, antegrade liver perfusions with 1, 20 and 120 microM taurocholate resulted in an almost homogenous labelling of all acinar zones and retrograde perfusions in a silver grain density slightly decreasing towards the terminal portal venules. The results indicate that hepatocytes of all acinar zones are capable of taking 
up taurocholate by both a sodium-dependent and a sodium-independent pathway. The contribution of the sodium-independent uptake to the overall uptake of taurocholate increases with increasing zonal recruitment at higher concentrations. The sodium-dependent uptake, however, is always dominant.},
  institution = {Medizinische Klinik, Universität Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany.},
  journal     = {J Hepatol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Liver, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sodium, physiology; Taurocholic Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1744421},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Bushong:2003,
  author      = {Eric A Bushong and Maryann E Martone and Mark H Ellisman},
  title       = {Examination of the relationship between astrocyte morphology and laminar boundaries in the molecular layer of adult dentate gyrus.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {462},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {241--251},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.10728},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10728},
  abstract    = {Astrocytes are known to play an integral role in the development of compartmental boundaries in the brain and in the creation of trauma-induced boundaries. However, the physical relationship between astrocytes and such boundaries in the adult brain is less clear. If astrocytes do respect or play an ongoing role in maintaining such boundaries, a correlation between the position of such a boundary and the morphology of neighboring astrocytes might be observable. In this study, we examined the distribution of astrocytes with respect to the laminar boundaries compartmentalizing afferents to the dentate gyrus molecular layer. In addition, we attempted to determine whether astrocyte morphology is influenced by these laminar boundaries. To this end, protoplasmic astrocytes in the adult rat dentate gyrus were revealed with fluorescent tracer dyes and subsequently analyzed with respect to laminar boundaries demarcated by means of immunolabeling for the lamina-specific molecules EphA4 and neural cell 
adhesion molecule (N-CAM). We find that astrocyte distribution is influenced by the boundary separating the associational/commissural and perforant path afferents. In addition, we show that astrocytes in this region are polarized in their morphology, unlike typically stellate astrocytes, but that the laminar boundaries themselves do not appear to confer this morphology. This polarized morphology, however acquired, may have import for the functioning of astrocytes within the highly organized composition of the dentate gyrus molecular layer and for the overall microphysiology of this and other brain regions.},
  institution = {National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California- San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Age Factors; Animals; Astrocytes, chemistry/cytology; Biological Markers; Cell Size; Dentate Gyrus, cytology; Male; Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Receptor, EphA4, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12794746},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@InCollection{Butcher:1986,
  author    = {Butcher, LL and Woolf, NJ},
  title     = {Cholinergic Systems in the Central Nervous System: Retrospection, Anatomic Distribution, and Functions},
  booktitle = {Dynamics of Cholinergic Function},
  year      = {1986},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {1--10},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4684-5194-8_1},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {12.05.2016},
}

@Article{Butcher:1975,
  author      = {Butcher, L. L. and Talbot, K. and Bilezikjian, L.},
  title       = {Acetylcholinesterase neurons in dopamine-containing regions of the brain.},
  year        = {1975},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {37},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {127--153},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf01663629},
  abstract    = {A pharmaco-histochemical regimen was used to examine the morphology and internal organization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) neurons in brain areas--the caudate-putamen nucleus, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercule, and subtantia nigra--monoaminergically characterized in terms of their dopamine content. Intense, homogenous staining is produced in these neural regions by other histochemical protocols for AChE; individual AChE-containing neurons cannot be observed reliably or consistently. With the present technique, based on the differential regeneration of AChE in the separate subcellular compartments of the neuron (i.e., axon, dendrite, soma) after intramuscular injection of bis-(1-methylethyl)-phosphorofluoridate (di-isopropylfluorophosphate: DFP), it was shown that AChE was associated with neurons whose cell bodies lay within the brain areas studied. Although the significance of dopaminergic-cholinergic relationships in the caudate-putamen complex, nucleus accumbens, and 
olfactory tubercule could not be established on the basis of these new histochemical data, arguments were presented indicating that dopamine neurons in the zona compacta of the substantia nigra also contained AChE.},
  journal     = {J Neural Transm},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain, enzymology; Caudate Nucleus, enzymology; Dopamine, metabolism; Female; Histocytochemistry; Isoflurophate, pharmacology; Olfactory Bulb, enzymology; Putamen, enzymology; Rats; Septal Nuclei, enzymology; Substantia Nigra, enzymology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1185160},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Butcheri:2012,
  author    = {Butcheri, Sherrel H and Butcher, Larry L},
  title     = {Acetylcholine levels and synthesis in the neostriatum after lesions in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and globus pallidus},
  year      = {2012},
  pages     = {109},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi       = {10.1016/b978-0-12-147850-6.50009-x},
  journal   = {Cholinergic--Monoaminergic Interactions in the Brain},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  timestamp = {17.05.2016},
}

@Article{Butowt:2009,
  author      = {Butowt, Rafal and {von Bartheld}, Christopher S.},
  title       = {Fates of neurotrophins after retrograde axonal transport: phosphorylation of p75NTR is a sorting signal for delayed degradation.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {29},
  number      = {34},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {10715--10729},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2512-09.2009},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2512-09.2009},
  abstract    = {Neurotrophins can mediate survival or death of neurons. Opposing functions of neurotrophins are based on binding of these ligands to two distinct types of receptors: trk receptors and p75NTR. Previous work showed that target-derived NGF induces cell death, whereas BDNF and NT-3 enhance survival of neurons in the isthmo-optic nucleus of avian embryos. To determine the fate of retrogradely transported neurotrophins and test whether their sorting differs between neurotrophins mediating survival- or death-signaling pathways, we traced receptor-binding, sorting, and degradation kinetics of target-applied radiolabeled neurotrophins that bind in this system to trk receptors (BDNF, NT-3) or only to p75NTR (NGF). At the ultrastructural level, the p75NTR-bound NGF accumulates with a significant delay in multivesicular bodies and organelles of the degradation pathway on arrival in the cell body when compared with trk-bound BDNF or NT-3. This delayed lysosomal accumulation was restricted to target-
derived NGF, but was not seen when NGF was supplied to the soma in vitro. The kinase inhibitors K252a and Gö6976 alter the kinetics of organelle accumulation: phosphorylation of p75NTR is a sorting signal for delayed sequestering of p75NTR-bound NGF in multivesicular bodies and delayed degradation in lysosomes when compared with trk-bound neurotrophins. Mutagenesis and mass spectrometry studies indicate that p75NTR is phosphorylated by conventional protein kinase C on serine 266. We conclude that, in addition to the known phosphorylation of trks, the phosphorylation of p75NTR can also significantly affect neuronal survival in vivo by changing the intracellular sorting and degradation kinetics of its ligands and thus signaling duration.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure; Carbazoles, pharmacology; Cell Death, drug effects/genetics; Cell Differentiation, drug effects; Chick Embryo; Electron Microscope Tomography, methods; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, physiology; Immunoprecipitation, methods; Indole Alkaloids, pharmacology; Iodine Radioisotopes, metabolism; Mass Spectrometry; Nerve Growth Factors, metabolism; Nerve Tissue Proteins, metabolism; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; PC12 Cells; Phosphorylation, physiology; Protein Kinase C, metabolism; Protein Transport, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor, metabolism; Receptor, trkB, metabolism; Receptor, trkC, metabolism; Retina, cytology; Serine, metabolism; Signal Transduction, drug effects/physiology; Transfection},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {29/34/10715},
  pmid        = {19710323},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Butt:1993,
  author      = {Butt, A. M. and Ransom, B. R.},
  title       = {Morphology of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes during development in the intact rat optic nerve.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {338},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {141--158},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903380110},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903380110},
  abstract    = {The detailed three-dimensional morphology of macroglial cells was determined throughout postnatal development in the intact rat optic nerve, a central nervous system white matter tract. Over 750 cells were analyzed by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase or Lucifer Yellow to provide a new perspective of glial differentiation in situ. Retrograde analysis of changes in glial morphology allowed us to identify developmental timetables for three morphological subclasses of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and to estimate their time of emergence from undifferentiated glial progenitors. Glial progenitors were recognised throughout postnatal development and persisted in 35-day-old nerves, where we suggest they represent adult progenitor cells. Astrocytes were present at birth, but the majority of these cells developed over the first week as three morphological classes emerged having either transverse, random, or longitudinal process orientation. Several lines of evidence led us to 
believe that the majority of astrocytes in the rat optic nerve were morphological variations of a single cell type. Young oligodendrocytes were first observed 2 days after birth, indicating that they diverged from progenitors at or near this time. During early development these cells extended a large number of fine processes, which then bifurcated and extended along axons. Later, as myelination proceeded, oligodendrocytes exhibited fewer processes which grew symmetrically and uniformly along the axons, resulting in a highly stereotypic mature oligodendrocyte form. Our analysis of oligodendrocyte growth suggests that these cells did not myelinate axons in a random manner and that axons may influence the myelinating processes of nearby oligodendrocytes.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Astrocytes, ultrastructure; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Isoquinolines, diagnostic use; Morphogenesis; Oligodendroglia, ultrastructure; Optic Nerve, cytology/growth /&/ development; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8300897},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Buttigieg:2012,
  author      = {Buttigieg, Josef and Nurse, Colin A.},
  title       = {Methodologies for studying peripheral O₂ chemosensing: past, present, and future.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {181},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {194--201},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.resp.2012.03.001},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2012.03.001},
  abstract    = {The reduction of molecular oxygen in individual cells during the process of oxidative phosphorylation is central to oxidative metabolism and bioenergetic homeostasis. As such, any insufficiency in molecular oxygen availability represents a severe threat to sustained life. Thus, as with other similar multicellular organisms, the human body has evolved various peripheral chemosensory pathways that play a key role in sampling arterial PO₂ values and initiating corrective reflex responses so as to maintain homeostasis. Research on these peripheral chemosensors can trace their origins to the cross circulation studies of Corneille Heymans in the early 20th century. Since then, it has become increasingly apparent that defects in these chemosensory pathways play a key role in various pathological conditions, e.g. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), and therefore an understanding of the underlying mechanisms is of critical importance. This review aims to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of 
the various experimental models employed in studying the mechanisms by which acute peripheral chemosensing occurs.},
  institution = {University of Regina, Department of Biology, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 0A2, Canada. josef.buttigieg@uregina.ca},
  journal     = {Respir Physiol Neurobiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, methods; Dogs; Electrochemical Techniques; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Humans; Mice; Models, Animal; Oxidative Phosphorylation; Oxygen, analysis/metabolism; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rabbits; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1569-9048(12)00062-6},
  pmid        = {22426243},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Buettner-Ennever:2000,
  author    = {Büttner-Ennever, JA},
  title     = {Overview of the vestibular system: anatomy},
  year      = {2000},
  pages     = {3--24},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  journal   = {Neurochemistry of the vestibular system},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {CRC Press, Florida},
  timestamp = {17.05.2016},
}

@Article{Buttry:2014,
  Title                    = {Injection of WGA-Alexa 488 into the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm of acutely and chronically C2 hemisected rats reveals activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the respiratory motor pathways.},
  Author                   = {Buttry, Janelle L. and Goshgarian, Harry G.},
  Journal                  = {Exp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Pages                    = {440--450},
  Volume                   = {261},

  Abstract                 = {WGA-Alexa 488 is a fluorescent neuronal tracer that demonstrates transsynaptic transport in the central nervous system. The transsynaptic transport occurs over physiologically active synaptic connections rather than less active or silent connections. Immediately following C2 spinal cord hemisection (C2Hx), when WGA-Alexa 488 is injected into the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm, the tracer diffuses across the midline of the diaphragm and retrogradely labels the phrenic nuclei (PN) bilaterally in the spinal cord. Subsequently, the tracer is transsynaptically transported bilaterally to the rostral Ventral Respiratory Groups (rVRGs) in the medulla over physiologically active connections. No other neurons are labeled in the acute C2Hx model at the level of the phrenic nuclei or in the medulla. However, with a recovery period of at least 7weeks (chronic C2Hx), the pattern of WGA-Alexa 488 labeling is notably changed. In addition to the bilateral PN and rVRG labeling, the chronic C2Hx model 
reveals fluorescence in the ipsilateral ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts, and the ipsilateral reticulospinal tract. Furthermore, interneurons are labeled bilaterally in laminae VII and VIII of the spinal cord as well as neurons in the motor nuclei bilaterally of the intercostal and forelimb muscles. Moreover, in the chronic C2Hx model, there is bilateral labeling of additional medullary centers including raphe, hypoglossal, spinal trigeminal, parvicellular reticular, gigantocellular reticular, and intermediate reticular nuclei. The selective WGA-Alexa 488 labeling of additional locations in the chronic C2Hx model is presumably due to a hyperactive state of the synaptic pathways and nuclei previously shown to connect with the respiratory centers in a non-injured model. The present study suggests that hyperactivity not only occurs in neuronal centers and pathways caudal to spinal cord injury, but in supraspinal centers as well. The significance of such injury-induced plasticity is that hyperactivity 
may be a mechanism to re-establish lost function by compensatory routes which were initially physiologically inactive.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.07.016},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. Electronic address: hgoshgar@med.wayne.edu.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cervical Vertebrae; Diaphragm, drug effects/physiopathology; Disease Models, Animal; Electromyography; Fluoresceins, pharmacokinetics; Functional Laterality, drug effects/physiology; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Neuromuscular Junction, drug effects/physiopathology; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects/physiology; Neuronal Tract-Tracers, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacokinetics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord Injuries, diagnosis/pathology/physiopathology; Time Factors; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, pharmacokinetics},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0014-4886(14)00244-1},
  Pmid                     = {25086272},
  Timestamp                = {06.01.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.07.016}
}

@Article{Buttry:2015,
  Title                    = {WGA-Alexa transsynaptic labeling in the phrenic motor system of adult rats: Intrapleural injection versus intradiaphragmatic injection.},
  Author                   = {Buttry, Janelle L. and Goshgarian, Harry G.},
  Journal                  = {J Neurosci Methods},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Pages                    = {137--145},
  Volume                   = {241},

  Abstract                 = {Intrapleural injection of CTB-Alexa 488, a retrograde tracer, provides an alternative labeling technique to the surgically invasive laparotomy required for intradiaphragmatic injection. However, CTB-Alexa 488 is incapable of crossing synapses restricting the tracer to the phrenic nuclei and the intercostal motor nuclei in the spinal cord.Intrapleural injection of WGA-Alexa 488, a transsynaptic tracer, provides a method to label the respiratory motor pathway in both the spinal cord and medulla. Intradiaphragmatic injection of WGA-Alexa 594 and vagal nerve injections of True blue were used to confirm the phrenic nuclei and to differentiate between the rVRG and the NA in the medulla.Following intrapleural injection, WGA-Alexa 488 was retrogradely transported to the phrenic nuclei and to the intercostal motor nuclei. Subsequently WGA-Alexa 488 was transsynaptically transported from the phrenic motoneurons to the pre-motor neurons in the rVRG that provide the descending drive to the 
phrenic neurons during inspiration. In addition WGA-Alexa 488 was identified in select cells of the NA confirmed by a dual label of both WGA-Alexa 488 and True blue.WGA-Alexa 488 demonstrates retrograde transsynaptic labeling following intrapleural injection whereas the previous method of injecting CTB-Alexa 488 only demonstrates retrograde labeling.Intrapleural injection of WGA-Alexa fluor conjugates is an effective method to transsynaptically label the phrenic motor system providing an alternative for the invasive laparotomy required for intradiaphragmatic injections. Furthermore, the study provides the first anatomical evidence of a direct synaptic relationship between rVRG and select NA cells.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.12.013},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. Electronic address: hgoshgar@med.wayne.edu.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0165-0270(14)00434-8},
  Pmid                     = {25555356},
  Timestamp                = {10.03.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.12.013}
}

@Article{Buxbaum:1998,
  author      = {J. D. Buxbaum and G. Thinakaran and V. Koliatsos and J. O'Callahan and H. H. Slunt and D. L. Price and S. S. Sisodia},
  title       = {Alzheimer amyloid protein precursor in the rat hippocampus: transport and processing through the perforant path.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {18},
  number      = {23},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {9629--9637},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/18/23/9629.long},
  abstract    = {Amyloid deposition is a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. The principal component of amyloid deposits is beta amyloid peptide (Abeta), a peptide derived by proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP is axonally transported by the fast anterograde component. Several studies have indicated that Abeta deposits occur in proximity to neuritic and synaptic profiles. Taken together, these latter observations have suggested that APP, axonally transported to nerve terminals, may be processed to Abeta at those sites. To examine the fate of APP in the CNS, we injected [35S]methionine into the rat entorhinal cortex and examined the trafficking and processing of de novo synthesized APP in the perforant pathway and at presynaptic sites in the hippocampal formation. We report that both full-length and processed APP accumulate at presynaptic terminals of entorhinal neurons. Finally, we demonstrate that at these synaptic sites, C-terminal fragments of APP containing 
the entire Abeta domain accumulate, suggesting that these species may represent the penultimate precursors of synaptic Abeta.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Amyloid beta-Peptides, analysis/genetics/metabolism; Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Blotting, Western; COS Cells; Dentate Gyrus, chemistry/metabolism; Methionine, pharmacology; Neurons, chemistry/metabolism; Perforant Pathway, chemistry/metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, chemistry/metabolism; RNA, Messenger, analysis; Rats; Sulfur Radioisotopes, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9822724},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Buzsaki:1989a,
  author      = {Buzs{\'{a}}ki, G. and Bayardo, F. and Miles, R. and Wong, R. K. and Gage, F. H.},
  title       = {The grafted hippocampus: an epileptic focus.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {105},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {10--22},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0014-4886(89)90167-2},
  abstract    = {Field potentials and unitary activity were investigated in the grafted and the host hippocampi in freely moving rats and in vitro. The subcortical afferents and efferents of the hippocampus (fimbria-fornix, FF) were removed by aspiration. Solid pieces of hippocampal grafts derived from 15- to 16-day-old fetuses were placed in the lesion cavity in rats with unilateral FF lesions, and cell suspensions prepared from fetal hippocampi were grafted directly into the host hippocampi in animals with bilateral FF lesions. Reciprocal communication between the grafted and the host hippocampi was monitored with a 16-microelectrode probe from 7 to 10 months after grafting. The fluorescent retrograde tracer, Fluorogold, was used to examine graft-host projections and acetylcholinesterase staining to reveal host-derived fibers in the graft. The most typical neuronal pattern of the hippocampal graft was a highly synchronous population burst with concurrent EEG spike. The speed of propagation of the EEG spike 
within the graft and across the graft-host interface was either fast (greater than 3 m/s) or slow (less than 0.5 m/s). Large amplitude, short duration EEG spikes usually propagated with a high speed, while smaller amplitude, wider spikes with broad population bursts spread at a lower velocity. The direction of propagation was usually uniform indicating that the population burst was triggered by a localized subgroup of highly excitable neurons ("focus"). Spontaneous seizures were also present in the solid graft which frequently invaded the host hippocampus. The incidence of EEG spikes was three times higher in rats with bilateral suspension grafts than in animals with FF lesion only. In about half of the grafted rats spontaneous behavioral seizures were also observed. Intracellular recordings from putative pyramidal cells in the graft and in the host revealed large amplitude (10-12 mV), spontaneously occurring EPSPs. IPSPs were difficult to detect even during depolarizations of up to 20 mV from rest. We 
suggest that the increased excitability of the hippocampal graft is due to the high incidence of recurrent excitatory collaterals terminating on or close to the somata of pyramidal neurons. Population bursts may spread fast via extensively arborizing axon collaterals or slowly by successively activating new sets of neighboring neurons. Spontaneous behavioral convulsions are explained by assuming that the grafted hippocampus serves as an epileptic focus which is capable of kindling the host brain by repeated seizure induction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Neurosciences M-024, University of California, San Diego 92093.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy, etiology/physiopathology; Female; Graft Survival; Hippocampus, embryology/physiology/transplantation; Nerve Fibers, enzymology; Neurons, physiology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2744124},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Buzsaki:1992a,
  author      = {Buzs{\'{a}}ki, G. and Cz{\'{e}}h, G.},
  title       = {Physiological function of granule cells: a hypothesis.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  pages       = {281--290},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  abstract    = {In this chapter we review the physiological properties of granule cells in vivo and in vitro. We conclude from the literature that in intact rats granule cells fire rhythmic bursts of action potentials concurrent with exploration-associated theta waves. The population discharge of granule cells coincides with the maximum probability of firing of CA3 pyramidal cells on the positive phase of focally recorded theta waves. During consummatory behaviors, immobility and anesthesia the firing rate of granule cells substantially decreases. We propose that the conjoint activity of the discharging CA3 cells and tetanization of these same cells by mossy fibers during exploratory (theta) behavior will temporarily increase synaptic efficacy among the active CA3 neurons even after the termination of exploration. As a result, the very same CA3 cells that carried information during exploration now become the burst-initiator cells of the sharp-wave associated population bursts during consummatory behaviors 
and sleep. The creation of new burst-initiator neurons is hypothesized to be essential for memory trace formation. From this perspective the main physiological function of granule cells is to 'tetanize' CA3 pyramidal neurons during exploratory behaviors and induce a meaningful reorganization of the functional connectivity of the CA3 network.},
  institution = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102.},
  journal     = {Epilepsy Res Suppl},
  keywords    = {Animals; Arousal, physiology; Brain Mapping; Exploratory Behavior, physiology; Hippocampus, physiology; Interneurons, physiology; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Mental Recall, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Orientation, physiology; Rats; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Theta Rhythm},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1334667},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Buzsaki:1991a,
  author      = {Buzs{\'{a}}ki, G. and Hsu, M. and Slamka, C. and Gage, F. H. and Horv{\'{a}}th, Z.},
  title       = {Emergence and propagation of interictal spikes in the subcortically denervated hippocampus.},
  journal     = {Hippocampus},
  year        = {1991},
  subtitle    = {model},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {163--180},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1002/hipo.450010205},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450010205},
  abstract    = {Spontaneous and evoked field potentials and cellular discharges of the subcortically denervated dorsal hippocampus were studied by multisite recordings in the freely behaving rat. Characteristic short-duration (< 100 ms), large-amplitude (up to 10 mV) transients, termed interictal spikes (IIS), were seen after fimbria-fornix (FF) lesion. Both pyramidal cells and putative interneurons fired maximally during IIS, with some interneurons sustaining long bursts (up to 400 ms) of high-frequency discharges (400-600 Hz) after the IIS. The speed of propagation of IIS along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus varied from 0.2 m/s to > 3 m/s. The majority of IIS (type 1) could be accounted for by an enhanced activity of the intrahippocampal associational systems; a second class of IIS (type 2) had positive polarities in the stratum radiatum of CA1 and CA3 and propagated very rapidly (> 1.5 m/s). The authors propose that type 2 IIS reflect somatic depolarization and discharge of pyramidal neurons 
due to nonsynaptic (probably ephaptic) effects. Ephaptic interactions may also explain the longitudinal propagation of IIS at speeds higher than the conduction velocities (0.5 m/s) of hippocampal fiber systems. IIS emerged during the first 3 weeks after fimbria-fornix lesion, their incidence reaching a plateau of 2/min thereafter. During the same time period, paired-pulse suppression increased in the dentate gyrus. The amplitude of test responses to angular bundle stimulation was potentiated by small-amplitude IIS but suppressed by large-amplitude IIS. The incidence of IIS was significantly suppressed during walking relative to standing still. Tetanic stimulation of the angular bundle or handling-induced stress resulted in a 10- to 20-fold increase in the incidence of IIS that lasted for about 30 minutes. There was a negative correlation between evoked field PSP slope and population spike amplitude in the dentate gyrus of FF-lesioned rats; this correlation was positive in intact rats. The authors attribute 
the above pathophysiological changes to sprouting of both excitatory and inhibitory GABAergic pathways as a result of denervation of the intrahippocampal circuitry. They hypothesize that the majority of the observed physiological alterations can be traced to a weakening of feedforward inhibition coupled with an enhancement of feedback inhibition and excitation.},
  institution = {Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093.},
  keywords    = {Animals; Denervation; Electric Stimulation; Electroencephalography; Electrophysiology; Epilepsy, pathology/physiopathology; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Female; Handling (Psychology); Hippocampus, pathology/physiopathology; Histocytochemistry; Neurons, physiology; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recruitment, Neurophysiological, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1669291},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Buzsaki:1989,
  author      = {Buzsáki, G. and Bayardo, F. and Miles, R. and Wong, R. K. and Gage, F. H.},
  title       = {The grafted hippocampus: an epileptic focus.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {105},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {10--22},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0014-4886(89)90167-2},
  abstract    = {Field potentials and unitary activity were investigated in the grafted and the host hippocampi in freely moving rats and in vitro. The subcortical afferents and efferents of the hippocampus (fimbria-fornix, FF) were removed by aspiration. Solid pieces of hippocampal grafts derived from 15- to 16-day-old fetuses were placed in the lesion cavity in rats with unilateral FF lesions, and cell suspensions prepared from fetal hippocampi were grafted directly into the host hippocampi in animals with bilateral FF lesions. Reciprocal communication between the grafted and the host hippocampi was monitored with a 16-microelectrode probe from 7 to 10 months after grafting. The fluorescent retrograde tracer, Fluorogold, was used to examine graft-host projections and acetylcholinesterase staining to reveal host-derived fibers in the graft. The most typical neuronal pattern of the hippocampal graft was a highly synchronous population burst with concurrent EEG spike. The speed of propagation of the EEG spike 
within the graft and across the graft-host interface was either fast (greater than 3 m/s) or slow (less than 0.5 m/s). Large amplitude, short duration EEG spikes usually propagated with a high speed, while smaller amplitude, wider spikes with broad population bursts spread at a lower velocity. The direction of propagation was usually uniform indicating that the population burst was triggered by a localized subgroup of highly excitable neurons ("focus"). Spontaneous seizures were also present in the solid graft which frequently invaded the host hippocampus. The incidence of EEG spikes was three times higher in rats with bilateral suspension grafts than in animals with FF lesion only. In about half of the grafted rats spontaneous behavioral seizures were also observed. Intracellular recordings from putative pyramidal cells in the graft and in the host revealed large amplitude (10-12 mV), spontaneously occurring EPSPs. IPSPs were difficult to detect even during depolarizations of up to 20 mV from rest. We 
suggest that the increased excitability of the hippocampal graft is due to the high incidence of recurrent excitatory collaterals terminating on or close to the somata of pyramidal neurons. Population bursts may spread fast via extensively arborizing axon collaterals or slowly by successively activating new sets of neighboring neurons. Spontaneous behavioral convulsions are explained by assuming that the grafted hippocampus serves as an epileptic focus which is capable of kindling the host brain by repeated seizure induction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Neurosciences M-024, University of California, San Diego 92093.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, metabolism; Animals; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy, etiology/physiopathology; Female; Graft Survival; Hippocampus, embryology/physiology/transplantation; Nerve Fibers, enzymology; Neurons, physiology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2744124},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Buzsaki:1988,
  author      = {Buzsaki, G. and Bickford, R. G. and Ponomareff, G. and Thal, L. J. and Mandel, R. and Gage, F. H.},
  title       = {Nucleus basalis and thalamic control of neocortical activity in the freely moving rat.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {11},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {4007--4026},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/8/11/4007.long},
  abstract    = {EEG and single-unit techniques have been used to study the EEG correlates of cellular firing in the neocortex, n. reticularis (RT) and "specific" thalamic nuclei, and the cholinergic forebrain area (nucleus basalis, NB). Neuronal firing was related to the ongoing behavior of the rat. In addition, using a 16-channel neocortical recording/mapping system, we studied the effects of ibotenic acid lesion of NB, RT, and other thalamic nuclei on the patterns and spatial distribution of neocortical electrical activity. The majority of neurons in neocortex, NB, and RT increased their firing rates during walking, as compared to during immobility, with concurrent decrease of delta power in the neocortical EEG. During immobility, high-voltage spindles (HVS; greater than 1 mV) were occasionally recorded from the neocortex. Depth profiles of HVS and slow delta waves were different in the neocortex. Neocortical cells decreased their discharge frequency during the positive portion of delta waves recorded in 
layers V and VI. All cells in the neocortex and specific thalamic nuclei fired rhythmically and phase-locked to the spike component of HVS. RT neurons showed an opposite phase relationship and fired mainly during the wave component of HVS. Half of the NB neurons also showed phasic modulation with HVS. Circumscribed lesion of RT and extensive damage of other thalamic regions, including the intralaminar nuclei, suppressed HVS but had no effect on the neocortical EEG correlates of behavior. In sharp contrast, damage to the NB resulted in a dramatic increase of slow delta waves on the side of the lesion, mimicking the effect of scopolamine administration. We suggest that the NB plays a key role in neocortical arousal by directly activating the neocortex and by suppressing the rhythm generation in the RT-thalamocortical circuitry. We further suggest that the NB system may serve as a structural basis for the concept of the generalized ascending activation of Moruzzi and Magoun (1949).},
  institution = {Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, cytology/physiology; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiology; Electroencephalography; Female; Motor Activity; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Rats, Inbred Strains; Scopolamine Hydrobromide, pharmacology; Thalamus, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3183710},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Buzsaki:1992,
  author      = {Buzsáki, G. and Czéh, G.},
  title       = {Physiological function of granule cells: a hypothesis.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  pages       = {281--290},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {In this chapter we review the physiological properties of granule cells in vivo and in vitro. We conclude from the literature that in intact rats granule cells fire rhythmic bursts of action potentials concurrent with exploration-associated theta waves. The population discharge of granule cells coincides with the maximum probability of firing of CA3 pyramidal cells on the positive phase of focally recorded theta waves. During consummatory behaviors, immobility and anesthesia the firing rate of granule cells substantially decreases. We propose that the conjoint activity of the discharging CA3 cells and tetanization of these same cells by mossy fibers during exploratory (theta) behavior will temporarily increase synaptic efficacy among the active CA3 neurons even after the termination of exploration. As a result, the very same CA3 cells that carried information during exploration now become the burst-initiator cells of the sharp-wave associated population bursts during consummatory behaviors 
and sleep. The creation of new burst-initiator neurons is hypothesized to be essential for memory trace formation. From this perspective the main physiological function of granule cells is to 'tetanize' CA3 pyramidal neurons during exploratory behaviors and induce a meaningful reorganization of the functional connectivity of the CA3 network.},
  institution = {Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102.},
  journal     = {Epilepsy Res Suppl},
  keywords    = {Animals; Arousal, physiology; Brain Mapping; Exploratory Behavior, physiology; Hippocampus, physiology; Interneurons, physiology; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Mental Recall, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Orientation, physiology; Rats; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Theta Rhythm},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1334667},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@InCollection{Buzsaki:1991b,
  author    = {Buzsáki, György and Gage, Fred H},
  title     = {Role of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in cortical activation and arousal},
  booktitle = {Activation to Acquisition},
  year      = {1991},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {115--133},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4684-0556-9_5},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {12.05.2016},
}

@Article{Buzsaki:1991,
  author      = {G. Buzsáki and M. Hsu and C. Slamka and F. H. Gage and Z. Horváth},
  title       = {Emergence and propagation of interictal spikes in the subcortically denervated hippocampus.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {163--180},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/hipo.450010205},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450010205},
  abstract    = {Spontaneous and evoked field potentials and cellular discharges of the subcortically denervated dorsal hippocampus were studied by multisite recordings in the freely behaving rat. Characteristic short-duration (< 100 ms), large-amplitude (up to 10 mV) transients, termed interictal spikes (IIS), were seen after fimbria-fornix (FF) lesion. Both pyramidal cells and putative interneurons fired maximally during IIS, with some interneurons sustaining long bursts (up to 400 ms) of high-frequency discharges (400-600 Hz) after the IIS. The speed of propagation of IIS along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus varied from 0.2 m/s to > 3 m/s. The majority of IIS (type 1) could be accounted for by an enhanced activity of the intrahippocampal associational systems; a second class of IIS (type 2) had positive polarities in the stratum radiatum of CA1 and CA3 and propagated very rapidly (> 1.5 m/s). The authors propose that type 2 IIS reflect somatic depolarization and discharge of pyramidal neurons 
due to nonsynaptic (probably ephaptic) effects. Ephaptic interactions may also explain the longitudinal propagation of IIS at speeds higher than the conduction velocities (0.5 m/s) of hippocampal fiber systems. IIS emerged during the first 3 weeks after fimbria-fornix lesion, their incidence reaching a plateau of 2/min thereafter. During the same time period, paired-pulse suppression increased in the dentate gyrus. The amplitude of test responses to angular bundle stimulation was potentiated by small-amplitude IIS but suppressed by large-amplitude IIS. The incidence of IIS was significantly suppressed during walking relative to standing still. Tetanic stimulation of the angular bundle or handling-induced stress resulted in a 10- to 20-fold increase in the incidence of IIS that lasted for about 30 minutes. There was a negative correlation between evoked field PSP slope and population spike amplitude in the dentate gyrus of FF-lesioned rats; this correlation was positive in intact rats. The authors attribute 
the above pathophysiological changes to sprouting of both excitatory and inhibitory GABAergic pathways as a result of denervation of the intrahippocampal circuitry. They hypothesize that the majority of the observed physiological alterations can be traced to a weakening of feedforward inhibition coupled with an enhancement of feedback inhibition and excitation.},
  institution = {Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093.},
  journal     = {Hippocampus},
  keywords    = {Animals; Denervation; Electric Stimulation; Electroencephalography; Electrophysiology; Epilepsy, pathology/physiopathology; Evoked Potentials, physiology; Female; Handling (Psychology); Hippocampus, pathology/physiopathology; Histocytochemistry; Neurons, physiology; Pyramidal Cells, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recruitment, Neurophysiological, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1669291},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Byers:2002,
  author      = {Byers, C. T. and Fan, R. and Messina, A. and Morrison, W. A. and Galea, M. P.},
  title       = {Comparing the efficacy of two fluorescent retrograde tracers in labeling the motor and sensory neuron populations of the rat sciatic nerve.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {114},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {159--164},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0165-0270(01)00520-9},
  abstract    = {We compared the efficacy with which the fluorescent tracers Fast Blue (FB) and Diamidino Yellow (DY) retrogradely label neutrons. Trace crystals were applied to the sciatic nerve exclusively (single label) or serially (double label). Unbiased cell counts showed that FB and DY label similar numbers of motoneurons (P=1.00, df 5) or DRG neurons (P=0.95, df 5) when applied exclusively. Plotting of motoneurons revealed a similar pattern of distribution of FB and DY labeled neurons. When the tracers were applied serially, 79\% of labeled motoneurons and 77\% of labeled DRG neurons were double-labeled irrespective of which tracer was applied first. Equal proportions of the remaining labeled neurons were single-labeled with FB or DY. These data show that FB and DY label equal numbers of motor and sensory neurons of the sciatic nerve following exclusive or serial application of tracers. These findings support the use of FB and DY together in serial fluorescent labeling experiments.},
  institution = {School of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, 200 Berkeley Street, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Amidines, analysis; Animals; Axonal Transport; Fluorescent Dyes, analysis; Ganglia, Spinal, chemistry/cytology; Male; Motor Neurons, chemistry; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sciatic Nerve, chemistry/cytology; Staining and Labeling, methods},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0165027001005209},
  pmid        = {11856566},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Byers:1989,
  Title                    = {Comparison of trigeminal receptor location and structure in the periodontal ligament of different types of teeth from the rat, cat, and monkey.},
  Author                   = {Byers, M. R. and Dong, W. K.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {117--127},
  Volume                   = {279},

  Abstract                 = {The periodontal ligament is richly innervated by mechanoreceptors whose cell bodies are located either in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) or the mesencephalic (MS) trigeminal nucleus. Both are sensitive to stretch of the ligament induced by tooth movement, but their thresholds, central connections, and functional significance differ. This study compared the location of TG and MS receptors in the periodontal ligament of cat teeth after labeling each by anterograde axonal transport. We also compared the location and ultrastructure of the feline TG receptors with labeled TG receptors in the periodontal ligament of monkey teeth and rat incisors in order to determine their location and ultrastructural properties. We found that the MS and TG receptors had a different distribution in the periodontal ligament of cat teeth; the MS terminals were concentrated below and next to the base of the roots, whereas the TG receptors were most numerous around the middle of the roots. The TG receptors 
of monkey teeth had a similar location to the feline TG receptors, but those of rat incisors were very different. Rat incisors are curved, continuously erupting teeth, and their TG receptors were located primarily on the lingual side in the alveolar (nonerupting) portion of the ligament. Ultrastructural comparisons found that most mechanoreceptors in the periodontal ligament of all the teeth had an unencapsulated branched Ruffini-like structure. The TG receptors in the rat incisor ligament were the largest; those of monkey had the most varied form. Some coiled or encapsulated receptors were found in the monkey and cat ligament, but not in the rat incisor ligament. The TG receptors appear to be located at sites that would be most easily stretched during tooth contact. The different sites and intensity of the stretch forces occurring during the use of different types of teeth may determine the variations in the size and location of the TG mechanoreceptors and of their associated support cells. The different 
distribution of MS receptors may contribute to their response thresholds and static properties, which differ from those of TG receptors.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902790110},
  Institution              = {Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autoradiography; Cats; Haplorhini; Incisor, innervation; Leucine, diagnostic use; Mechanoreceptors, ultrastructure; Periodontal Ligament, innervation/ultrastructure; Proline, diagnostic use; Rats; Tooth, innervation; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/ultrastructure},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2492311},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902790110}
}

@Article{Bylsma:2005,
  author      = {Bylsma, Guy W. and Guymer, Robyn H.},
  title       = {Treatment of age-related macular degeneration.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {88},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {322--334},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1444-0938.2005.tb06716.x},
  abstract    = {Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the greatest cause of legal blindness in the western world. Established treatments include argon laser photocoagulation of extrafoveal choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) and photodynamic therapy of selected sub-foveal CNV. Newer approaches are targeting the angiogenic pathway in CNV development. Currently, other treatment modalities, such as radiotherapy and transpupillary thermotherapy do not have a clear role to play. Surgical options are experimental and only available in some centres for selected patients. Prevention of AMD remains elusive. Dietary supplements may have a role, while statins and prophylactic laser photocoagulation of drusen remain experimental. This paper explains the principles behind these approaches.},
  institution = {Melbourne, VIC, 8002, Australia.},
  journal     = {Clin Exp Optom},
  keywords    = {Animals; Humans; Hyperthermia, Induced; Laser Coagulation; Macular Degeneration, therapy; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents, therapeutic use; Prognosis; Treatment Outcome},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {ceo885322},
  pmid        = {16255691},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Byrnes:1996,
  author      = {Byrnes, A. P. and MacLaren, R. E. and Charlton, H. M.},
  title       = {Immunological instability of persistent adenovirus vectors in the brain: peripheral exposure to vector leads to renewed inflammation, reduced gene expression, and demyelination.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {9},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {3045--3055},
  url         = {http://jneurosci.org/content/16/9/3045},
  abstract    = {Nonreplicating adenovirus vectors are being developed as vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic genes in vivo. Whereas in many organs an antiviral T cell response eliminates the vector and damages local tissue, when adenovirus vectors are injected into the brain the subsequent immune attack can be ineffective, allowing the vector to persist. In the present study, E1-deleted human adenovirus vectors were injected into the caudate nucleus of rats. Two months later, expression of protein from the vector was still evident and little inflammation was seen. A subcutaneous injection of adenovirus vector at this time, however, led within 2 weeks to severe mononuclear inflammation and microglial activation in the caudate. This caused local demyelination and a decrease in detectable protein expression from the vector. Interestingly, intense microglial activation and numerous lymphocytes and monocytes were also seen in brain areas containing neurons capable of retrogradely transporting the adenovirus 
vector from the caudate. Control experiments established that this inflammation in distant brain areas was not a nonspecific consequence of degeneration. These experiments demonstrate that although adenovirus vectors can persist in the brain without causing chronic inflammation, they remain the potential target of a damaging cell-mediated immune response brought about by a subsequent peripheral exposure to vector. The finding of lymphocytes in brain areas that project to the caudate further shows that viral antigens that are retrogradely transported by neurons can also be the target of a T cell attack.},
  institution = {Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Adenoviridae, genetics; Afferent Pathways, pathology; Animals; Antibody Formation; Brain, pathology/physiopathology/virology; Demyelinating Diseases, pathology/physiopathology/virology; Down-Regulation; Encephalitis, pathology/physiopathology/virology; Genes, MHC Class I, physiology; Genes, MHC Class II, physiology; Genetic Vectors, immunology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; beta-Galactosidase, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8622134},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Byrum:1987,
  Title                    = {Afferent and efferent connections of the A5 noradrenergic cell group in the rat.},
  Author                   = {C. E. Byrum and P. G. Guyenet},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1987},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {529--542},
  Volume                   = {261},

  Abstract                 = {The supraspinal afferent and efferent connections of the A5 noradrenergic cell group were examined in rats. Very small deposits of HRP-WGA were made in the rostral A5 area. Catecholamine histofluorescence techniques were used to confirm that the deposits overlapped the A5 column. Retrogradely labeled cells were present in the perifornical area and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, dorsal parabrachial area, intermediate and caudal portions of the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the ventral medullary reticular formation in the areas of the A1 and B1 cell groups. Anterograde HRP-WGA labeling was found in several areas of the subcortical CNS. The contribution of A5 neurons to this labeling was confirmed with retrogradely transported fluorescent latex microspheres combined with catecholamine histofluorescence techniques. The A5 cell group was found to have significant projections to the central nucleus of the amygdala, perifornical area of the 
hypothalamus, midbrain periaqueductal gray, parabrachial area, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Other A5 projections include the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and possibly the zona incerta and lateral and dorsal hypothalamic areas. In addition, A5 neurons may innervate the ventrolateral reticular formation of the medulla. Virtually all of the areas innervated by A5 noradrenergic neurons are involved in cardiovascular regulation. In addition, the A5 area receives afferent input from major cardiovascular regulatory centers of the supraspinal CNS. Thus the A5 cell group has the potential to exert a significant influence on the cardiovascular regulatory system.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902610406},
  Keywords                 = {Adrenergic Fibers; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Staining and Labeling, methods; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  Pmid                     = {2440916},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902610406}
}

@Article{Byrum:1984,
  author      = {C. E. Byrum and R. Stornetta and P. G. Guyenet},
  title       = {Electrophysiological properties of spinally-projecting A5 noradrenergic neurons.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {303},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {15--29},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(84)90206-3},
  abstract    = {Spinally-projecting A5 neurons were studied with anatomical and electrophysiological techniques in the rat. A detailed study of the number and distribution of spinally-projecting catecholaminergic (CA) and non-catecholaminergic neurons present in a defined area of ventrolateral pontine reticular formation was performed using a sequential technique for the detection of CA fluorescence and retrogradely transported HRP. Using control animals and rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of spinal CA axons, it was concluded that up to 93\% of all noradrenergic (NE) neurons present in the area investigated send an axonal process to the thoracic spinal cord and that NE neurons constitute at least 90\% of all spinally-projecting neurons present in the same area. Single unit recordings of spinally-projecting neurons were obtained in the same area of the reticular formation in urethane-anesthetized, paralyzed and respirated rats. Based on the above-mentioned anatomical data, antidromic activation 
from thoracic spinal cord provided a necessary and sufficient criterion for the identification of A5 NE cells. These neurons had a conduction velocity of 2.5 m/s, a discharge rate of up to 4 spikes/s and all were inhibited by i.v. clonidine or desmethylimipramine (DMI). The inhibition produced by the latter drugs was always reversed by the alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists piperoxan or yohimbine. Antidromic (AD)-activation was followed by a period of inhibition whose duration was increased by raising the intensity of the stimulus or by administration of the NE-uptake inhibitor DMI. The effect of the latter was reversed by administration of the alpha-2 antagonist piperoxan.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Electrophysiology; Hydroxydopamines, pharmacology; Male; Neural Inhibition; Norepinephrine, physiology; Oxidopamine; Pons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha, physiology; Reticular Formation, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(84)90206-3},
  pmid        = {6329470},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Byun:2010,
  Title                    = {The oxytocinergic neurons in hypothamo-hypophysial tract contributes to cns pathway innervating ovary in rat},
  Author                   = {Byun, Kyunghee and Oh, Jeehyun and Jo, Seung-Mook and Lee, Bonghee},
  Journal                  = {Korean journal of microscopy},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {211-218},
  Volume                   = {40},

  Abstract                 = {The mammalian ovary is innervated by sympathetic and sensory neurons which contribute to regulating several aspects of ovarian function, including blood flow, steroidogenesis and follicular development. The existence of a neural connection between central neurons and the ovary has been rarely reported, but the mechanism underlying integration of ovarian activity to broader neuroendocrine responses has not been reported. We have now used a viral transneuronal tracing technique combined with a conventional retrograde labeling procedure of CT-HRP to demonstrate that oxytocin-producing neurons of the hypothalamus are synaptically connected to the ovary. Since ovarian activity is suppressed but the activity of oxytocin neurons is increased during breast feeding. Our finding that the oxytocinergic neural connection is likely to provide a direct transsynaptic mechanism by which the central nervous system maintains the state of infertility that accompanies lactation in mammals.},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://astp.jst.go.jp/modules/search/DocumentDetail/1225-6773%2B%2540%2B_40_4_The%2BOxytocinergic%2BNeurons%2Bin%2BHypothamo-hypophysial%2BTract%2BContributes%2Bto%2BCNS%2BPathway%2BInnervating%2BOvary%2Bin%2BRat_%25EC%258B%259C%25EC%2583%2581%25ED%2595%2598%25EB%25B6%2580-%25EB%2587%258C%25ED%2595%2598%25EC%2588%2598%25EC%25B2%25B4%25EB%25A1%259C%2BOxytocin%25EC%258B%25A0%25EA%25B2%25BD%25EC%2584%25B8%25ED%258F%25AC%25EC%259D%2598%2B%25EB%2582%259C%25EC%2586%258C%25EB%25A1%259C%2B%25ED%2588%25AC%25EC%2582%25AC%25ED%2595%2598%25EB%258A%2594%2B%25EC%25A4%2591%25EC%25B6%2594%25EC%258B%25A0%25EA%25B2%25BD%25EB%25A1%259C%25EC%2597%2590%2B%25EA%25B4%2580%25ED%2595%259C%2B%25EC%2597%25B0%25EA%25B5%25AC}
}

@Article{Caballero-Bleda:1993,
  Title                    = {Regional and laminar organization of projections from the presubiculum and parasubiculum to the entorhinal cortex: an anterograde tracing study in the rat.},
  Author                   = {M. Caballero-Bleda and M. P. Witter},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {115--129},
  Volume                   = {328},

  Abstract                 = {The regional and laminar organization of the projections from the presubiculum and the parasubiculum to the entorhinal cortex was analyzed in the rat with the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). The projections from the presubiculum were bilateral and confined to layers III and I of the medial entorhinal area (MEA). Both the ispi- and the contralateral projections showed similar distributions and were almost of equal density. Projections to layer III of the entorhinal cortex arose predominantly from superficial layers of the presubiculum, whereas the fibers that reach layer I of the entorhinal cortex appear to originate preferentially from the deep layers of the presubiculum. These fibers also appeared to innervate weakly layer II of MEA. The parasubiculum distributed projections not only to MEA but also to the lateral entorhinal area (LEA), innervating layer II selectively. The innervation of LEA was quite dense and extensive. Very weak projections 
from the parasubiculum to the contralateral entorhinal cortex were observed in this study. The position of the terminal plexus in the entorhinal cortex was determined by the point of origin along both the dorsoventral and transverse or proximodistal axes of the presubiculum and parasubiculum. Projections from the presubiculum and parasubiculum entered the entorhinal cortex at the level of the injection, or slightly ventral to it, and the main terminal field was always present ventrally to the injection site. The dorsoventral axis of origin thus corresponded to a similarly oriented axis of termination in the entorhinal cortex. The distribution in relation to the origin along the transverse axis was more complex, and differences between the presubiculum and parasubiculum were present. The proximal presubiculum, i.e., the part closest to the subiculum, projected to the most lateral part of MEA and the central part of the presubiculum sent fibers to the most medial part of MEA. The distal part of the 
presubiculum, i.e., the part that borders the parasubiculum, projected to the central part of MEA. Projections from the portion of the parasubiculum directly adjacent to the presubiculum, the so-called proximal parasubiculum, reached medial parts of MEA, and those originating in the central part distributed preferentially to lateral parts of MEA and adjacent medial parts of LEA. The distal part of the parasubiculum that borders the entorhinal cortex projected mainly to almost the full mediolateral extent of LEA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903280109},
  Institution              = {Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Female; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Injections; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Wistar, anatomy /&/ histology; Terminology as Topic},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8429124},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903280109}
}

@Article{Caballero-Bleda:1994,
  author      = {M. Caballero-Bleda and M. P. Witter},
  title       = {Projections from the presubiculum and the parasubiculum to morphologically characterized entorhinal-hippocampal projection neurons in the rat.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {101},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {93--108},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00243220},
  abstract    = {The relations between the inputs from the presubiculum and the parasubiculum and the cells in the entorhinal cortex that give rise to the perforant pathway have been studied in the rat at the light microscopical level. Projections from the presubiculum and the parasubiculum were labeled anterogradely, and, in the same animal, cells in the entorhinal cortex that project to the hippocampal formation were labeled by retrograde tracing and subsequent intracellular filling with Lucifer Yellow. The distribution and the number of appositions between the afferent fibers and hippocampal-projection neurons in the various layers of the entorhinal cortex were analyzed. The results show that layers I-IV of the entorhinal cortex contain neurons that give rise to projections to the hippocampal formation. The morphology of these projection neurons is highly variable and afferents from the presubiculum and the parasubiculum do not show a preference for any specific morphological cell type. Both inputs 
preferentially innervate the dendrites of their target cells. However, presubicular and parasubicular projections differ with respect to the layer of entorhinal cortex they project to. The number of appositions of presubicular afferents with cells that have their cell bodies in layer III of the entorhinal cortex is 2-3 times higher than with cells in layer II. In contrast, afferents from the parasubiculum form at least 2-3 times as many synapses on the dendrites of cells located in layer II than on neurons that have their cell bodies in layer III. Cells in layers I and IV of the entorhinal cortex receive weak inputs from the presubiculum and parasubiculum. Not only is the presubiculum different from the parasubiculum with respect to the distribution of projections to the entorhinal cortex, they also differ in their afferent and efferent connections. In turn, cells in layer II of the entorhinal cortex differ in their electrophysiological characteristics from those in layer III. Moreover, layer II neurons give 
rise to the projections to the dentate gyrus and field CA3/CA2 of the hippocampus proper, and cells in layer III project to field CA1 and the subiculum. Therefore, we propose that the interactions of the entorhinal-hippocampal network with the presubiculum are different from those with the parasubiculum.},
  institution = {Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Entorhinal Cortex, cytology/physiology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Hippocampus, cytology/physiology; Isoquinolines; Neurons, physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synaptic Transmission},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7843307},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Cabirol-Pol:2000,
  author      = {Cabirol-Pol, M. J. and Mizrahi, A. and Simmers, J. and Meyrand, P.},
  title       = {Combining laser scanning confocal microscopy and electron microscopy to determine sites of synaptic contact between two identified neurons.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {97},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {175--181},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0165-0270(00)00184-9},
  abstract    = {Here we report a double labelling method for correlative confocal and electron microscopy (EM) which allows selective characterisation of structural relationships between two single identified neurons in the same preparation. Using the lobster stomatogastric nervous system, we labelled pairs of identified, synaptically-connected neurons by intracellular injection of Lucifer Yellow (LY) in one neuron and a mixture of Rhodamine (Rdh) and Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) in its partner. First, whole-mounts of LY- and Rdh-stained neurons were visualized using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) in order to isolate neuropilar regions of possible synaptic contact. Second, after conventional treatment for electron microscopy (LY was revealed with immunogold and HRP with DAB), areas of close appositions were viewed in EM. This technique allowed us to determine all the regions of close contact between two cells, and then to use electron microscopy to determine the presence or absence of synaptic 
contact within each of these restricted areas. These techniques enabled us to show that there were few areas of apposition and that only an extremely small proportion of these areas was in fact regions of synaptic contact between the two labelled neurons.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Réseaux, Université Bordeaux I and CNRS UMR 5816, Avenue des Facultés, 33405, Talence, France.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci Methods},
  keywords    = {Animals; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Ganglia, Invertebrate, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Isoquinolines; Male; Microscopy, Confocal, methods; Microscopy, Immunoelectron, methods; Microtomy; Nephropidae; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rhodamines; Synapses, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0165027000001849},
  pmid        = {10788671},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Cabirol-Pol:2002,
  author      = {Cabirol-Pol, Marie-Jeanne and Combes, Denis and Fénelon, Valérie S. and Simmers, John and Meyrand, Pierre},
  title       = {Rare and spatially segregated release sites mediate a synaptic interaction between two identified network neurons.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {50},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {150--163},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/neu.10023.abs},
  abstract    = {Laser-scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), electron microcopy (EM), and cellular electrophysiology were used in combination to study the structural basis of an inhibitory synapse between two identified neurons of the same network. To achieve this, we examined the chemical inhibitory synapse between identified neurons belonging to the lobster (Homarus gammarus) pyloric network: the pyloric dilator (PD) and the lateral pyloric (LP) neurons. In order to visualize simultaneously these two neurons, we used intrasomatic injection of Lucifer Yellow (LY) in one and rhodamine/horseradish peroxydase (HRP) in the other. Under LSCM, we found only two zones of close apposition in a restricted part of the neuritic tree of the two network neurons. Then, within these two zones, the synaptic release sites were searched using EM. To this end, photoconversion of LY with immunogold and development of HRP with DAB were performed on the previously observed preparations. Structural evidence was found for only one 
release site per zone. To confirm this result, and because the zones of contact were always segregated in a restricted part of the dendrites, we used laser photoablation to selectively delete, either pre- or postsynaptically, the branches on which the release sites were located. In both cases, such restrictive ablation completely abolished the functional interaction between these neurons. Our results therefore demonstrate that an inhibitory synapse that is essential for the operation of a neural network relies on only very few sites of contact localized in a highly restricted part of each neuron's dendritic arbor.},
  institution = {Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherche 5816, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence, France.},
  journal     = {J Neurobiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Dendrites, physiology/ultrastructure; Electrophysiology; Ganglia, Invertebrate, cytology; Microscopy, Electron; Nephropidae; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Stomach, innervation; Synapses, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {10.1002/neu.10023},
  pmid        = {11793361},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Cabot:1982,
  author    = {JB Cabot and A Reiner and N. Bogan},
  title     = {Avian Bulbospinal Pathways : Anterograde and Retrograde Studies of Cells of Origin, Funicular Trajectories and Laminar Terminations},
  year      = {1982},
  volume    = {57},
  pages     = {79-108},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi       = {10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64125-4},
  journal   = {Progress in Brain research:Descending Pathways to the Spinal Cord},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  timestamp = {23.05.2016},
}

@Article{Cabot:1994,
  Title                    = {Spinal cord lamina V and lamina VII interneuronal projections to sympathetic preganglionic neurons.},
  Author                   = {Cabot, J. B. and Alessi, V. and Carroll, J. and Ligorio, M.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {515--530},
  Volume                   = {347},

  Abstract                 = {This light and electron microscopic study sought to localize spinal cord interneurons that contribute to the normal and abnormal physiological regulation of spinal sympathetic preganglionic function. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons in caudal C8 through T4 of rat spinal cord were retrogradely labeled with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and/or cholera beta subunit (CT beta) following injections into the superior cervical ganglion (SCG). With two exceptions, the observed locations of retrogradely WGA- and CT beta-labeled sympathetic preganglionic neurons were as expected from previous studies. The exceptions were restricted populations of cells in caudal C8 and rostral T1 spinal segments. These neurons were classified as ventrolateral (vlSPN) and ventromedial (vmSPN) sympathetic preganglionic neurons; their somata and dendrites encircled dorsolateral lamina IX motoneurons. Only WGA was transported transneuronally following the retrograde labeling of sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
 Transneuronally WGA-labeled spinal interneurons were located principally in the reticulated division of lamina V and dorsolateral lamina VII. A strict segmental organization was observed. All transneuronally labeled interneurons were ipsilateral to, and coextensive with, retrogradely WGA-labeled sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Electron microscopic observations suggested that retrograde transsynaptic passage of WGA occurred within the sympathetic preganglionic neuropil and showed further that similar classes of organelles were WGA immunoreactive in retrogradely labeled sympathetic preganglionic neurons and in transneuronally labeled lamina V and lamina VII neurons: 1) cisternae and vesicles at the trans face of the Golgi apparatus, 2) large endosomes/dense bodies, and 3) multivesicular bodies. The data are consistent with two hypotheses: 1) Somatic and visceral primary afferent inputs to thoracic spinal cord modify segmental sympathetic preganglionic function through activation of a disynaptic pathway 
involving lamina V and/or lamina VII interneurons, and 2) long-loop propriospinal pathways access sympathetic preganglionic neurons through symmetrical, segmental interneuronal circuitry.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903470404},
  Institution              = {Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, cytology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Interneurons, physiology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7814672},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903470404}
}

@Article{Cabot:1995,
  Title                    = {Postsynaptic gephyrin immunoreactivity exhibits a nearly one-to-one correspondence with gamma-aminobutyric acid-like immunogold-labeled synaptic inputs to sympathetic preganglionic neurons.},
  Author                   = {Cabot, J. B. and Bushnell, A. and Alessi, V. and Mendell, N. R.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {418--432},
  Volume                   = {356},

  Abstract                 = {Peripheral regulation of cardiovascular function is fundamentally influenced by central excitation and inhibition of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in thoracic spinal cord. This electron microscopy study investigated whether the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic and glycinergic inhibitory innervation of sympathetic preganglionic neurons arises from mutually exclusive afferent populations. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons were retrogradely labeled with cholera beta subunit. GABAergic terminals were identified using strict quantitative statistical analyses as those boutons containing significantly elevated levels of GABA-like immunogold labeling (GABA+). Glycinergic terminals were classified as those boutons opposite postsynaptic gephyrin immunostaining containing background levels of GABA-like immunogold labeling (gephyrin+/GABA- association). Approximately 43\% of the synaptic terminals that contacted sympathetic preganglionic somata and proximal dendrites and that were 
opposite gephyrin were GABA-; the remaining 57\% were GABA+. Only two GABA+ boutons (4\%) that synapsed on identified sympathetic preganglionic neuron (SPN) processes were not opposite gephyrin immunostaining (GABA+/gephyrin- association). GABA-/gephyrin+ associations were anticipated given prior anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological data. The observed nearly one-to-one correspondence between postsynaptic gephyrin immunoreactivity and GABA+ boutons was unexpected. Prior physiological and pharmacological experiments suggest that the postsynaptic effects of GABAergic inputs to sympathetic preganglionic neurons are mediated by activation of GABAA receptors. Those data, the present results, and other molecular, biochemical, and anatomical studies of gephyrin in the central nervous system (CNS) are consistent with two hypotheses: 1) Postsynaptic gephyrin is associated with GABAA receptors in the membranes of sympathetic preganglionic neurons, and 2) GABA+/gephyrin+ associations do not necessarily predict 
colocalization of GABA and glycine within single boutons synapsing on sympathetic preganglionic somata and dendrites.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903560309},
  Institution              = {Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794-5230, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, cytology; Carrier Proteins, analysis; Ganglia, Sympathetic, cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Membrane Proteins, analysis; Nerve Endings, chemistry; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, chemistry; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7642803},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903560309}
}

@Article{Caceres:1981,
  author      = {Cáceres, A. and Taleisnik, S.},
  title       = {Pathways by which stimuli originating in the cingulate cortex inhibiting LH secretion reach the hypothalamus.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {32},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {317--324},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1159/000123180},
  abstract    = {The effect of transecting the frontal, lateral, dorsal or caudal afferents to the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) on the inhibition of LH release induced by electrochemical stimulation of the anterior cingulate area was studied. Electrochemical stimulation (100 microA/30 s) of the anterior cingulate area applied in ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats immediately after the first 15 min of electrical stimulation in the medial preoptic area (mPOA; monophasic square pulses of 1 ms duration, 50 Hz, 150 microA, 15 s on and 15 s off for 30 min) suppressed the rise in LH observed in control rats 15 min later. This inhibitory effect was prevented either by bilateral parallel cuts along the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) or by cuts in the premammillary area (PMA) interrupting the caudal afferents to the MBH, whereas it was not affected by suprachiasmatic or periventricular cuts or by transection of the medial corticohypothalamic tract. Unilateral cuts in the LHA also suppressed the effect of anterior 
cingulate area stimulation when the cortex of the frontal lobe ipsilateral to the side of the lesion was stimulated. None of these lesions interfered with the release of LH triggered by stimulation of the mPOA. Lesions in the LHA or PMA also prevented the blockade of ovulation and discharge of LH on the day of Proestrus induced by electrochemical stimulation of the anterior cingulate area. Besides, electrolytic lesions of the ascending noradrenergic pathways at the level of the dorsal noradrenergic tract or the medial forebrain bundle but not of the locus ceruleus or the A5 cell grouping also suppressed the inhibition of LH secretion. These results indicate that the impulses originated in the anterior cingulate area inhibiting LH release reached the hypothalamus by way of its lateral and caudal aspects and that an adrenergic mechanism is associated with this effect.},
  journal     = {Neuroendocrinology},
  keywords    = {Animals; Electric Stimulation; Estrus; Female; Frontal Lobe, physiology; Hypothalamus, physiology; Luteinizing Hormone, secretion; Pregnancy; Preoptic Area, physiology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7195476},
  timestamp   = {21.07.2015},
}

@Article{Caciagli:1988,
  author      = {Caciagli, F. and Ciccarelli, R. and {Di Iorio}, P. and Ballerini, P. and Tacconelli, L.},
  title       = {Cultures of glial cells release purines under field electrical stimulation: the possible ionic mechanisms.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {20},
  number      = {11},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {935--947},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0031-6989(88)80122-x},
  abstract    = {Dissociated primary cultures of glial cells released a remarkable amount of purines, at rest and during field electrical stimulation. The HPLC identification of labelled compounds derived from 3H-Adenosine (3H-Ado) (employed to preload the cultures) indicated that nucleotides and nucleosides were represented in the superfusate in equivalent proportions (43.86\% and 56.14\% respectively). Very much higher amounts of unlabelled purines prevalently constituted by nucleotides compounds (91.10\%) were also released and detectable in the superfusate. In all the experimental conditions their evoked release did not result frequency-dependent. Since: a linear increase related to the stimulation frequencies was found for the released labelled compounds; no labelled purines were assayed in 5 x 10-5M Dipyridamole-treated cultures; any significant presence of labelled nucleotides, inosine and hypoxantine was not found in cultures simultaneously treated with 1 x 10-5M 2'-deoxycoformycin and 1 x 10-4M 1-(-
5-isoquinolinsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperizine (H7) (3H-Ado amounts resulted more than doubled in these experimental conditions); labelled compounds have been assumed as tracers of a glial purine rate whose release can be connected to electrically-evoked action potentials. Purine outflow from glial cells is not sodium dependent, in fact TTX (5 x 10-7M) did not affect their basal or electrically-evoked release. A remarkable calcium-dependence was also evidentiated by the 1 x 10-4M Verapamil-induced inhibition of basal and evoked release. TEA (1 x 10-2M), a specific inhibitor of potassium efflux throughout calcium-mediated specific channels, strongly reduced the evoked purine outflow and any additive effect of its was not detectable when administered simultaneously to the calcium antagonist. These findings indicate that the frequency-dependent purine release from cultured glial cells is linked to ionic mechanisms, which calcium and potassium are mainly involved in.},
  institution = {Institute of Neuroscience, University of Chieti, Medical School, Italy.},
  journal     = {Pharmacol Res Commun},
  keywords    = {Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors; Adenosine, pharmacology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain, physiology; Cells, Cultured; Coformycin, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Electric Stimulation; Neuroglia, drug effects/physiology/secretion; Nucleotides, secretion; Pentostatin; Pharmacology; Rats; Reference Values; Tetraethylammonium; Tetraethylammonium Compounds, pharmacology; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology; Verapamil, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3266531},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Cadete-Leite:2003,
  author      = {Cadete-Leite, A. and Pereira, P. A. and Madeira, M. D. and Paula-Barbosa, M. M.},
  title       = {Nerve growth factor prevents cell death and induces hypertrophy of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in rats withdrawn from prolonged ethanol intake.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {119},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {1055--1069},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00205-7},
  abstract    = {We have previously reported that the hippocampal cholinergic fiber network is severely damaged in animals withdrawn from ethanol, and that a remarkable recovery in fiber density occurs following hippocampal grafting, a finding that we suggested to be underpinned by the graft production of neurotrophic factors, which are known to be decreased after ethanol exposure. It is widely accepted that nerve growth factor (NGF) signals the neurons of the brain cholinergic system, including those of the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca (MS/VDB) nuclei, from which the septohippocampal projection arises. Because neurons in these nuclei are vulnerable to ethanol consumption and withdrawal we thought of interest to investigate, in withdrawn rats previously submitted to a prolonged period of ethanol intake, the effects of intraventricular delivery of NGF upon the MS/VDB cholinergic neurons. Stereological methods were applied to estimate neuron numbers and neuronal volumes in choline 
acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunostained and Nissl-stained material. We have found that in ethanol-fed rats there was a significant reduction in the total number of Nissl-stained and cholinergic neurons in the MS/VDB, and that the suppression of ethanol intake further decreased neuron numbers. In addition, the somatic size of ChAT-IR neurons was reduced by ethanol intake, and withdrawal further aggravated neuronal atrophy. NGF treatment prevented the withdrawal-associated loss, and induced hypertrophy, of cholinergic neurons. These findings show that exogenous NGF protects the phenotype and prevents the withdrawal-induced degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the MS/VDB. These effects might be due to the trophic action of NGF upon the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, including the hippocampal fiber network that conveys this neurotrophin retrogradely to the MS/VDB, and/or upon their targets, that is, the hippocampal formation neurons.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Porto Medical School, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal. acadete@med.up.pt},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, metabolism; Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System, drug therapy/metabolism/physiopathology; Animals; Basal Nucleus of Meynert, drug effects/growth /&/ development/metabolism; Cell Count; Cell Death, drug effects/physiology; Cell Size, drug effects/physiology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Cholinergic Fibers, drug effects/metabolism; Drug Administration Schedule; Ethanol, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/toxicity; Hypertrophy, chemically induced/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Degeneration, drug therapy/physiopathology/prevention /&/ control; Nerve Growth Factor, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, drug therapy/physiopathology/prevention /&/ control},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452203002057},
  pmid        = {12831864},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Cador:1989,
  author      = {Cador, M. and Robbins, T. W. and Everitt, B. J.},
  title       = {Involvement of the amygdala in stimulus-reward associations: interaction with the ventral striatum.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {77--86},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(89)90354-0},
  abstract    = {The involvement of the amygdala in the potentiation of responding for conditioned reinforcers following intra-accumbens amphetamine injections has been studied. Thirsty rats were trained to associate a light-noise compound stimulus with water and then implanted with guide cannulae in the nucleus accumbens. Half of these rats received excitotoxic lesions of the basolateral region of the amygdala by accumbens. Half of these rats received excitotoxic lesions of the basolateral region of the amygdala by infusing N-methyl-D-aspartate, whereas the other half received infusions of the vehicle. In the test phase, water was no longer presented but responding on one of two novel levers produced the light-noise compound (the conditioned reinforcer) whereas responding on the other lever had no effect. The two groups received four counterbalanced intra-accumbens infusions of amphetamine (3, 10 and 30 micrograms /microliter) or vehicle over four test days. Intra-accumbens amphetamine infusions dose-
dependently increased responding on the lever providing a conditioned reinforcer but had no significant effect on responding on the lever which did not produce the conditioned reinforcer. Compared with controls, the lesioned group exhibited a significant, selective reduction in responding on the lever providing a conditioned reinforcer, with no change on the lever on which responding had no consequence, irrespective of drug or control treatment. Control experiments showed that the amygdala lesioned animals were not hypodipsic and exhibited similar levels of hyperactivity following intra-accumbens infusions of D-amphetamine. Furthermore, the capacity to discriminate the conditioned stimulus as well as to acquire a new motor task was not altered by the lesion. These results indicate a role for the amygdala in mediating the effects of stimulus-reward associations on behaviour, via an action on dopamine-dependent mechanisms of the ventral striatum.},
  institution = {Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, U.K.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Amphetamines, pharmacology; Amygdala, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Aspartic Acid, analogs /&/ derivatives; Conditioning, Classical, physiology; Corpus Striatum, drug effects/physiology; Dopamine, physiology; Drinking Behavior, physiology; Male; N-Methylaspartate; Neurotoxins, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reward, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2664556},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Cadusseau:1985,
  Title                    = {Afferent projections to the superior colliculus in the rat, with special attention to the deep layers.},
  Author                   = {J. Cadusseau and M. Roger},
  Journal                  = {J Hirnforsch},
  Year                     = {1985},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {667--681},
  Volume                   = {26},

  Abstract                 = {Sources of afferent projections to the superior colliculus (SC) of the rat were determined by means of the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. The experiments were conducted first to provide a comprehensive map of all the brain structures which supply input to the SC, and secondly to pinpoint the sources of afferents to the deep collicular layers. Experiments conducted after large HRP deposits invading almost all the collicular layers resulted in the labeling of visual centers (cortical areas 17, 18 and 18a, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, nucleus of the posterior commissure, nucleus of the optic tract, anterior and olivary pretectal nuclei, parabigeminal nucleus); somatosensory centers (cortical area SmI, principal and spinal tract trigeminal nuclei) auditory centers (auditory cortex, inferior colliculus and nuclei of the lateral lemniscus) and various other centers (zona incerta, substantia nigra, cingulate and motor cortices, and some hypothalamic, thalamic, 
pontine reticular and deep cerebellar nuclei). Deposits limited to the deep SC layers resulted in the labeling of a smaller number of structures: visual centers (cortical area 18a, nucleus of the posterior commissure, parabigeminal nucleus); somatosensory centers (cortical area SmI, principal and spinal tract trigeminal nuclei); auditory centers (inferior colliculus, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus); and various other centers (zona incerta, substantia nigra, cingulate cortex, some hypothalamic nuclei, posterior thalamic nucleus, central gray, cuneiformis and subcuneiformis nuclei, pontine reticular nucleus pars oralis). The pattern of the afferent connections to the rat's SC appears identical to the general plan of organization in mammals; the sources of afferents are extensive and allow the SC to be influenced by multisensory, limbic and even motor-related systems.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {4093595},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Cadusseau:1985a,
  Title                    = {[Description of a reciprocal connection between the zona incerta and the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus. Anatomic study in rats].},
  Author                   = {Cadusseau, J. and Roger, M.},
  Journal                  = {C R Acad Sci III},
  Year                     = {1985},
  Number                   = {17},
  Pages                    = {643--646},
  Volume                   = {300},

  Abstract                 = {This study describes a large reciprocal connection between zona incerta and posterior nucleus of the thalamus in the rat. The incerto-thalamic contingent of fibers arises essentially from pars caudalis of the ZI and is directed towards the caudal three quarters of the PT. The thalamo-incertal bundle originates from the central portion of the PT and is mainly directed to pars caudalis of the ZI.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Axonal Transport; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats},
  Language                 = {fre},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2427174},
  Timestamp                = {29.11.2012}
}

@Article{Cadusseau:1988,
  author      = {J. Cadusseau and M. Roger},
  title       = {Description of a large projection from the mesodiencephalic junction to the rostral red nucleus. An anatomical study in the rat and in the cat.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {28},
  number      = {1-2},
  pages       = {81--86},
  doi         = {10.1016/0166-4328(88)90081-2},
  abstract    = {Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to HRP (WGA-HRP) were deposited in the rostral pole (Rpc) of the red nucleus in 6 rats and 5 cats. In the rat, a zone of dense retrograde cell labeling and of diffuse axonal labeling occurred in the sub-pretectal area, a region which corresponds to the posterior thalamic nucleus (PT) of Bold et al. (Brain Research, 12 (1984) 521-527). In the cat, a similar retrograde and anterograde pattern of labeling was observed. The labeled area extended from the deep pretectum up to the diencephalon above the dorsomedial aspect of the ventral posterior thalamic nucleus. In a second set of experiments, 14 rats received a tracer injection (HRP, WGA-HRP or Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin) in the sub-pretectal area. The resultant pattern of labeling consisted in a heavy anterograde terminal labeling within the Rpc of the red nucleus. Sparse retrograde cell labeling also occurred in the Rpc.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, C.N.R.S. UA 290, Poitiers, France.},
  journal     = {Behav Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Cats; Cerebellar Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Red Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {0166-4328(88)90081-2},
  pmid        = {3382523},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Cadusseau:1990,
  Title                    = {Distribution of the efferent projections of the rat posterior thalamic nucleus as revealed by Phaseolus vulgaris immunohistochemistry.},
  Author                   = {J. Cadusseau and M. Roger},
  Journal                  = {J Hirnforsch},
  Year                     = {1990},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {459--465},
  Volume                   = {31},

  Abstract                 = {Following iontophoretic injection of Phaseolus vulgaris in the rat posterior thalamic nucleus (PT) dense terminal fields were labeled in the ipsilateral red nucleus, zona incerta, intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, pretectum, basilar pontine gray, and dorsal pole of the caudal division of the ventral lateral thalamic nucleus. Several other structures were more sparsely labeled; the reticular gigantocellular and pontine oral nuclei, nucleus of the mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal nerve, deep mesencephalic and posterior hypothalamic nuclei and the rostral part of the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus. The motor and, to a lesser extent, somatosensory cortices were labeled only following tracer injection in the rostral PT. The posterior thalamic nucleus thus projects to several centers primarily treating somatosensory and/or nociceptive messages, and to precerebellar and motor nuclei. Since a previous study has established that the PT also receives a 
major somatosensory and/or nociceptive input (Roger and Cadusseau, 1984), a non-specific, modulatory role of the PT is therefore proposed in the treatment of some aspects of somatosensory and/or nociceptive information.},
  Institution              = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, CNRS: URA 290 Faculté des Sciences, Poitiers, France.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1701466},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012}
}

@Article{Cadusseau:1991,
  author      = {Cadusseau, J. and Roger, M.},
  title       = {Cortical and subcortical connections of the pars compacta of the anterior pretectal nucleus in the rat.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {12},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {83--100},
  doi         = {10.1016/0168-0102(91)90102-5},
  abstract    = {The efferent and afferent connections of the dorsal part of the anterior pretectal nucleus, pars compacta (APc), were studied experimentally in the rat by using neurotracers. A restricted number of structures supply afferents to the anterior pretectal nucleus: the visual cortex (areas 17, 18 and 18a), ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and superficial layers of the superior colliculus. Additional afferents have been demonstrated originating from the Darkschewitsch nucleus, periaqueductal gray, zona incerta and anterior cingulate cortex. Efferent fibers are distributed to a sector of the deep mesencephalic nucleus just dorsolateral to the red nucleus, the basilar pontine gray, posterior and olivary pretectal nuclei, superficial layers of the superior colliculus, lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and zona incerta. These anatomical observations indicate that the pars compacta of the anterior pretectal nucleus is closely related to visual centers, suggesting 
an involvement of this nucleus in visually mediated behavior.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, CNRS: URA 290, Poitiers, France.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rhombencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0168-0102(91)90102-5},
  pmid        = {1721119},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Cadusseau:1992,
  author      = {J. Cadusseau and M. Roger},
  title       = {[Connections of the posterior region of the thalamus in rats].},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {fre},
  volume      = {33},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {19--35},
  note        = {Article in french.},
  abstract    = {Using retrograde and anterograde tracing methods we have studied in the posterior region of the thalamus of the rat the distribution of: (1) the terminal fields of the main afferents arising from somatosensory centers (dorsal column nuclei, interpolar trigeminal subnucleus, somatosensory cortex), motor centers (red nucleus, motor cortex) and multimodal structures (deep layers of the superior colliculus, zona incerta, cingular cortex) and of (2) the neurons giving rise to the main efferents towards the sensorimotor cortex, the red nucleus, the deep layers of the superior colliculus and the zone incerta. The overlap of the retrograde and anterograde labeling reveals a relatively homogeneous region. Considering however the cortical connections, three different subdivisions can be distinguished: a caudal pole completely devoid of cortical connections, a medial subdivision receiving cortical afferents from the sensorimotor and cingulate cortices and a rostral pole reciprocally connected with the 
sensorimotor cortex. Therefore the rostral pole would be the only part of this region which should be included in the thalamus.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, CNRS URA 290, Faculté des Sciences, Poitiers.},
  journal     = {J Hirnforsch},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {1280291},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Caeser:1991,
  author      = {Caeser, M. and Aertsen, A.},
  title       = {Morphological organization of rat hippocampal slice cultures.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {307},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {87--106},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903070109},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903070109},
  abstract    = {Using various histological methods, we investigated the cellular and morphological organization of rat hippocampal slice cultures. Many of the typical features of the hippocampus were retained in vitro over a long period of time. The principal cell types of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus, the pyramidal cells and granule cells, were well preserved and matured in vitro. Nonpyramidal cells and gamma-aminobutyric-acid (GABA) cells were also present in slice cultures and exhibited a strikingly similar dendritic appearance at the light microscopic level. Moreover, GABA-immunoreactive cell bodies and presynaptic terminals could be identified at the electron microscopic level; they expressed typical symmetric synaptic contacts with cell bodies and dendrites. The course of the intrinsic hippocampal fiber pathways--the mossy fibers, Schaffer collaterals, and alveus--was generally retained in vitro. Additional aberrant fiber projections could be identified. Finally, three types of nonneuronal cells 
could be distinguished on the basis of immunocytochemical methods.},
  institution = {Max-Planck-Institut für Biologische Kybernetik, Tübingen, Germany.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Carbocyanines, diagnostic use; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, immunology; Organ Culture Techniques; Pyramidal Tracts, cytology; Rats; Silver, diagnostic use; Staining and Labeling; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, immunology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1713228},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Cafarchio:2016,
  author    = {Eduardo M. Cafarchio and Luiz A. da Silva and Luciana C. Auresco and Cristiana A. Ogihara and Roberto L. Almeida and Gisele Giannocco and Maria C.B. Luz and Fernando L.A. Fonseca and Monica A. Sato},
  title     = {Cholinergic activation of neurons in the medulla oblongata changes urinary bladder activity by plasma vasopressin release in female rats},
  year      = {2016},
  pages     = {-},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  issn      = {0014-2999},
  doi       = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.02.043},
  url       = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014299916300656},
  abstract  = {Abstract The central control of the micturition is dependent on cortical areas and other ascending and descending pathways in the brain stem. The descendent pathways from the pons to the urinary bladder (UB) can be direct or indirect through medullary neurons (MN). Chemical stimulation with l-glutamate of \{MN\} known for their involvement in cardiovascular regulation evokes changes in pelvic nerves activities, which innervate the urinary bladder. Different neurotransmitters have been found in medullary areas; nevertheless, their involvement in \{UB\} control is few understood. We focused to investigate if cholinergic activation of neurons in the medulla oblongata changes the urinary bladder activity. Carbachol (cholinergic agonist) or atropine (cholinergic antagonist) was injected into the 4thV in anesthetized female Wistar rats and the intravesical pressure (IP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and renal conductance (RC) were recorded for 30 min. Carbachol injection into the 
4thV 
increased \{IP\} with peak response at 30 min after carbachol and yielded no changes in MAP, \{HR\} and RC. Atropine injection into the 4thV decreased \{IP\} and elicited no changes in MAP, \{HR\} and RC. Plasma vasopressin levels evaluated by \{ELISA\} kit assay increased after carbachol into the 4th V. Intravenous blockade of \{V1\} receptors prior to carbachol into the 4thV abolished the increase in \{IP\} evoked by carbachol. Therefore, our findings suggest that cholinergic activation of neurons in the medulla oblongata by carbachol injections into the 4thV increases \{IP\} due to plasma vasopressin release, which acts in \{V1\} receptors in the UB. },
  journal   = {European Journal of Pharmacology},
  keywords  = {Cholinergic},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.02.2016},
}

@Article{Caffe:1987a,
  author      = {Caff{\'{e}}, A. R. and {van Leeuwen}, F. W. and Luiten, P. G.},
  title       = {Vasopressin cells in the medial amygdala of the rat project to the lateral septum and ventral hippocampus.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {261},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {237--252},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902610206},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902610206},
  abstract    = {The rat brain contains a large number of vasopressin (VP) immunoreactive fibers, the sites of origin of which have not yet been established completely. For instance, the sources of VP fiber systems in the amygdala, ventral hippocampus (VH), mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, ventral tegmental area, and dorsal raphe yet remain obscure. These VP fibers may originate in any of the recently described extrahypothalamic VP cell groups, viz., medial amygdaloid nucleus (AME), dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, or locus coeruleus, since VP efferents from these cells still remain to be demonstrated. In search of AME VP efferents three approaches were followed: (1) the Phaseolus vulgaris anterograde tracing method, (2) immunocytochemistry after AME lesioning, and (3) retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye in combination with immunofluorescence. The results demonstrate that VP cells in the AME project to (1) the lateral septum (LS) by the ventral amygdalofugal pathway and (2) the VH via the 
amygdalohippocampal transition zone. In addition, the VP projection from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) to the LS was confirmed. There was no indication that VP cells in the AME project through the amygdalotegmental pathway to the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. The results support the possibility that the BST and AME are an anatomical entity that may be part of the central loci controlling sexual processes in the rat.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Animals; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology; Vasopressins, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3305600},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Caffe:1987,
  Title                    = {Vasopressin cells in the medial amygdala of the rat project to the lateral septum and ventral hippocampus.},
  Author                   = {A. R. Caffé and F. W. van Leeuwen and P. G. Luiten},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1987},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {237--252},
  Volume                   = {261},

  Abstract                 = {The rat brain contains a large number of vasopressin (VP) immunoreactive fibers, the sites of origin of which have not yet been established completely. For instance, the sources of VP fiber systems in the amygdala, ventral hippocampus (VH), mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, ventral tegmental area, and dorsal raphe yet remain obscure. These VP fibers may originate in any of the recently described extrahypothalamic VP cell groups, viz., medial amygdaloid nucleus (AME), dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, or locus coeruleus, since VP efferents from these cells still remain to be demonstrated. In search of AME VP efferents three approaches were followed: (1) the Phaseolus vulgaris anterograde tracing method, (2) immunocytochemistry after AME lesioning, and (3) retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye in combination with immunofluorescence. The results demonstrate that VP cells in the AME project to (1) the lateral septum (LS) by the ventral amygdalofugal pathway and (2) the VH via the 
amygdalohippocampal transition zone. In addition, the VP projection from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) to the LS was confirmed. There was no indication that VP cells in the AME project through the amygdalotegmental pathway to the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. The results support the possibility that the BST and AME are an anatomical entity that may be part of the central loci controlling sexual processes in the rat.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902610206},
  Keywords                 = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Animals; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology; Vasopressins, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {3305600},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902610206}
}

@Article{Cafferty:2004,
  author      = {Cafferty, William B J. and Gardiner, Natalie J. and Das, Partha and Qiu, Jin and McMahon, Stephen B. and Thompson, Stephen W N.},
  title       = {Conditioning injury-induced spinal axon regeneration fails in interleukin-6 knock-out mice.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {18},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {4432--4443},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2245-02.2004},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2245-02.2004},
  abstract    = {Regeneration of injured adult sensory neurons within the CNS is essentially abortive, attributable in part to lesion-induced or revealed inhibitors such as the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and the myelin inhibitors (Nogo-A, MAG, and OMgp). Much of this inhibition may be overcome by boosting the growth status of sensory neurons by delivering a conditioning lesion to their peripheral branches. Here, we identify a key role for the lesion-induced cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in mediating conditioning lesion-induced enhanced regeneration of injured dorsal column afferents. In adult mice, conditioning injury to the sciatic nerve 1 week before bilateral dorsal column crush resulted in regeneration of dorsal column axons up to and beyond the injury site into host CNS tissue. This enhanced growth state was accompanied by an increase in the expression of the growth-associated protein GAP43 in preinjured but not intact dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Preconditioning injury of the sciatic nerve in IL-
6 -/- mice resulted in the total failure in regeneration of dorsal column axons consequent on the lack of GAP43 upregulation after a preconditioning injury. DRGs cell counts and cholera toxin beta subunit labeling revealed that impaired regeneration in knock-out mice was unrelated to cell loss or a deficit in tracer transport. In vitro, exogenous IL-6 boosted sensory neuron growth status as evidenced by enhanced neurite extension. This effect required NGF or NT-3 but not soluble IL-6 receptor as cofactors. Evidence of conditioning lesion-enhanced growth status of DRGs cells can also be observed in vitro as an earlier and enhanced rate of neurite extension; this phenomenon fails in IL-6 -/- mice preinjured 7 d in vivo. We suggest that injury-induced IL-6 upregulation is required to promote regeneration within the CNS. Our results indicate that this is achieved through a boosted growth state of dorsal column projecting sensory neurons.},
  institution = {Centre for Neuroscience Research, Guy's, Kings and St. Thomas' School of Biomedical Science, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom. will.cafferty@kcl.ac.uk},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, drug effects/pathology/physiology; Axotomy; Cell Differentiation, drug effects/genetics; Cells, Cultured; Cholera Toxin; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Synergism; GAP-43 Protein, metabolism; Ganglia, Spinal, cytology/metabolism; Interleukin-6, genetics/pharmacology/physiology; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Nerve Growth Factors, pharmacology; Nerve Regeneration, drug effects/genetics/physiology; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism/pathology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sciatic Nerve, drug effects/physiopathology; Sciatic Neuropathy, chemically induced/physiopathology; Spinal Cord Injuries, genetics/pathology/physiopathology; Spinal Cord, pathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {24/18/4432},
  pmid        = {15128857},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Cai:2003,
  author      = {Cai, Fang and Helke, Cinda J.},
  title       = {Abnormal PI3 kinase/Akt signal pathway in vagal afferent neurons and vagus nerve of streptozotocin-diabetic rats.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {110},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {234--244},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0169-328x(02)00652-6},
  abstract    = {The PI3 (phosphatidylinositol-3) kinase/Akt (protein kinase B) signal pathway is involved in the molecular signaling that regulates retrograde axonal transport of neurotrophins in the nervous system. Previous work showed that a reduced retrograde axonal transport of endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in the vagus nerve of diabetic rats occurred in the presence of normal production of neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors. To assess the potential involvement of an impaired PI3 kinase/Akt signal pathway in the diabetes-induced reduction in retrograde axonal transport of neurotrophins in the vagus nerve, we characterized diabetes-induced changes in the PI3 kinase/Akt signal pathway in the vagus nerve and vagal afferent neurons. Control and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats with a duration of 16 weeks, kinase assays, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry were used to show that diabetes resulted in alterations in activity and protein expression of the 
PI3 kinase/Akt signal pathway in the vagus nerve and vagal afferent neurons. Diabetes caused a significant decrease in enzymatic activity of PI3 kinase and Akt (52 and 36\% of control, respectively) in the vagus nerve. The reduced enzymatic activity was not associated with decreased protein expression of the p85 subunit of PI3 kinase, Akt and phosphorylation of Akt (ser473). In contrast, there was a significant increase in the phosphorylation of p70s6 kinase (thr421/ser424) along with a normal protein expression of p70s6 kinase in the vagus nerve of diabetic rats. However, diabetes induced an overall decrease in immunoreactivity of the p85 subunit of PI3 kinase, phospho-Akt (ser473) and phospho-p70s6/p85s6 kinase (thr421/ser424) in vagal afferent neurons. Thus, impaired PI3 kinase/Akt signal pathway may partly account for the reduced retrograde axonal transport of neurotrophins in the vagus nerve of STZ-induced diabetic rats.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Mol Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Apoptosis, physiology; Axonal Transport, physiology; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, enzymology/physiopathology; Diabetic Neuropathies, enzymology/physiopathology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Growth Factors, metabolism; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, enzymology; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, metabolism; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Proto-Oncogene Proteins, metabolism; Rats; Signal Transduction, physiology; Vagus Nerve Diseases, enzymology/etiology/physiopathology; Vagus Nerve, enzymology/physiopathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0169328X02006526},
  pmid        = {12591159},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Cai:1998,
  author      = {Cai, H. and Carney, L. H. and Colburn, H. S.},
  title       = {A model for binaural response properties of inferior colliculus neurons. I. A model with interaural time difference-sensitive excitatory and inhibitory inputs.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {103},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {475--493},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {A model was developed that simulates the binaural response properties of low-frequency inferior colliculus (IC) neurons in response to several types of stimuli. The model incorporates existing models for auditory-nerve fibers, bushy cells in the cochlear nucleus, and cells in medial superior olive (MSO). The IC model neuron receives two inputs, one excitatory from an ipsilateral MSO model cell and one inhibitory from a contralateral MSO model cell. The membrane potential of the IC model neuron (and the other model neurons) is described by Hodgkin-Huxley type equations. Responses of IC neurons are simulated for pure-tone stimuli, binaural beat stimuli, interaural phase-modulated tones, single binaural clicks, and pairs of binaural clicks. The simulation results show most of the observed properties of IC discharge patterns, including the bimodal and unimodal interaural time difference (ITD) functions, sensitivities to direction and rate of change of ITD, ITD-dependent echo suppression, and 
early and late inhibitions in response to clicks. This study demonstrates that these response properties can be generated by a simple model incorporating ITD-dependent excitation and inhibition from binaural neurons.},
  institution = {Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Massachusetts 02215, USA.},
  journal     = {J Acoust Soc Am},
  keywords    = {Acoustic Stimulation; Humans; Inferior Colliculi, physiology; Models, Biological; Neural Conduction, physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Time Factors; Vestibulocochlear Nerve, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9440334},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Cai:2007,
  author      = {Cai, Tongjian and Yao, Ting and Li, Yan and Chen, Yaoming and Du, Kejun and Chen, Jingyuan and Luo, Wenjing},
  title       = {Proteasome inhibition is associated with manganese-induced oxidative injury in PC12 cells.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1185},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {359--365},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.075},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.075},
  abstract    = {Manganese has been known to induce neurological disorders similar to Parkinson's disease. The dysfunction of ubiquitin-proteasome system, a pathway involved in detoxification and targeting of damaged proteins, is connected with Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Oxidative stress may be involved in Parkinson's disease, and may also be associated with manganese-induced neurotoxicity. In the present study, we determined the effects of manganese chloride on proteasome activity in PC12 cells. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between oxidative stress and the change of proteasome activity. The proteasome activity of PC12 cells was measured by an ELISA method. Selective oxidative stress parameters, including malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl, were measured in PC12 cells treated with manganese chloride. Cell survival and apoptosis were measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling. In our research, manganese chloride exposure 
inhibited the activity of proteasome and induced oxidative stress. Both can be reversed by antioxidant agent N-acetylcysteine. N-acetylcysteine also inhibited the cytotoxicity induced by manganese chloride. In conclusion, our results imply that proteasome inhibition may be associated with manganese-induced cytotoxicity in dopaminergic neurons, which may be connected with oxidative damage.},
  institution = {Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Acetylcysteine, pharmacology; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antioxidants, pharmacology; Apoptosis, drug effects; Cell Count, methods; Chlorides, adverse effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, methods; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Manganese Compounds, adverse effects; Oxidative Stress, drug effects; PC12 Cells, drug effects/pathology; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex, metabolism; Protein Carbonylation, drug effects; Rats; Tetrazolium Salts, diagnostic use; Thiazoles, diagnostic use; Trace Elements, adverse effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(07)02279-2},
  pmid        = {17996855},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Cai:1996,
  author      = {Cai, Y. and Hay, M. and Bishop, V. S.},
  title       = {Synaptic connections and interactions between area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {724},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {121--124},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(96)00282-x},
  abstract    = {The purpose of this study was to examine whether there are separate excitatory and inhibitory pathways from the area postrema (AP) to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and to examine the synaptic interactions between inputs from the AP and solitary tract (ST) on the NTS neurons. The following observations were made: (1) the predominant projections from the AP to the NTS were excitatory. Among the cells that had AP input, 90\% of the cells (43/48) were excited by AP stimulation while 10\% (5/48) of the cells were inhibited; (2) inputs from the AP and ST mainly summated occlusively on the NTS neurons, but at near threshold of discharge, the input from one source could facilitate the generation of action potentials induced by the other; and (3) single conditioning stimulation of the AP did not significantly inhibit the NTS neuronal response to ST stimulation, but stimulation of the AP with a train of high frequency stimuli inhibited the response of NTS neurons to ST stimulation and inhibited 
the evoked response to AP stimulation. The results of this study may help in the understanding of the modulatory role of the AP in the baroreflex and the integration process in the NTS.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284-7756, USA.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Baroreflex, physiology; Electrophysiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Organ Culture Techniques; Rabbits; Solitary Nucleus, cytology/physiology; Synapses, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(96)00282-X},
  pmid        = {8816265},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Cai:2007a,
  Title                    = {Glutamatergic vestibular neurons express Fos after vestibular stimulation and project to the NTS and the PBN in rats.},
  Author                   = {Cai, Yi-Ling and Ma, Wen-Ling and Li, Min and Guo, Jun-Sheng and Li, Yi-Qian and Wang, Li-Gang and Wang, Wei-Zhong},
  Journal                  = {Neurosci Lett},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {132--137},
  Volume                   = {417},

  Abstract                 = {In this study, retrograde tracing method combined with phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) and Fos immunofluorescence histochemistry was used to identify glutamatergic vestibular nucleus (VN) neurons receiving vestibular inputs and projecting to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the parabrachial nucleus (PBN). Conscious animals were subjected to 120 min Ferris-wheel like rotation stimulation. Neuronal activation was assessed by Fos expression in the nucleus of VN neurons. After Fluoro-gold (FG) injection into the caudal NTS, approximately 48\% FG-labeled VN neurons were immunoreactive for PAG, and about 14\% PAG/FG double-labeled neurons co-existed with Fos. Following FG injection into the PBN, approximately 56\% FG-labeled VN neurons were double-labeled with PAG, and about 12\% of the PAG/FG double-labeled neurons also expressed Fos. Careful examination of the typology and distribution pattern of these PAG-immunoreactive neurons indicated that the vast majority of 
these neurons were glutamatergic rather than GABAergic. These results suggest that PAG-immunoreactive VN neurons might constitute excitatory glutamatergic VN-NTS and VN-PBN transmission pathways and these pathways might be involved in vestibulo-autonomic reflexes during vestibular stimulation.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neulet.2007.01.079},
  Institution              = {Department of Military Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China. yilingcai1@sohu.com},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autonomic Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Brain Mapping; Glutamic Acid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Motion Sickness, metabolism/physiopathology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rotation; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Stilbamidines; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Vestibular Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Vestibule, Labyrinth, physiology; Visceral Afferents, cytology/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0304-3940(07)00098-5},
  Pmid                     = {17412503},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2007.01.079}
}

@Article{Cai:2008,
  Title                    = {Excitatory pathways from the vestibular nuclei to the NTS and the PBN and indirect vestibulo-cardiovascular pathway from the vestibular nuclei to the RVLM relayed by the NTS.},
  Author                   = {Cai, Yi-Ling and Ma, Wen-Ling and Wang, Jun-Qin and Li, Yi-Qian and Li, Min},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Pages                    = {96--104},
  Volume                   = {1240},

  Abstract                 = {Previous studies have confirmed the existence of vestibulo-sympathetic pathways in the central nervous system. However, the exact pathways and neurotransmitters underlying this reflex are unclear. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether the vestibulo-cardiovascular responses are a result of activated glutamate receptors in the caudal vestibular nucleus. We also attempt to verify the indirect excitatory pathways from the vestibular nucleus (VN) to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) using a tracing method combined with a vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluTs) immunofluorescence. In anesthetized rats, unilateral injection of l-glutamate (5 nmol) into the medial vestibular nucleus (MVe) and spinal vestibular nucleus (SpVe) slightly increased the mean arterial pressure (MVe: 93.29+/-11.58 to 96.30+/-11.66, SpVe: 91.72+/-15.20 to 95.48+/-17.16). Local pretreatment with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist MK-801 (2 nmol) significantly attenuated 
the pressor effect of L-glutamate injected into the MVe compared to the contralateral self-control. After injection of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the MVe and SpVe, and fluorogold (FG) into the RVLM, some BDA-labeled fibres and terminals in the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS) and the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) were immunoreactive for VGluT1 and VGluT2. Several BDA-labeled fibres were closely apposed to FG-labeled neurons in the NTS. These results suggested that activation of caudal vestibular nucleus neurons could induce pressor response and NMDA receptors might contribute to this response in the MVe. The glutamatergic VN-NTS and VN-PBN pathways might exist, and the projections from the VN to the RVLM relayed by the NTS comprise an indirect vestibulo-cardiovascular pathway in the brain stem.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.093},
  Institution              = {Department of Military Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China. yilingcai1@sohu.com},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Blood Pressure, drug effects/physiology; Dizocilpine Maleate, administration /&/ dosage; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, administration /&/ dosage; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Glutamic Acid, administration /&/ dosage; Immunohistochemistry; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Medulla Oblongata, drug effects/physiology; Microscopy, Confocal; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins, metabolism; Vestibular Nuclei, drug effects/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0006-8993(08)02157-4},
  Pmid                     = {18809392},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.093}
}

@Article{Caicedo:1993,
  Title                    = {Topography of descending projections from the inferior colliculus to auditory brainstem nuclei in the rat.},
  Author                   = {A. Caicedo and H. Herbert},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {377--392},
  Volume                   = {328},

  Abstract                 = {We examined the organization of descending projections from the inferior colliculus (IC) to auditory brainstem nuclei and to pontine and reticular nuclei in the rat by employing the anterograde axonal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Small PHA-L injections into cytologically defined subnuclei of the IC revealed that each subnucleus has a unique pattern of efferent projections. The central nucleus of the IC projects in a topographic order to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DLL), the rostral periolivary nucleus (RPO), the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB), and the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). It is assumed that this topography represents a cochleotopic arrangement. The external cortex of the IC projects to the nucleus sagulum (Sag), the RPO, the VNTB, and the DCN. Minor projections were found to pontine and reticular nuclei. Efferent fibers from the dorsal cortex of the IC terminate mainly in the Sag, while other nuclei of the auditory 
and extra-auditory brainstem receive only minor projections. The intercollicular zone sends a moderate number of fibers to the DLL and very few, if any, to the remaining auditory brainstem nuclei. In contrast, fairly strong projections from the intercollicular zone to the reticular formation were found. The present data demonstrate that the four subnuclei of the IC have a differential pattern of descending projections to nuclei in the pontine and medullary brainstem. These parallel colliculofugal pathways, assumed to belong to functionally separate circuits, may modulate auditory processing at different levels of the auditory neuraxis.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903280305},
  Institution              = {Department of Animal Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Microinjections; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7680052},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903280305}
}

@Article{Caicedo:2004,
  Title                    = {Rat gustatory neurons in the geniculate ganglion express glutamate receptor subunits.},
  Author                   = {Caicedo, Alejandro and Zucchi, Benedetta and Pereira, Elizabeth and Roper, Stephen D.},
  Journal                  = {Chem Senses},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {463--471},
  Volume                   = {29},

  Abstract                 = {Taste receptor cells are innervated by primary gustatory neurons that relay sensory information to the central nervous system. The transmitter(s) at synapses between taste receptor cells and primary afferent fibers is (are) not yet known. By analogy with other sensory organs, glutamate might a transmitter in taste buds. We examined the presence of AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits in rat gustatory primary neurons in the ganglion that innervates the anterior tongue (geniculate ganglion). AMPA and NMDA type subunits were immunohistochemically detected with antibodies against GluR1, GluR2, GluR2/3, GluR4 and NR1 subunits. Gustatory neurons were specifically identified by retrograde tracing with fluorogold from injections made into the anterior portion of the tongue. Most gustatory neurons in the geniculate ganglion were strongly immunoreactive for GluR2/3 (68\%), GluR4 (78\%) or NR1 (71\%). GluR1 was seen in few cells (16\%). We further examined if glutamate receptors were present in 
the peripheral terminals of primary gustatory neurons in taste buds. Many axonal varicosities in fungiform and vallate taste buds were immunoreactive for GluR2/3 but not for NR1. We conclude that gustatory neurons express glutamate receptors and that glutamate receptors of the AMPA type are likely targeted to synapses within taste buds.},
  Doi                      = {10.1093/chemse/bjh048},
  Institution              = {of Medicine, 1638 NW 10th Avenue, William L. McKnight Vision Research Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA. acaicedo@chroma.med.miami.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Geniculate Ganglion, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons, metabolism; Protein Subunits, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA, biosynthesis; Receptors, Glutamate, biosynthesis; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, biosynthesis; Taste; Taste Buds, cytology/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {29/6/463},
  Pmid                     = {15269118},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjh048}
}

@Article{Calabresi:2000,
  author      = {Calabresi, P. and Centonze, D. and Gubellini, P. and Pisani, A. and Bernardi, G.},
  title       = {Acetylcholine-mediated modulation of striatal function.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {23},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {120--126},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01501-5},
  abstract    = {Striatal spiny neurones serve as a major anatomical locus for the relay of cortical information flow through the basal ganglia. these projection neurones also represent the main synaptic target of cholinergic interneurones, whose physiological role in striatal activity still remains largely enigmatic. The striatal cholinergic system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, but the cellular mechanisms underlying cholinergic-neurone function are still unknown. On the basis of in vitro electrophysiological evidence, obtained from a rat corticostriatal-slice preparation, we propose that endogenous ACh exerts a complex modulation of striatal synaptic transmission, which produces both short-term and long-term effects. ACh-mediated mechanisms might be of crucial importance in processing the cortical inputs to the striatum.},
  institution = {Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.},
  journal     = {Trends Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, metabolism/pharmacology; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/metabolism; Excitatory Amino Acids, biosynthesis; Humans; Interneurons, cytology/metabolism; Long-Term Potentiation, drug effects/physiology; N-Methylaspartate, metabolism; Nerve Net, metabolism; Rats; Receptors, Muscarinic, metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, biosynthesis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0166-2236(99)01501-5},
  pmid        = {10675916},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Calabresi:2014,
  author      = {Calabresi, Paolo and Picconi, Barbara and Tozzi, Alessandro and Ghiglieri, Veronica and {Di Filippo}, Massimiliano},
  title       = {Direct and indirect pathways of basal ganglia: a critical reappraisal.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {1022--1030},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/nn.3743},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.3743},
  abstract    = {The basal ganglia are subcortical nuclei controlling voluntary actions and have been implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). The prevailing model of basal ganglia function states that two circuits, the direct and indirect pathways, originate from distinct populations of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and project to different output structures. These circuits are believed to have opposite effects on movement. Specifically, the activity of direct pathway MSNs is postulated to promote movement, whereas the activation of indirect pathway MSNs is hypothesized to inhibit it. Recent findings have revealed that this model might not fully account for the concurrent activation of both pathways during movement. Accordingly, we propose a model in which intrastriatal connections are critical and the two pathways are structurally and functionally intertwined. Thus, all MSNs might either facilitate or inhibit movement depending on the form of synaptic plasticity expressed at a certain moment. In PD, 
alterations of dopamine-dependent synaptic plasticity could alter this coordinated activity.},
  institution = {Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia, Italy.},
  journal     = {Nat Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {nn.3743},
  pmid        = {25065439},
  timestamp   = {11.08.2014},
}

@Article{Calaminici:1993,
  author      = {M. Calaminici and F. A. Abdulla and J. D. Sinden and J. D. Stephenson},
  title       = {Direct evidence for axonal outgrowth from cholinergic grafts to cholinergically-deafferented rat cortex.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {4},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {585--587},
  doi         = {10.1097/00001756-199305000-00032},
  abstract    = {True Blue, a retrograde fluorescent tracer, was used to investigate axonal outgrowth after grafting embryonic forebrain cholinergic tissue into the cholinergically-deafferented rat frontal cortex. Unilateral deafferentation was achieved by injecting alpha-amino-3-OH-4-isoxozole propionic acid (AMPA) into the ipsilateral nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Grafting occurred 3 weeks after the lesion. Eight to 10 weeks later, True Blue was injected bilaterally into the cortex at a superficial site which, on the transplanted side, was located at least 2 mm away from the transplant. Forty-eight h later, retrogradely labelled fluorescent neurones could be seen in the deepest part of the transplants. Some of these neurones were shown to be ChAt-positive, providing evidence of axonal outgrowth from transplanted cholinergic neurones into cholinergically-deafferented frontal cortex.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.},
  journal     = {Neuroreport},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, pharmacology; Animals; Axons, physiology; Basal Ganglia, cytology/drug effects; Benzofurans; Brain Tissue Transplantation; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/growth /&/ development; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Fluorescent Dyes; Frontal Lobe, cytology/growth /&/ development; Histocytochemistry; Ibotenic Acid, analogs /&/ derivatives/toxicity; Male; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Parasympathetic Nervous System, cytology/growth /&/ development; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7685643},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Calaminici:1997,
  author      = {Calaminici, M. and Abdulla, F. A. and Sinden, J. D. and Stephenson, J. D.},
  title       = {Plastic changes in the cholinergic innervation of the rat cerebral cortex after unilateral lesion of the nucleus basalis with alpha-amino-3-OH-4-isoxozole propionic acid (AMPA): effects of basal forebrain transplants into neocortex.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {42},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {79--93},
  note        = {A partial lesion of the substantia nigra pars compacta and retrorubral field decreases the harmaline-induced glutamate release in the rat cerebellum.},
  abstract    = {Unilateral AMPA lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nbm) produced a nearly complete loss of cholinergic markers in the ipsilateral frontal and parietal cortices with no recovery at 6 months. The loss was associated with compensatory increases in AChE-positive fibre density in the contralateral cortex, in ipsilateral cortical regions not receiving their cholinergic innervation from the nbm and in the size of cholinergic magnocellular neurones in the contralateral nbm. The hypertrophy and increase in AChE-positive fibre density were apparent at 4-6 weeks after lesion and increased with time. Cholinergic transplants to cholinergically deafferented cortex prevented development of the compensatory increases in AChE-positive fibre density and restored AChE-positive fibre density and ChAT activity to control levels in ipsilateral cholinergically deafferented regions, partially after 6-8 weeks and completely after 6 months. In contrast, when cholinergic grafts were placed into unlesioned 
cortex, axonal outgrowth was localized to the vicinity of the transplant and did not develop with time. These results support the concept that vacant synapses promote and direct axonal outgrowth from transplanted neurones and that grafted cholinergic neurones integrate into the lesioned forebrain cholinergic projections system and prevent the lesion-induced changes in AChE-positive fibre density and ChAT activity.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism/physiology/surgery; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, pharmacology; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Male; Nerve Tissue, embryology/transplantation; Neuronal Plasticity; Parasympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Prosencephalon, drug effects/embryology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0361-9230(96)00212-2},
  pmid        = {8971411},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Calarco:1995,
  Title                    = {Development of basal forebrain projections to visual cortex: DiI studies in rat.},
  Author                   = {C. A. Calarco and R. T. Robertson},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {608--626},
  Volume                   = {354},

  Abstract                 = {We performed experiments using retrograde and anterograde labeling with DiI to examine the development of basal forebrain (BFB) projections to the visual cortex in postnatal rats. DiI placed in occipital cortex led to retrograde labeling of BFB neurons as early as postnatal day 0 (P0); labeled cells were found mainly in the diagonal band complex but also in the medial septum, globus pallidus, and substantia innominata. The retrogradely labeled BFB cells displayed remarkably well-developed dendritic arbors, even in younger animals, and showed increases in soma size, dendritic arbors, and dendritic spines over the first 2 postnatal weeks. DiI placements in the diagonal band led to anterogradely labeled axons in cortex. At early ages (P0-P1), labeled axons were largely confined to white matter. With increasing age, greater numbers of labeled axons were seen in the white matter and in deep cortical layers, and labeled axons extended into superficial layers. The leading edge of 
labeled fibers reached layer V of visual cortex by P2 and layer IV by P4 and were found throughout the cortical layers by P6. Numbers and densities of labeled axons in visual cortex were greater in older animals, at least through P14. The time of ingrowth of labeled BFB axons into visual cortex indicates that these afferents grow into particular cortical layers after those layers have differentiated from the cortical plate. These data indicate that basal forebrain projections arrive in occipital cortex after cortical lamination is well underway and after the entry of primary thalamocortical projections.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903540409},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Carbocyanines; Dendrites, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Phenotype; Prosencephalon, growth /&/ development; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Visual Cortex, growth /&/ development; Visual Pathways, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7608340},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903540409}
}

@Article{Calaresu:1994,
  author      = {Calaresu, F. R. and Zhang, J. and Chitravanshi, V. C. and McKitrick, D. J.},
  title       = {Cardiovascular and single unit responses elicited by stimulation of the islands of Calleja and by changes in arterial pressure.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {655},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {45--50},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(94)91595-4},
  abstract    = {Recent experiments in this laboratory have investigated the distribution of the nuclear protein Fos in the rat brain after unilateral electrical stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve and have revealed intense ipsilateral straining in the islands of Calleja. To test the hypothesis that the islands of Calleja may have a role in cardiovascular control, we tested the effect on arterial pressure and heart rate of microinjection of L-glutamate into the islands of Calleja of the artificially ventilated, urethane anesthetized rat. Microinjection of glutamate into the islands of Calleja resulted in a decrease in arterial pressure (24.5 +/- 1.5 mmHg) and heart rate (16.6 +/- 1.6 bpm). These responses were eliminated by i.v. injection of propranolol or by transection of the spinal cord at the C1 level. These results are the first demonstration that the islands of Calleja are involved in mediating cardiovascular reflexes primarily through an influence on sympathetic outflow to the heart and vessels. 
To determine the effects of increases or decreases of arterial pressure on single unit activity in the islands of Calleja, responses of single units in the islands to i.v. injection of phenylephrine or sodium nitroprusside were recorded. Of 87 units recorded from in the islands of Calleja, 40 (46\%) responded to phenylephrine and 27 (68\%) decreased their firing frequency. Of these 27, 16 (59.3\%) increased their firing frequency to administration of nitroprusside. In addition, in 11 (31\%) of 35 units recorded from in the islands, glutamate microinjection in the nucleus tractus solitarius decreased the firing frequency in 9 (82\%) units.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Aorta, innervation/physiology; Blood Pressure, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Glutamic Acid, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Hemodynamics, physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microinjections; Neurons, physiology; Nitroprusside, pharmacology; Olfactory Bulb, cytology/physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Phenylephrine, pharmacology; Pressoreceptors, physiology; Propranolol, pharmacology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sympathetic Nervous System, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(94)91595-4},
  pmid        = {7812789},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Calcutt:2003,
  author      = {Calcutt, Nigel A. and Allendoerfer, Karen L. and Mizisin, Andrew P. and Middlemas, Alicia and Freshwater, Jason D. and Burgers, Monica and Ranciato, Rigel and Delcroix, Jean-Dominique and Taylor, Frederick R. and Shapiro, Renee and Strauch, Kathy and Dudek, Henryk and Engber, Thomas M. and Galdes, Alphonse and Rubin, Lee L. and Tomlinson, David R.},
  title       = {Therapeutic efficacy of sonic hedgehog protein in experimental diabetic neuropathy.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {111},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {507--514},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1172/JCI15792},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI15792},
  abstract    = {Hedgehog proteins modulate development and patterning of the embryonic nervous system. As expression of desert hedgehog and the hedgehog receptor, patched-1, persist in the postnatal and adult peripheral nerves, the hedgehog pathway may have a role in maturation and maintenance of the peripheral nervous system in normal and disease states. We measured desert hedgehog expression in the peripheral nerve of maturing diabetic rats and found that diabetes caused a significant reduction in desert hedgehog mRNA. Treating diabetic rats with a sonic hedgehog-IgG fusion protein fully restored motor- and sensory-nerve conduction velocities and maintained the axonal caliber of large myelinated fibers. Diabetes-induced deficits in retrograde transport of nerve growth factor and sciatic-nerve levels of calcitonin gene-related product and neuropeptide Y were also ameliorated by treatment with the sonic hedgehog-IgG fusion protein, as was thermal hypoalgesia in the paw. These studies implicate disruption of 
normal hedgehog function in the etiology of diabetes-induced peripheral-nerve dysfunction and indicate that delivery of exogenous hedgehog proteins may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.},
  institution = {Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612, USA. ncalcutt@ucsd.edu},
  journal     = {J Clin Invest},
  keywords    = {Animals; Diabetic Neuropathies, drug therapy/genetics/physiopathology; Hedgehog Proteins; Humans; Immunoglobulin G, genetics/therapeutic use; Male; Neural Conduction, drug effects; RNA, Messenger, genetics/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recombinant Fusion Proteins, genetics/therapeutic use; Sciatic Nerve, drug effects/physiopathology; Trans-Activators, genetics/therapeutic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12588889},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Calcutt:1988,
  author      = {Calcutt, N. A. and Tomlinson, D. R. and Willars, G. B.},
  title       = {Ganglioside treatment of streptozotocin-diabetic rats prevents defective axonal transport of 6-phosphofructokinase activity.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {50},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {1478--1483},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb03033.x},
  abstract    = {This study measured axonal transport of 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK) and aldolase activities in the sciatic nerves of rats with short-term streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The diabetic rats showed deficits in anterograde (69\% of controls; p less than 0.001) and retrograde (33\% of controls; p less than 0.01) accumulations of PFK activity as well as its content per unit length of unconstricted sciatic nerve (86\% of controls; p less than 0.05). There were no accumulation deficits in aldolase activity in the nerves of the diabetic rats, although the activity per unit length of unconstricted nerve was deficient (81\% of controls; p less than 0.05). Treatment of diabetic rats with mixed bovine brain gangliosides (10 mg/kg of body weight/day, i.p.) did not affect the deficit in PFK activity in unconstricted nerve (84\% of ganglioside-treated controls; p less than 0.01), but all the other defects in enzyme activities were prevented completely. The diabetic rats also showed a reduction of 7\% (p 
less than 0.01) in sciatic nerve dry weight per unit length, which was prevented by ganglioside treatment. In contrast, the reduced motor nerve conduction velocity, accumulation of polyol pathway metabolites, and depletion of myo-inositol, characteristic of untreated short-term diabetes, were unaffected by ganglioside treatment.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, England.},
  journal     = {J Neurochem},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects; Blood Glucose, metabolism; Body Water, metabolism; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, enzymology; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase, metabolism; Gangliosides, pharmacology; Male; Monosaccharides, metabolism; Motor Neurons, physiology; Neural Conduction, drug effects; Phosphofructokinase-1, metabolism; Polymers, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sciatic Nerve, enzymology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2452237},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Calderazzo:1996,
  author      = {L. Calderazzo and E. A. Cavalheiro and G. Macchi and M. Molinari and M. Bentivoglio},
  title       = {Branched connections to the septum and to the entorhinal cortex from the hippocampus, amygdala, and diencephalon in the rat.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {40},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {245--251},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(96)00033-0},
  abstract    = {Neuronal cell populations giving origin to bifurcating projections to the septum and the entorhinal cortex were studied in the rat by means of double retrograde labeling using the fluorescent tracers Fast Blue and Diamidino Yellow. Double labeled pyramidal neurons were consistently detected in the temporal level of the CA1 area and subiculum of the hippocampal formation, where they represented at least 50\% of the cells retrogradely labeled from the entorhinal injections. Double labeled neurons were also detected in the amygdala, where they prevailed in the basal complex. Scattered double labeled neurons were observed in a number of hypothalamic nuclei, with a slight predominance in the preoptic region. Finally, a few double labeled cells were detected in the midline thalamus, and especially in the thalamic paraventricular nucleus. In all these structures, double labeled neurons were located ispilaterally to the injection sites. The present data indicate that the septum and entorhinal cortex 
are tightly interconnected by axonal bifurcations deriving from a variety of telencephalic and diencephalic sources.},
  institution = {Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Entorhinal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neurons, ultrastructure; Prosencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0361-9230(96)00033-0},
  pmid        = {8842407},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Caldero:1992,
  author      = {Calderó, J. and Casanovas, A. and Sorribas, A. and Esquerda, J. E.},
  title       = {Calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat spinal cord motoneurons: subcellular distribution and changes induced by axotomy.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {48},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {449--461},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(92)90504-u},
  abstract    = {Using light and electron microscopy, a study has been made of the changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in rat lumbar spinal cord motoneurons during cell body response to sciatic nerve injury. At light microscopy level, calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity was evaluated using an indirect immunofluorescence technique combined with Fast Blue retrograde tracing and a peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure. The calcitonin gene-related peptide changes to sciatic nerve transection and crushing were compared. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity was transiently increased after the peripheral nerve lesion, but the response was sustained for a longer period when the peripheral nerve was transected and nerve regeneration prevented. The first changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity were detected four days after nerve crush or transection. In animal spinal cords to which nerve crush had been applied, the maximal 
enhancement of immunoreactivity was found 11 days after lesion. This was followed by a gradual decline, normal levels being attained 45 days after nerve crushing. When the nerve was transected, the response was similar, but the maximal calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity was maintained over a period of between 11 and 30 days. As with crushing, an important decrease was observed after 45 days. The ultrastructural compartmentation of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity was studied using either peroxidase-antiperoxidase method or immunogold labelling. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immuno-reactivity was located in restricted sacs of the Golgi complex, multivesicular bodies, small vesicles and tubulo-vesicular structures. Large, strongly labelled vesicles resembling secretory granules were also observed in neuronal bodies. Our results reveal that the increase of calcitonin gene-related peptide in motoneurons is a relevant change the cell body undergoes in response to 
peripheral injury. The ultrastructural location of the peptide distribution suggests specific compartmentation on tubulo-vesicular structures connected with the Golgi complex which form a network in the neuronal cytoplasm. The distribution pattern observed may be related to the sorting and delivery of calcitonin gene-related peptide to secretory vesicles.},
  institution = {Universitat de Barcelona, Estudi General de Lleida, Facultat de Medicina, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Catalonia, Spain.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, analysis/metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Motor Neurons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Nerve Crush; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reference Values; Sciatic Nerve, injuries/physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(92)90504-U},
  pmid        = {1603329},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Caleo:1996,
  author      = {Caleo, M.},
  title       = {Different rates of horseradish peroxidase transport in the optic nerve of neonatal and adult rats.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {72},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {725--730},
  note        = {Tract tracer transport study in the optic nerve without exact descriptions of sources and targets.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(95)00574-9},
  abstract    = {In order to evaluate the effects of age upon fast transport kinetics, we studied the velocity of horseradish peroxidase transport along the optic pathway of neonatal and adult rats. Rate of horseradish peroxidase movement was assessed by following the displacement of horseradish peroxidase activity in the optic nerve with time after injection. We estimated a rate about 100 mm/day for bidirectional transport of horseradish peroxidase in the optic nerve of neonatal rats, while a two-fold higher rate was observed for anterograde transport in adult animals. Developmental regulation of fast transport rate may ensure relative constancy of the time required to connect the cell body with axon terminals.},
  institution = {Scuola Normale Superiore and Instituto di Neurofisiologia del CNR, Pisa, Italy.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn, metabolism; Biological Transport, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Optic Nerve, metabolism; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(95)00574-9},
  pmid        = {9157318},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Caleo:2002,
  author      = {Caleo, Matteo and Cenni, Maria Cristina and Costa, Mario and Menna, Elisabetta and Zentilin, Lorena and Giadrossi, Sara and Giacca, Mauro and Maffei, Lamberto},
  title       = {Expression of BCL-2 via adeno-associated virus vectors rescues thalamic neurons after visual cortex lesion in the adult rat.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {15},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {1271--1277},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01962.x},
  abstract    = {Lesions of the mammalian visual cortex cause the retrograde degeneration of the thalamic neurons projecting to the damaged cortex. The proto-oncogene bcl-2 is known to inhibit neuronal apoptosis induced by a variety of noxious stimuli and preserve the functional integrity of the injured cells. Here we have tested whether the overexpression of bcl-2 via adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors is able to protect the neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus after visual cortex ablation in adult rats. Recombinant AAV vectors encoding Bcl-2 (AAV-Bcl-2) or green fluorescent protein (AAV-GFP) as a control were stereotaxically injected into the geniculate. Three weeks after vector injection, the ipsilateral visual cortex was removed by aspiration, and cell survival was assessed 2 weeks later. We found that 20\% of the geniculate neurons were transduced by the Bcl-2 vector. These cells were completely protected from death following cortical ablation. Delivery of AAV-GFP transduced an identical number 
of geniculate neurons but had no effect on cell survival after lesion. The total number of surviving geniculate neurons was found to be significantly higher in animals injected with AAV-Bcl-2 than in rats injected with AAV-GFP or in control lesioned rats. These data indicate that Bcl-2 gene therapy with AAV vectors represents an effective treatment to promote neuronal survival after central nervous system insults.},
  institution = {Scuola Normale Superiore, P.zza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy. caleo@in.pi.cnr.it},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Atrophy, pathology; Axotomy; Cell Count; Cell Size, physiology; Cell Survival, physiology; Dependovirus, genetics; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral, genetics; Genetic Therapy, methods; Genetic Vectors, genetics/therapeutic use; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/metabolism; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, metabolism; Neurons, cytology/metabolism; Plasmids, genetics/therapeutic use; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2, genetics/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retrograde Degeneration, genetics/physiopathology/therapy; Stilbamidines; Visual Cortex, cytology/injuries/metabolism; Visual Pathways, cytology/injuries/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {1962},
  pmid        = {11994121},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Caleo:2003,
  author      = {Caleo, Matteo and Medini, Paolo and {von Bartheld}, Christopher S. and Maffei, Lamberto},
  title       = {Provision of brain-derived neurotrophic factor via anterograde transport from the eye preserves the physiological responses of axotomized geniculate neurons.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {23},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {287--296},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/23/1/287.long},
  abstract    = {The neurotrophic factors of the nerve growth factor family (neurotrophins) have been shown to promote neuronal survival after brain injury and in various models of neurodegenerative conditions. However, it has not been determined whether neurotrophin treatment results in the maintenance of function of the rescued cells. Here we have used the retrograde degeneration of geniculate neurons as a model system to evaluate neuronal rescue and sparing of function after administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Death of geniculate neurons was induced by a visual cortex lesion in adult rats, and exogenous BDNF was delivered to the axotomized geniculate cells via anterograde transport after injection into the eye. By microelectrode recordings from the geniculate in vivo we have measured several physiological parameters such as contrast threshold, spatial resolution (visual acuity), signal-to-noise ratio, temporal resolution, and response latency. In control lesioned animals we found 
that geniculate cell dysfunction precedes the onset of neuronal death, indicating that an assessment of neuronal number per se is not predictive of functional performance. The administration of BDNF resulted in a highly significant cell-saving effect up to 2 weeks after the cortical damage and maintained nearly normal physiological responses in the geniculate. This preservation of function in adult axotomized neurons suggests possible therapeutic applications of BDNF.},
  institution = {Istituto di Neuroscienze del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and Scuola Normale Superiore, 56100 Pisa, Italy. caleo@in.pi.cnr.it},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axotomy; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism/pharmacology; Cell Death; Cell Survival, drug effects; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Eye, metabolism; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Kinetics; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/physiology; Neuroprotective Agents, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism/pharmacology; Optic Nerve, metabolism; Protein Transport; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Visual Acuity; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {23/1/287},
  pmid        = {12514226},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Caleo:2000,
  author      = {M. Caleo and E. Menna and S. Chierzi and M. C. Cenni and L. Maffei},
  title       = {Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is an anterograde survival factor in the rat visual system.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {10},
  number      = {19},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {1155--1161},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00713-2},
  abstract    = {The neurotrophins, which include nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), NT-4/5 and NT-6, are a family of proteins that play fundamental roles in the differentiation, survival and maintenance of peripheral and central neurons. Much research has focused on the role of neurotrophins as target-derived, retrogradely transported trophic molecules. Although there is recent evidence that BDNF and NT-3 can be transported in an anterograde direction along peripheral and central axons, there is as yet no conclusive evidence that these anterograde factors have direct post-synaptic actions.We report that BDNF travels in an anterograde direction along the optic nerve. The anterogradely transported BDNF had rapid effects on retinal target neurons in the superior colliculus and lateral geniculate nucleus of the brain. When endogenous BDNF within the developing superior colliculus was neutralised, the rate of programmed neuronal death increased. Conversely,
 provision of an afferent supply of BDNF prevented the degeneration of geniculate neurons after removal of their cortical target.BDNF released from retinal ganglion cells acts as a survival factor for post-synaptic neurons in retinal target fields.},
  institution = {Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Neurofisiologia del C.N.R., Via S. Cataldo 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy. caleo@in.pi.cnr.it},
  journal     = {Curr Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Apoptosis, physiology; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, metabolism/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Optic Nerve, metabolism; Protein Transport; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Retina, cytology/physiology; Superior Colliculi, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0960-9822(00)00713-2},
  pmid        = {11050383},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Caleo:2009,
  author      = {Matteo Caleo and Daniela Tropea and Chiara Rossi and Laura Gianfranceschi and Lamberto Maffei},
  title       = {Environmental enrichment promotes fiber sprouting after deafferentation of the superior colliculus in the adult rat brain.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {216},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {515--519},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.12.016},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.12.016},
  abstract    = {Exposure to an enriched environment has proven to be beneficial in the recovery of function after brain lesions, but the underlying mechanisms remain only partly understood. One possibility is that environmental enrichment stimulates the reorganization of areas and fiber tracts that have been spared by the injury. Here we evaluate the effects of enriched environment on the sprouting of undamaged retinal afferents into the deafferented superior colliculus (SC) after a partial retinal lesion in adult rats. Anterograde tracing of retinal axons demonstrated a significant increase in fiber sprouting in the denervated SC of animals reared in enriched environment compared to animals reared in standard conditions. Environmental enrichment also promoted a substantial recovery of synaptic sites within the deafferented SC as shown by both synapsin I and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 immunostaining. These data provide evidence that environmental enrichment stimulates axonal plasticity and synaptic 
reorganization following brain injury.},
  institution = {Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy. caleo@in.cnr.it},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Cholera Toxin, diagnostic use; Environment; Optic Nerve Injuries, pathology/physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Retina, injuries/pathology; Retinal Ganglion Cells, pathology; Superior Colliculi, metabolism/physiopathology; Synapsins, metabolism; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0014-4886(08)00487-1},
  pmid        = {19168061},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Calik:2014,
  author      = {Calik, Michael W. and Radulovacki, Miodrag and Carley, David W.},
  title       = {Intranodose ganglion injections of dronabinol attenuate serotonin-induced apnea in Sprague-Dawley rat.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {190},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {20--24},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.resp.2013.10.001},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2013.10.001},
  abstract    = {Obstructive sleep apnea represents a significant public health concern. Afferent vagal activation is implicated in increased apnea susceptibility by reducing upper airway muscle tone via activation of serotonin receptors in the nodose ganglia. Previous investigations demonstrated that systemically administered cannabinoids can be used therapeutically to decrease the apnea/hypopnea index in rats and in humans. However, cannabinoids have effects on both the central and peripheral nervous systems, and the exact mechanism of decreased apnea/hypopnea index with cannabinoids is unknown. Here, we hypothesized that intranodose ganglion injections of a cannabinoid will attenuate 5-HT-induced reflex apnea and increase upper airway muscle tone. We show that dronabinol injected locally into the nodose ganglia suppresses 5-HT-induced reflex apnea, and increases phasic, but not tonic, activation of the genioglossus. These data support the view that dronabinol stabilizes respiratory pattern and augments 
upper airway muscles by acting at the nodose ganglia. These findings underscore a therapeutic potential of dronabinol for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.},
  institution = {Center for Narcolepsy, Sleep and Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. Electronic address: mcalik@uic.edu.},
  journal     = {Respir Physiol Neurobiol},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1569-9048(13)00327-3},
  pmid        = {24121138},
  timestamp   = {17.06.2014},
}

@Article{Calizo:2002,
  Title                    = {Estrogen-induced dendritic spine elimination on female rat ventromedial hypothalamic neurons that project to the periaqueductal gray.},
  Author                   = {Lyngine H Calizo and Loretta M Flanagan-Cato},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {234--248},
  Volume                   = {447},

  Abstract                 = {Neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) that project to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) form a crucial segment of the motor pathway that produces the lordosis posture, the hallmark of female rat sexual behavior. One suggested mechanism through which estrogen facilitates lordosis is by remodeling synaptic connectivity within the VMH. For instance, estrogen alters VMH dendritic spine density. Little is known, however, about the local VMH microcircuitry governing lordosis nor how estrogen alters synaptic connectivity within this local circuit to facilitate sexual behavior. The goal of this study was to define better the neuron types within the VMH microcircuitry and to examine whether estrogen alters synaptic connectivity, as measured by dendritic spine density, on VMH projection neurons. A retrograde tracer was injected into the PAG of ovariectomized rats treated with vehicle or estradiol. Retrogradely labeled VMH neurons were filled with Lucifer yellow, then 
immunostained for estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha). VMH neurons that project to the PAG had more dendrites than functionally unidentified neurons. Additionally, VMH projection neurons could be subdivided into those located within the cluster of ER alpha-containing neurons and those medial to the cluster. Estrogen decreased spine density by 57\% on the long primary dendrites of VMH projection neurons located within the ER alpha cluster but not on projection neurons medial to the cluster. Only 4\% of the VMH projection neurons expressed ER alpha. These results suggest that estrogen may facilitate sexual behavior by decreasing spines selectively, via an indirect mechanism, on a subset of VMH neurons that project to the PAG.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.10223},
  Institution              = {Institute of Neurological Sciences, Department of Neurocience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. lcalizo@mail.med.upenn.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cell Size, drug effects/physiology; Dendrites, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Estrogen Receptor alpha; Estrogens, metabolism/pharmacology; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Immunohistochemistry; Isoquinolines, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects/physiology; Ovariectomy; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Posture, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Receptors, Estrogen, metabolism; Sexual Behavior, Animal, drug effects/physiology; Synapses, drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {11984818},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10223}
}

@Article{Calizo:2003,
  Title                    = {Hormonal-neural integration in the female rat ventromedial hypothalamus: triple labeling for estrogen receptor-alpha, retrograde tract tracing from the periaqueductal gray, and mating-induced Fos expression.},
  Author                   = {Lyngine H Calizo and Loretta M Flanagan-Cato},
  Journal                  = {Endocrinology},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {5430--5440},
  Volume                   = {144},

  Abstract                 = {The lordosis reflex, a stereotypic posture adopted by female rats during sexual behavior, requires the convergence of a hormonal signal, estrogen, with a descending neural pathway from the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH). The VMH contains at least three lordosis-relevant neural populations: estrogen receptor-alpha immunoreactive (ERalpha-IR) neurons, VMH neurons that project to the periaqueductal gray (PAG), and neurons that are ERalpha-IR and project to the PAG. Expression of Fos, a marker for neuronal activation, is increased in the VMH after mating. However, it is unknown which, if any, of these lordosis-relevant populations is activated. The majority of ERalpha-IR and projection neurons were not colocalized. Of the Fos-positive neurons, 41\% neither contained ERalpha nor projected to the PAG, and 35\% contained ERalpha but did not project to the PAG. Only 25\% of Fos-positive neurons projected to the PAG, including projection neurons that expressed ERalpha. Our 
results suggest that mating activates several distinct VMH neuron types. However, ERalpha-IR neurons are activated to a greater extent compared with the PAG-projecting neurons.},
  Doi                      = {10.1210/en.2003-0331},
  Institution              = {Institute of Neurological Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Estrogen Receptor alpha; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Neural Pathways; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology; Posture; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Estrogen, analysis/physiology; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Stilbamidines; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, chemistry/cytology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {en.2003-0331},
  Pmid                     = {12960097},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0331}
}

@Article{Callahan:2001,
  author      = {Callahan, B. T. and Cord, B. J. and Ricaurte, G. A.},
  title       = {Long-term impairment of anterograde axonal transport along fiber projections originating in the rostral raphe nuclei after treatment with fenfluramine or methylenedioxymethamphetamine.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {40},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {113--121},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/syn.1032},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.1032},
  abstract    = {To further evaluate the serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxic potential of substituted amphetamines, we used tritiated proline to examine anterograde transport along ascending axonal projections originating in the rostral raphe nuclei of animals treated 3 weeks previously with (+/-)fenfluramine (FEN, 10 mg/kg, every 2 h x 4 injections; i.p.) or (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 20 mg/kg, twice daily for 4 days; s.c.). The documented 5-HT neurotoxin, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, 75 microg; ICV; 30 min after pretreatment with pargyline, 50 mg/kg; i.p., and desipramine 25 mg/kg; i.p.), served as a positive control. Along with anterograde axonal transport, we measured two 5-HT axonal markers, 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Prior treatment with FEN or MDMA led to marked reductions in anterograde transport of labeled material to various forebrain regions known to receive 5-HT innervation. These reductions were associated with lasting decrements in 5-HT axonal markers. In 
general, decreases in axonal transport were less pronounced than those in 5-HT and 5-HIAA. However, identical changes were observed after 5,7-DHT. These results further indicate that FEN and MDMA, like 5,7-DHT, are 5-HT neurotoxins.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 5001 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.},
  journal     = {Synapse},
  keywords    = {5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine, pharmacology; Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors, pharmacology; Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Axons, drug effects/metabolism; Desipramine, pharmacology; Fenfluramine, toxicity; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid, metabolism; Male; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, pharmacology; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, toxicity; Neural Pathways, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Neurotoxins, pharmacology; Pargyline, pharmacology; Proline, pharmacology; Raphe Nuclei, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin Agents, toxicity; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors, toxicity; Serotonin, metabolism; Time Factors; Tritium, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {10.1002/syn.1032},
  pmid        = {11252022},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Callaway:2008,
  author      = {Callaway, Edward M.},
  title       = {Transneuronal circuit tracing with neurotropic viruses.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {18},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {617--623},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.conb.2009.03.007},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2009.03.007},
  abstract    = {Because neurotropic viruses naturally traverse neural pathways, they are extremely valuable for elucidating neural circuits. Naturally occurring herpes and rabies viruses have been used for transneuronal circuit tracing for decades. Depending on the type of virus and strain, virus can travel preferentially in the anterograde or the retrograde direction. More recently, genetic modifications have allowed for many improvements. These include: reduced pathogenicity; addition of marker genes; control of synaptic spread; pseudotyping for infection of selected cells; addition of ancillary genetic elements for combining circuit tracing with manipulation of activity or functional assays. These modifications, along with the likelihood of future developments, suggest that neurotropic viruses will be increasingly important and effective tools for future studies of neural circuits.},
  institution = {The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. callaway@salk.edu},
  journal     = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Histocytochemistry, methods; Humans; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/virology; Viral Proteins, biosynthesis/chemistry; Viruses},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0959-4388(09)00011-7},
  pmid        = {19349161},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Callister:1997,
  author      = {Callister, R. J. and Keast, J. R. and Sah, P.},
  title       = {Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels in rat otic ganglion cells: role of Ca2+ entry via Ca2+ channels and nicotinic receptors.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {500 ( Pt 3)},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {571--582},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1113/jphysiol.1997.sp022043},
  abstract    = {1. Intracellular recordings were made from neurones in the rat otic ganglion in vitro in order to investigate their morphological, physiological and synaptic properties. We took advantage of the simple structure of these cells to test for a possible role of calcium influx via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors during synaptic transmission. 2. Cells filled with biocytin comprised a homogeneous population with ovoid somata and sparse dendritic trees. Neurones had resting membrane potentials of -53 +/- 0.7 mV (n = 69), input resistances of 112 +/- 7 M omega, and membrane time constants of 14 +/- 0.9 ms (n = 60). Upon depolarization, all cells fired overshooting action potentials which were followed by an apamin-sensitive after-hyperpolarization (AHP). In response to a prolonged current injection, all neurones fired tonically. 3. The repolarization phase of action potentials had a calcium component which was mediated by N-type calcium channels. Application of omega-conotoxin abolished both the 
repolarizing hump and the after-hyperpolarization suggesting that calcium influx via N-type channels activates SK-type calcium-activated potassium channels which underlie the AHP. 4. The majority (70\%) of neurones received innervation from a single preganglionic fibre which generated a suprathreshold excitatory postsynaptic potential mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The other 30\% of neurones also had one or more subthreshold nicotinic inputs. 5. Calcium influx via synaptic nicotinic receptors contributed to the AHP current, indicating that this calcium has access to the calcium-activated potassium channels and therefore plays a role in regulating cell excitability.},
  institution = {Neuroscience Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Australia. BCRJC@medicine.newcastle.edu.au},
  journal     = {J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Apamin, pharmacology; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, metabolism/physiology; Calcium Channels, drug effects/metabolism; Calcium, metabolism/physiology; Cell Size; Evoked Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Female; Ganglia, Parasympathetic, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Membrane Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Microelectrodes; Neurons, metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Potassium Channels, drug effects/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Nicotinic, drug effects/metabolism; Synapses, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9161976},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Callsen-Cencic:1997,
  author      = {Callsen-Cencic, P. and Mense, S.},
  title       = {Expression of neuropeptides and nitric oxide synthase in neurones innervating the inflamed rat urinary bladder.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {65},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {33--44},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0165-1838(97)00032-5},
  abstract    = {Micturition reflexes become hyperexcitable with the development of a cystitis. In the present study the question is addressed, whether alterations in the expression of neuropeptides and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the neuronal pathways to the bladder may be involved in the hyperexcitability. Primary sensory neurones in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) L1, L2, L6 and S1 as well as postganglionic efferent neurones in the major pelvic ganglia (MPG) that innervate the rat urinary bladder were labeled with retrogradely transported Fast Blue (FB). Immunocytochemical techniques were used to determine alterations in the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), galanin (GAL) and NOS in these neurones following mustard oil-induced inflammation of the urinary bladder. Instillation of 2.5\% mustard oil into the bladder led to a massive leukocyte infiltration of the vesical tissues, partial damage of the mucosal layer and a marked hyperreflexia of the detrusor muscle. 48 h 
after induction of the cystitis the proportion of FB-labeled bladder afferent neurones that expressed CGRP and SP were significantly increased in both the rostral lumbar DRGs (L1, L2) and the lumbosacral DRGs (L6, S1) (CGRP, +15-38\%; SP, +47-158\%) as compared to control animals. However, there was a differential effect of the inflammation on the expression of GAL and NOS in bladder afferents at the two segmental levels examined. Significant alterations in the number of FB-labeled afferents exhibiting GAL immunoreactivity were mainly restricted to the lumbosacral DRGs L6 (+169\%) and S1 (+60\%). On the contrary, the proportion of NOS-immunoreactive bladder afferents significantly increased only in the rostral lumbar DRGs L1 (+144\%) and L2 (+193\%), while the level of NOS-expression was unaffected at the lumbosacral levels. Inflammation furthermore induced a significant increase (+275\%) in the number of FB-labeled neurones in the MPGs that exhibited NOS immunoreactivity. These results indicate that an 
upregulation of CGRP-, SP-, GAL- and NOS-synthesis in sensory and efferent neurones is involved in the response to an acute cystitis. Because of the differences in the segmental pattern and degree of upregulation of these substances in bladder afferents that project to the rostral lumbar and lumbosacral spinal cord a different regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent outflow to the urinary bladder is suggested. The involvement of CGRP, SP, GAL and NOS in the modulation of both excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms that control the cystitis-induced detrusor hyperreflexia is discussed.},
  institution = {Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Anatomie und Zelibiologie III, Heidelberg, Germany.},
  journal     = {J Auton Nerv Syst},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cystitis, chemically induced/metabolism/pathology; Electrophysiology; Ganglia, Autonomic, metabolism; Ganglia, Spinal, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, enzymology/metabolism; Neuropeptides, biosynthesis; Nitric Oxide Synthase, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Urinary Bladder, enzymology/innervation/metabolism; Urination, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0165183897000325},
  pmid        = {9258870},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Camacho:1981,
  author      = {Camacho, A. and Phillips, M. I.},
  title       = {Horseradish peroxidase study in rat of the neural connections of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {25},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {201--204},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(81)90391-8},
  abstract    = {Using highly localized injections by a transbuccal approach a study of the afferent and efferent connections of the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) methods was carried out. The results showed that the OVLT has direct connections to several hypothalamic nuclei (anterior, preoptic, lateral preoptic, ventromedial nucleus) and to extrahypothalamic (central gray, locus coeruleus, subfornical organ) regions. There was not a direct projection from the supraoptic nucleus. Some of these connections may be involved in the functional actions of the OVLT observed after central injections of angiotensin II.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Brain, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Hippocampus, physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Hypothalamus, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Optic Chiasm, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septum Pellucidum, physiology; Subfornical Organ, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7290524},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Camarda:1985,
  author      = {Camarda, R. M. and Bonavita, V.},
  title       = {The frontal agranular cortex and the organization of purposeful movements.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {287--315},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf02232008},
  abstract    = {A critical review of the traditional concepts of cortical association and motor areas is followed by a description of the functional organization and intrinsic and extrinsic cortical connectivity of the arcuate premotor area (APA). It is concluded that the frontal cortical organization of externally triggered purposeful movements is made possible by the associative character of Brodmann's area 6 and by its peculiar pattern of intra-areal connectivity.},
  journal     = {Ital J Neurol Sci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Association; Brain Mapping; Cats; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Frontal Lobe, physiology; Haplorhini; Humans; Motor Cortex, physiology; Movement; Neurons, physiology; Pyramidal Tracts, physiology; Rabbits; Sensation, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3934109},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Cambar:1977,
  author      = {Cambar, J. and Gendre, P.},
  title       = {[Transglomerular passage of protein macromolecules in the rat : attempt at quantitative evaluation using ferritin].},
  year        = {1977},
  language    = {fre},
  volume      = {171},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {350--354},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {The present microscopic study evaluates precisely the density of ferritin-particules in several substructures of the glomerular barrier, particularly the endothelial barrier, and the glomerular basement membrane, 15 and 60 minutes after the injection of the tracer. This quantitative method opens the way to numerous studies on the pathway of this protein-tracer through the glomerular substructures in the normal and pathologic rat.},
  journal     = {C R Seances Soc Biol Fil},
  keywords    = {Animals; Basement Membrane, physiology; Biological Transport; Ferritins, metabolism; Kidney Glomerulus, cytology/physiology; Male; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {142554},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Cameron:1995a,
  Title                    = {The efferent projections of the periaqueductal gray in the rat: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study. I. Ascending projections.},
  Author                   = {Cameron, A. A. and Khan, I. A. and Westlund, K. N. and Cliffer, K. D. and Willis, W. D.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {568--584},
  Volume                   = {351},

  Abstract                 = {This study has examined the ascending projections of the periaqueductal gray in the rat. Injections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin were placed in the dorsolateral or ventrolateral subregions, at rostral or caudal sites. From either region, fibers ascended via two bundles. The periventricular bundle ascended in the periaqueductal and periventricular gray matter. At the posterior commissure level, this bundle divided into a dorsal component that terminated in the intralaminar and midline thalamic nuclei, and a ventral component that supplied the hypothalamus. The ventral bundle formed in the deep mesencephalic reticular formation and supplied the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra pars compacta, and the retrorubral field. The remaining fibers were incorporated into the medial forebrain bundle. These supplied the lateral hypothalamus and forebrain structures, including the preoptic area, the nuclei of the diagonal band, and the lateral division of the bed nucleus of 
the stria terminalis. The dorsolateral subregion preferentially innervated the centrolateral and paraventricular thalamic nuclei and the anterior hypothalamic area. The ventrolateral subregion preferentially innervated the parafascicular and central medial thalamic nuclei, the lateral hypothalamic area, and the lateral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Although the dorsolateral and ventrolateral subregions gave rise to differential projections, the projections from both the rostral and caudal parts of either subregion were similar. This suggests that the dorsolateral and ventrolateral subregions are organized into longitudinal columns that extend throughout the length of the periaqueductal gray. These columns may correspond to those demonstrated in recent physiological studies.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903510407},
  Institution              = {Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0843, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Dopamine, pharmacology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Hypothalamus, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thalamus, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7721984},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903510407}
}

@Article{Cameron:1995,
  Title                    = {The efferent projections of the periaqueductal gray in the rat: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study. II. Descending projections.},
  Author                   = {A. A. Cameron and I. A. Khan and K. N. Westlund and W. D. Willis},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {585--601},
  Volume                   = {351},

  Abstract                 = {The descending projections of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) have been studied in the rat using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. The tracer was injected into the dorsolateral or ventrolateral subdivisions of the PAG at rostral or caudal sites. It was found that the patterns of the descending projections of the rostral and caudal parts of the dorsolateral PAG were the same and that the patterns of the descending projections of the rostral and caudal parts of the ventrolateral PAG were the same. However, the patterns of projections of the dorsolateral and ventrolateral PAG subregions were substantially different. These results suggest that the dorsolateral and ventrolateral parts of the PAG are organized into longitudinal columns that extend throughout the length of the PAG. The axons of PAG neurons descended through the pons and medulla via two routes. A small fiber bundle was present in the periaqueductal gray and in the periventricular area. This bundle 
distributed fibers and terminals locally within the periaqueductal gray and in the locus coeruleus and Barrington's nucleus. A larger bundle had a diffuse arrangement in the pontine reticular formation, however, and it had a more restricted distribution in the medulla, where it occupied a position dorsolateral to the pyramid. This bundle supplied structures in the pontine and medullary tegmentum. The dorsolateral column preferentially supplied the locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus, the gigantocellular nucleus pars alpha, the rostral part of the paragigantocellular nucleus, and the region of the A5 noradrenergic cell group. The ventrolateral column preferentially supplied the nucleus raphe magnus, the caudal part of the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, and the rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903510408},
  Institution              = {Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0843, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {7721985},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903510408}
}

@Article{Campana:1989,
  author      = {Campana, E. and Gasbarri, A. and Pacitti, F. and Pacitti, C.},
  title       = {[Organization of the direct projections of the Tsai ventral tegmental area to the hippocampus].},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {ita},
  volume      = {65},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {647--653},
  note        = {Italian language.},
  abstract    = {In this report we have examined the distribution in the ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA-A10) of the neurons projecting to the hippocampal formation (HF) by injecting, in different combinations, retrograde fluorescent tracers (Fast Blue, 2\% and Nuclear Yellow, 1\%) in several hippocampal areas. The distribution of the VTA labeled neurons suggest a topographic organization of the VTA efferent pathway towards the HF. These results are in agreement with the concept that precise topography of the projections is a distinctive feature of the dopaminergic systems in general.},
  journal     = {Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper},
  keywords    = {Animals; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tegmentum Mesencephali, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2597419},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Campanucci:2005,
  author      = {Campanucci, V. A. and Nurse, C. A.},
  title       = {Biophysical characterization of whole-cell currents in O2-sensitive neurons from the rat glossopharyngeal nerve.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {132},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {437--451},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.11.058},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.11.058},
  abstract    = {In this study we use nystatin perforated-patch and conventional whole-cell recording to characterize the biophysical properties of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-expressing paraganglion neurons from the rat glossopharyngeal nerve (GPN), that are thought to provide NO-mediated efferent inhibition of carotid body chemoreceptors. These GPN neurons occur in two populations, a proximal one near the bifurcation of the GPN and the carotid sinus nerve, and a more distal one located further along the GPN. Both populations were visualized in whole mounts by vital staining with the styryl pyridinium dye, 4-Di-2-ASP (D289). Following isolation in vitro, proximal and distal neurons had similar input resistances (mean: 1.5 and 1.6 GOmega, respectively), input capacitances (mean: 25.0 and 27.4 pF, respectively), and resting potentials (mean: -53.9 and -53.3 mV, respectively). All neurons had similar voltage-dependent currents composed of: tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive Na+ currents (IC50 approximately 
0.2 microM), prolonged and transient Ca2+ currents, and delayed rectifier-type K+ currents. Threshold activation for the Na+ currents was approximately -30 mV and they were inactivated within 10 ms. Inward Ca2+ currents consisted of nifedipine-sensitive L-type, omega-agatoxin IVA-sensitive P/Q-type, omega-conotoxin GVIA-sensitive N-type, SNX-482-sensitive R-type, and Ni2+-sensitive, but SNX-482-insensitive, T-type channels. The voltage-dependent outward K+ currents were sensitive to tetraethylammonium (TEA; 10 mM) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 2 mM). Exposure to a chemosensory stimulus, hypoxia (PO2 range: 80-5 Torr), caused a dose-dependent decrease in K+ current which persisted in the presence of TEA and 4-AP, consistent with the involvement of background K+ channels. Under current clamp, GPN neurons generated TTX-sensitive action potentials, and in spontaneously active neurons, hypoxia caused membrane depolarization and an increase in firing frequency. These properties endow GPN neurons with an exquisite 
ability to regulate carotid body chemoreceptor function during hypoxia, via voltage-gated Ca2+-entry, activation of nNOS, and release of NO.},
  institution = {University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {4-Aminopyridine, pharmacology; Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology/radiation effects; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anoxia, physiopathology; Cadmium, pharmacology; Calcium Channels, pharmacology; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Electric Stimulation, methods; Glossopharyngeal Nerve, cytology; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Ion Channels, drug effects/physiology; Membrane Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Nickel, pharmacology; Oxygen, pharmacology; Patch-Clamp Techniques, methods; Potassium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Pyridinium Compounds, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium Channel Blockers, pharmacology; Tetraethylammonium, pharmacology; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306-4522(04)01117-0},
  pmid        = {15802195},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Campbell:1985,
  author      = {G. A. Campbell and M. J. Eckardt and F. F. Weight},
  title       = {Dopaminergic mechanisms in subthalamic nucleus of rat: analysis using horseradish peroxidase and microiontophoresis.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {333},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {261--270},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)91580-x},
  abstract    = {Afferent connections to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) were studied by microiontophoretically injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the STN and studying its retrograde transport. Remotely labelled neurons were frequently observed in both the globus pallidus and the pars compacta region of substantia nigra. In addition, individually labelled neurons were occasionally found in other brain regions. The sensitivity of neurons in the STN to dopamine (DA) was studied by applying DA to neurons in the STN by microiontophoresis. Three patterns of response to DA were observed. The most frequent response, observed in 46\% of the STN neurons studied, was a decrease in the discharge frequency. In 15\% of the neurons there was an increased frequency of firing. Eleven percent of the neurons exhibited a mixed response consisting of an initial depression of discharge rate followed by a delayed increase. The responses of STN neurons to DA were not antagonized by iontophoretically applied haloperidol. In 
neurons whose firing frequency was decreased by DA, the iontophoretic application of apomorphine and norepinephrine also decreased discharge rate. The observations of HRP-labelled neurons in the pars compacta region of substantia nigra following injection of HRP into the STN together with the DA responsiveness of STN neurons suggest the possibility of a dopaminergic nigro-subthalamic pathway.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Apomorphine, pharmacology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Dopamine, pharmacology/physiology; Drug Interactions; Haloperidol, pharmacology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Norepinephrine, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synaptic Transmission},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(85)91580-X},
  pmid        = {2986774},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Campbell:1985a,
  author      = {Campbell, G. and Lieberman, A. R.},
  title       = {The olivary pretectal nucleus: experimental anatomical studies in the rat.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {310},
  number      = {1147},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {573--609},
  doi         = {10.1098/rstb.1985.0132},
  journal     = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axons, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses, ultrastructure; Visual Pathways, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2865761},
  timestamp   = {07.06.2013},
}

@Article{Campbell:1995a,
  author      = {Campbell, K. and Wictorin, K. and Bj{\"{o}}rklund, A.},
  title       = {Neurotransmitter-related gene expression in intrastriatal striatal transplants--II. Characterization of efferent projecting graft neurons.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {64},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {35--47},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(94)00411-w},
  abstract    = {The phenotypic characteristics of identified graft neurons in intrastriatal striatal transplants which give rise to efferent projections innervating the host brain were examined using a combination of in situ hybridization histochemistry and fluorescent retrograde tracing. Cell suspension grafts of embryonic day 14-15 rat striatal primordia (including both the medial and lateral ganglionic eminences) were implanted into the previously excitotoxically lesioned striatum of adult rats, and after longer than one year the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold was injected bilaterally into either the globus pallidus or the substantia nigra. Injections into the globus pallidus resulted in significant retrograde labelling of graft neurons within most of the experimental animals, whereas very few graft cells were labelled after the nigral injections. The vast majority of the neurons retrogradely labelled from the globus pallidus occurred in clusters or patches in the caudal half of the transplants, which 
corresponded well with DARPP-32 messenger RNA expressing (i.e. striatal) regions of the grafts. Indeed, within these Fluoro-Gold-labelled graft patches, the proportion of retrogradely labelled cells found to contain DARPP-32 messenger RNA was identical to that observed in the intact striatum after similar pallidal injections (93\%). In addition, some Fluoro-Gold-labelled cells were found scattered outside the DARPP-32-positive cell clusters; these cells were overall larger and rarely (c. 9\%) DARPP-32 messenger RNA-positive. Messenger RNA encoding for glutamate decarboxylase (which was found in 95\% of Fluoro-Gold-labelled neurons in the intact striatum) was detected in almost all retrogradely labelled graft neurons located in both the DARPP-32-positive patches of retrograde labelling (93\%) and in the DARPP-32-negative regions (82\%). In the intact striatum, neurons labelled after pallidal injections of Fluoro-Gold were observed to express preproenkephalin messenger RNA to a greater extent than 
preprotachykinin messenger RNA (81\% vs 21\%). Conversely, within the grafts, retrogradely labelled neurons in the patches of Fluoro-Gold-labelled cells were more often found to contain preprotachykinin messenger RNA (50\%) than preproenkephalin messenger RNA (21\%). The Fluoro-Gold-labelled cells scattered outside the patches of retrograde labelling rarely expressed either preproenkephalin or preprotachykinin messenger RNA. Fluoro-Gold injections into the host substantia nigra resulted in very few retrogradely labelled graft neurons; however, many (85\%) of these cells were observed to express glutamate decarboxylase messenger RNA, while only rarely were they observed to contain either DARPP-32, preproenkephalin or preprotachykinin messenger RNAs (c. 10\%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Medical Cell Research, University of Lund, Sweden.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Tissue Transplantation; Corpus Striatum, physiology/transplantation; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Female; Gene Expression, genetics; Globus Pallidus, physiology; Neuropeptides, genetics; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism/physiology; RNA, Messenger; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(94)00411-W},
  pmid        = {7708212},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Campbell:1995,
  author      = {K. Campbell and K. Wictorin and A. Björklund},
  title       = {Neurotransmitter-related gene expression in intrastriatal striatal transplants--II. Characterization of efferent projecting graft neurons.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {64},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {35--47},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(94)00411-w},
  abstract    = {The phenotypic characteristics of identified graft neurons in intrastriatal striatal transplants which give rise to efferent projections innervating the host brain were examined using a combination of in situ hybridization histochemistry and fluorescent retrograde tracing. Cell suspension grafts of embryonic day 14-15 rat striatal primordia (including both the medial and lateral ganglionic eminences) were implanted into the previously excitotoxically lesioned striatum of adult rats, and after longer than one year the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold was injected bilaterally into either the globus pallidus or the substantia nigra. Injections into the globus pallidus resulted in significant retrograde labelling of graft neurons within most of the experimental animals, whereas very few graft cells were labelled after the nigral injections. The vast majority of the neurons retrogradely labelled from the globus pallidus occurred in clusters or patches in the caudal half of the transplants, which 
corresponded well with DARPP-32 messenger RNA expressing (i.e. striatal) regions of the grafts. Indeed, within these Fluoro-Gold-labelled graft patches, the proportion of retrogradely labelled cells found to contain DARPP-32 messenger RNA was identical to that observed in the intact striatum after similar pallidal injections (93\%). In addition, some Fluoro-Gold-labelled cells were found scattered outside the DARPP-32-positive cell clusters; these cells were overall larger and rarely (c. 9\%) DARPP-32 messenger RNA-positive. Messenger RNA encoding for glutamate decarboxylase (which was found in 95\% of Fluoro-Gold-labelled neurons in the intact striatum) was detected in almost all retrogradely labelled graft neurons located in both the DARPP-32-positive patches of retrograde labelling (93\%) and in the DARPP-32-negative regions (82\%). In the intact striatum, neurons labelled after pallidal injections of Fluoro-Gold were observed to express preproenkephalin messenger RNA to a greater extent than 
preprotachykinin messenger RNA (81\% vs 21\%). Conversely, within the grafts, retrogradely labelled neurons in the patches of Fluoro-Gold-labelled cells were more often found to contain preprotachykinin messenger RNA (50\%) than preproenkephalin messenger RNA (21\%). The Fluoro-Gold-labelled cells scattered outside the patches of retrograde labelling rarely expressed either preproenkephalin or preprotachykinin messenger RNA. Fluoro-Gold injections into the host substantia nigra resulted in very few retrogradely labelled graft neurons; however, many (85\%) of these cells were observed to express glutamate decarboxylase messenger RNA, while only rarely were they observed to contain either DARPP-32, preproenkephalin or preprotachykinin messenger RNAs (c. 10\%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Medical Cell Research, University of Lund, Sweden.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Tissue Transplantation; Corpus Striatum, physiology/transplantation; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Female; Gene Expression, genetics; Globus Pallidus, physiology; Neuropeptides, genetics; Neurotransmitter Agents, metabolism/physiology; RNA, Messenger; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(94)00411-W},
  pmid        = {7708212},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Campbell:1989,
  author      = {K. J. Campbell and M. Takada},
  title       = {Bilateral tectal projection of single nigrostriatal dopamine cells in the rat.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {33},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {311--321},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(89)90211-x},
  abstract    = {Employing fluorescent retrograde double/triple labeling techniques, we found that a substantial population of substantia nigra pars reticulata cells send divergent axon collaterals to both the ipsilateral striatum and bilateral superior colliculi in the rat. These multi-collateralized neurons were localized predominantly in the ventrolateral portion of the substantia nigra pars reticulata at its rostral level. Furthermore, tyrosine hydroxylase immunofluorescence histochemistry combined with fluorescent retrograde tracing techniques showed that the vast majority (more than 85\%) of such specifically branched cells are dopaminergic. This novel nigral cell population seems to be in a strategic position to evoke dopamine-mediated motor impairments (i.e. abnormal saccadic eye movements in Parkinsonism) and/or behavioral syndromes (i.e. compulsive turning behavior) through the GABA-containing nigrotectal pathway.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, cytology; Dopamine, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, cytology; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2576113},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Campbell:1990,
  author      = {K. J. Campbell and M. Takada and T. Hattori},
  title       = {Evidence for retrograde axonal transport of MPP+ in the rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {118},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {151--154},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(90)90614-f},
  abstract    = {Three to 24 h after injecting radioactive 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine ([3H]MPTP) into the rat striatum, a considerable number of neuronal perikarya were retrogradely radiolabeled in the dorsal raphe, substantia nigra pars compacta and selected regions of the substantia nigra pars reticulata, leaving cells in the ventral tegmental area unlabeled. Pretreatment with tranylcypromine prevented such radiolabel accumulation, indicating that 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+) (but not MPTP) undergoes selective uptake and subsequent retrograde transport in these specific striatal afferent systems.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Ont., Canada.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, pharmacokinetics; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, pharmacokinetics; Animals; Axons, metabolism; Biological Transport; Brain, metabolism; Isotope Labeling, methods; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tritium, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2274262},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Campbell:1991,
  author      = {K. J. Campbell and M. Takada and T. Hattori},
  title       = {Co-localization of tyrosine hydroxylase and glutamate decarboxylase in a subpopulation of single nigrotectal projection neurons.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {558},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {239--244},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)90774-p},
  abstract    = {The neurotransmitter phenotype(s) of nigral neurons innervating the superior colliculus (SC) in the rat was examined using a combination of immunohistochemical techniques and fluorescent retrograde tracing. After double-immunofluorescent histochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), single cells in the rostral ventrolateral portion of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and to a lesser extent the substantia nigra pars lateralis (SN1) displayed immunoreactivity to both antigens. Furthermore, following True blue (TB) injections into the SC and incubation for both TH and GAD immunoreactivity, a considerable number of cells in the SNr retrogradely labeled with TB (approximately 10\%) were also immunopositive for both synthetic enzymes. The present study provides evidence for the coexistence of TH and GAD and thus, the coexistence of dopamine and GABA in a subpopulation of single nigrotectal projection cells.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Ont., Canada.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Dopamine, metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, enzymology; Phenotype; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/enzymology; Superior Colliculi, cytology/enzymology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(91)90774-P},
  pmid        = {1685932},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Campbell:1983,
  author      = {N. C. Campbell and D. M. Armstrong},
  title       = {The olivocerebellar projection in the rat: an autoradiographic study.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {275},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {215-233},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)90984-8},
  abstract    = {The extent of the olivocerebellar projection was examined in the rat using autoradiographic techniques. In animals in which injections of [3H]leucine encompassed the whole olive unilaterally (4 cases), the vast majority of olive cells was densely labelled and climbing fibres were heavily labelled throughout the contralateral hemicerebellum, except for some small gaps which were not consistently located between cases. The multiple injections required to cover the oliver inevitably labelled cells in the reticular formation surrounding the olive, and it is possible that these neurones might also provide climbing fibres to the cerebellum. To control for this possibility, the inferior olive was pharmacologically destroyed (4 cases) prior to [3H]leucine injections similar in size and placement to those given to normal animals. Examination of the cerebellar cortex of these pretreated animals revealed no molecular layer labelling despite identification of labelled reticular neurones. It was thus 
demonstrated that all regions of the cerebellar cortex receive afferents from the inferior olive which terminate as climbing fibres. The distribution of these terminations over the entire cortex permits the conclusion that the inferior olive is the major source of climbing fibres in the rat. The same conclusions are reached using [3H]methionine as the tracer (4 cases).},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Leucine, metabolism; Male; Methionine, metabolism; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tritium, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pii         = {0006-8993(83)90984-8},
  pmid        = {6194852},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Campbell:1983a,
  author      = {Campbell, N. C. and Armstrong, D. M.},
  title       = {Topographical localization in the olivocerebellar projection in the rat: an autoradiographic study.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {275},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {235--249},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(83)90985-x},
  abstract    = {The topographical organization of the olivocerebellar projection in the rat was examined by making small localized injections of tritiated leucine into the inferior olive (12 cases). The overall projection pattern is displayed in the form of a topographical map, revealing that the olivocerebellar projection is organized in sagittally orientated strips of cerebellar cortex, each of which receives its terminations from a discrete portion of the olive. The projection pattern is compared to that in the cat. In addition, the laterality of the projection is discussed.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Cerebellar Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Cerebellum, anatomy /&/ histology; Leucine, metabolism; Male; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tritium, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(83)90985-X},
  pmid        = {6194853},
  timestamp   = {24.01.2013},
}

@Article{Campeau:2000,
  author      = {Campeau, S. and Watson, Jr, SJ},
  title       = {Connections of some auditory-responsive posterior thalamic nuclei putatively involved in activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in response to audiogenic stress in rats: an anterograde and retrograde tract tracing study combined with Fos expression.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {423},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {474--491},
  doi         = {10.1002/1096-9861(20000731)423:3<474::aid-cne10>3.0.co;2-s},
  abstract    = {Prior studies in our laboratory demonstrated that part of the thalamus is necessary for activating the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis in response to audiogenic stress in rats. The present studies were designed to determine how the auditory-responsive thalamic nuclei might activate the HPA axis. Both retrograde [Fluoro-Gold (FG)] and anterograde [Phasoleus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and biotinylated dextran amines (BDA)] tracers were employed to study the putative connectivity between the thalamus and the medial parvocellular region of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PAmp). In addition, rats receiving FG in the PAmp were subjected to audiogenic stress, and the distribution of both FG and the protein product of the immediate-early gene c-fos, Fos, were determined by double immunohistochemistry, to help assess putative functional links between the auditory-responsive thalamic nuclei and PAmp. The results of PAmp FG placement indicated retrogradely labeled cells 
in several areas, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, hypothalamic regions, the supramammillary nucleus, some thalamic regions, and importantly, a few multisensory nuclei of the thalamus, including the parvicellular division of the subparafascicular and posterior intralaminar nuclei. Injections of the tracers PHA-L or BDA into these auditory-responsive posterior thalamic nuclei provided further evidence of projections to the PAmp. In addition, several forebrain areas were observed to receive moderate to heavy innervation. These areas included most of the regions described above, which, in turn, project to the PAmp. Because cells in the multisensory thalamic nuclei, hypothalamic, and forebrain areas were double labeled with FG and Fos, the results suggest that either direct projections from the thalamus to PAmp neurons, or indirect projections from the thalamus to stress-responsive forebrain areas projecting to the PAmp, might mediate activation of the HPA axis by audiogenic stress.},
  institution = {Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0720, USA. campeaus@psych.colorado.edu},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Auditory Pathways, cytology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Dextrans; Fluorescent Dyes; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, chemistry; Phytohemagglutinins; Pituitary-Adrenal System, cytology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, analysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology; Stilbamidines; Stress, Physiological, pathology; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-S},
  pmid        = {10870087},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Campello-Costa:2000,
  author      = {Campello-Costa, P. and Fosse, Jr, AM and Ribeiro, J. C. and Paes-De-Carvalho, R. and Serfaty, C. A.},
  title       = {Acute blockade of nitric oxide synthesis induces disorganization and amplifies lesion-induced plasticity in the rat retinotectal projection.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {44},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {371--381},
  doi         = {10.1002/1097-4695(20000915)44:4<371::aid-neu1>3.0.co;2-x},
  abstract    = {In the rat visual system, the uncrossed retinotectal projection undergoes a topographical refinement within the first two postnatal weeks. We have studied the role of nitric oxide (NO), a retrograde messenger which couples pre- and postsynaptic activation, in the development of the uncrossed retinotectal projection and in the plasticity of this pathway as a result of a restricted retinal lesion in the opposite eye. During development, maximal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was observed in homogenates of tectal tissue at postnatal day 5 (PND 5), followed by a two-step decrease at the end of the topographical fine tuning period (PND 21) and the adult stage (PND 42). We also tested the effects of an acute in vivo blockade of NOS during the development of both animals that had not been operated on, and lesioned animals. Animals ranging from PND 4 to PND 42 were treated either with the NOS inhibitor, L-nitro-arginine (Narg 50 mg/kg ip.) or vehicle (NaCl 0.9\%) during 4 days (from PND 4-7 or 
PND 9-12) or 8 days (from PND 20-27 or PND 34-41). Reduction of NOS activity induced sprouting of the ipsilateral pathway up to the second postnatal week in the animals that had not been operated on. Rats that had been operated on, however, showed an amplification of the lesion-induced plasticity up to the fourth postnatal week under NOS blockade. The data suggest that NO plays a role in the stabilization of retinotectal synapses during the critical period of topographic refinement, and indicate that an acute blockade of retrograde signals enables plastic rearrangements in the visual system within this time window.},
  institution = {Departmento de Neurobiologia e Programa de Neuroimunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. renatoborges@openlink.com.br},
  journal     = {J Neurobiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Arginine, metabolism; Axons, drug effects; Citrulline, biosynthesis; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; NADPH Dehydrogenase, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects/physiology; Nitric Oxide Synthase, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Nitric Oxide, biosynthesis; Nitroarginine, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retina, growth /&/ development/physiology/surgery; Superior Colliculi, drug effects/enzymology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Visual Pathways, drug effects/growth /&/ development/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-X},
  pmid        = {10945893},
  timestamp   = {15.05.2014},
}

@Article{Campello-Costa:2006,
  Title                    = {Blockade of arachidonic acid pathway induces sprouting in the adult but not in the neonatal uncrossed retinotectal projection.},
  Author                   = {Campello-Costa, P. and Fosse-Júnior, A. M. and Oliveira-Silva, P. and Serfaty, C. A.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {979--989},
  Volume                   = {139},

  Abstract                 = {The uncrossed retinotectal projection of rats undergoes extensive axonal elimination and subsequent growth of axonal arbors in topographically appropriate territories within the first two/three postnatal weeks. Nitric oxide has been implicated in development and stabilization of synapses in the retinotectal pathway since blockade of nitric oxide synthesis disrupts the normal pattern of retinal innervation in subcortical nuclei. The present work investigated the role of arachidonic acid pathway in the development and maintenance of ipsilateral retinotectal axons. We also investigated the role of this retrograde messenger in the modulation of plasticity that follows retinal lesions in the opposite eye. Pigmented rats received systemic treatment with quinacrine, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor or vehicle during 4-8 days at various postnatal ages. Rats given a unilateral temporal retinal 
lesion were treated with either quinacrine or vehicle during the same period. For anterograde tracing of ipsilateral retinal projections, animals received intraocular injections of horseradish peroxidase. Before the third postnatal week no difference was observed in the laminar or topographic organization of the ipsilateral retinotectal projection between vehicle and treated rats in either normal or lesion conditions. After the third postnatal week, however, systemic blockade of phospholipase A2 or 5-lipoxygenase, but not cyclooxygenase induced sprouting of uncrossed axons throughout the collicular visual layers in unoperated rats. In retinal lesion groups, phospholipase A2 blockade increased the sprouting of uncrossed intact axons to the collicular surface in the same period. The results suggest that arachidonic acid or lipoxygenase metabolites play a role in the maintenance of the retinotectal synapses after the critical period and that the blockade of the arachidonic acid pathway induces reactive 
sprouting of retinal axons late in development.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.039},
  Institution              = {Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Arachidonic Acid, metabolism; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; Immunohistochemistry; Indomethacin, pharmacology; Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; Masoprocol, pharmacology; Neuronal Plasticity, drug effects/physiology; Phospholipases A, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Phospholipases A2; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases, pharmacology; Quinacrine, pharmacology; Rats; Retina, injuries; Signal Transduction, drug effects/physiology; Synapses, drug effects/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; Visual Pathways, drug effects/growth /&/ development/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(05)01505-8},
  Pmid                     = {16472930},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.039}
}

@Article{Campolattaro:2007,
  Title                    = {Medial auditory thalamic stimulation as a conditioned stimulus for eyeblink conditioning in rats.},
  Author                   = {Campolattaro, Matthew M. and Halverson, Hunter E. and Freeman, John H.},
  Journal                  = {Learn Mem},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {152--159},
  Volume                   = {14},

  Abstract                 = {The neural pathways that convey conditioned stimulus (CS) information to the cerebellum during eyeblink conditioning have not been fully delineated. It is well established that pontine mossy fiber inputs to the cerebellum convey CS-related stimulation for different sensory modalities (e.g., auditory, visual, tactile). Less is known about the sources of sensory input to the pons that are important for eyeblink conditioning. The first experiment of the current study was designed to determine whether electrical stimulation of the medial auditory thalamic nuclei is a sufficient CS for establishing eyeblink conditioning in rats. The second experiment used anterograde and retrograde tract tracing techniques to assess neuroanatomical connections between the medial auditory thalamus and pontine nuclei. Stimulation of the medial auditory thalamus was a very effective CS for eyeblink conditioning in rats, and the medial auditory thalamus has direct ipsilateral projections to the pontine 
nuclei. The results suggest that the medial auditory thalamic nuclei and their projections to the pontine nuclei are components of the auditory CS pathway in eyeblink conditioning.},
  Doi                      = {10.1101/lm.465507},
  Institution              = {Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, physiology; Blinking; Brain Mapping; Conditioning, Classical, physiology; Electroshock; Inferior Colliculi, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Pons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Thalamus, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {epublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {14/3/152},
  Pmid                     = {17351138},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.465507}
}

@Article{Campos:2014,
  author      = {Campos, Carlos A. and Shiina, Hiroko and Ritter, Robert C.},
  title       = {Central vagal afferent endings mediate reduction of food intake by melanocortin-3/4 receptor agonist.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {34},
  number      = {38},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {12636--12645},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1121-14.2014},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1121-14.2014},
  abstract    = {Injection of the melanocortin-3/4 receptor agonist melanotan-II (MTII) into the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) produces rapid and sustained reduction of food intake. Melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4Rs) are expressed by vagal afferent endings in the NTS, but it is not known whether these endings participate in MTII-induced reduction of food intake. In experiments described here, we evaluated the contribution of central vagal afferent endings in MTII-induced reduction of food intake. Examination of rat hindbrain sections revealed that neuronal processes expressing immunoreactivity for the endogenous MC4R agonist α-melanoctyte-stimulating hormone course parallel and wrap around anterogradely labeled vagal afferent endings in the NTS and thus are aptly positioned to activate vagal afferent MC4Rs. Furthermore, MTII and endogenous MC4R agonists increased protein kinase A (PKA)-catalyzed phosphorylation of synapsin I in vagal afferent endings, an effect known to increase synaptic strength by 
enhancing neurotransmitter release in other neural systems. Hindbrain injection of a PKA inhibitor, KT5720, significantly attenuated MTII-induced reduction of food intake and the increase in synapsin I phosphorylation. Finally, unilateral nodose ganglion removal, resulting in degeneration of vagal afferent endings in the ipsilateral NTS, abolished MTII-induced synapsin I phosphorylation ipsilateral to nodose ganglion removal. Moreover, reduction of food intake following MTII injection into the NTS ipsilateral to nodose ganglion removal was significantly attenuated, whereas the response to MTII was not diminished when injected into the contralateral NTS. Altogether, our results suggest that reduction of food intake following hindbrain MC4R activation is mediated by central vagal afferent endings.},
  institution = {Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Carbazoles, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Eating, drug effects/physiology; Male; Microinjections; Nerve Endings, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Nodose Ganglion, physiology; Peptides, Cyclic, administration /&/ dosage/antagonists /&/ inhibitors/pharmacology; Phosphorylation; Protein Kinase Inhibitors, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Pyrroles, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Rats; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4, agonists/metabolism; Solitary Nucleus, drug effects/physiology; Synapsins, metabolism; Vagus Nerve, drug effects/physiology; alpha-MSH, administration /&/ dosage/analogs /&/ derivatives/antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism/pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {34/38/12636},
  pmid        = {25232103},
  timestamp   = {10.03.2015},
}

@Article{Campos:2004,
  author      = {Campos, Lucas and Meng, Zhuo and Hu, Guoli and Chiu, David T W. and Ambron, Richard T. and Martin, John H.},
  title       = {Engineering novel spinal circuits to promote recovery after spinal injury.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {9},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {2090--2101},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5526-03.2004},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5526-03.2004},
  abstract    = {We have developed an innovative way to establish a functional bridge around a spinal lesion. We disconnected the T13 nerve from its muscle targets, leaving the proximal end intact. The cut end was inserted either into an intact spinal cord, to assess regeneration of T13 axons into the cord and synapse formation with spinal neurons, or caudal to a hemisection at L2/3, to assess restoration of function below the injury. Four to 28 weeks later, anterograde tracers indicated that axons from the inserted T13 nerve regenerated into the ventral horn, the intermediate zone, and dorsal horn base, both in intact and hemisected animals. Antibodies to cholinergic markers showed that many regenerating axons were from T13 motoneurons. Electrical stimulation of the T13 nerve proximal to the insertion site 4 weeks or more after insertion into the intact cord evoked local field potentials in the intermediate zone and ventral horn, which is where T13 axons terminated. Stimulation of T13 in 71\% of the animals 
(8 hemisected, 7 intact) evoked contraction of the back or leg muscles, depending on the level of insertion. Animals in which T13 was inserted caudal to hemisection had significantly less spasticity and muscle wasting and greater mobility at the hip, knee, ankle, and digits in the ipsilateral hindlimb than did animals with a hemisection only. Thus, T13 motor axons form novel synapses with lumbosacral motor circuits. Because the T13 motor neurons retain their connections to the brain, these novel circuits might restore voluntary control to muscles paralyzed below a spinal lesion.},
  institution = {Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology/transplantation; Cholinergic Fibers, physiology; Disease Models, Animal; Electric Stimulation; Female; Hindlimb, innervation/physiology; Male; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Motor Activity, physiology; Motor Neurons, physiology; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiopathology/surgery; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recovery of Function, physiology; Spinal Cord Injuries, physiopathology/surgery; Spinal Cord, physiology/physiopathology/surgery; Thoracic Nerves, surgery/transplantation; Treatment Outcome},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {24/9/2090},
  pmid        = {14999060},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Canals:2001,
  author      = {Canals, J. M. and Checa, N. and Marco, S. and Akerud, P. and Michels, A. and Pérez-Navarro, E. and Tolosa, E. and Arenas, E. and Alberch, J.},
  title       = {Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in cortical neurons is regulated by striatal target area.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {21},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {117--124},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/1/117.long},
  abstract    = {Changes in BDNF expression after different types of brain insults are related to neuroprotection, stimulation of sprouting, and synaptic reorganization. In the cerebral cortex, an autocrine-paracrine mechanism for BDNF has been proposed because the distribution patterns of BDNF and TrkB expression are almost identical. Moreover, cortical BDNF is anterogradely transported to the striatum, suggesting a role of BDNF in the functional interaction between the two brain regions. Here we have examined the expression of this neurotrophin in the cerebral cortex after various striatal lesions. Intrastriatal injection of quinolinate, kainate, 3-nitropropionic acid, or colchicine increased BDNF mRNA levels in cerebral cortex. In contrast, stimulation of neuronal activity in the striatum did not change cortical BDNF expression. Both excitatory amino acids increased BDNF expression in neurons of cortical layers II/III, V, and VI that project to the striatum. Moreover, grafting a BDNF-secreting cell line 
prevented both the loss of striatal neurons and the cortical upregulation of BDNF induced by excitotoxins. Because retrograde transport in the corticostriatal pathway was intact after striatal lesions, our results suggest that striatal damage upregulates endogenous BDNF in corticostriatal neurons by a transneuronal mechanism, which may constitute a protective mechanism for striatal and/or cortical cells.},
  institution = {Patològica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Casanova 143, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {3T3 Cells; Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, administration /&/ dosage/biosynthesis/genetics; Cerebral Cortex, metabolism/pathology; Colchicine, administration /&/ dosage; Corpus Striatum, drug effects/metabolism/pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Fibroblasts, cytology/metabolism/transplantation; Fluorescent Dyes; Hippocampus, metabolism; Huntington Disease, metabolism/pathology; In Situ Hybridization; Kainic Acid, administration /&/ dosage; Male; Mice; Microinjections; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Nitro Compounds; Propionates, administration /&/ dosage; Quinolinic Acid, administration /&/ dosage; RNA, Messenger, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Up-Regulation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {21/1/117},
  pmid        = {11150327},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Canals:2008,
  author      = {Canals, S. and Beyerlein, M. and Keller, A. L. and Murayama, Y. and Logothetis, N. K.},
  title       = {Magnetic resonance imaging of cortical connectivity in vivo.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {40},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {458--472},
  note        = {Not a tract tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.007},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.007},
  abstract    = {Magnetic resonance imaging of neuronal connectivity in vivo opens up the possibility of performing longitudinal investigations on neuronal networks. This is one main reason for the attention that paramagnetic ion manganese (Mn2+) has attracted as a potential anterograde neuronal tracer for MRI experiments. However, the correct and possibly repeated use of this tracer--or of any tracer for that matter, including heavy metals--requires the development of an administration strategy that minimizes its toxic effects. Here we first investigated the conditions that maximize the tracing efficiency of Mn2+ and preserve viability and tissue architectonics in combined MRI and histology experiments in rats. We demonstrate that most common protocols for neuronal tract tracing using Mn2+ result in large neuronal and glial lesions. The toxicity of manganese is distinct during intracortical injections and blocks the transfer of the tracer. After optimizing the technique, we could show that extensive 
cortical connectivity maps can be generated, with no sign of neuronal damage. Importantly, preservation of tissue viability improves the efficiency of Mn2+ in tracing neuronal connections. We have successfully used this technique to trace corticofugal somatosensory and motor pathways in individual animals and describe a connectivity index (CnI) based on Mn2+ transport that quantitatively reveals cortical heterogeneities in interhemispheric communication. Finally, we have significantly improved the resolution of the technique by continuously infusing very low concentrations of Mn2+ into the target area using osmotic pumps coupled to chronically implanted brain cannulae. The specific, nontoxic and quantitative nature of the neuronal tracings described here indicates the value of this tracer for chronic studies of development and plasticity as well as for studies of brain pathology.},
  institution = {Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. santiago.canals@tuebingen.mpg.de},
  journal     = {Neuroimage},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Magnetic Resonance Imaging, methods; Male; Manganese, diagnostic use/toxicity; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1053-8119(07)01097-X},
  pmid        = {18222710},
  timestamp   = {02.04.2013},
}

@Article{Cancelliere:2015,
  author      = {Cancelliere, Nicole M. and Black, Emily A E. and Ferguson, Alastair V.},
  title       = {Neurohumoral Integration of Cardiovascular Function by the Lamina Terminalis.},
  year        = {2015},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {12},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {93},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s11906-015-0602-9},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11906-015-0602-9},
  abstract    = {The mechanisms involved in cardiovascular regulation, such as vascular tone, fluid volume and blood osmolarity, are quite often mediated by signals circulating in the periphery, such as angiotensin II and sodium concentration. Research has identified areas within the lamina terminalis (LT), specifically the sensory circumventricular organs (CVOs), the subfornical organ and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, as playing crucial roles detecting and integrating information derived from these circulating signals. The median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) is a third integrative structure within the LT that influences cardiovascular homeostasis, although to date, its role is not as clearly elucidated. More recent studies have demonstrated that the CVOs are not only essential in the detection of traditional cardiovascular signals but also signals primarily considered to be important in the regulation of metabolic, reproductive and inflammatory processes that have now also been implicated in 
cardiovascular regulation. In this review, we highlight the critical roles played by the LT in the detection and integration of circulating signals that provide critical feedback control information contributing to cardiovascular regulation.},
  institution = {Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada. avf@queensu.ca.},
  journal     = {Curr Hypertens Rep},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {10.1007/s11906-015-0602-9},
  pmid        = {26531751},
  timestamp   = {28.11.2015},
}

@Article{Caner:1990,
  author      = {Caner, H. and Tamamaki, N. and Handa, Y. and Hayashi, M. and Nojyo, Y.},
  title       = {Appearance of retrogradely labeled neurons in the rat superior cervical ganglion after injection of wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate into the contralateral ganglion.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {262},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {53--57},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00327745},
  abstract    = {Injection of wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) into the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the rat results in accumulation of WGA-HRP in sympathetic postganglionic neurons in the contralateral SCG. The sympathetic pathways involved and the mechanism underlying the labeling were investigated. The labeling in neurons in the contralateral SCG was apparent 6 h after injection and increased in intensity with longer survival times. The number of labeled neurons reached 1300 at 72 h after the injection. Transection of the external (ECN) or internal carotid nerves (ICN) resulted in considerable reduction in the number of labeled neurons. Combined transection of both ECN and ICN virtually eliminated labeling in the contralateral SCG. This provides strong evidence that these two nerves are the major pathways for WGA-HRP transport out of the SCG. No labeling was observed in the contralateral SCG following injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Therefore, it seems 
unlikely that a direct nerve connection exists between the bilateral ganglia. Instead, the labeling of contralateral SCG neurons appears to depend on the transneuronal transport capacity of WGA-HRP, which conveys the marker in an anterograde direction along the postganglionic fibers to terminals in sympathetic target organs, and then delivers it transneuronally to contralateral SCG neurons. We suggest that the sympathetic nerve fibers originating in the bilateral SCGs run intermingled and are in close contact in their peripheral target organs.},
  institution = {Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Medical School, Matsuoka, Japan.},
  journal     = {Cell Tissue Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biological Transport; Ganglia, Sympathetic, metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Male; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1701690},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Cankurtaran-Sayar:2009,
  author      = {Cankurtaran-Sayar, Serife and Sayar, Kemal and Ugur, Mehmet},
  title       = {P2X7 receptor activates multiple selective dye-permeation pathways in RAW 264.7 and human embryonic kidney 293 cells.},
  year        = {2009},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {76},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {1323--1332},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1124/mol.109.059923},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.109.059923},
  abstract    = {P2X7 receptor has gained an increasing importance as a drug target. One important response to P2X7 receptor stimulation is the uptake of large molecular weight tracers into cells. However, mechanism for this response is not understood clearly, but it is generally believed that a nonselective large pore protein forms this P2X7 receptor-activated permeability pathway. We examined human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells transfected with rat P2X7 receptors (HEK-rP2X7) and a macrophage derived cell line, RAW 264.7, that expresses an endogenous P2X7 receptor. We used confocal microscopy to investigate uptake of different types of dyes into these cells after ATP application. Stimulation of P2X7 receptors in HEK-rP2X7 cells activated two different dye uptake pathways. The first was permeable to the cationic fluorescent dyes YO-PRO-1 and TO-TO-1 but not to the anionic dyes lucifer yellow and calcein and did not require intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)) increase to be activated. The second 
pathway permeated only lucifer yellow and was completely dependent on [Ca2+](i) for activation. In RAW 264.7 cells, P2X7 receptor stimulation activated uptake of ethidium, YO-PRO-1, TO-TO-1, lucifer yellow, and calcein. Again, two different permeation pathways were discerned in RAW 264.7 cells: one permeated only ethidium and the other one, only lucifer yellow. We did observed no clear [Ca2+](i) dependence for these permeation pathways. Our results demonstrate that instead of a single nonselective pore, P2X7 receptor seems to activate at least two permeation pathways, one for cationic and one for anionic dyes with different activation properties.},
  institution = {Department of Biophysics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.},
  journal     = {Mol Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {Adenosine Triphosphate, pharmacology; Animals; Benzoxazoles, metabolism; Calcium, metabolism; Cell Line; Cell Membrane Permeability, drug effects; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Humans; Isoquinolines, metabolism; Kidney, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Macrophages, drug effects/metabolism; Quinolinium Compounds, metabolism; Rats; Receptors, Purinergic P2, biosynthesis/drug effects/physiology; Receptors, Purinergic P2X7; Transcriptional Activation; Transfection},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {mol.109.059923},
  pmid        = {19749088},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Cano:2000,
  author      = {Cano, G. and Card, J. P. and Rinaman, L. and Sved, A. F.},
  title       = {Connections of Barrington's nucleus to the sympathetic nervous system in rats.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {79},
  number      = {2-3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {117--128},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0165-1838(99)00101-0},
  abstract    = {Barrington's nucleus (BN) has been considered a pontine center related exclusively to the control of pelvic parasympathetic activity. The present study demonstrates an anatomical linkage between BN and autonomic outflow to visceral targets innervated exclusively by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Temporal analysis of infection after injection of pseudorabies virus (PRV), a retrograde transynaptic tracer, into two sympathetically innervated organs, the spleen and the kidney, revealed the presence of infected neurons in BN at early post-inoculation survival intervals. Immunohistochemical localization of PRV after spleen injections showed that a small subpopulation of BN neurons became labeled in a time frame coincident with the appearance of infected neurons in other brain regions known to project to sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) in the thoracic spinal cord; a larger number of infected neurons appeared in BN at intermediate intervals after PRV injections 
into the spleen or kidney. Coinjection of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold i.p. and PRV into the spleen demonstrated that parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the caudal medulla or lumbo-sacral spinal cord were not infected, indicating that infected BN neurons were not infected via a parasympathetic route. Thus, BN neurons become infected after PRV injections into the spleen or kidney either directly through BN projections to SPNs, or secondarily via BN projections to infected pre-preganglionic neurons. These results demonstrate an anatomical linkage, either direct or indirect, between BN and sympathetic activity. Because BN receives numerous inputs from diverse brain regions, the relation of BN with both branches of the autonomic nervous system suggests that this nucleus might play a role in the integration of supraspinal inputs relevant to the central coordination of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, 446 Crawford Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.},
  journal     = {J Auton Nerv Syst},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, pathology/virology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, isolation /&/ purification; Kidney, virology; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology/virology; Neurons, virology; Pons, physiology/virology; Pseudorabies, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spleen, virology; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology/virology; Synapses, virology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, physiology/virology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0165183899001010},
  pmid        = {10699642},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Cano:2004a,
  Title                    = {Dual viral transneuronal tracing of central autonomic circuits involved in the innervation of the two kidneys in rat.},
  Author                   = {Cano, Georgina and Card, J Patrick and Sved, Alan F.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {462--481},
  Volume                   = {471},

  Abstract                 = {The neural control of renal function is exerted by the central nervous system via sympathetic innervation of the kidneys. To determine the extent to which the control of the two kidneys is provided by the same brain neurons, the central circuitry involved in the innervation of both kidneys was characterized in individual rats by dual viral transneuronal tracing using isogenic recombinant strains (PRV-152 and BaBlu) of pseudorabies virus. Prior to dual tracing, the neuroinvasive properties of PRV-152 and BaBlu were characterized by conducting parametric studies, using the two kidneys as an anatomical model, and comparing the pattern of infection with that obtained following injection of the parental strain, PRV-Bartha, into the left kidney. Once the optimal concentrations of virus required to obtain equivalent infection were established, PRV-152 and BaBlu were injected into the left and right kidney, respectively, in the same rats. Immunocytochemical localization of viral 
reporter proteins at different postinoculation times allowed us to determine the sequence of infection in the brain, as well as to quantify dual- and single-labeled neurons in each infected area. Neurons that influence autonomic outflow to one or both kidneys coexist in all brain areas involved in the control of the sympathetic outflow to the kidneys at every hierarchical level of the circuit. The proportions of dual-infected neurons with respect to the number of total infected neurons varied across regions, but they were maintained at different survival times. The pattern of infection suggests that the activity of each kidney is controlled independently by organ-specific neurons, whereas the functional coordination of the two kidneys results from neurons that collaterize to modulate the sympathetic outflow to both organs. The advantages of using an anatomical symmetrical system, such as the two kidneys, as an experimental approach to characterize PRV recombinants in general are also discussed.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.20040},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autonomic Pathways, chemistry/physiology; Brain, physiology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, chemistry; Kidney, chemistry/innervation/physiology; Male; Nerve Net, chemistry/physiology; Neurons, chemistry/physiology; Pseudorabies; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recombinant Proteins, analysis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {15022264},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20040}
}

@Article{Cano:2001a,
  Title                    = {Characterization of the central nervous system innervation of the rat spleen using viral transneuronal tracing.},
  Author                   = {Cano, G. and Sved, A. F. and Rinaman, L. and Rabin, B. S. and Card, J. P.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {1--18},
  Volume                   = {439},

  Abstract                 = {Splenic immune function is modulated by sympathetic innervation, which in turn is controlled by inputs from supraspinal regions. In the present study, the characterization of central circuits involved in the control of splenic function was accomplished by injecting pseudorabies virus (PRV), a retrograde transynaptic tracer, into the spleen and conducting a temporal analysis of the progression of the infection from 60 hours to 110 hours postinoculation. In addition, central noradrenergic cell groups involved in splenic innervation were characterized by dual immunohistochemical detection of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and PRV. Infection in the CNS first appeared in the spinal cord. Splenic sympathetic preganglionic neurons, identified in rats injected with Fluoro-Gold i.p. prior to PRV inoculation of the spleen, were located in T(3)-T(12) bilaterally; numerous infected interneurons were also found in the thoracic spinal cord (T(1)-T(13)). Infected neurons in the brain were first 
observed in the A5 region, ventromedial medulla, rostral ventrolateral medulla, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, Barrington's nucleus, and caudal raphe. At intermediate survival times, the number of infected cells increased in previously infected areas, and infected neurons also appeared in lateral hypothalamus, A7 region, locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus region, nucleus of the solitary tract, and C3 cell group. At longer postinoculation intervals, infected neurons were found in additional hypothalamic areas, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, periaqueductal gray, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, caudal ventrolateral medulla, and area postrema. These results demonstrate that the sympathetic outflow to the spleen is controlled by a complex multisynaptic pathway that involves several brainstem and forebrain nuclei.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.1331},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Central Nervous System, physiology; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Fluorescent Dyes; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Injections; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology/virology; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, physiology; Spleen, innervation; Stilbamidines; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Synapses, physiology; Time Factors},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {10.1002/cne.1331},
  Pmid                     = {11579378},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.1331}
}

@Article{Cano:2001,
  Title                    = {Plastic response of the retrospleniocollicular connection after removal of retinal inputs in neonatal rats. An anterograde tracing study.},
  Author                   = {G. García del Caño and I. Gerrikagoitia and L. Martínez-Millán},
  Journal                  = {Exp Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {343--351},
  Volume                   = {138},

  Abstract                 = {The effects of neonatal enucleation on the final adult pattern of retrospleniocollicular connection in the rat was studied using the anterograde tracer biotindextranamine 10,000 (BDA) iontophoretically injected in different anteroposterior locations of the retrosplenial cortex. Retrosplenial afferents are normally distributed in all collicular layers beneath the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) throughout almost the entire rostrocaudal and lateromedial collicular axes. Neonatal enucleation caused an invasion of lower SGS by abundant retrosplenial afferents, whose distribution remained unaltered in intermediate and deep collicular layers. Axons entering the deafferented SGS showed variable morphologies and arborization patterns. Some of them ran lateromedially close to the SGS-stratum opticum (-SO) limit, giving rise to many collaterals which invaded the lower part of the SGS; whereas others formed narrow terminal arbors, mostly branching in the SO. In the intermediate layers, 
synaptic profiles were mainly found close to the borders of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) patches in both control and enucleated animals, indicating that neonatal enucleation does not alter the final pattern of retrospleniocollicular afferents to these collicular regions. The results presented here demonstrate that neonatal enucleation leads to the development of an aberrant projection from the retrosplenial cortex to the deafferented superficial layers of the superior colliculus. These results provide new information regarding the reorganization of connections subsequent to neonatal enucleation and suggest that, in enucleated animals, nonvisual multisensorial information could be relayed to central circuits which in intact animals belong to the visual system.},
  Institution              = {Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, 48940-Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use; Denervation; Dextrans, diagnostic use; Eye Enucleation, adverse effects; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Gyrus Cinguli, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Molecular Probes, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retina, injuries/physiopathology/surgery; Superior Colliculi, cytology/growth /&/ development/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {11460772},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012}
}

@Article{Cano:2002,
  author      = {Gontzal García del Caño and Inmaculada Gerrikagoitia and Luis Martínez-Millán},
  title       = {Plastic reaction of the rat visual corticocollicular connection after contralateral retinal deafferentiation at the neonatal or adult stage: axonal growth versus reactive synaptogenesis.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {446},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {166--178},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.10179},
  abstract    = {The effects of neonatal or adult enucleation on the final adult pattern of the rat visual corticocollicular (C-Co) connection were studied using the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextranamine 10,000 (BDA) iontophoretically injected in the primary visual cortex. In control animals, column-shaped terminal fields limited to a small portion of the collicular surface were observed. Synaptic boutons were present in all superficial strata of the superior colliculus (SC), with the highest density in the ventral part of the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS). Neonatal enucleation caused a considerable expansion of the contralateral visual C-Co terminal fields, which occupied almost the entire collicular surface, suggesting that axonal sprouting had occurred. In addition, terminal boutons tended to localize more dorsally in these cases compared with controls. Following enucleation in adult animals, no changes were observed with respect to the extension of the terminal fields, although a plastic 
reaction leading to an increase in the bouton density in the stratum zonale (SZ) and upper SGS was found, reflecting a process of reactive synaptogenesis at these levels. These results show that both neonatal and adult visual C-Co fibers react in response to retinal ablation, although this reaction shows distinct characteristics. Molecular factors, such as growth-associated cytoskeletal proteins operating in the cortical origin, and extracellular matrix components and myelin-associated axonal growth inhibitors acting on the collicular target very likely account for these differences.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, 48940-Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Axons, physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Denervation; Dextrans; Eye Enucleation; Fluorescent Dyes; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, physiology; Retina, cytology; Superior Colliculi, cytology; Synapses, physiology; Visual Cortex, cytology; Visual Pathways, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {10.1002/cne.10179},
  pmid        = {11932934},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Cano:2004,
  Title                    = {Connection from the dorsal column nuclei to the superior colliculus in the rat: topographical organization and somatotopic specific plasticity in response to neonatal enucleation.},
  Author                   = {Gontzal García Del Caño and Iñigo Uria and Inmaculada Gerrikagoitia and Luis Martínez-Millán},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {410--424},
  Volume                   = {468},

  Abstract                 = {Somatosensory stimuli from the body to deep and intermediate strata of the superior colliculus (SC) are relayed from the dorsal column nuclei (DCN), gracile (GrN) and cuneate (CuN). Electrophysiological studies have shown that the somatosensory representation in SC is arranged into a map-like pattern. However, there is a lack of studies confirming a morphological correlate of such an organization. On the other hand, after neonatal enucleation in rodents, somatosensory inputs ascend from their normal termination territory in intermediate and deep collicular strata to invade the more dorsally located visual strata. However, the origin of these reactive afferents has not been specified. By using anterograde (biotinylated dextran amine 10,000; BDA) and retrograde (Fluoro-Gold; FG) tracers, we studied separately the connection from GrN and CuN to the intact and neonatally deafferented SC. GrN-collicular afferents were found to terminate mainly within the periphery of the caudomedial 
SC quadrant, whereas CuN-collicular fibers innervated primarily the lateral part of the rostrolateral and caudolateral collicular quadrants, in a way consistent with previously described functional data. Retrograde tracing experiments using FG injected in SC confirmed this topographical arrangement. Injections of BDA in GrN or CuN of neonatally enucleated rats showed that reactive fibers reaching superficial strata are only those CuN-collicular fibers innervating the caudolateral SC quadrant, where the forelimb is represented. The present results provide an anatomical substrate for the known somatotopic organization of tactile representation in SC and further reinforce the previous proposal that the plastic reorganization of DCN-collicular afferents following neonatal enucleation constitutes a functional compensatory response.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.10982},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, 48940-Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Dextrans; Eye Enucleation; Fluorescent Dyes; Immunohistochemistry; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stilbamidines; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Touch},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {14681934},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10982}
}

@Article{Canon:1993,
  Title                    = {[Morphometric study of the lumbosacral plexus innervating the muscles of the rat pelvic floor].},
  Author                   = {Canon, E. and {De Roover}, A. and Reznik, M.},
  Journal                  = {Bull Assoc Anat (Nancy)},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {236},
  Pages                    = {37--43},
  Volume                   = {77},

  Abstract                 = {Motoneurons of the pelvic muscles in the lumbo-sacral segment of the spinal cord have been extensively studied in different species. However, few informations occur in the literature about the individual morphology of each group of neurons and their connections. Thus, in the Rat we have studied the neuronal mapping of 5 pelvic muscles, bulbospongiosus, ischio-cavernosus, levator ani, sphincter ani, sphincter urethrae, using a retrograde tracer, the horseradish peroxidase (H.R.P.). Most of the muscles injected by H.R.P. receive their innervation from the motoneurons located in the homolateral side of the spinal cord. The motoneurons of sphincter ani (+/- 40) and those of the bulbo-spongiosus (+/- 50) have the same morphology. Their dendrites contact contralateral motoneurons. They are situated in the dorso-medial nucleus of the L5-L6 segments of the spinal cord. The motoneurons of the ischio-cavernosus (+/- 80) and those of sphincter urethrae (+/- 40) are situated in the 
dorsolateral nucleus of the L5-S1 segments of the spinal cord where they form two distinct groups. On the contrary, in the ventro-medial nucleus, the neurons are mixed. The dendrites in the dorso-lateral nucleus form an important longitudinal network. The motoneurons of the levator ani (+/- 50) are situated in the ventral nucleus of the L5-S1 segments. Our works demonstrate the significance of the dendritic networks: they could play a role in the synchronization and the activity of the pelvic muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  Institution              = {Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie, Université de Liège, Belgique.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Lumbosacral Plexus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Motor Neurons, ultrastructure; Neuromuscular Junction, anatomy /&/ histology; Pelvic Floor, innervation; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  Language                 = {fre},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {8241576},
  Timestamp                = {02.06.2014}
}

@InCollection{Cant:2005,
  author    = {Cant, Nell Beatty},
  title     = {Projections from the cochlear nuclear complex to the inferior colliculus},
  booktitle = {The inferior colliculus},
  year      = {2005},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {115--131},
  doi       = {10.1007/0-387-27083-3_3},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {12.05.2016},
}

@Article{Cant:2013,
  author      = {Cant, Nell B.},
  title       = {Patterns of convergence in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus of the Mongolian gerbil: organization of inputs from the superior olivary complex in the low frequency representation.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  pages       = {29},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3389/fncir.2013.00029},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2013.00029},
  abstract    = {Projections to the inferior colliculus (IC) from the lateral and medial superior olivary nuclei (LSO and MSO) were studied in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) with neuroanatomical tract-tracing methods. The terminal fields of projecting axons were labeled via anterograde transport of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and were localized on series of horizontal sections through the IC. In addition, to make the results easier to visualize in three dimensions and to facilitate comparisons among cases, the data were also reconstructed into the transverse plane. The results show that the terminal fields from the low frequency parts of the LSO and MSO are concentrated in a dorsal, lateral, and rostral area that is referred to as the "pars lateralis" of the central nucleus by analogy with the cat. This region also receives substantial input from both the contralateral and ipsilateral cochlear nuclei (Cant and Benson, 2008) and presumably plays a major role in processing binaural, low frequency 
information. The basic pattern of organization in the gerbil IC is similar to that of other rodents, although the low frequency part of the central nucleus in gerbils appears to be relatively greater than in the rat, consistent with differences in the audiograms of the two species.},
  institution = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA.},
  journal     = {Front Neural Circuits},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cats; Female; Gerbillinae; Inferior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Species Specificity},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {23509001},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@InCollection{Cant:2014,
  author    = {Cant, Nell Beatty},
  title     = {From Cajal to the Connectome: Building a Neuroanatomical Framework for Understanding the Auditory System},
  booktitle = {Perspectives on Auditory Research},
  year      = {2014},
  volume    = {50},
  series    = {Springer Handbook of Auditory Research},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {65--78},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4614-9102-6_4},
  abstract  = {We are working in a time of great change in neuroscience in general and in auditory neuroscience in particular. Rapid development of powerful new methods for studying the nervous system, combined with massive increases in affordable computer memory and storage capacity and the expanding field of bioinformatics, have opened the door for analysis and dissemination of neuroanatomical data in exciting new ways. In this chapter, I discuss some of the new possibilities (and some of the many associated challenges) available for sharing large amounts of neuroanatomical data in ways that can be used as frameworks for organizing results from all areas of auditory research.},
  address   = {nellcant@neuro.duke.edu},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {12-06-2014},
}

@Article{Cant:1982,
  author      = {Cant, N. B. and Gaston, K. C.},
  title       = {Pathways connecting the right and left cochlear nuclei.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {212},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {313--326},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902120308},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902120308},
  abstract    = {Connections between the right and left cochlear nuclei were studied with retrograde and anterograde axonal transport techniques. Large, multipolar neurons in the anterior and posterior divisions of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus and in the posteroventral cochlear nucleus project to the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei on the opposite side. In addition, giant cells in the deep layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus project to the contralateral posteroventral cochlear nucleus and possibly also to the contralateral dorsal cochlear nucleus. The pattern of terminal distribution of the crossed connections was determined by using the anterograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase-labelled wheat germ lectin. Although no part of the cochlear nuclear complex is completely free of anterograde label, the densest labelling is found in the anterior division of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus, throughout the posteroventral cochlear nucleus (where it is closely associated with cell bodies), 
and in the fusiform and superficial layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. These direct synaptic connections from one cochlear nucleus to the other could play a significant role in processes that depend on binaural interactions within the central nervous system.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Auditory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Auditory Perception, physiology; Brain Mapping, methods; Cats; Cochlear Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Lectins; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Staining and Labeling, methods; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6185548},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Canteras:2011,
  author    = {N.S. Canteras and E.R. Ribeiro-Barbosa and M. Goto and J. Cipolla-Neto and L.W. Swanson},
  title     = {The retinohypothalmic tract: comparison od axonal projection patterns from four major targets},
  year      = {2011},
  volume    = {65},
  pages     = {150-183},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.09.006},
  journal   = {Brain Res Rev},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Canteras:1995,
  author    = {N.S. Canteras and R.B. Simerly and L.W. Swanson},
  title     = {Organization of projections from the medial nucleus of the amygdala: a PHAL study in the rat},
  year      = {1995},
  volume    = {360},
  pages     = {213-245},
  doi       = {10.1002/cne.903600203},
  journal   = {J Comp Neurol},
  owner     = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Canteras:2002,
  author      = {Canteras, Newton S.},
  title       = {The medial hypothalamic defensive system: hodological organization and functional implications.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {71},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {481--491},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00685-2},
  abstract    = {The hypothalamus is a relatively small division of the vertebrate forebrain that plays especially important roles in neural mechanisms assuring homeostasis, defense, and reproduction. Previous studies from our laboratory have suggested a distinct circuit in the medial hypothalamic zone as critically involved in the organization of innate defensive behavior. Thus, after exposure to a natural predator known to elicit innate defensive responses, increased Fos levels in the medial zone of the hypothalamus have been found restricted to the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial part of the ventromedial nucleus, and dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd). Previous anatomical studies have shown that these Fos-responsive cell groups in the medial hypothalamus are interconnected in a distinct neural system, in which the PMd appears to be a critical element for the expression of defensive responses elicited by the presence of a predator. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of what is 
currently known about the functional and hodological organization of this hypothalamic circuit subserving defensive responses.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. newton@fisio.usp.br},
  journal     = {Pharmacol Biochem Behav},
  keywords    = {Animals; Behavior, Animal, physiology; Behavior, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Humans; Hypothalamus, Middle, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0091305701006852},
  pmid        = {11830182},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Canteras:2008,
  author    = {Canteras, Newton S},
  title     = {Neural systems activated in response to predators and partial predator stimuli},
  year      = {2008},
  volume    = {17},
  pages     = {125--140},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  journal   = {Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  timestamp = {17.05.2016},
}

@Article{Canteras:1999,
  author      = {N. S. Canteras and M. Goto},
  title       = {Connections of the precommissural nucleus.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {408},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {23--45},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990524)408:1<23::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-j},
  abstract    = {The connections of the precomissural nucleus (PRC) have been examined with anterograde and retrograde axonal tracing methods in the rat. Experiments with cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) indicate that the PRC shares a number of common afferent sources with the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG). Thus, we have shown that the nucleus receives substantial inputs from the prefrontal cortex, specific domains of the rostral part of the lateral septal nucleus, rostral zona incerta, perifornical region, anterior hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal premammillary nucleus, medial regions of the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, and cuneiform nucleus. Moreover, the PRC also receives inputs from several PAG regions and from neural sites involved in the control of attentive or motivational state, including the laterodorsal tegemental nucleus and the ventral tegmental area. The efferent projections of the PRC were analyzed by using the Phaseolus vulgaris-
leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) method. Notably, the PRC presents a projection pattern that resembles in many ways the pattern described previously for the rostral dorsolateral PAG in addition to projections to a number of targets that also are innervated by neighboring pretectal nuclei, including the rostrodorsomedial part of the lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus, the ventral part of the lateral geniculate complex, the medial pretectal nucleus, the nucleus of the posterior commissure, and the ventrolateral part of the subcuneiform reticular nucleus. Overall, the results suggest that the PRC might be viewed as a rostral component of the PAG, and the possible functional significance of the nucleus is discussed in terms of its connections.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil. newton@fisio.icb1.usp.br},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Brain Stem, cytology; Hypothalamus, Anterior, cytology/ultrastructure; Hypothalamus, Middle, cytology/ultrastructure; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Telencephalon, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-J},
  pmid        = {10331578},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Canteras:1988,
  author      = {N. S. Canteras and S. J. Shammah-Lagnado and B. A. Silva and J. A. Ricardo},
  title       = {Somatosensory inputs to the subthalamic nucleus: a combined retrograde and anterograde horseradish peroxidase study in the rat.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {458},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {53--64},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(88)90495-7},
  abstract    = {Previous physiological studies have shown that neurons in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) respond to peripheral somatosensory stimulation. In an attempt to identify anatomical pathways that could mediate such responses, the possible existence of direct projections from somatosensory central territories to the STN was investigated in the rat with the aid of retrograde and anterograde horseradish peroxidase tracer techniques. Our main findings indicate the existence of a hitherto undescribed and relatively substantial direct projection from the primary somatosensory cortex to the ipsilateral STN. The projection appears to originate chiefly from neurons in layer Vb of the rostral half of this cortical area and to terminate basically in the dorsolateral district of the STN. Moreover, our data are compatible with the existence of very sparse direct projections from the spinal trigeminal and dorsal column nuclei to the contralateral STN, but the evidence on this point is hardly conclusive.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {2463044},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Canteras:1990,
  author      = {N. S. Canteras and S. J. Shammah-Lagnado and B. A. Silva and J. A. Ricardo},
  title       = {Afferent connections of the subthalamic nucleus: a combined retrograde and anterograde horseradish peroxidase study in the rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {513},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {43--59},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(90)91087-w},
  abstract    = {A comprehensive characterization of the afferent connections of the subthalamic nucleus of Luys (STN) is a necessary step in the unraveling of extrapyramidal mechanisms. In the present study, the STN afferents in the rat were systematically investigated with the aid of retrograde and anterograde horseradish peroxidase tracer techniques. The results indicate that, besides a massive input from the dorsal pallidum, the STN receives substantial projections from several districts of the cerebral cortex (the medial division of the prefrontal cortex, the first motor and primary somatosensory areas, and the granular insular territory), the ventral pallidum, the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, as well as a modest innervation from the dorsal raphe nucleus. In spite of the fact that many additional structures were found to contain retrogradely labeled neurons after tracer injections in the STN, no other projection to the latter nucleus could be 
effectively established in our anterograde experimental series.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Säo Paula, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Brain, cytology; Female; Globus Pallidus, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(90)91087-W},
  pmid        = {2350684},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Canteras:1992a,
  Title                    = {Connections of the posterior nucleus of the amygdala.},
  Author                   = {N. S. Canteras and R. B. Simerly and L. W. Swanson},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {143--179},
  Volume                   = {324},

  Abstract                 = {The connections of a relatively homogeneous band of neurons in the caudal amygdala have been examined with anterograde and retrograde axonal tracing methods in the rat. This region, called here the posterior nucleus of the amygdala (PA), corresponds in part to an area that has been referred to as the cortico-amygdaloid transition area, posterior part of the medial nucleus of the amygdala, amygdalo-hippocampal transition area, and posteromedial basal nucleus. Experiments with fluorogold and phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) indicate that the major neuronal input to the PA arises in the ventral premammillary nucleus, and that substantial projections also arise in olfactory-related areas such as the medial nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, and posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala, as well as in the ventral subiculum and adjacent parts of hippocampal field CA1. Other seemingly minor inputs, including cholinergic fibers from the 
substantia innominata, dopaminergic fibers from the ventral tegmental area, and serotoninergic fibers from the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, were also identified. The efferent projections of the PA as determined with the PHAL method appear to follow five major routes: 1) a relatively small group of laterally directed fibers innervates the dorsal endopiriform nucleus, and a few of these fibers reach cortical area TR and the lateral entorhinal area; 2) another small group of fibers courses medially to innervate the ventral subiculum and adjacent parts of field CA1; 3) many fibers course ventrally to innervate the outer molecular layer of the medial part of the posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala; 4) a moderate group of fibers courses rostrally to innervate primarily the posterodorsal part of the medial nucleus of the amygdala, although some fibers continue on to end less densely in rostral parts of the medial nucleus of the amygdala before leaving the amygdala through the ansa peduncularis; and 5) the 
major output of the PA courses through the stria terminalis. One branch of this pathway massively innervates the principal nucleus of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis before entering the medial hypothalamus, where it ends massively in the anteroventral periventricular and medial preoptic nuclei, ventrolateral part of the ventromedial nucleus and adjacent parts of the basal lateral hypothalamic area, and ventral premammillary nucleus. The other branch sends fibers to the ventral lateral septal nucleus, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and infralimbic area of the prefrontal cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903240203},
  Institution              = {Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-2520.},
  Keywords                 = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Hormones, physiology; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1430327},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903240203}
}

@Article{Canteras:1994,
  Title                    = {Organization of projections from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study in the rat.},
  Author                   = {N. S. Canteras and R. B. Simerly and L. W. Swanson},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {41--79},
  Volume                   = {348},

  Abstract                 = {The organization of projections from the four parts of the ventromedial nucleus (VMH) and a ventrolaterally adjacent region tentatively identified as the tuberal nucleus (TU) have been analyzed with small injections of the anterograde axonal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Extrinsic and intranuclear projections of each part of the VMH display clear quantitative differences, whereas the overall patterns of outputs are qualitatively similar. Overall, the VMH establishes massive intrahypothalamic terminal fields in other parts of the medial zone, tending to avoid the periventricular and lateral zones. The ventrolateral VMH is more closely related to other parts of the hypothalamus that also express gonadal steroid hormone receptors, including the medial preoptic, tuberal, and ventral premammillary nuclei, whereas other parts of the VMH are more closely related to the anterior hypothalamic and dorsal premammillary nuclei. All parts of the VMH project to the zona 
incerta (including the A13 region) and parts of the midline thalamus, including the paraventricular and parataenial nuclei and nucleus reuniens. The densest inputs to the septum are to the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, where the ventrolateral and central VMH innervate the anteroventral and anterodorsal areas and transverse and interfascicular nuclei, whereas the anterior and dorsomedial VMH innervate the latter two. The central, lateral, and medial amygdalar nuclei receive substantial inputs from various parts of the VMH. Other regions of the telencephalon, including the nucleus accumbens and the piriform-amygdaloid, infralimbic, prelimbic, anterior cingulate, agranular insular, piriform, perirhinal, entorhinal, and postpiriform transition areas, also receive sparse inputs. All parts of the VMH send a massive, topographically organized projection to the periaqueductal gray. Other brainstem terminal fields include the superior colliculus, peripeduncular area, locus coeruleus, Barrington's nucleus, 
parabrachial nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, and the mesencephalic, pontine, gigantocellular, paragigantocellular, and parvicellular reticular nuclei. The projections of the TU are similar to, and a subset of, those from the VMH and are thus not nearly as widespread as those from adjacent parts of the lateral hypothalamic area. Because of these similarities, the TU may eventually come to be viewed most appropriately as the lateral component of the VMH itself. The functional implications of the present findings are discussed in view of evidence that the VMH plays a role in the expression of ingestive, affective, and copulatory behaviors.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903480103},
  Institution              = {Program for Neural, Informational, and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-2520.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  Pmid                     = {7814684},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903480103}
}

@Article{Canteras:1992,
  Title                    = {Projections of the ventral subiculum to the amygdala, septum, and hypothalamus: a PHAL anterograde tract-tracing study in the rat.},
  Author                   = {N. S. Canteras and L. W. Swanson},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {180--194},
  Volume                   = {324},

  Abstract                 = {The projections of the ventral subiculum are organized differentially along the dorsoventral (or septotemporal) axis of this cortical field, with more ventral regions playing a particularly important role in hippocampal communication with the amygdala, bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST), and rostral hypothalamus. In the present study we re-examined the projection of the ventral subiculum to these regions with the Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) method in the rat. The results confirm and extend earlier conclusions based primarily on the autoradiographic method. Projections from the ventral subiculum course either obliquely through the angular bundle to innervate the amygdala and adjacent parts of the temporal lobe, or follow the alveus and fimbria to the precommissural fornix and medial corticohypothalamic tract. The major amygdalar terminal field is centered in the posterior basomedial nucleus, while other structures that appear to be innervated include the 
piriformamygdaloid area, the posterior basolateral, posterior cortical, posterior, central, medial, and intercalated nuclei, and the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. Projections from the ventral subiculum reach the BST mainly by way of the precommissural fornix, and provide rather dense inputs to the anterodorsal area as well as the transverse and interfascicular nuclei. The medial corticohypothalamic tract is the main route taken by fibers from the ventral subiculum to the hypothalamus, where they innervate the medial preoptic area, "shell" of the ventromedial nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, ventral premammillary nucleus, and cell-poor zone around the medial mammillary nucleus. We also observed a rather dense terminal field just dorsal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus that extends dorsally and caudally to fill the subparaventricular zone along the medial border of the anterior hypothalamic nucleus and ventrolateral border of the paraventricular nucleus. The general pattern of outputs to the hypothalamus 
and septum is strikingly similar for the ventral subiculum and suprachiasmatic nucleus, the endogenous circadian rhythm generator.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903240204},
  Institution              = {Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-2520.},
  Keywords                 = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamus; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1430328},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903240204}
}

@Article{Canteras:1992c,
  author      = {N. S. Canteras and L. W. Swanson},
  title       = {The dorsal premammillary nucleus: an unusual component of the mammillary body.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {89},
  number      = {21},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {10089--10093},
  doi         = {10.1073/pnas.89.21.10089},
  abstract    = {The results of anterograde and retrograde axonal transport experiments in the rat indicate that the dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd) gives rise to a branched pathway ending in the anterior thalamic group and brainstem, like the medial and lateral mammillary nuclei. However, unlike these nuclei, the ascending PMd projection courses through and to the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, and the descending PMd projection ends in the periaqueductal gray, superior colliculus, and adjacent parts of the reticular formation. Also unlike the traditional mammillary nuclei, the PMd does not receive a direct input from the columns of the fornix; instead, it receives a bilateral input from the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, which in turn receives inputs from areas related to the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. The results provide interesting perspectives on the organization of medial hypothalamic circuits underlying the goal-oriented behaviors associated with hunger, thirst, and reproduction.},
  institution = {Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-2520.},
  journal     = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Mamillary Bodies, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pmid        = {1279669},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Canteras:1992b,
  author    = {Canteras, N. S., R. B. Simerly and L. W. Swanson},
  title     = {Projections of the ventral premammillary nucleus},
  year      = {1992},
  volume    = {324(2)},
  pages     = {195-212},
  doi       = {10.1002/cne.903240205},
  journal   = {J Comp Neurol},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Canto:2012,
  author      = {Canto, Cathrin B. and Koganezawa, Noriko and Beed, Prateep and Moser, Edvard I. and Witter, Menno P.},
  title       = {All layers of medial entorhinal cortex receive presubicular and parasubicular inputs.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {32},
  number      = {49},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {17620--17631},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat brain.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3526-12.2012},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3526-12.2012},
  abstract    = {The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC), presubiculum (PrS), and parasubiculum (PaS) are interconnected components of the hippocampal-parahippocampal spatial-representation system. Principal cells in all layers of MEC show signs of directional tuning, overt in head direction cells present in all layers except for layer II, and covert in grid cells, which are the major spatially modulated cell type in layer II. Directional information likely originates in the head direction-vestibular system and PrS and PaS are thought to provide this information to MEC. Efferents from PaS and PrS show a selective laminar terminal distribution in MEC superficial layers II and III, respectively. We hypothesized that this anatomically determined laminar distribution does not preclude monosynaptic interaction with neurons located in deeper layers of MEC in view of the extensive apical dendrites from deeper cells reaching layers II and III. This hypothesis was tested in the rat using tilted in vitro slices in which 
origins and terminations of PrS and PaS fibers were maintained, as assessed using anterograde anatomical tracing. Based on voltage-sensitive dye imaging, multipatch single-cell recordings, and scanning photostimulation of caged glutamate, we report first that principal neurons in all layers of MEC receive convergent monosynaptic inputs from PrS and PaS and second, that elicited responses show layer-specific decay times and frequency-dependent facilitation. These results indicate that regardless of their selective laminar terminal distribution, PrS and PaS inputs may monosynaptically convey directional information to principal neurons in all layers of MEC through synapses on their extensive dendritic arbors.},
  institution = {Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for the Biology of Memory, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Entorhinal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Female; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques, methods; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {32/49/17620},
  pmid        = {23223285},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2013},
}

@Article{Canto:2012a,
  author      = {Canto, Cathrin B. and Witter, Menno P.},
  title       = {Cellular properties of principal neurons in the rat entorhinal cortex. II. The medial entorhinal cortex.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {22},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {1277--1299},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/hipo.20993},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20993},
  abstract    = {Principal neurons in different medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) layers show variations in spatial modulation that stabilize between 15 and 30 days postnatally. These in vivo variations are likely due to differences in intrinsic membrane properties and integrative capacities of neurons. The latter depends on inputs and thus potentially on the morphology of principal neurons. In this comprehensive study, we systematically compared the morphological and physiological characteristics of principal neurons in all MEC layers of newborn rats before and after weaning. We recorded simultaneously from up to four post-hoc morphologically identified MEC principal neurons in vitro. Neurons in L(ayer) I-LIII have dendritic and axonal arbors mainly in superficial layers, and LVI neurons mainly in deep layers. The dendritic and axonal trees of part of LV neurons diverge throughout all layers. Physiological properties of principal neurons differ between layers. In LII, most neurons have a prominent sag 
potential, resonance and membrane oscillations. Neurons in LIII and LVI fire relatively regular, and lack sag potentials and membrane oscillations. LV neurons show the most prominent spike-frequency adaptation and highest input resistance. The data indicate that adult-like principal neuron types can be differentiated early on during postnatal development. The results of the accompanying paper, in which principal neurons in the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) were described (Canto and Witter,2011), revealed that significant differences between LEC and MEC exist mainly in LII neurons. We therefore systematically analyzed changes in LII biophysical properties along the mediolateral axis of MEC and LEC. There is a gradient in properties typical for MEC LII neurons. These properties are most pronounced in medially located neurons and become less apparent in more laterally positioned ones. This gradient continues into LEC, such that in LEC medially positioned neurons share some properties with adjacent MEC cells.},
  institution = {Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for the Biology of Memory, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.},
  journal     = {Hippocampus},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Entorhinal Cortex, cytology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Organ Culture Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {22161956},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Cantos:2000a,
  author      = {Cantos, R. and L{\'{o}}pez, D. E. and Sala, M. L. and Rueda, J.},
  title       = {Study of the olivocochlear neurons using two different tracers, fast blue and cholera toxin, in hypothyroid rats.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {201},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {245--257},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1007/s004290050315},
  abstract    = {Congenital hypothyroidism results in deafness that is caused by changes in the auditory receptor, including scanty development of the outer hair cells and a lack of synaptogenesis between these cells and the efferent system. although the afferent population is present. The normal efferent innervation of the cochlea originates in the superior olivary complex, arising from efferent neurons belonging to the lateral or to the medial olivocochlear system. In the rat, the former is constituted by neurons located in the lateral superior olivary nucleus, that project to the inner hair cells, while the later originates in the ventral nuclei of the trapezoid body and project to the outer hair cells. The aim of this work is to study the localization, number and morphology of the olivochochlear neurons in congenital hypothyroid animals by means of the injections of the retrograde tracers, either fast blue or cholera toxin, in the cochlea. The mean total number of labeled olivocochlear neurons after 
injection of fast blue in hypothyroid animals was 1,016, and in control ones was 1,027. Using cholera toxin, the mean total number of labeled olivocochlear neurons was slightly lower: 863 in hypothyroid animals versus 910 in control ones. Although both tracers showed no significant differences between groups, when the somatic area of the labeled olivocochlear neurons is considered, the size of all of the three different population of cells (lateral olivocochlear neurons, medial olivocochlear neurons and shell neurons) was significantly lower in the hypothyroid rats. This is the first study of the olivocochlear neurons in hypothyroid animals. The conclusion from this work is that in hypothyroid rats the labeled olivocochlear neurons are significantly smaller but that there is not any modification in the localization and number of the labeled olivocochlear neurons, suggesting that thyroid hormones are necessary for the neuronal growth. However, most of the medial olivocochlear neurons do not make contact with 
their target, so their maintenance suggests that the axons are in contact with other structures of the cochlea.},
  institution = {Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.},
  journal     = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  keywords    = {Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Afferent Pathways, cytology; Amidines, metabolism; Animals; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Cochlea, innervation; Cochlear Nucleus, metabolism/pathology; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Hypothyroidism, metabolism; Olivary Nucleus, metabolism/pathology; Pregnancy; Propylthiouracil, toxicity; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10794166},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Cantos:2000,
  author      = {R. Cantos and D. E. López and M. L. Sala and J. Rueda},
  title       = {Study of the olivocochlear neurons using two different tracers, fast blue and cholera toxin, in hypothyroid rats.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {201},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {245--257},
  doi         = {10.1007/s004290050315},
  abstract    = {Congenital hypothyroidism results in deafness that is caused by changes in the auditory receptor, including scanty development of the outer hair cells and a lack of synaptogenesis between these cells and the efferent system. although the afferent population is present. The normal efferent innervation of the cochlea originates in the superior olivary complex, arising from efferent neurons belonging to the lateral or to the medial olivocochlear system. In the rat, the former is constituted by neurons located in the lateral superior olivary nucleus, that project to the inner hair cells, while the later originates in the ventral nuclei of the trapezoid body and project to the outer hair cells. The aim of this work is to study the localization, number and morphology of the olivochochlear neurons in congenital hypothyroid animals by means of the injections of the retrograde tracers, either fast blue or cholera toxin, in the cochlea. The mean total number of labeled olivocochlear neurons after 
injection of fast blue in hypothyroid animals was 1,016, and in control ones was 1,027. Using cholera toxin, the mean total number of labeled olivocochlear neurons was slightly lower: 863 in hypothyroid animals versus 910 in control ones. Although both tracers showed no significant differences between groups, when the somatic area of the labeled olivocochlear neurons is considered, the size of all of the three different population of cells (lateral olivocochlear neurons, medial olivocochlear neurons and shell neurons) was significantly lower in the hypothyroid rats. This is the first study of the olivocochlear neurons in hypothyroid animals. The conclusion from this work is that in hypothyroid rats the labeled olivocochlear neurons are significantly smaller but that there is not any modification in the localization and number of the labeled olivocochlear neurons, suggesting that thyroid hormones are necessary for the neuronal growth. However, most of the medial olivocochlear neurons do not make contact with 
their target, so their maintenance suggests that the axons are in contact with other structures of the cochlea.},
  institution = {Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.},
  journal     = {Anat Embryol (Berl)},
  keywords    = {Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Afferent Pathways, cytology; Amidines, metabolism; Animals; Cholera Toxin, metabolism; Cochlea, innervation; Cochlear Nucleus, metabolism/pathology; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, metabolism; Hypothyroidism, metabolism; Olivary Nucleus, metabolism/pathology; Pregnancy; Propylthiouracil, toxicity; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10794166},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Cao:2015,
  Title                    = {Cerebellar Fastigial Nuclear Glutamatergic Neurons Regulate Immune Function via Hypothalamic and Sympathetic Pathways.},
  Author                   = {Cao, Bei-Bei and Huang, Yan and Jiang, Yong-Ying and Qiu, Yi-Hua and Peng, Yu-Ping},
  Journal                  = {J Neuroimmune Pharmacol},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = {Feb},

  Abstract                 = {We previously have shown that cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) modulates immune function, but pathways or mechanisms underlying this immunomodulation require clarification. Herein, an anterograde and retrograde tracing of nerve tracts between the cerebellar FN and hypothalamus/thalamus was performed in rats. After demonstrating a direct cerebellar FN-hypothalamic/thalamic glutamatergic projection, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), an inhibitor of glutaminase that catalyzes glutamate synthesis, was injected bilaterally in the cerebellar FN and simultaneously, D,L-threo-β-hydroxyaspartic acid (THA), an inhibitor of glutamate transporters on cell membrane, was bilaterally injected in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) or the ventrolateral (VL) thalamic nucleus. DON treatment in the FN alone decreased number of glutamatergic neurons that projected axons to the LHA and also diminished glutamate content in both the hypothalamus and the thalamus. These effects of DON were reduced by 
combined treatment with THA in the LHA or in the VL. Importantly, DON treatment in the FN alone attenuated percentage and cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells and also lowered percentage and cytokine production of T lymphocytes. These DON-caused immune effects were reduced or abolished by combined treatment with THA in the LHA, but not in the VL. Simultaneously, DON treatment elevated level of norepinephrine (NE) in the spleen and mesenteric lymphoid nodes, and THA treatment in the LHA, rather than in the VL, antagonized the DON-caused NE elevation. These findings suggest that glutamatergic neurons in the cerebellar FN regulate innate and adaptive immune functions and the immunomodulation is conveyed by FN-hypothalamic glutamatergic projections and sympathetic nerves that innervate lymphoid tissues.},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/s11481-014-9572-y},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {aheadofprint},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {25649846},
  Timestamp                = {09.02.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11481-014-9572-y}
}

@Article{Cao:2013,
  Title                    = {Cerebellar fastigial nuclear GABAergic projections to the hypothalamus modulate immune function.},
  Author                   = {Cao, Bei-Bei and Huang, Yan and Lu, Jian-Hua and Xu, Fen-Fen and Qiu, Yi-Hua and Peng, Yu-Ping},
  Journal                  = {Brain Behav Immun},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {80--90},
  Volume                   = {27},

  Abstract                 = {Our previous work has shown that the cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) is involved in modulation of lymphocyte function. Herein, we investigated effect of FN γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic projections to the hypothalamus on lymphocytes to understand pathways and mechanisms underlying cerebellar immunomodulation. By injection of Texas red dextran amine (TRDA), an anterograde tracer, into FN, we found that the TRDA-labeled fibers from the FN traveled through the superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP), crossed in decussation of SCP (XSCP), entered the hypothalamus, and primarily terminated in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Further, by injecting Fluoro-Ruby (FR), a retrograde tracer, in LHA, we observed that the FR-stained fibers retrogradely passed through XSCP and reached FN. Among these FR-positive neurons in the FN, there were GABA-immunoreactive cells. We then microinjected vigabatrin, which is an inhibitor of GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) that degrades GABA, bilaterally into 
FN. The vigabatrin treatment increased both number of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in FN-LHA projections and GABA content in the hypothalamus. Simultaneously, vigabatrin significantly reduced concanavalin A (Con A)-induced lymphocyte proliferation, anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) IgM antibody level, and natural killer (NK) cell number and cytotoxicity. In support of these findings, we inhibited GABA synthesis by using 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP), which antagonizes glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). We found that the inhibition of GABA synthesis caused changes that were opposite to those when GABA was increased with vigabatrin. These findings show that the cerebellar FN has a direct GABAergic projection to the hypothalamus and that this projection actively participates in modulation of lymphocytes.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.bbi.2012.09.014},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.},
  Keywords                 = {3-Mercaptopropionic Acid, pharmacology; Animals; Cell Count; Cell Proliferation, drug effects; Cerebellar Nuclei, drug effects/immunology; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic, drug effects/immunology; Dextrans, diagnostic use; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; GABA Agents, pharmacology; GABAergic Neurons, drug effects/immunology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Hypothalamus, drug effects/immunology; Immunoglobulin M, drug effects/immunology; Killer Cells, Natural, drug effects/immunology; Lymphocytes, drug effects/immunology; Nerve Fibers, drug effects/immunology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhodamines, diagnostic use; T-Lymphocytes, drug effects/immunology; Vigabatrin, pharmacology; Xanthenes, diagnostic use},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0889-1591(12)00463-1},
  Pmid                     = {23046722},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.09.014}
}

@Article{Cao:2011,
  author      = {Cao, Cuiping and Chen, Ying and Wang, Wei and Liu, Ying and Liu, Guoliang},
  title       = {Ghrelin inhibits insulin resistance induced by glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity in cardiomyocyte.},
  year        = {2011},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {32},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {209--215},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.peptides.2010.11.011},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2010.11.011},
  abstract    = {Ghrelin has wide effects on cardiovascular and endocrine system. The aims of this study are to investigate the direct damage effect of high glucose and high palmitate on cardiomyocyte, and to study the effect of ghrelin on insulin resistance induced by glucotoxicity/lipotoxicity in cardiomyocyte and the possible mechanism underlying the cardioprotective activities of ghrelin. The changes of [(3)H]-2-deoxy-d-glucose ((3)H-G) intake rates were detected by isotope tracer method and the gene expressions in insulin signal transduction pathway were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot assay. The (3)H-G intake rate significantly reduced in high glucose (25mmol/l) or high palmitate (0.5mmol/l) treated primary rat ventricular myocytes. After the treatment of ghrelin (10(-7)mol/l), the (3)H-G intake rate recovered to the normal level. In addition, the phosphorylation of AKT occurred in 10min and was the highest in 30min after the stimulation with ghrelin, which can be blocked by phosphoinositide 
3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY2940002. Ghrelin also increased the mRNA levels of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), peroxisome proliferators (PPARr) and AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) genes in insulin signal transduction pathway. These results indicate that the direct damage of high glucose and high palmitate on cardiomyocyte might be through insulin resistance (IR). Ghrelin can inhibit gluco/lipotoxicity induced insulin resistance by PI3K/AKT pathway. This may provide a clue for therapy for myocardial disease in diabetes mellitus.},
  institution = {Department of Geraeology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.},
  journal     = {Peptides},
  keywords    = {AMP-Activated Protein Kinases, genetics; Animals; Cell Shape, drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Chromones, pharmacology; Deoxyglucose, metabolism; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; Gene Expression, drug effects/genetics; Ghrelin, pharmacology; Glucose Transporter Type 4, genetics; Glucose, pharmacology/toxicity; Insulin Resistance; Male; Morpholines, pharmacology; Myocytes, Cardiac, drug effects/metabolism/pathology; PPAR gamma, genetics; Palmitic Acid, pharmacology/toxicity; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Phosphorylation, drug effects; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Signal Transduction, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0196-9781(10)00497-3},
  pmid        = {21094196},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Cao:2003,
  author      = {Cao, Wei Hua and Morrison, Shaun F.},
  title       = {Disinhibition of rostral raphe pallidus neurons increases cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and heart rate.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {980},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {1--10},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02981-0},
  abstract    = {We determined the cardiovascular effects of microinjecting the GABA(A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline, into the rostral raphe pallidus (RPa) on arterial pressure (AP), heart rate (HR) and cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (CSNA) in urethane-chloralose anesthetized, artificially-ventilated rats. In 26 animals, microinjection of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline (2 mM, 30 nl), into RPa increased CSNA (+234+/-64\% of control), HR (+91+/-10 bpm) and mean AP (+16+/-3 mmHg). A similar tachycardia was evoked after removal of both adrenal glands, but was absent after beta-adrenergic receptor blockade with atenolol. Equivalent percentage increases in CSNA and HR were evoked by disinhibition of the rostral RPa neurons after inhibition of cardiovascular sympathetic premotor neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) with bilateral microinjections of the GABA(A) receptor agonist, muscimol (6 mM, 50 nl) which markedly lowered CSNA, HR and AP. These results indicate that RPa 
contains a population of neurons, possibly sympathetic premotor neurons with direct projections to spinal cardiac sympathetic preganglionic neurons, that receive a tonic, GABAergic inhibition and thus do not contribute markedly to resting levels of CSNA and HR, but when disinhibited, they can produce large increases in CSNA and HR comparable to those seen during certain stress responses.},
  institution = {Neurological Sciences Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Adrenal Glands, surgery; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, pharmacology; Animals; Atenolol, pharmacology; Baroreflex, physiology; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Blood Pressure, drug effects; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; GABA Agonists, pharmacology; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Heart Rate, drug effects; Microinjections; Muscimol, pharmacology; Neural Inhibition, drug effects; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Raphe Nuclei, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, GABA-A, physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006899303029810},
  pmid        = {12865154},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Cao:2004,
  Title                    = {Medullary pathways mediating specific sympathetic responses to activation of dorsomedial hypothalamus.},
  Author                   = {Cao, W-H. and Fan, W. and Morrison, S. F.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {229--240},
  Volume                   = {126},

  Abstract                 = {We sought to determine which medullary sympathetic premotor neurons mediate the cardiovascular and thermogenic effects resulting from activation of neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) in urethane/chloralose-anesthetized, artificially ventilated rats. Unilateral disinhibition of neurons in the DMH with microinjection of bicuculline (2 mM, 30 nl) caused significant increases in brown adipose tissue sympathetic nerve activity (BAT SNA, +828+/-169\% of control, n=16), cardiac SNA (+516+/-82\% of control, n=16), renal SNA (RSNA, +203+/-25\% of control, n=28) and, accompanied by increases in BAT temperature (+1.6+/-0.3 degrees C, n=11), end-tidal CO(2) (+0.7+/-0.1\%, n=15), heart rate (+113+/-7 beats/min, n=32), arterial pressure (+19+/-2 mm Hg, n=32) and plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. Inhibition of neurons in the rostral raphe pallidus (RPa) with microinjection of muscimol (6 mM, 60 nl) abolished the increases in BAT SNA and BAT temperature and 
reduced the tachycardia induced by disinhibition of DMH neurons. Inhibition of neurons in the RVLM with microinjection of muscimol (6 mM, 60 nl) markedly reduced the increase in RSNA, but did not affect the evoked tachycardia or the increase in arterial pressure. Combined glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-67) immunocytochemistry and pseudorabies viral retrograde tracing from BAT indicated close appositions between GABAergic terminals and DMH neurons in sympathetic pathways to BAT. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the existence of a tonically active, GABAergic inhibitory input to neurons in the DMH and that blockade of this inhibition increases sympathetic outflow to thermogenic and cardiovascular targets by activating functionally specific populations of sympathetic premotor neurons: the excitation of BAT SNA and BAT thermogenesis is mediated through putative sympathetic premotor neurons in the RPa, while the activation in RSNA is dependent on those in RVLM. These data increase our understanding of 
the central pathways mediating changes in sympathetically mediated thermogenesis that is activated in thermoregulation, stress responses and energy balance.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.03.013},
  Institution              = {Neurological Sciences Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 Northwest 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Adipose Tissue, Brown, innervation; Adrenal Cortex, secretion; Animals; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Blood Pressure; Catecholamines, blood/secretion; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/physiology; GABA Agonists, pharmacology; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Heart Rate; Kidney, innervation; Male; Medulla Oblongata, cytology/physiology; Microinjections; Muscimol, pharmacology; Neural Conduction, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time, physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System, cytology/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306452204001903},
  Pmid                     = {15145088},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.03.013}
}

@Article{Cao:2006,
  Title                    = {Involvement of medullary GABAergic and serotonergic raphe neurons in respiratory control: electrophysiological and immunohistochemical studies in rats.},
  Author                   = {Cao, Ying and Matsuyama, Kiyoji and Fujito, Yutaka and Aoki, Mamoru},
  Journal                  = {Neurosci Res},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {322--331},
  Volume                   = {56},

  Abstract                 = {In the present study we first examined the possible involvement of the putative neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin (5-HT) in raphe-induced facilitatory or inhibitory effects on the respiratory activity of rats. Secondly, we investigated the possibility of spinal projections of GABAergic and serotonergic neurons from the medullary raphe nuclei to the phrenic motor nucleus (PMN). We observed that an intravenous (i.v.) injection of (+)-bicuculline, a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, significantly reduced respiratory inhibition induced by electrical stimulation of the raphe magnus (RM) or the raphe obscurus (RO). On the other hand, an i.v. injection of methysergide, a broad-spectrum 5-HT receptor antagonist, significantly reduced the respiratory facilitation induced by electrical stimulation of the raphe pallidus (RP) or RO. By using a combined method of retrograde tracing with Texas Red injected into the PMN region at segments C4 and C5 and 
immunohistochemical labeling, we observed that glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; a GABA synthesizing enzyme) immunopositive and Texas Red double labeled neurons were predominantly localized in the RM, and additionally in the RO. However 5-HT immunopositive and Texas Red double-labeled neurons were predominantly localized in the RP, and additionally in the RO and RM. These findings suggest that RM-, or RO-induced inhibitory effects, are transmitted, at least in part, to the PMN via a direct GABAergic descending pathway. The RP-, or RO-induced facilitatory effects in rats however, are transmitted via a serotonergic descending pathway.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neures.2006.08.001},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.},
  Keywords                 = {Action Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Animals; Bicuculline, pharmacology; Brain Mapping; Electric Stimulation, methods; Female; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Methysergide, pharmacology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Raphe Nuclei, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiration, drug effects/radiation effects; Serotonin Antagonists, pharmacology; Serotonin, metabolism; Time Factors; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0168-0102(06)00190-8},
  Pmid                     = {16962678},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2006.08.001}
}

@Article{Caous:2001,
  author      = {Caous, C. A. and {de Sousa Buck}, H. and Lindsey, C. J.},
  title       = {Neuronal connections of the paratrigeminal nucleus: a topographic analysis of neurons projecting to bulbar, pontine and thalamic nuclei related to cardiovascular, respiratory and sensory functions.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {94},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {14--24},
  doi         = {10.1016/s1566-0702(01)00338-1},
  abstract    = {The paratrigeminal nucleus, which receives sensory input from trigeminal, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, has efferent projections to bulbar, pontine and possibly to thalamic structures associated with nociception, thermoregulation and cardiovascular control. Anterograde neuronal tracers were used to study paratrigeminal efferent connections. Labeled terminal fibers, evidencing bilateral efferent paratrigeminal projections were observed in the medial and caudal solitary tract (sol), lateral reticular nucleus (LRt), ambiguus nucleus (Amb), rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus (RVL), while ipsilateral projections were found in the parabrachial (PB) nuclei and ventral portion of the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPM). This extends other findings that describe paratrigeminal projections. Retrograde neuronal transport tracers, microinjected in the defined projection areas were used to map distribution of the paratrigeminal neurons originating different efferent connections. 
Microinjection of latex microspheres containing fluorescein or rhodamine and Fluoro-gold in the ventral VPM, PB, RVL, Amb, LRt and NTS revealed sets of labeled paratrigeminal nucleus neurons respectively organised in a rostral-caudal sequence. The largest extent of the paratrigeminal nucleus (medial portion) contained neurons projecting to the RVL/Amb, structures associated with cardiovascular regulation. The data show a segmented topographical organization of the nucleus, with different sets of neurons within delimited segments, projecting to neuronal structures associated with different functions. This points to a complex and extensive role for the paratrigeminal nucleus in the integration of somatosensory reflexes related to cardiovascular, respiratory and pain mechanisms. The nucleus may act as a medullary relay interposed between sensory afferents and different structures related to homoeostatic functions.},
  institution = {Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Auton Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Interneurons, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Sensation, physiology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Stereotaxic Techniques; Terminology as Topic; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11775703},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Caous:2008,
  author      = {Caous, Cristofer André and Koepp, Janice and Couture, Réjean and Balan, Antonio Claudir and Lindsey, Charles Julian},
  title       = {The role of the paratrigeminal nucleus in the pressor response to sciatic nerve stimulation in the rat.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {140},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {72--79},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.autneu.2008.04.003},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2008.04.003},
  abstract    = {The paratrigeminal nucleus (Pa5), an input site for spinal, trigeminal, vagus and glossopharyngeal afferents, is a recognized site for orofacial nociceptive sensory processing. It has efferent connections to brain structures associated with nociception and cardiorespiratory functions. This study aimed at determining the function of the Pa5 on the cardiovascular component of the somatosensory reflex (SSR) to sciatic nerve stimulation (SNS) in paralyzed and artificially-ventilated rats following Pa5 chemical lesions (ibotenic acid), synaptic transmission blockade (CoCl(2)), local anaesthetics (lidocaine) or desensitization of primary afferent fibers (capsaicin). The pressor response to sciatic nerve stimulation at 0.6 mA and 20 Hz (14+/-1 mm Hg) was strongly attenuated by contra- (-80\%) or bilateral (-50\%) paratrigeminal nucleus lesions. Ipsilateral Pa5 lesions only attenuated the response to 0.1 mA, 20 Hz SNS (-55\%). Cobalt chloride or lidocaine injected in the contralateral paratrigeminal 
nucleus also attenuated the SSR. In capsaicin-treated animals, the pressor responses to 0.1 mA were abolished, whereas the responses to SNS at 0.6 mA were increased from 65 to 100\% depending on the stimulus frequency. The paratrigeminal nucleus receives both, excitatory and inhibitory components; the later apparently involving capsaicin-sensitive fiber inputs mostly to the ipsilateral site whereas the capsaicin insensitive excitatory components that respond to high or low frequency stimulation, respectively, target the contralateral and ipsilateral sites. Thus, the paratrigeminal nucleus mediates excitatory and inhibitory components of the somatosensory reflex, representing a primary synapse site in the brain for nociceptive inputs from the sciatic innervation field.},
  institution = {Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. ccaous@biofis.epm.br},
  journal     = {Auton Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Blood Pressure, physiology; Capsaicin, pharmacology; Denervation; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Inflammation Mediators, pharmacology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Nociceptors, physiology; Pain, physiopathology; Presynaptic Terminals, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reflex, physiology; Sciatic Nerve, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Vasoconstriction, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1566-0702(08)00059-3},
  pmid        = {18511351},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Caous:2012,
  author      = {Caous, Cristofer André and Smith, Ricardo Luís and Haapalainen, Edna Freymuller and Lindsey, Charles Julian},
  title       = {Ultrastructural transneuronal degeneration study of axonal elements within the paratrigeminal nucleus in sinoaortic deafferented rats.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {engpor},
  volume      = {10},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {145--150},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1590/s1679-45082012000200006},
  abstract    = {Morphological study that searched to authenticate the presence of sinoaortic baroreceptor inputs within the dorsolateral medullary nucleus under electron microscopy analysis.After a 5-day survival period, 9 baroreceptor-denervated rats deeply anaesthetized with equithesin were transcardially perfused and their brains were histologically processed.The neuronal cytoarchitecture of the paratrigeminal nucleus comprehends afferent projections from other nuclei that have a distributive character regarding visceral and nociceptive functions in the cardiovascular reflex integration response.The medial portion of the nucleus receives afferent projections of the rostral ventrolateral medulla, as shown by retrograde neurotracing studies. The present results show that the medial extent of the paratrigeminal nucleus contains degenerated axoplasmic cellular components in sinoaortic deafferented rats. The number of degenerated axonal fibers was also larger in this area of the nucleus.},
  institution = {Instituto do Cérebro, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein.},
  journal     = {Einstein (Sao Paulo)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Aorta, innervation/ultrastructure; Autonomic Nervous System, physiology/ultrastructure; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Nerve Degeneration, pathology/physiopathology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Pressoreceptors, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal, physiology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1679-45082012000200006},
  pmid        = {23052448},
  timestamp   = {15.05.2014},
}

@InBook{Cappaert:2015,
  author    = {Cappaert , NLM and Van Strien, NM and Witter, MP},
  title     = {The rat nervous system},
  year      = {2015},
  editor    = {Paxinos, G},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  chapter   = {Hippocampal formation},
  pages     = {511-573},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {22.01.2015},
}

@Article{Capra:1984,
  author      = {Capra, N. F. and Anderson, K. V. and Pride, J. B. and Jones, T. E.},
  title       = {Simultaneous demonstration of neuronal somata that innervate the tooth pulp and adjacent periodontal tissues, using two retrogradely transported anatomic markers.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {86},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {165--170},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0014-4886(84)90077-3},
  abstract    = {Two axonally transported substances were used to demonstrate the spatial relationships between trigeminal ganglion cells innervating the tooth pulp and adjacent periodontal tissues of the mandibular canine teeth in cats. 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were applied in the periodontal tissues and in the tooth pulp, respectively. The trigeminal ganglion and brain stem were then examined for the presence of fluorescent DAPI-labeled cells, HRP-labeled cells, and cells containing both labels. Cells containing either DAPI or HRP were observed in the mandibular portion of the ganglion; DAPI-labeled cells were observed in the pontine portion of the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Examples of double labeling, indicative of collateralization of single neurons to innervate both the tooth pulp and adjacent tissues, were not commonly observed. Finally, there was no indication of a mesencephalic nucleus contribution to the tooth pulp innervation.},
  journal     = {Exp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, cytology; Cats; Cuspid; Dental Pulp, innervation; Ganglia, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Indoles, diagnostic use; Mandible; Neurons, cytology; Periodontium, innervation; Trigeminal Nerve, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0014-4886(84)90077-3},
  pmid        = {6479278},
  timestamp   = {20.07.2015},
}

@Article{Capra:1992,
  author      = {Capra, N. F. and Dessem, D.},
  title       = {Central connections of trigeminal primary afferent neurons: topographical and functional considerations.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {4},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {1--52},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {This article reviews literature relating to the central projection of primary afferent neurons of the trigeminal nerve. After a brief description of the major nuclei associated with the trigeminal nerve, the presentation reviews several early issues related to theories of trigeminal organization including modality and somatotopic representation. Recent studies directed toward further definition of central projection patterns of single nerve branches or nerves supplying specific oral and facial tissues are considered together with data from intraaxonal and intracellular studies that define the projection patterns of single fibers. A presentation of recent immunocytochemical data related to primary afferent fibers is described. Finally, several insights that recent studies shed on early theories of trigeminal input are assessed.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery 21201.},
  journal     = {Crit Rev Oral Biol Med},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Humans; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Trigeminal Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1457683},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Caputi:2013,
  author      = {Caputi, Antonio and Melzer, Sarah and Michael, Magdalena and Monyer, Hannah},
  title       = {The long and short of GABAergic neurons.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {23},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {179--186},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.021},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.021},
  abstract    = {GABA (?-aminobutyric acid) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain. Studies on GABAergic cells have focused almost exclusively on local interneurons neglecting those inhibitory neurons projecting to different brain areas, the 'long-range GABAergic cells'. This review focuses on some common features and peculiarities of 'corticofugal' and 'corticopetal' GABAergic cells. Similarly to their local counterpart, long-range GABAergic cells show immunohistochemical diversity and contact locally both excitatory and inhibitory cells. Distally, long-range GABAergic cells often target other inhibitory neurons. This feature endows them with the ability to control remote target areas via disinhibition. On the basis of few functional studies that investigated their participation in synchronous network activity, we propose that long-range GABAergic neurons play a critical role in the temporal coordination of neuronal activity in distant brain areas.},
  institution = {Department of Clinical Neurobiology of the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.},
  journal     = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, cytology; GABAergic Neurons, physiology; Humans; Interneurons, physiology; Nerve Net, physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0959-4388(13)00037-8},
  pmid        = {23394773},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Carbo:1991,
  author      = {Carbó, N. and López-Soriano, F. J. and Argilés, J. M.},
  title       = {Glucose handling by hepatocytes from obese Zucker rats.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {285--292},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Hepatocytes isolated from obese Zucker rats showed a significantly higher rate of both [U-14C]glucose and [U-14C]lactate incorporation into [14C]lipid than those from their lean counterparts. This was associated with a marked increase in the lipogenic rate measured by the incorporation of 3H2O into the cell esterified fatty acids. Although there were no changes in the incorporation of the tracer into either [14C]glycogen or 14CO2, the [14C] total uptake was significantly higher in the obese animals. The high rate of [14C]lipid synthesis from glucose was observed both at 15 and 30 mM substrate concentrations and was linked to an enhanced uptake of the tracer into the cell as measured using the decarboxilation of [1-14C]glucose in the presence of phenazine methosulphate. The presence of insulin in the incubation medium had no effect on the uptake of glucose by the liver cells. However, the large uptake of glucose by the hepatocytes from the obese animals was not related to an enhanced rate of 
transport as measured using 3-O-methyl[U-14C]glucose. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase together with a higher [1-14C]glucose/[U-14C]glucose descarboxylation ratio indicate a predominant very active pentose phosphate pathway which may be responsible for the enhanced glucose uptake observed in the hepatocytes from the obese animals.},
  institution = {Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.},
  journal     = {Biosci Rep},
  keywords    = {Animals; Biological Transport; Cells, Cultured; Glucose, metabolism; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase, metabolism; Lactates, metabolism; Lipids, biosynthesis; Liver, enzymology/metabolism; Male; Pentose Phosphate Pathway; Rats; Rats, Zucker},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1790318},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carcak:2014,
  author      = {Carçak, Nihan and Zheng, Thomas and Ali, Idrish and Abdullah, Ahmad and French, Chris and Powell, Kim L. and Jones, Nigel C. and {van Raay}, Leena and Rind, Gil and Onat, Filiz and O'Brien, Terence J.},
  title       = {The effect of amygdala kindling on neuronal firing patterns in the lateral thalamus in the GAERS model of absence epilepsy.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {55},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {654--665},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/epi.12592},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/epi.12592},
  abstract    = {The co-occurrence of absence and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is rare in both humans and animal models. Consistent with this, rat models of absence epilepsy, including genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS), are resistant to experimental temporal lobe epileptogenesis, in particular by amygdala kindling. Structures within the cortical-thalamocortical system are critically involved in the generation and maintenance of the electrographic spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) that characterize absence seizures. Using in vivo electrophysiologic recordings, this study investigated the role of thalamocortical circuitry in the generalization of amygdala-kindling induced seizures in the GAERS and the nonepileptic control (NEC) strain of Wistar rats.GAERS and NEC rats were implanted with a stimulating electrode in amygdala and stimulated at afterdischarge threshold twice daily to a maximum number of 30 stimulations. Thereafter extracellular single neuron recordings were performed in vivo 
under neuroleptanesthesia in the thalamocortical network.In NEC rats, amygdala kindling induced convulsive class V seizures and altered characteristics of neuronal activity in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), in particular decreased firing rates and increased burst firing patterns. Less marked changes were seen in other regions examined: the ventroposteromedial nucleus of thalamus (VPM), the CA3 region of the hippocampus, and the deep layers (V/VI) of the cortex. GAERS did not progress beyond class II seizures, with a matched number of kindling stimulations, and the thalamic neuronal firing alterations observed in NEC rats were not seen.These data suggest that the TRN plays an important role in kindling resistance in GAERS and is central to the control of secondary generalization of limbic seizures. A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.},
  institution = {Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.},
  journal     = {Epilepsia},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {24673730},
  timestamp   = {17.06.2014},
}

@Article{Card:1998,
  author      = {Card, J. P.},
  title       = {Exploring brain circuitry with neurotropic viruses: new horizons in neuroanatomy.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {253},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {176--185},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199812)253:6<176::aid-ar6>3.0.co;2-w},
  abstract    = {There have been substantial advances in methods for defining connections among neurons over the past quarter century. However, most tracers have been limited in their ability to define populations of functionally related neurons that contribute to a multisynaptic circuit because they are not transported across synapses. As a result, the large body of literature that has employed these tracers has established regional associations between regions that must be further explored with electron microscopy and electrophysiological methods to define the synaptic relations among constituent neurons. Recently, neurotropic alpha herpesviruses have been used to visualize ensembles of neurons that contribute to polysynaptic networks. These pathogens invade permissive cells, replicate, and pass transynaptically to infect other neurons. In effect, the viruses become self-amplifying tracers whose natural tropism and invasiveness define populations of functionally related neurons. The recent increase in the 
use of this experimental approach has emerged from advances in our understanding of the life cycle of these viruses and the resulting evidence in support of specific transynaptic passage of progeny virus rather than infection by lytic release into the extracellular space. This article reviews the advances that have made this a viable experimental approach and considers ways in which this method has been creatively used to illuminate aspects of nervous system circuit organization that could not be defined with conventional tracers.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. Card@bns.pitt.edu},
  journal     = {Anat Rec},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antigens, Viral, analysis; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/virology; Herpesviridae, immunology/isolation /&/ purification/physiology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, immunology/isolation /&/ purification/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Neuroanatomy, methods; Neurons, cytology/virology; Phenotype; Rats; Synaptic Transmission; Virus Replication, physiology; Virus Shedding},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-W},
  pmid        = {9875987},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Card:1998a,
  author      = {Card, J. P.},
  title       = {Practical considerations for the use of pseudorabies virus in transneuronal studies of neural circuitry.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {22},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {685--694},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0149-7634(98)00007-4},
  abstract    = {The development of neurotrophic alpha herpesviruses for transneuronal analysis of neuronal circuitry has emerged from interdisciplinary characterizations of the viral life cycle and the defense response mounted by the nervous system to contain and eliminate the infection. Important findings from a number of fields have combined to provide compelling evidence that these viruses, when used appropriately, are powerful probes of multisynaptic circuits. These studies have also revealed that a number of variables can influence the outcome of infection and should be considered in designing and interpreting data derived from studies employing this experimental approach. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature that has established this experimental approach as a viable method for transynaptic analysis of neuronal circuitry and to define the factors that should be considered in applying this technology.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA. Card@bns.pitt.edu},
  journal     = {Neurosci Biobehav Rev},
  keywords    = {Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology/ultrastructure; Humans; Nerve Net, pathology/physiology/virology; Neurons, pathology/physiology/virology; Neurophysiology, methods; Pseudorabies, pathology/physiopathology/virology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0149763498000074},
  pmid        = {9809304},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Card:2000,
  author      = {Card, J. P.},
  title       = {Pseudorabies virus and the functional architecture of the circadian timing system.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {15},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {453--461},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1177/074873040001500602},
  abstract    = {Transneuronal tracing of neuronal circuitry with neurotropic viruses has provided valuable insights in the way in which the nervous system imposes temporal organization on physiological processes and behavior. The swine alpha herpes virus known as pseudorabies virus, or PRV, has been particularly useful in this regard. Early studies identified attenuated mutants with selective tropism for visual circuitry involved in circadian regulation, and subsequent experiments employing this virus have provided considerable insight into the polysynaptic organization of the suprachiasmatic nuclei and associated circuitry. This literature, which has emerged during the past decade, is the subject of this mini review.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.},
  journal     = {J Biol Rhythms},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain, virology; Circadian Rhythm; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, genetics/physiology; Neurons, pathology/physiology; Pseudorabies, pathology/physiopathology; Swine},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {11106062},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Card:1999,
  author      = {Card, J. P. and Enquist, L. W. and Moore, R. Y.},
  title       = {Neuroinvasiveness of pseudorabies virus injected intracerebrally is dependent on viral concentration and terminal field density.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {407},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {438--452},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990510)407:3<438::aid-cne11>3.0.co;2-2},
  abstract    = {Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a neurotropic swine alpha herpesvirus, has been used extensively for transneuronal analysis ofmultisynaptic circuitry after peripheral injection. In the present analysis, we examined the influence of viral concentration and neuronal architecture on the invasiveness, replication, and transynaptic passage of an attenuated strain of PRV (PRV-Bartha) injected into rat striatum. Different concentrations of PRV-Bartha were injected into the striatum at a constant rate of infusion (10 nl/minute), and animals were killed 50 hours later. Viral concentration was manipulated by either altering the volume of the inoculum (100, 50, 20 nl) or by diluting the inoculum within a constant volume of 100 nl. Immunohistochemical localization of infected neurons revealed dramatic differences in the progression of infection that were dependent directly on the concentration of injected virus. In every case, the pattern of infection was consistent with preferential uptake of virions by axon 
terminals and retrograde transynaptic passage of virus from the injection site. The known topographically organized corticostriatal projections permitted a precise definition of the zone of viral uptake. This analysis demonstrated that the "effective zone of viral uptake" (i.e., the zone within which viral uptake led to productive replication of virus) varied in relation to the concentration of injected virus, with the highest concentration of PRV invading terminals within a 500 microm radius of the canula. Concentration-dependent changes in the progression of retrograde transynaptic infection also were observed. The highest concentration of virus produced the most extensive infection. The distribution of infected neurons in these cases included those with known afferent projections to striatum as well as those that became infected by retrograde transynaptic infection. Lesser concentrations of PRV-Bartha produced an increasingly restricted infection of the same circuitry within the same postinoculation 
interval. It is noteworthy that neurons known to elaborate dense striatal terminal fields were less sensitive to reduction in viral concentration than those giving rise to terminal fields of lesser density. Collectively, the data indicate that the onset of viral replication after intracerebral injection of PRV is directly dependent on virus concentration and terminal field density at the site of virus injection.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA. card@bns.pitt.edu},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure/virology; Corpus Striatum, ultrastructure; Disease Progression; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Nervous System, virology; Pseudorabies, virology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, virology; Viral Load; Virus Replication, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-2},
  pmid        = {10320223},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Card:2011,
  Title                    = {A dual infection pseudorabies virus conditional reporter approach to identify projections to collateralized neurons in complex neural circuits.},
  Author                   = {Card, J Patrick and Kobiler, Oren and Ludmir, Ethan B. and Desai, Vedant and Sved, Alan F. and Enquist, Lynn W.},
  Journal                  = {PLoS One},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {e21141},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Abstract                 = {Replication and transneuronal transport of pseudorabies virus (PRV) are widely used to define the organization of neural circuits in rodent brain. Here we report a dual infection approach that highlights connections to neurons that collateralize within complex networks. The method combines Cre recombinase (Cre) expression from a PRV recombinant (PRV-267) and Cre-dependent reporter gene expression from a second infecting strain of PRV (PRV-263). PRV-267 expresses both Cre and a monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP) fused to viral capsid protein VP26 (VP26-mRFP) that accumulates in infected cell nuclei. PRV-263 carries a Brainbow cassette and expresses a red (dTomato) reporter that fills the cytoplasm. However, in the presence of Cre, the dTomato gene is recombined from the cassette, eliminating expression of the red reporter and liberating expression of either yellow (EYFP) or cyan (mCerulean) cytoplasmic reporters. We conducted proof-of-principle experiments using a well-
characterized model in which separate injection of recombinant viruses into the left and right kidneys produces infection of neurons in the renal preautonomic network. Neurons dedicated to one kidney expressed the unique reporters characteristic of PRV-263 (cytoplasmic dTomato) or PRV-267 (nuclear VP26-mRFP). Dual infected neurons expressed VP26-mRFP and the cyan or yellow cytoplasmic reporters activated by Cre-mediated recombination of the Brainbow cassette. Differential expression of cyan or yellow reporters in neurons lacking VP26-mRFP provided a unique marker of neurons synaptically connected to dual infected neurons, a synaptic relationship that cannot be distinguished using other dual infection tracing approaches. These data demonstrate Cre-enabled conditional reporter expression in polysynaptic circuits that permits the identification of collateralized neurons and their presynaptic partners.},
  Doi                      = {10.1371/journal.pone.0021141},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America. card@pitt.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Base Sequence; Genes, Reporter; Genome, Viral; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, genetics/physiology; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, cytology/virology; Open Reading Frames; Pseudorabies, physiopathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {PONE-D-11-04809},
  Pmid                     = {21698154},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021141}
}

@Article{Card:2005a,
  author      = {Card, J Patrick and Levitt, Pat and Gluhovsky, Maxim and Rinaman, Linda},
  title       = {Early experience modifies the postnatal assembly of autonomic emotional motor circuits in rats.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {25},
  number      = {40},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {9102--9111},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2345-05.2005},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2345-05.2005},
  abstract    = {Rat pups that are repeatedly handled and separated from their dam exhibit altered adult behavioral, endocrine, and autonomic responses to stress, but the extent to which early handling and/or maternal separation (H/S) alters the development of circuits that underlie these responses is unknown. The present study tested the hypothesis that early H/S alters the postnatal assembly of synapses within preautonomic emotional motor circuits. Circuit development was traced by synapse-dependent retrograde transneuronal transport of pseudorabies virus (PRV) from the stomach wall. Control and H/S rats were analyzed between postnatal day 6 (P6) and P10, a period of rapid synaptic assembly among preautonomic circuit components. Pups in H/S groups were removed from their dam daily for either 15 min or 3 h beginning on P1, and were injected with virus on P8 and perfused on P10. Quantitative analyses of primary and transsynaptic PRV immunolabeling confirmed an age-dependent assembly of hypothalamic, limbic, 
and cortical inputs to autonomic nuclei. Circuit assembly was significantly altered in H/S pups, in which fewer neurons in the central amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and visceral cortices were infected compared with age-matched controls. In contrast, H/S did not alter the assembly of paraventricular hypothalamic inputs to gastric autonomic neurons. H/S-related reductions in limbic and cortical transneuronal infection were similar in pups exposed daily to 15 min or 3 h maternal separation. These findings support the view that environmental events during early postnatal life can influence the formation of neural circuits that provide limbic and cortical control over autonomic emotional motor output.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Autonomic Nervous System, growth /&/ development/virology; Brain, cytology/growth /&/ development/virology; Emotions; Female; Green Fluorescent Proteins, biosynthesis; Handling (Psychology); Herpesvirus 1, Suid, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Maternal Deprivation; Nerve Net, physiology; Neurons, metabolism/virology; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {25/40/9102},
  pmid        = {16207869},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Card:1982,
  Title                    = {Ventral lateral geniculate nucleus efferents to the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus exhibit avian pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity.},
  Author                   = {Card, J. P. and Moore, R. Y.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1982},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {390--396},
  Volume                   = {206},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902060407},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Efferent Pathways, metabolism; Female; Geniculate Bodies, metabolism; Hypothalamus, metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Nerve Fibers, metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Optic Chiasm, metabolism; Pancreatic Polypeptide, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Supraoptic Nucleus, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {6178763},
  Timestamp                = {07.06.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902060407}
}

@Article{Card:1989,
  Title                    = {Organization of lateral geniculate-hypothalamic connections in the rat.},
  Author                   = {J. P. Card and R. Y. Moore},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = {Jun},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {135--147},
  Volume                   = {284},

  Abstract                 = {The location and chemical identity of neurons interconnecting the lateral geniculate complex and the hypothalamus were analyzed in order to provide further information on the anatomical substrates for the entrainment of circadian rhythms. A particular objective of the study was to characterize the neurons projecting between the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of the lateral geniculate complex and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and related anterior hypothalamic areas. The connectivity experiments employed five combinations of fluorescent tracer injection and were combined with immunohistochemical localization of either neuropeptide Y (NPY), met-enkephalin (mENK) or the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)/peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) group. IGL efferents. Injection of tracer into the SCN results in retrograde labeling of NPY-immunoreactive neurons in the IGL as would be expected from prior work. These neurons and their terminals also contain the C-flanking peptide of 
the NPY precursor molecule (CPON). In addition, there are two additional groups of neurons in the IGL that project either to the SCN or the contralateral IGL but do not exhibit NPY immunoreactivity. These include a substantial population of cells that project to the SCN and an even larger group of neurons which project to the contralateral IGL and contain mENK immunoreactivity. Hypothalamic efferents. Injection of tracer into the IGL results in retrograde labeling of scattered neurons throughout the SCN and immediately adjacent anterior hypothalamus ipsilaterally and also in labeling of a small number of neurons in the same areas on the contralateral side of the brain. In rare instances, individual SCN neurons appear to project to both IGLs. However, the retrochiasmatic area (RCA) contains the largest number of retrogradely labeled neurons following tracer injections into the IGL. These neurons are concentrated along the midsagittal plane and in the lateral RCA ipsilateral to the injected IGL. None of the 
labeled neurons in the SCN or adjacent anterior hypothalamus exhibit VIP or PHI immunoreactivity. These observations indicate that the anatomical relations between the geniculate complex and the anterior hypothalamus are more complex than previously shown. First, the geniculohypothalamic tract arises from two distinct groups of IGL neurons: one contains NPY/CPON immunoreactivity; the chemical content of the other is not characterized at the present time. Second, the commissural projection between the two IGLs is formed by a third group of neurons, and these cells contain mENK immunoreactivity. Finally, reciprocal projections from the hypothalamus to the IGL arise from neurons in the retrochiasmatic area, SCN, and adjacent anterior hypothalamus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902840110},
  Institution              = {Medical Products Department, E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0400.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Enkephalin, Methionine, metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Geniculate Bodies, cytology/metabolism; Male; Microspheres; Neuropeptide Y; Neuropeptides, metabolism; Peptide PHI, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, anatomy /&/ histology; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2754028},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902840110}
}

@Article{Card:1990,
  author      = {Card, J. P. and Rinaman, L. and Schwaber, J. S. and Miselis, R. R. and Whealy, M. E. and Robbins, A. K. and Enquist, L. W.},
  title       = {Neurotropic properties of pseudorabies virus: uptake and transneuronal passage in the rat central nervous system.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {10},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {1974--1994},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/10/6/1974.long},
  abstract    = {Uptake, replication, and transneuronal passage of a swine neurotropic herpesvirus (pseudorabies virus, PRV) was evaluated in the rat CNS. PRV was localized in neural circuits innervating the tongue, stomach, esophagus and eye with light microscopic immunohistochemistry. In each instance, the distribution of PRV-immunoreactive neurons was entirely consistent with that observed following injection of cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (CT-HRP). Injections of the tongue resulted in retrograde transport of PRV and CT-HRP to hypoglossal motor neurons, while preganglionic neurons in the dorsal motor vagal nucleus or somatic motor neurons in the nucleus ambiguus were labeled following injections of the stomach or esophagus, respectively. At longer times after infection, viral antigens were found in astrocytes adjacent to infected neurons and their efferent axons and second-order neuron labeling became apparent. The distribution of second-order neurons was also entirely dependent upon 
the site of PRV injection. Following tongue injection, second-order neurons were observed in the trigeminal complex, the brain-stem tegmentum and in monoaminergic cell groups. Injection of the stomach or esophagus led to second-order neuron labeling confined to distinct subdivisions of the neucleus of the solitary tract and monoaminergic cell groups. Comparative quantitative analysis of the number of PRV immunoreactive neurons present in the diencephalon and brain stem following injection of virus into both the eye and stomach musculature of the same animal demonstrated that retrograde transport of PRV from the viscera was more efficient and occurred at a much faster rate than anterograde transport of virus. These data demonstrate projection-specific transport of PRV in the nervous system and provide further insight into the means through which this neurotropic virus infects the nervous system.},
  institution = {Co., Wilmington, Delaware 19898.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, microbiology; Central Nervous System, microbiology; Esophagus, microbiology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Injections; Male; Neural Pathways, microbiology; Neurons, microbiology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stomach, microbiology; Time Factors; Tongue, microbiology; Virus Replication},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2162388},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Card:2005,
  Title                    = {Plastic reorganization of hippocampal and neocortical circuitry in experimental traumatic brain injury in the immature rat.},
  Author                   = {Card, J Patrick and Santone, Jr, Daniel J and Gluhovsky, Maxim Y. and Adelson, P David},
  Journal                  = {J Neurotrauma},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = {Sep},
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {989--1002},
  Volume                   = {22},

  Abstract                 = {The reorganization of circuitry in the immature forebrain resulting from controlled cortical impact was examined with viral transneuronal tracing. Animals injured on postnatal day (PND) 17 and sham controls from the same litters received an intracerebral injection of a recombinant strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV) into the entorhinal cortex on PND 45. Fifty hours following injection of virus the animals were perfused and infected neurons were localized immunohistochemically with antisera specific for PRV. Prior studies have demonstrated that the PRV recombinant used in this analysis moves exclusively in the retrograde direction through synaptically linked neurons. CCI induced a necrotic loss of cortex at the site of impact and variable damage to the underlying corpus callosum and rostral (dorsal) hippocampus that was not present in sham controls. Analysis of viral transport in sham controls revealed retrograde transport of virus through hippocampal and neocortical circuitry in 
a pattern consistent with established patterns of connectivity and topography. Injured animals exhibited preservation of topographically organized connections in both the hippocampus and neocortex. However, the magnitude of labeling in the injured hemisphere was significantly increased relative to control animals and correlated with the magnitude of the injury. The distribution of infected neurons in the contralateral uninjured hemisphere also conformed to known connections. However differences in the involvement of the corpus callosum in the injury resulted in greater variability in the number of infected neurons among cases. These data provide novel insights into trauma induced reorganization of the developing brain and add to the experimental tools that can be used to assess the basis for functional recovery in animal models of developmental traumatic brain injury.},
  Doi                      = {10.1089/neu.2005.22.989},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA. card@bns.pitt.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Injuries, pathology; Disease Models, Animal; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Hippocampus, growth /&/ development/pathology/virology; Immunohistochemistry; Neocortex, growth /&/ development/pathology/virology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/virology; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Neurons, pathology/virology; Rats},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {16156714},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2005.22.989}
}

@Article{Card:2006,
  Title                    = {Efferent projections of rat rostroventrolateral medulla C1 catecholamine neurons: Implications for the central control of cardiovascular regulation.},
  Author                   = {Card, J Patrick and Sved, Judy C. and Craig, Brian and Raizada, Mohan and Vazquez, Jorge and Sved, Alan F.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {840--859},
  Volume                   = {499},

  Abstract                 = {A replication-defective lentivirus vector that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of a synthetic dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH) promoter was used to define efferent projections of C1 catecholamine neurons in rat rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). EGFP expression was restricted to C1 neurons and filled their somatodendritic compartments and efferent axons 7-28 days after vector injection. This included the descending projections to thoracic spinal cord and a network in brainstem, midbrain, and diencephalon. In caudal brainstem, restricted terminal fields were present in the dorsal motor vagal complex, A1, raphe pallidus and obscurus, and marginal layer of ventrolateral medulla. Innervation of raphe nuclei was most dense at the level of RVLM, but rostral levels of pallidus were devoid of innervation. A sparse commissural projection to contralateral RVLM was observed, and pericellular arbors were present in the dorsal reticular formation 
among the projection pathway of catecholamine axons. Rostral brainstem contained a dense innervation of locus coeruleus and the nucleus subcoeruleus. A restricted innervation of the ventrolateral column of the periaqueductal gray distinguished the midbrain. Forebrain labeling was restricted to the diencephalon, where distinctive terminal fields were observed in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus; the lateral hypothalamic area; and the paraventricular, dorsomedial, supraoptic, and median preoptic nuclei of hypothalamus. Projection fibers also coursed through the tuberal hypothalamus into the median eminence. Collectively, these data demonstrate that RVLM C1 neurons modulate the activity of other central cell groups known to participate in the regulation of cardiovascular and autonomic function.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.21140},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Catecholamines, metabolism; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, genetics; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Genes, Reporter; Genetic Vectors; Green Fluorescent Proteins, genetics/metabolism; Lentivirus, genetics/metabolism; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, chemistry/cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {17048222},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21140}
}

@Article{Cardenas:2010,
  author      = {Cardenas, Silvia and Scuri, Mario and Samsell, Lennie and Ducatman, Barbara and Bejarano, Pablo and Auais, Alexander and Doud, Melissa and Mathee, Kalai and Piedimonte, Giovanni},
  title       = {Neurotrophic and neuroimmune responses to early-life Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in rat lungs.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {299},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {L334--L344},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1152/ajplung.00017.2010},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00017.2010},
  abstract    = {Early-life respiratory infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is common in children with cystic fibrosis or immune deficits. Although many of its clinical manifestations involve neural reflexes, little information is available on the peripheral nervous system of infected airways. This study sought to determine whether early-life infection triggers a neurogenic-mediated immunoinflammatory response, the mechanisms of this response, and its relationship with other immunoinflammatory pathways. Weanling and adult rats were inoculated with suspensions containing P. aeruginosa (PAO1) coated on alginate microspheres suspended in Tris-CaCl(2) buffer. Five days after infection, rats were injected with capsaicin to stimulate nociceptive nerves in the airway mucosa, and microvascular permeability was measured using Evans blue as a tracer. PAO1 increased neurogenic inflammation in the extra- and intrapulmonary compartments of weanlings but not in adults. The mechanism involves selective overexpression of 
NGF, which is critical for the local increase in microvascular permeability and for the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into infected lung parenchyma. These effects are mediated in part by induction of downstream inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially IL-1beta, IL-18, and leptin. Our data suggest that neurogenic-mediated immunoinflammatory mechanisms play important roles in airway inflammation and hyperreactivity associated with P. aeruginosa when infection occurs early in life.},
  institution = {Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Research Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9214, USA.},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol},
  keywords    = {Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antibodies, pharmacology; Capillary Permeability; Carbazoles, pharmacology; Chemokines, metabolism; Cytokines, metabolism; Enzyme Inhibitors, pharmacology; Indole Alkaloids, pharmacology; Inflammation Mediators, metabolism; Lung Diseases, microbiology/pathology/physiopathology; Lung, immunology/innervation/microbiology/pathology; Microvessels, metabolism; Nerve Growth Factors, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/immunology/metabolism; Neurogenic Inflammation, microbiology; Neuroimmunomodulation; Pseudomonas Infections, complications/pathology/physiopathology; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pulmonary Circulation; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Up-Regulation; Weaning},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {ajplung.00017.2010},
  pmid        = {20543002},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{CardosodeOliveira:1995,
  author      = {{Cardoso de Oliveira}, S. and Hoffman, K. P.},
  title       = {The corticotectal projection of the rat in vitro: development, anatomy and physiological characteristics.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {7},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {599--612},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00664.x},
  abstract    = {In this study, the formation of the corticotectal projection of the rat in organotypic slice culture was investigated, using both anatomical and physiological approaches. The establishment of fibre connections from visual cortex to superior colliculus explants was monitored after 3, 6, 14, 20 and 30 days in vitro by cortical injections of Dil. As in cortical cultures without cocultured colliculus, fibres anterogradely labelled by this procedure spread radially from the injection site into the surroundings of the explant, without displaying any directional preference. Especially, layer V pyramidal cells could be seen to extend processes not only to the collicular target, but also in the opposite direction, suggesting that no axonal guidance was exerted by the projection target. The total number of fibres projecting in the direction of the colliculus was not higher than of those projecting in the opposite direction. However, fibres projecting into the colliculus were significantly longer. This 
was also the case when the colliculus was placed next to the pial side of the cortical explant, indicating that outgrowth direction was not related to this observation. We therefore assume a chemotrophic rather than a chemotactic influence of the projection target on cortical axons, which is based on direct contact of axons to the target tissue. It cannot be excluded, however, that the failure to detect chemotactic guidance was caused by the lack of diffusion gradients in our culture system. Innervation of the collicular slice exclusively originated from layer V pyramidal cells, irrespective of the position of the collicular target. Fibre courses suggested that discrimination of the projection target was achieved upon encounter with the collicular surface by direct membrane contact. Inside the collicular tissue, fibre arborizations occurred preferredly in up to three layers perpendicular to the surface. Even after the smallest tracer injections, termination fields were diffusely distributed over the 
collicular slice. Also, the spatial distribution of retrogradely stained projection neurons did not differ statistically from an equal distribution. Thus, a high degree of convergence and divergence was observed anatomically in the corticotectal projection formed in vitro, corresponding to the immature state in vivo. The functionality of the corticotectal projection was assessed by intracellular recordings from collicular neurons. Electrophysiological properties, such as membrane potential (-68 +/- 11 mV), membrane resistance (35.4 +/- 27.7 M omega) and the time constant (3.0 +/- 2.1 ms) were comparable to reference values, confirming the viability of our culture preparation. The functionality of corticotectal transmission was revealed by intracellularly recorded responses of collicular cells to extracellular cortical stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Zoologie und Neurobiologie, FRG.},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Coloring Agents; Culture Techniques; Diffusion; Electrophysiology; Histocytochemistry; Lasers; Lysine, analogs /&/ derivatives; Microscopy, Confocal; Nerve Fibers, physiology; Rats; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Synapses, physiology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development/physiology; Visual Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/growth /&/ development/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7620611},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Carey:1985,
  author      = {R. G. Carey and T. L. Neal},
  title       = {The rat claustrum: afferent and efferent connections with visual cortex.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {329},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {185--193},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(85)90524-4},
  abstract    = {We have examined the afferent and efferent projections between the claustrum and visual cortex in the Long-Evans rat using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport techniques. Injections of either wheat germ agglutinin/horseradish peroxidase (WGA/HRP) or Fast Blue were made into each of the main visual regions (17, 18a or 18b) as well as directly into the claustrum. The cortical injections were placed in either the upper, middle or deep layers so as to assist in determining the laminar organization of these connections. Of the 3 visual areas, only area 18b appears to have extensive and reciprocal connections with the claustrum. After a WGA/HRP injection of this area, dense labeled terminals and numerous labeled cells were found intermixed throughout the full extent of the claustrum. The density of this labeled activity was found to vary directly with the amount of the infragranular layers involved by the injections. Injections in the other visual areas did produce labeled cells in the 
claustrum, but their number was always small or even negligible. There was never any evidence of anterograde labeled terminals in the claustrum from any injection of areas 17 or 18a. Tracer injections directly in the claustrum confirmed and extended these findings by showing that the labeled terminals and/or labeled cells were localized predominantly in layer VI of area 18b of visual cortex. On the basis of these injections, two major conclusions are reached. First, the pattern of connections between the claustrum and visual cortex in the rat differs fundamentally with that found in other species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology; Cats; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Tupaiidae, anatomy /&/ histology; Visual Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(85)90524-4},
  pmid        = {3978440},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Carey:1987,
  author      = {R. G. Carey and R. W. Rieck},
  title       = {Topographic projections to the visual cortex from the basal forebrain in the rat.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {424},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {205--215},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(87)91463-6},
  abstract    = {Recent studies have shown that cholinergic neurons within the basal forebrain give rise to a projection that terminates throughout the neocortex. The purpose of the present study is to determine the topographic organization of the basal forebrain projection to a single cortical region: the visual cortex. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were placed within the infragranular layers of areas 17, 18a or 18b in Long-Evans hooded rats. Following injections placed within area 18a, retrogradely labeled neurons were located primarily within the caudal components of the basal forebrain including the basal nucleus of Meynert. Injections placed within area 18b, on the other hand, resulted in retrograde labeling of numerous neurons within rostral basal forebrain nuclei, including the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca, whereas only a few labeled cells were located within the basal nucleus. Two patterns of labeled cells were evident following injections placed within 
area 17 and they resembled the results from injections within the adjacent extrastriate area; i.e. either area 18a or area 18b. Thus, injections restricted to the lateral portions of area 17 resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons located within the caudal levels of the basal forebrain, whereas injections within the medial portions of area 17 were followed by retrograde labeling of neurons within the rostral levels of the basal forebrain. Based on these results we suggest that the cholinergic corticopetal projection terminates within the visual cortex in a medial to lateral pattern.},
  institution = {Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Diencephalon, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synaptic Transmission; Telencephalon, physiology; Visual Cortex, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(87)91463-6},
  pmid        = {2823995},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Carey:2008,
  author      = {Carey, Robert J. and Damianopoulos, Ernest N. and Shanahan, Arielle B.},
  title       = {Cocaine conditioned behavior: a cocaine memory trace or an anti-habituation effect.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {90},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {625--631},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.pbb.2008.05.005},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2008.05.005},
  abstract    = {Whether cocaine locomotor conditioning represents a cocaine positive effect; i.e., a Pavlovian cocaine conditioned response; or, a cocaine negative effect; i.e., interference with habituation to the test environment, is a subject of some controversy. Three separate experiments were conducted to compare the behavior (locomotion and grooming) of separate groups of rats given 1, 9 or 14 cocaine (10 mg/kg) treatments paired/unpaired with placement into an open-field arena. The behavior of the cocaine groups on subsequent saline tests were compared with the habituation rates of saline treated rats. After one cocaine pairing with the test environment, the subsequent behavior of the cocaine paired group on saline tests was similar to a non-habituated control group. In the two experiments with repeated cocaine pairings to the test environment, the subsequent behavior of the cocaine treated groups did not parallel that of the non-habituated saline control groups. These results were not explicable in 
terms of cocaine anti-habituation effects. It is suggested that cocaine contextual cues paired with cocaine treatment can activate cocaine memory traces which with subsequent cocaine treatments are reinforced and strengthened. In this way repeated cocaine use can forge conditioned stimulus connections to the cocaine behavioral response that are highly resistant to extinction.},
  institution = {Research Service (151), VA Medical Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. careyr@cnyrc.org},
  journal     = {Pharmacol Biochem Behav},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cocaine, pharmacology; Conditioning, Operant, drug effects; Cues; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, pharmacology; Grooming, drug effects; Habituation, Psychophysiologic, drug effects; Male; Memory, drug effects; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0091-3057(08)00169-X},
  pmid        = {18571225},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carithers:1980,
  author      = {Carithers, J. and Bealer, S. L. and Brody, M. J. and Johnson, A. K.},
  title       = {Fine structural evidence of degeneration in supraoptic nucleus and subfornical organ of rats with lesions in the anteroventral third ventricle.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {201},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {1--12},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(80)90770-2},
  abstract    = {Lesions of the tissue surrounding the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) alter mechanisms controlling body fluid homeostasis and hemodynamics. A period of adipsia and impaired antidiuresis follows AV3V destruction, which causes lesioned animals to become severely dehydrated. In lesioned rats, mechanisms maintaining water balance appear to be refractory to angiotensin and osmotic stimuli. To further investigate the neural basis for the observed alterations in body fluid balance, the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and subfornical organ (SFO) of rats with adipsia-producing lesions in the AV3V were examined by electron microscopy. In SONs of lesioned rats, degenerating fibers and terminals were present. Degenerating axonal terminals were seen in both axodendritic and axoaxonal synapses on magnocellular neurosecretory cells. These affected terminals in the SONs of lesioned rats may arise from osmoreceptors and angiotensin receptors which have somas or fibers in the lesioned area. Some fibers 
containing neurosecretory granulated vesicles also underwent degeneration. Neuronal somas displaying retrograde degenerative changes were present in SFOs after AV3V lesions. Degenerating fibers, some of which may be fibers of passage through the SFO, were common. However, little evidence of degenerative changes was seen in axon terminals in the SFOs. The evidence that lesions in the AV3V damaged an efferent projection field of the SFO is discussed in light of reports that AV3V lesions destroy responses in which the SFO is believed to participate.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, ultrastructure; Cerebral Ventricles, physiology; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Fibers, ultrastructure; Neurosecretion; Neurosecretory Systems, anatomy /&/ histology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, physiology; Rats; Receptors, Angiotensin, physiology; Subfornical Organ, anatomy /&/ histology; Supraoptic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Synapses, ultrastructure; Water-Electrolyte Balance},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(80)90770-2},
  pmid        = {7417827},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Carlier:1990,
  author      = {Carlier, P. and Smelten, N. and Gilles, R. and Rorive, G.},
  title       = {[Effect of long-term administration of vasodilators and "antitrophic" agents on the structure and function of the heart in hypertensive rats].},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {fre},
  volume      = {83},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {1135--1139},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {In this study, we determined whether the persistency of cardiac hypertrophy after chronic vasodilation therapy with minoxidil (minox) was associated with functional or metabolic alterations in hypertensive rat hearts before, during and after an ischemic insult. In addition, we investigated the effects of the simultaneous administration of difluoromethylornithine (dfmo), a substance that could block hypertrophy by a direct inhibition of protein synthesis. Four groups of male Wistar rats were prepared: 1) normotensive controls (n = 8), 2) untreated renovascular hypertensive rats (HT, n = 15), 3) hypertensives treated with minox (8 mg/kg, n = 19), 4) hypertensives treated with minox and dfmo (1.7 g/kg, n = 20). After 21 days of treatment, the animals were sacrificed. In a small number of hearts, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was assayed in order to verify that dfmo, which is a suicide inhibitor of ODC, had effectively interrupted the polyamines pathway. The other hearts were prepared 
for retrograde perfusion at 35 degrees C and at constant flow (10 ml/min x g). Cardiac function was monitored via the balloon inserted in the left ventricle (LV) and the following protocol was applied: a) baseline period (24 min), b) ischemia (24 min), c) recovery (36 min). Finally, the hearts were weighed and LV wall thickness and inner radius were measured. Blood pressure was maintained near normotension in the two treated groups. Mean systolic pressure (in mmHg) was 145 +/- 4 with minox and 144 +/- 3 with minox + dfmo versus 181 +/- 4 in the HT group (p less than 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Laboratoire d'hypertension, CHU de Liège, Belgique.},
  journal     = {Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cardiomegaly, drug therapy/physiopathology; Drug Therapy, Combination; Eflornithine, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Heart Ventricles, drug effects/pathology; Hemodynamics, drug effects; Hypertension, Renovascular, drug therapy/physiopathology; Male; Minoxidil, pharmacology/therapeutic use; Models, Cardiovascular; Ornithine Decarboxylase, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2148071},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carlisle:1974,
  author      = {Carlisle, E. M.},
  title       = {Proceedings: Silicon as an essential element.},
  year        = {1974},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {33},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {1758--1766},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  journal     = {Fed Proc},
  keywords    = {Aging; Animals; Bone Development; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium, Dietary; Chickens; Connective Tissue, metabolism; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium, metabolism; Glycosaminoglycans, biosynthesis; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Requirements; Rats; Silicon, metabolism; Trace Elements},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {4275098},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carlisle:1986,
  author      = {Carlisle, E. M.},
  title       = {Silicon as an essential trace element in animal nutrition.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {121},
  pages       = {123--139},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Within the last decade silicon has been recognized as participating in the normal metabolism of higher animals and as being an essential trace element. Silicon is found to perform an important role in connective tissue, especially in bone and cartilage. Bone and cartilage abnormalities are associated with a reduction in matrix components, resulting in the establishment of a requirement for silicon in collagen and glycosaminoglycan formation. Silicon's primary effect in bone and cartilage is on the matrix, with formation of the organic matrix appearing to be more severely affected by silicon deficiency than the mineralization process. Additional support for silicon's metabolic role in connective tissue is provided by the finding that silicon is a major ion of osteogenic cells and is present in especially high concentrations in the metabolically active state of the cell; furthermore, silicon reaches relatively high levels in the mitochondria of these cells. Further studies also indicate that 
silicon participates in the biochemistry of the subcellular enzyme-containing structures. Silicon also forms important interrelationships with other elements. Although it is clear from the body of recent work that silicon performs a specific metabolic function, a structural role has also been proposed for it in connective tissue. A relationship established between silicon and ageing probably relates to glycosaminoglycan changes.},
  journal     = {Ciba Found Symp},
  keywords    = {Animals; Bone Development, drug effects; Calcification, Physiologic; Cartilage, growth /&/ development; Chickens; Connective Tissue, physiology; Humans; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Rats; Reference Values; Silicon, deficiency/metabolism/pharmacology; Tissue Distribution; Trace Elements},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3743227},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carlisle:1988,
  author      = {Carlisle, E. M.},
  title       = {Silicon as a trace nutrient.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {73},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {95--106},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0048-9697(88)90190-8},
  abstract    = {Silicon performs an important role in connective tissue, especially in bone and cartilage. Silicon's primary effect in bone and cartilage appears to be on formation of the organic matrix. Bone and cartilage abnormalities are associated with a reduction in matrix components, resulting in the establishment of a requirement for silicon in collagen and glycosaminoglycan formation. Additional support for silicon's metabolic role in connective tissue is provided by the finding that silicon is a major ion of osteogenic cells, especially high in the metabolically active state of the cell. Further studies also indicate that silicon participates in the biochemistry of subcellular enzyme-containing structures. Silicon also forms important relationships with other elements. Although it is clear from the body of recent work that silicon performs a specific metabolic function, a structural role has been proposed for silicon in connective tissue. A relationship established between silicon and aging 
probably relates to glycosaminoglycan changes.},
  institution = {School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles 90024.},
  journal     = {Sci Total Environ},
  keywords    = {Aging; Animals; Bone Development, drug effects; Cartilage, analysis/growth /&/ development; Chickens; Connective Tissue, analysis/growth /&/ development; Diet; Male; Organ Specificity; Rats; Reference Values; Silicones, analysis/deficiency/pharmacology; Trace Elements},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0048-9697(88)90190-8},
  pmid        = {3212453},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carlos:1996,
  author      = {J. A. de Carlos and L. López-Mascaraque and F. Valverde},
  title       = {Dynamics of cell migration from the lateral ganglionic eminence in the rat.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {16},
  number      = {19},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {6146--6156},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/16/19/6146.long},
  abstract    = {From previous developmental studies, it has been proposed that the neurons of the ventrolateral cortex, including the primary olfactory cortex, differentiate from progenitor cells in the lateral ganglionic eminence. The objective of the present study was to test this hypothesis. The cells first generated in the forebrain of the rat migrate to the surface of the telencephalic vesicle by embryonic day (E) 12. Using [3H]thymidine, we found that most of these cells contributed to the formation of the deep layer III of the primary olfactory cortex. To study the migratory routes of these cells, we made localized injections of the carbocyanine fluorescent tracers Dil and DiA into various parts of the lateral ganglionic eminence in living embryos at E12-E14 and subsequently maintained the embryos in a culture device for 17-48 hr. After fixation, most migrating cells were located at the surface of the telencephalic vesicle, whereas others were seen coursing tangentially into the preplate. Injections 
made at E13 and in fixed tissue at E15 showed that migrating cells follow radial glial fibers extending from the ventricular zone of the lateral ganglionic eminence to the ventrolateral surface of the telencephalic vesicle. The spatial distribution of radial glial fibers was studied in Golgi preparations, and these observations provided further evidence of the existence of long glial fibers extending from the ventricular zone of the lateral ganglionic eminence to the ventrolateral cortex. We conclude that cells of the primary olfactory cortex derive from the lateral ganglionic eminence and that some early generated cells migrating from the lateral ganglionic eminence transgress the cortico-striatal boundary entering the preplate of the neocortical primordium.},
  institution = {Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía Comparada, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn, growth /&/ development/physiology; Carbocyanines; Cell Movement; Cells, Cultured; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Fluorescent Dyes; Neurons, physiology; Olfactory Pathways, cytology/embryology; Prosencephalon, cytology/embryology; Rats, Wistar; Rats, embryology; Telencephalon, cytology/embryology; Thymidine},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8815897},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Carlos:1996a,
  author      = {J. A. De Carlos and L. López-Mascaraque and F. Valverde},
  title       = {Early olfactory fiber projections and cell migration into the rat telencephalon.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {14},
  number      = {7-8},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {853--866},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0736-5748(96)00055-x},
  abstract    = {The formation and development of primary olfactory axons was studied in the rat embryo using acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, immunocytochemistry for neuron-specific beta-tubulin (TuJ1) and growth associated protein 43 (GAP43), and a fluorescent tracer DiI. Olfactory axons extend from the olfactory receptor neurons localized in the olfactory epithelium. These fibers grow to reach and enter the olfactory bulbs, where they form the first relay and integrative synaptic station in the olfactory system: the olfactory glomerulus. In this communication we address the development of primary olfactory fibers: first from the olfactory placode and later from the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory fibers enter the olfactory bulbs apparently in a disordered manner but soon arrange themselves in hook shaped aggregates of fibers, with many boutons (immature synaptic terminals), to form the glomeruli. We detected this kind of structure for the first time at embryonic day 16. The olfactory receptor cells 
are usually anchored in the basal lamina of the olfactory epithelium but some of them, after reaching their targets, lose their epithelial attachment, leave the olfactory epithelium and migrate to and enter the olfactory bulbs. The traffic of cells between the olfactory epithelium and the brain lasts late into embryonic development. We describe four types of migratory mechanism used by different populations of cells to reach their targets in the telencephalic vesicle and propose the existence of migrating cells that enter the telencephalon. These data were corroborated by injections into the olfactory epithelium a of murine retrovirus carrying the Escherichia coli lac-Z gene.},
  institution = {Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía Comparada Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.},
  journal     = {Int J Dev Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholinesterase, analysis; Animals; Axons, physiology; Cell Lineage; Cell Movement; Genes, Reporter; Genetic Vectors, administration /&/ dosage; Gestational Age; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, analysis; Morphogenesis; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Olfactory Bulb, cytology/embryology; Olfactory Nerve, cytology/embryology; Olfactory Pathways, cytology/embryology; Olfactory Receptor Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Transfection; Tubulin, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9010730},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Carlsen:1988,
  Title                    = {Immunocytochemical localization of glutamate decarboxylase in the rat basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, with special reference to GABAergic innervation of amygdalostriatal projection neurons.},
  Author                   = {J. Carlsen},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1988},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {513--526},
  Volume                   = {273},

  Abstract                 = {Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) immunohistochemistry was employed at the light and electron microscopic levels to localize GABAergic structures in the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (BL). The GAD-immunoreactive (GAD-IR) staining pattern consisted of punctate structures and a morphologically diverse group of GAD-IR neurons. At the electron microscopic level many of these punctate structures were found to make symmetrical synaptic contacts with cell bodies as well as distal parts of unlabeled, presumably projection and nonprojection, neurons. In addition, GAD-immunoreactive neurons were identified in the BL, and they had the ultrastructural characteristics of local circuit or intrinsic neurons and were not retrogradely labeled with HRP following ventral striatal injections. Some of these GAD-immunoreactive neurons were contacted by GABAergic boutons, forming symmetrical synaptic contacts. GABAergic innervation of amygdaloid projection neurons in the BL was identified by combining 
GAD immunohistochemistry with Golgi impregnation and retrograde tracing of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) following injections of the tracer in the olfactory-tubercle-related parts of the ventral striatum. Amygdalostriatal projection neurons in the BL were observed to be in continuity with neurons in the piriform cortex which project to the ventral striatum. The results provide direct evidence for the presence of GAD-IR boutons in the BL making synaptic contacts with identified amygdalostriatal projection neurons. The present study provides direct anatomical evidence for the physiological observation that GABA exhibits a powerful regulation of the amygdaloid projection neurons in the BL and lends further support to the concept of a corticallike functional organization of the basolateral amygdala.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902730407},
  Institution              = {Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908.},
  Keywords                 = {Amygdala, enzymology/physiology/ultrastructure; Animals; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Golgi Apparatus, ultrastructure; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains, physiology; Synapses, enzymology/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {3062049},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902730407}
}

@Article{Carlsen:1989,
  author      = {J. Carlsen},
  title       = {New perspectives on the functional anatomical organization of the basolateral amygdala.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {122},
  pages       = {1--27},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1600-0404.1989.tb08018.x},
  abstract    = {We have examined the functional anatomical organization of the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (BL) in the rat and guinea pig using combined light and electron microscopic methods. Afferent and efferent connections as well as the internal organization of the BL have been studied with combined tracing, immunohistochemical, and Golgi techniques. We have found that the BL receives an intense cholinergic innervation from the ventral forebrain cholinergic system and, for the first time, described a group of intrinsic cholinergic neurons in the BL. The innervation from the primary olfactory cortex and the thalamus, as well as the GABAergic innervation of the amygdalostriatal projection neurons, is also described. Electron microscopic analyses have shown that the cholinergic system as well as the thalamic afferents primarily innervate the distal dendritic arbor of the projection neurons in the BL, whereas the GABAergic fibers are directed primarily towards their soma and proximal dendrites. 
Correlated light and electron microscopic studies have revealed that the projection neurons in the BL share many features with pyramidal and spiny stellate cells in the cerebral cortex. The ultrastructural characteristics of the afferent fiber systems and of the non-projection neurons in the BL are also reminiscent of the situation in the cerebral cortex. The observations reported in this study lend further support to the concept of a cortical-like organization of the BL. The anatomical observations of the BL are discussed particularly in relation to three major forebrain systems: 1. the ventral striatopallidal system, 2. the continuum formed by the centromedial amygdala, the substantia innominata and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and 3. the cholinergic ventral forebrain system. The clinical implications of the results obtained in this series of experimental studies are discussed in relation to Alzheimer's disease and complex partial seizures. The cholinergic system, in particular, has attracted 
much interest in relation to senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT), which often seems to be characterized by disruption of the ventral forebrain cholinergic projection system. We have found that the cholinergic innervation of the BL is often significantly reduced in SDAT, but interestingly enough, the areas of the basolateral amygdala with the highest content of cholinergic markers contain the smallest numbers of senile plaques.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville.},
  journal     = {Acta Neurol Scand Suppl},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Alzheimer Disease, pathology; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Animals; Brain Stem, cytology; Cerebral Cortex, cytology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Epilepsy, physiopathology; Guinea Pigs; Hypothalamus, cytology; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, cytology/ultrastructure; Rats; Thalamus, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2763796},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Carlsen:1982,
  author      = {Carlsen, J. and {De Olmos}, J. and Heimer, L.},
  title       = {Tracing of two-neuron pathways in the olfactory system by the aid of transneuronal degeneration: projections to the amygdaloid body and hippocampal formation.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {208},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {196--208},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902080208},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902080208},
  abstract    = {Following an olfactory bulb lesion in guinea pig (2 to 3 days), neuronal degeneration occurs in several olfactory-bulb-related areas, primarily in the piriform cortex. The degenerating neurons, which are argyrophilic, are also found in the posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus and the ventrolateral entorhinal cortex. It is suggested that the neurons degenerate because of a transneuronal effect due to a sudden loss of afferent input from the olfactory bulb, although a retrograde effect acting in concert with transneuronal factors cannot be excluded. Terminal degeneration can be identified in several areas outside the olfactory bulb projection area, and is interpreted as degeneration in the axons of the degenerating cortical neurons. Such terminal degeneration, which is best seen 3 to 4 days postoperatively, has been identified in part of the basolateral amygdaloid complex, in the basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, and in the temporal parts of the fascia dentata of the hippocampal formation. 
Terminal degeneration has also been observed in the deep layers of the anterior olfactory nucleus, the olfactory tubercle, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, and the anterior amygdaloid area. All these projections, apparently, represent the second link in two-neuron pathways, where mitral or tufted cells in the olfactory bulb make up the first neuron. This interpretation was confirmed in control experiments in which areas of argyrophilic neurons coincided with the location of retrogradely labeled neurons following injection of fluorescent substances into several of the above-mentioned areas of terminal degeneration.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Central Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology; Female; Guinea Pigs; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons, physiology; Olfactory Bulb, analysis; Olfactory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Stereotaxic Techniques},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6181105},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Carlsen:1986,
  author      = {Carlsen, J. and Heimer, L.},
  title       = {The projection from the parataenial thalamic nucleus, as demonstrated by the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) method, identifies a subterritorial organization of the ventral striatum.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {374},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {375--379},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(86)90433-6},
  abstract    = {The thalamic projection to the ventral striatum was examined in the rat by immunohistochemistry after iontophoretic injections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into the parataenial thalamic nucleus. A continuous dense terminal field was observed in the nucleus accumbens and the striatal cell bridges, as well as in the adjoining striatal parts of the olfactory tubercle. These observations provide further evidence of the relevance of the ventral striatal concept.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Olfactory Bulb, anatomy /&/ histology; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(86)90433-6},
  pmid        = {3719343},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Carlsen:1985a,
  author      = {Carlsen, J. and Z{\'{a}}borszky, L. and Heimer, L.},
  title       = {Cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to the basolateral amygdaloid complex: a combined retrograde fluorescent and immunohistochemical study.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {234},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {155--167},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902340203},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902340203},
  abstract    = {We have examined the location of cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons that project to the rat basolateral amygdaloid nucleus by using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry in combination with retrograde fluorescent tracing on the same tissue section. Since many tracer-and ChAT-positive neurons were identified in basal forebrain areas, including the ventral pallidum, we also stained many of the sections for glutamate decarboxylase, a suitable marker for the delineation of pallidal areas. Cholinergic neurons projecting to the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus were observed in a continuous territory stretching from the dorsal part of ventral pallidum, through sublenticular substantia innominata to ventral parts of globus pallidus and peripallidal areas. Non-cholinergic neurons projecting to the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus were found intermixed within the same structures and constitute approximately 25\% of the amygdalopetal projection neurons in these ventral forebrain 
structures. Since amygdalopetal cholinergic neurons were demonstrated in areas generally recognized as giving rise to cholinergic projections to cerebral cortex, several retrograde double-labeling experiments with two different fluorescent tracers were performed for the purpose of detecting the possible existence of collateral projections. The results obtained showed that the cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in general project to only one forebrain region, and, furthermore, that the cholinergic system consists of partially overlapping subsets of neurons that project to various neocortical and allocortical areas and to the amygdaloid body.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Cholinergic Fibers, anatomy /&/ histology; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Substantia Innominata, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3886715},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Carlsen:1985,
  Title                    = {Cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to the basolateral amygdaloid complex: a combined retrograde fluorescent and immunohistochemical study.},
  Author                   = {J. Carlsen and L. Záborszky and L. Heimer},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1985},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {155--167},
  Volume                   = {234},

  Abstract                 = {We have examined the location of cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons that project to the rat basolateral amygdaloid nucleus by using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry in combination with retrograde fluorescent tracing on the same tissue section. Since many tracer-and ChAT-positive neurons were identified in basal forebrain areas, including the ventral pallidum, we also stained many of the sections for glutamate decarboxylase, a suitable marker for the delineation of pallidal areas. Cholinergic neurons projecting to the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus were observed in a continuous territory stretching from the dorsal part of ventral pallidum, through sublenticular substantia innominata to ventral parts of globus pallidus and peripallidal areas. Non-cholinergic neurons projecting to the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus were found intermixed within the same structures and constitute approximately 25\% of the amygdalopetal projection neurons in these ventral 
forebrain structures. Since amygdalopetal cholinergic neurons were demonstrated in areas generally recognized as giving rise to cholinergic projections to cerebral cortex, several retrograde double-labeling experiments with two different fluorescent tracers were performed for the purpose of detecting the possible existence of collateral projections. The results obtained showed that the cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in general project to only one forebrain region, and, furthermore, that the cholinergic system consists of partially overlapping subsets of neurons that project to various neocortical and allocortical areas and to the amygdaloid body.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902340203},
  Keywords                 = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Cholinergic Fibers, anatomy /&/ histology; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, anatomy /&/ histology; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Septal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Substantia Innominata, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {3886715},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902340203}
}

@Article{Carlson:2007,
  author      = {Carlson, Jonathan D. and Maire, Jennifer J. and Martenson, Melissa E. and Heinricher, Mary M.},
  title       = {Sensitization of pain-modulating neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla after peripheral nerve injury.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {27},
  number      = {48},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {13222--13231},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3715-07.2007},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3715-07.2007},
  abstract    = {Nerve injury can lead to mechanical hypersensitivity in both humans and animal models, such that innocuous touch produces pain. Recent functional studies have demonstrated a critical role for descending pain-facilitating influences from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) in neuropathic pain, but the underlying mechanisms and properties of the relevant neurons within the RVM are essentially unknown. We therefore characterized mechanical responsiveness of physiologically characterized neurons in the RVM after spinal nerve ligation, a model of neuropathic pain that produces robust mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia. RVM neurons were studied 7-14 d after spinal nerve ligation, and classified as "on-cells," "off-cells," or "neutral cells" using standard criteria of changes in firing associated with heat-evoked reflexes. On-cells are known to promote nociception, and off-cells to suppress nociception, whereas the role of neutral cells in pain modulation remains an open question. Neuronal 
and behavioral responses to innocuous and noxious mechanical stimulation were tested using calibrated von Frey filaments (4-100 g) applied to the hindpaws ipsilateral and contralateral to the injury, and in sham-operated and unoperated control animals. On- and off-cells recorded in nerve-injured animals exhibited novel responses to innocuous mechanical stimulation, and enhanced responses to noxious mechanical stimulation. Neuronal hypersensitivity in the RVM was correlated with behavioral hypersensitivity. Neutral cells remained unresponsive to cutaneous stimulation after nerve injury. These data demonstrate that both on- and off-cells in the RVM are sensitized to innocuous and noxious mechanical stimuli after nerve injury. This sensitization likely contributes to allodynia and hyperalgesia of neuropathic pain states.},
  institution = {Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials, physiology; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Disease Models, Animal; Electromyography, methods; Hot Temperature, adverse effects; Hyperalgesia, physiopathology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, pathology; Neurons, classification/physiology; Pain Measurement, methods; Pain Threshold, physiology; Pain, etiology/pathology; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, complications/pathology; Physical Stimulation, adverse effects; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time, physiology; Spinal Nerves, surgery},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {27/48/13222},
  pmid        = {18045916},
  timestamp   = {06.06.2016},
}

@Article{Carlson:1995,
  author      = {Carlson, T. J. and Jones, J. P. and Peterson, L. and Castagnoli, Jr, N and Iyer, K. R. and Trager, W. F.},
  title       = {Stereoselectivity and isotope effects associated with cytochrome P450-catalyzed oxidation of (S)-nicotine. The possibility of initial hydrogen atom abstraction in the formation of the delta 1', 5-nicotinium ion.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {23},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {749--756},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {The stereochemical course of cytochromes P450 [P4501A1, P4502B1, P4502B4, and P450101 (P450cam)] catalyzed alpha-carbon oxidations of the cis-(Z)- and trans-(E)-5'-d1 diastereomers of (S)-nicotine has been examined. All enzyme preparations led to the stereoselective abstraction of the 5'-hydrogen atom trans to the pyridine ring with P450101 and human liver microsomal preparations displaying the highest (90\%) and P4502B1 the lowest (67\%) degree of stereoselectivity. No isotope effect was detected for any of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions, although the existence of an intrinsic isotope effect was inferred by the observation of an intramolecular isotope effect of 2-2.6 observed for the N-demethylation of (S)-N'-dideuteromethylnornicotine. Evidence for P450101-catalyzed N'-oxidation was sought but could not be found at higher than trace levels. These results, together with those obtained by computational methods, are interpreted in terms of an alpha-carbon oxidative pathway involving hydrogen 
atom abstraction rather than single electron transfer as the initiating event in the P450-catalyzed oxidation of (S)-nicotine to its delta 1',5'-iminium ion metabolite.},
  institution = {Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.},
  journal     = {Drug Metab Dispos},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, metabolism; Humans; Hydrogen, metabolism; Isoenzymes, metabolism; Kinetics; Molecular Conformation; Nicotine, metabolism; Oxidation-Reduction; Quantum Theory; Rabbits; Rats; Stereoisomerism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7587964},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carlstedt:1993,
  author      = {Carlstedt, T. and Aldskogius, H. and Hallin, R. G. and Nilsson-Remahl, I.},
  title       = {Novel surgical strategies to correct neural deficits following experimental spinal nerve root lesions.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {3-4},
  pages       = {447--451},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(93)90277-i},
  abstract    = {In attempts to correct neural deficits following avulsion trauma, novel experimental strategies were developed. In rats, spinal roots were replanted superficially in the dorsal horn following dorsal root avulsion and concomitant denervation by ganglionectomy. Outgrowth from cord neurons in the dorsal horn into the implanted dorsal root was demonstrated by means of retrograde HRP labeling. Double labeling experiments showed that some of these neurons had retained their central projections while extending new processes into the implanted root. After dorsal root avulsion, sensory pathways might be reconstructed by substituting the lost input from damaged primary sensory neurons with induced peripheral outgrowths from secondary neurons. In primates, intraspinal replantation of avulsed ventral nerve roots was investigated as a surgical treatment for motor deficits that develop after severe brachial plexus injury. Two to 3 months after surgery there were EMG signs of reinnervation in previously 
denervated muscles, which were shortly followed by evidence of clinical recovery. A gradual improvement in the function of the affected arm occurred and motor behavior became normalized, although the EMG activity in the reinnervated muscles at maximal contraction was still reduced. The outcome of these experimental studies indicates that reconstructive surgery applied to the brachial plexus might be of value to restore functional deficits induced by traumatic spinal nerve root avulsions also in man.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Animals; Macaca fascicularis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Replantation; Spinal Nerve Roots, injuries/surgery},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0361-9230(93)90277-I},
  pmid        = {8457894},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Carlstedt:1991,
  author      = {Carlstedt, T. and Aldskogius, H. and Rosario, C.},
  title       = {Extension of dorsal horn neurons into the severed and implanted dorsal root.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {3},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {205--209},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3233/RNN-1991-3405},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/RNN-1991-3405},
  abstract    = {After dorsal root ganglionectomy in adult rats, the dorsal root was cut close to the spinal cord and implanted into the dorsal horn. Outgrowth from neurons in he dorsal horn of the spinal cord into the implanted dorsal root could be demonstrated after 3 months by means of retrograde HRP labeling. Double-labeling experiments showed that some of these neurons had retained their central projections while extending new processes into the implanted root. The possibility to reconstruct the sensory pathway by replacing the damaged primary sensory neuron with peripheral outgrowth from secondary sensory neurons is discussed.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Sweden) Department of Hand Surgery, Sabbatsbergs Hospital, Stockholm (Sweden).},
  journal     = {Restor Neurol Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {DN6127532T314JV3},
  pmid        = {21551638},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carlstedt:1987,
  author      = {Carlstedt, T. and Dalsgaard, C. J. and Molander, C.},
  title       = {Regrowth of lesioned dorsal root nerve fibers into the spinal cord of neonatal rats.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {74},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {14--18},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(87)90043-7},
  abstract    = {In postnatal rat pups the L4 and L5 dorsal roots were lesioned. After 3-6 months the spinal cord of the rats was subjected to tracing studies of regenerated dorsal root axons with transganglionically transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunohistochemistry with antibodies to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In rats operated at birth (0-2 days old) HRP-filled profiles as well as CGRP staining were found in the outer lamina of the spinal cord dorsal horn. Signs of dorsal root nerve fiber regrowth in the spinal cord could not be found in rats which had been operated at the end of the first postnatal week or later.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Denervation; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Neuropeptides, analysis; Peripheral Nerves, physiology; Rats; Sciatic Nerve, physiology; Spinal Cord, analysis/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3550529},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carlton:1982,
  author      = {S. M. Carlton and G. R. Leichnetz and J. D. Mayer},
  title       = {Projections from the nucleus parafascicularis prerubralis to medullary raphe nuclei and inferior olive in the rat: a horseradish peroxidase and autoradiography study.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {191--197},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(82)90398-6},
  abstract    = {Horseradish peroxidase gel implants into either the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) or inferior olive (IO) led to large numbers of retrogradely labeled cells in the prerubral subthalamic region in a cell group that surrounds the fasciculus retroflexus, which we suggest should be referred to as the nucleus parafascicularis prerubralis (nPfPr) to avoid the confusion of previous terminology. Autoradiographic studies, following injections of tritiated leucine into the nPfPr, confirmed projections to both medullary raphe nuclei (MRN) and IO. This common prerubral projection to IO, a well-established precerebellar nucleus, and MRN, again raises the question of whether the latter are involved in brainstem-mediated reflexes in addition to their well documented role in analgesic mechanisms.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Leucine; Olivary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Red Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Tritium},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {6180358},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Carlton:1982a,
  author      = {Carlton, S. M. and Leichnetz, G. R. and Young, E. G. and Mayer, D. J.},
  title       = {A transcannula method for subcortical HRP gel implants: inferior olive afferents in the rat.},
  year        = {1982},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {581--585},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(82)90084-3},
  abstract    = {A technique for using horseradish peroxidase in a polyacrylamide gel form for subcortical implants is described. In order to prevent uptake along the injection tract, the solid HRP gel pellet is delivered through a pre-implanted cannula to the target site. The appreciable advantages of using the HRP-transcannula technique are discussed in conjunction with a description of the afferents to the inferior olivary complex in the rat. The principal sources of afferents were the ipsilateral prerubral parafascicular nucleus, contralateral lateral cerebellar nucleus and dorsal column nuclei.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Acrylic Resins; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Catheterization; Drug Implants; Horseradish Peroxidase; Olivary Nucleus, physiology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6182958},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Carlton:1983,
  Title                    = {Supramedullary afferents of the nucleus raphe magnus in the rat: a study using the transcannula HRP gel and autoradiographic techniques.},
  Author                   = {S. M. Carlton and G. R. Leichnetz and E. G. Young and D. J. Mayer},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1983},

  Month                    = {Feb},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {43--58},
  Volume                   = {214},

  Abstract                 = {Afferents of the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) were retrogradely labelled by using a transcannula HRP gel technique in conjunction with tetramethylbenzidine neurohistochemistry to determine the sources of inputs to the nucleus which could potentially influence the descending antiociceptive raphe-spinal system. Large numbers of HRP-labelled neurons were seen in the frontal cortex, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, zona incerta, nucleus parafascicularis prerubralis (NPfPr), pretectum, dorsal and lateral periaqueductal gray, nucleus cuneiformis (NC), deep superior colliculus (dSC), a paraoculomotor cell group which may be the medial accessory nucleus of Bechterew, dorsal column nuclei, and spinal trigeminal nucleus. Smaller numbers of labelled cells were also observed in the preoptic area, nucleus of Darkschewitsch, ventral peri(third)ventricular gray, nucleus reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis, medial and lateral vestibular nuclei, and a subdivision of the hypoglossal 
nucleus. Confirmational anterograde autoradiographic studies were performed by injecting tritiated leucine into two of the principal sources of afferents to NRM: NPfPr, and dSC/NC. The results are compared with control HRP gel implants in the inferior olive, spinal cord, nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, and medial facial nucleus. Comments are also made concerning the parcellation of the ventromedial medulla and the possible role of both NRM and its afferents in central analgesic mechanisms.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902140105},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Diencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Pons, anatomy /&/ histology; Raphe Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Superior Colliculi, anatomy /&/ histology; Telencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {6841675},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902140105}
}

@Article{Carmel:2013,
  Title                    = {Motor cortex electrical stimulation promotes axon outgrowth to brain stem and spinal targets that control the forelimb impaired by unilateral corticospinal injury.},
  Author                   = {Carmel, Jason B. and Kimura, Hiroki and Berrol, Lauren J. and Martin, John H.},
  Journal                  = {Eur J Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {1090--1102},
  Volume                   = {37},

  Abstract                 = {We previously showed that electrical stimulation of motor cortex (M1) after unilateral pyramidotomy in the rat increased corticospinal tract (CST) axon length, strengthened spinal connections, and restored forelimb function. Here, we tested: (i) if M1 stimulation only increases spinal axon length or if it also promotes connections to brain stem forelimb control centers, especially magnocellular red nucleus; and (ii) if stimulation-induced increase in axon length depends on whether pyramidotomy denervated the structure. After unilateral pyramidotomy, we electrically stimulated the forelimb area of intact M1, to activate the intact CST and other corticofugal pathways, for 10 days. We anterogradely labeled stimulated M1 and measured axon length using stereology. Stimulation increased axon length in both the spinal cord and magnocellular red nucleus, even though the spinal cord is denervated by pyramidotomy and the red nucleus is not. Stimulation also promoted outgrowth in the 
cuneate and parvocellular red nuclei. In the spinal cord, electrical stimulation caused increased axon length ipsilateral, but not contralateral, to stimulation. Thus, stimulation promoted outgrowth preferentially to the sparsely corticospinal-innervated and impaired side. Outgrowth resulted in greater axon density in the ipsilateral dorsal horn and intermediate zone, resembling the contralateral termination pattern. Importantly, as in spinal cord, increase in axon length in brain stem also was preferentially directed towards areas less densely innervated by the stimulated system. Thus, M1 electrical stimulation promotes increases in corticofugal axon length to multiple M1 targets. We propose the axon length change was driven by competition into an adaptive pattern resembling lost connections.},
  Doi                      = {10.1111/ejn.12119},
  Institution              = { Neuroscience and Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA; Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {23360401},
  Timestamp                = {26.04.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12119}
}

@Article{Carmichael:1994,
  author      = {S. T. Carmichael and M. C. Clugnet and J. L. Price},
  title       = {Central olfactory connections in the macaque monkey.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {346},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {403--434},
  note        = {Not a tract-tracing study in the rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903460306},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903460306},
  abstract    = {The connections between the olfactory bulb, primary olfactory cortex, and olfactory related areas of the orbital cortex were defined in macaque monkeys with a combination of anterograde and retrograde axonal tracers and electrophysiological recording. Anterograde tracers placed into the olfactory bulb labeled axons in eight primary olfactory cortical areas: the anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, ventral tenia tecta, olfactory tubercle, anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala, periamygdaloid cortex, and olfactory division of the entorhinal cortex. The bulbar axons terminate in the outer part of layer I throughout these areas and are most dense in areas that are close to the lateral olfactory tract. Labeled axons also were found in the superficial part of nucleus of the horizontal diagonal band. Retrograde tracers injected into the olfactory bulb labeled cells in the nucleus of the diagonal band and in all of the primary olfactory cortical areas except the olfactory tubercle. 
Electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb evoked short-latency unit responses and a characteristic field wave in the primary olfactory cortex. Multiunit activity in layer II tended to be of shorter latency than that in layer III and the endopiriform nucleus. Associational connections within the primary olfactory cortex were demonstrated with anterograde tracer injections into the piriform cortex and the entorhinal cortex. Injections into the piriform cortex near the lateral olfactory tract labeled axons in the deep part of layer I of many primary olfactory areas, but especially in areas near the tract. An injection into the rostral entorhinal cortex, distant to the lateral olfactory tract, labeled a complementary distribution of axons in deep layer I of olfactory areas medial and caudoventral to the tract. This organization resembles that reported in the primary olfactory cortex of the rat [Luskin and Price (1983) J. Comp. Neurol. 216:264-291]. The anterograde tracer injections into the piriform cortex 
and retrograde tracer injections into the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex and rostral insula label connections from the primary olfactory cortex to nine areas in the caudal orbital cortex, including the agranular insula areas Iam, Iai, Ial, Iapm, and Iapl and areas 14c, 25, 13a, and 13m. The piriform cortex projects most heavily to layer I of these areas. Only Iam, Iapm, and 13a receive a substantial projection to the deeper layers. Areas Iam, Iapm, and 13a were also the only areas that responded with multiunit action potentials to olfactory bulb stimulation in anesthetized animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Brain Mapping; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Female; Macaca fascicularis, anatomy /&/ histology; Macaca nemestrina, anatomy /&/ histology; Macaca, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Nerve Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Olfactory Bulb, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Olfactory Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Rats; Species Specificity},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pmid        = {7527806},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Carmichael:2001,
  author      = {S. T. Carmichael and L. Wei and C. M. Rovainen and T. A. Woolsey},
  title       = {New patterns of intracortical projections after focal cortical stroke.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {8},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {910--922},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing experiment in the rat. Projections after ischemia.},
  doi         = {10.1006/nbdi.2001.0425},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/nbdi.2001.0425},
  abstract    = {Cortical strokes alter functional maps but associated changes in connections have not been documented. The neuroanatomical tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into cortex bordering infarcts 3 weeks after focal strokes in rat whisker barrel (somatosensory) cortex. The mirror locus in the opposite hemisphere was injected as a control. After 1 week of survival, brains were processed for cytochrome oxidase (CO)-, Nissl-, and BDA-labeled neurons. Cortex bordering the infarct (peri-infarct cortex) had abnormal CO and Nissl structure. BDA-labeled neurons were plotted and projections were analyzed quantitatively. Animals with small strokes had intracortical projections, arising from peri-infarct cortex, not seen in normal hemispheres: the overall orientation was statistically significantly different from and rotated 157 degrees relative to the controls. Compared to the controls, significantly fewer cells were labeled in the thalamus. Thus, after focal cortical stroke, the peri-
infarct cortex is structurally abnormal, loses thalamic connections, and develops new horizontal cortical connections by axonal sprouting.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. scarmichael@mednet.ucla.edu},
  journal     = {Neurobiol Dis},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials; Animals; Axonal Transport; Axons, ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives/diagnostic use/pharmacokinetics; Dextrans, diagnostic use/pharmacokinetics; Electron Transport Complex IV, analysis; Female; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use/pharmacokinetics; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery, pathology; Male; Nerve Regeneration; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neural Pathways, ultrastructure; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons, chemistry/ultrastructure; Nissl Bodies, chemistry/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Somatosensory Cortex, pathology; Stereotaxic Techniques; Thalamus, chemistry; Vibrissae, innervation},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {S0969996101904255},
  pmid        = {11592858},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Carnahan:1991,
  author      = {Carnahan, J. F. and Anderson, D. J. and Patterson, P. H.},
  title       = {Evidence that enteric neurons may derive from the sympathoadrenal lineage.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {148},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {552--561},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0012-1606(91)90273-6},
  abstract    = {The first neurons that differentiate in the embryonic foregut of mammals transiently express catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes and accumulate catecholamine. Since this transmitter is found predominantly in cells of the sympatho-adrenal (SA) lineage, it has been suggested that enteric and sympathetic neurons may derive from the same progenitor. Enteric neurons would then lose the catecholamine phenotype during further development, as the two lineages diverge. We have further investigated this possibility using the SA1 monoclonal antibody that binds selectively to SA progenitor cells in the embryonic rat. We find that SA1 binds to the tyrosine hydroxylase+, neurofilament+, and SCG10+ cells of the Embryonic Day 14.5 (E14.5) rat foregut. We also find that a marker for later neuronal differentiation in the SA lineage, B2, also appears in the myenteric plexus concomitant with the loss of SA1 staining. Thus, at least some enteric neuronal precursors may exhibit the SA1----B2 antigenic switch 
previously observed in developing sympathetic neurons at E14.5. SA1 staining in the foregut partially overlaps with staining for neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and serotonin. These results support the hypothesis that enteric and sympathetic neurons derive from a common progenitor and that as the markers for the SA lineage are down-regulated, the many types of enteric neurons begin to differentiate.},
  institution = {Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125.},
  journal     = {Dev Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Chromaffin System, embryology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Intestines, embryology/innervation; Neurofilament Proteins, metabolism; Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Rats; Serotonin, metabolism; Sympathetic Nervous System, embryology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0012-1606(91)90273-6},
  pmid        = {1683841},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Carnes:1990,
  Title                    = {Sources of presumptive glutamatergic/aspartatergic afferents to the magnocellular basal forebrain in the rat.},
  Author                   = {K. M. Carnes and T. A. Fuller and J. L. Price},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1990},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {824--852},
  Volume                   = {302},

  Abstract                 = {The distribution of presumptive glutamatergic and/or aspartatergic neurons retrogradely labeled following injections of [3H]-D-aspartate into the magnocellular basal forebrain of the rat was compared with the distribution of neurons labeled by comparable injections of the nonspecific retrograde axonal tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Cells retrogradely labeled by wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were found in a wide range of limbic and limbic-related structures in the forebrain and brainstem. In the telencephalon, labeled neurons were seen in the orbital, medial prefrontal, and agranular insular cortical areas, the amygdaloid complex, and the hippocampal formation. Labeled cells were also seen in the olfactory cortex, the lateral septum, the ventral striatopallidal region, and the magnocellular basal forebrain itself. In the diencephalon, neurons were labeled in the midline nuclear complex of the thalamus, the lateral habenular 
nucleus, and the hypothalamus. In the brainstem, labeled cells were found bilaterally in the ventral midbrain, the central gray, the reticular formation, the parabrachial nuclei, the raphe nuclei, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and the locus coeruleus. A significant fraction of the afferents to the magnocellular basal forebrain appear to be glutamatergic and/or aspartatergic. Only a few of the regions labeled with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were not also labeled with [3H]-D-aspartate in the comparable experiments. Most prominent among the non-glutamatergic/aspartatergic projections were those from fields CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus, the hilus of the dentate gyrus, the dorsal subiculum, the tuberomammillary nucleus, and the ventral pallidum. In addition, most of the lateral hypothalamic and brainstem projections to the magnocellular basal forebrain were not significantly labeled with [3H]-D-aspartate. In addition to these inputs, a commissural projection from the region of the 
contralateral nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band was confirmed with both wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and the anterograde axonal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. This projection did not label with [3H]-D-aspartate or [3H]-GABA, suggesting that it is not glutamatergic/aspartatergic or GABAergic. Furthermore, double labeling experiments with the fluorescent retrograde tracer True Blue and antibodies against choline acetyltransferase indicate that the projection is not cholinergic.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.903020413},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Aspartic Acid, analysis; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Female; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Glutamates, analysis; Glutamic Acid; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Limbic System, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Male; Rats; Septum Pellucidum, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {1982006},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020413}
}

@InCollection{Carnes:1988,
  author    = {Carnes, Kenneth M and Price, Joseph L},
  title     = {Demonstration of individual fibers from the substantia innominata to the frontal cortex of the rat, using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L)},
  booktitle = {Neurobiology of Amino Acids, Peptides and Trophic Factors},
  year      = {1988},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {215--218},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4613-1721-0_15},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2016},
}

@Article{Carnicelli:2008,
  author      = {Carnicelli, Vittoria and Frascarelli, Sabina and Ghelardoni, Sandra and Ronca-Testoni, Simonetta and Zucchi, Riccardo},
  title       = {Short-term effects of pressure overload on the expression of genes involved in calcium homeostasis.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {313},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {29--36},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s11010-008-9738-0},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11010-008-9738-0},
  abstract    = {We investigated whether in the isolated perfused rat heart acute pressure overload may affect the expression of genes involved in calcium homeostasis, namely sarcolemmal L-type Ca2+ channel, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, phospholamban, and ryanodine receptor. Hearts were subjected to 210 min of perfusion under the following conditions: (i) standard working heart perfusion with preload and afterload set at 20 and 100 cm, respectively; (ii) working heart perfusion at high afterload (180 cm); (iii) retrograde infusion of St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution. In all models gene expression was determined by RT-PCR. Significant decrease in the expression of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase gene was observed in the high afterload group. No significant change in the expression of any other gene was observed in any group. The reported effect was not detected after 60 min of perfusion, and it was blunted in the presence of the protein kinase C inhibitor 
chelerythrine, while the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A was ineffective. In conclusion, the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase gene is downregulated after short-term (210 min) perfusion at high afterload, possibly through a protein kinase C-dependent pathway. This mechanism might play a relevant pathophysiological role in the response to pressure overload and in the development of hypertrophy.},
  institution = {Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, Sezione di Biochimica, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.},
  journal     = {Mol Cell Biochem},
  keywords    = {Animals; Calcium, metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation; Hemodynamics; Homeostasis, genetics; Male; Models, Biological; Myocardium, enzymology; Pressure; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases, metabolism; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {18365304},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carobi:1987,
  author      = {Carobi, C.},
  title       = {Capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferent neurons innervating the rat pancreas.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {77},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {5--9},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(87)90597-0},
  abstract    = {The vagal afferent innervation of the rat pancreas was investigated by the use of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the pancreas through the common bile duct. Many labeled neuronal somata were found in the right and left nodose ganglia. The size distribution of the labeled neuronal population in the nodose ganglia was examined and compared with that obtained from rats pretreated with capsaicin. In rats treated neonatally with capsaicin the smallest neurons (up to 200 micron2) were completely absent and those belonging to the second and third classes (200-300, 300-400 micron2) were reduced in both vagi.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Capsaicin, pharmacology; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase, metabolism; Male; Neurons, Afferent, drug effects; Pancreas, innervation; Rats; Vagus Nerve, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304-3940(87)90597-0},
  pmid        = {2439955},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carobi:1990,
  author      = {Carobi, C.},
  title       = {Vagal afferent innervation in regenerated rat liver.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {46},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {50--53},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf01955412},
  abstract    = {The possible presence of neural sprouting in the afferent neurons of regenerated rat liver after hepatectomy was investigated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. This experiment was carried out to see if the increase in hepatic parenchyma could provide an adequate stimulus for the sprouting process. The study was limited to the vagal afferents, particularly the left ones, because they are the principal contributors to hepatic afferent innervation in the rat. The results show that neural sprouting does not occur in regenerated rat liver after 3 weeks. In fact, the number of intensely labeled neurons in the left nodose ganglia of hepatectomized rats was significantly smaller than in controls. This could be due to a lessened availability of horseradish peroxidase to nerve terminals because of the increased non-innervated hepatic mass. There was no difference between right nodose ganglia neurons in hepatectomized and control animals. This could be a consequence of their possible 
distribution in hepatic areas not involved in the regenerative process.},
  institution = {Institute of Human Physiology, University of Perugia Medical School, Italy.},
  journal     = {Experientia},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/physiology; Animals; Hepatectomy; Horseradish Peroxidase; Liver Regeneration; Liver, innervation; Male; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vagus Nerve, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2298281},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carobi:1990a,
  author      = {Carobi, C. and Candio, F.},
  title       = {Vagal afferent innervation of the pylorus and the upper small intestine studied in the rat with the horseradish peroxidase technique.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {46},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {48--50},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf01955411},
  abstract    = {The neuronal tracer horseradish peroxidase was injected into different segments of the gastrointestinal in the rat, in order to study the vagal afferent innervation. In the nodose ganglia the extent of labeling was greater in the experiments on the gastric antrum and pylorus than in the experiments on the first part of the small intestine. Vagal afferents are scarce in the upper duodenum and originate mainly from the left nodose ganglion.},
  institution = {Institute of Human Physiology, University of Perugia Medical School, Italy.},
  journal     = {Experientia},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Duodenum, innervation; Horseradish Peroxidase; Intestine, Small, innervation; Male; Pylorus, innervation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vagus Nerve, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2298280},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carobi:1981,
  author      = {C. Carobi and F. Magni},
  title       = {The afferent innervation of the liver: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {23},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {269--274},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(81)90009-4},
  abstract    = {Scattered injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the rat liver produced labeling of a small number of large neurons located only in the rostral pole of the left nodose ganglion. The same amount injected in a single lobe also produced labeling of a few cells in Th7-Th10 dorsal root ganglia. No retrograde marking followed subcapsular injections. HRP injections around the porta hepatis yielded labeling of large and small neurons in the left nodose ganglion only. This indicates that most of the afferent fibers are of vagal origin, and that different receptors are located in different parts of the liver.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Horseradish Peroxidase; Liver, innervation; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Nodose Ganglion, physiology; Rats; Vagus Nerve, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6167912},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@InCollection{Carpenter:1991,
  author    = {Carpenter, MB and Jayaraman, A},
  title     = {Subthalamic nucleus afferents: anatomical and immunocytochemical features},
  booktitle = {The basal ganglia III},
  year      = {1991},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {109--117},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-1-4684-5871-8_12},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2016},
}

@Article{Carpentier:2012,
  author      = {Carpentier, D C J. and Vevis, K. and Trabalza, A. and Georgiadis, C. and Ellison, S. M. and Asfahani, R. I. and Mazarakis, N. D.},
  title       = {Enhanced pseudotyping efficiency of HIV-1 lentiviral vectors by a rabies/vesicular stomatitis virus chimeric envelope glycoprotein.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {19},
  number      = {7},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {761--774},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/gt.2011.124},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/gt.2011.124},
  abstract    = {Rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) can pseudotype lentiviral vectors, although at a lower efficiency to that of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG). Transduction with VSVG-pseudotyped vectors of rodent central nervous system (CNS) leads to local neurotropic gene transfer, whereas with RVG-pseudotyped vectors additional disperse transduction of neurons located at distal efferent sites occurs via axonal retrograde transport. Attempts to produce high-titre RVG-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors for preclinical and clinical trials has to date been problematic. We have constructed several chimeric RVG/VSVG glycoproteins and found that a construct bearing the external/transmembrane domain of RVG and the cytoplasmic domain of VSVG shows increased incorporation onto HIV-1 lentiviral particles and has increased infectivity in vitro in 293T cells and in differentiated neuronal cell lines of human, rat and murine origin. Stereotactic application of vector pseudotyped with this RVG/VSVG chimera in 
the rat striatum resulted in efficient gene transfer at the site of injection showing both neuronal and glial tropism. Distal neuronal transduction in the substantia nigra, thalamus and olfactory bulb via retrograde axonal transport also occurs after intrastriatal administration of chimera-pseudotyped vectors at similar levels to that observed with a RVG-pseudotyped vector. This is the first report of distal transduction in the olfactory bulb. The enhanced pseudotyping with this envelope should enable easier production of higher-titre pseudotyped lentiviral vectors that exhibit efficient local and dispersed neuronal transduction in the CNS.},
  institution = {Department of Gene Therapy, Centre for Neurosciences, Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, UK.},
  journal     = {Gene Ther},
  keywords    = {Antigens, Viral, genetics; Genetic Vectors; Glycoproteins, genetics; HIV-1, genetics; Membrane Glycoproteins, genetics; Transduction, Genetic; Viral Envelope Proteins, genetics},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {gt2011124},
  pmid        = {21900965},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carpentier:1986,
  author      = {Carpentier, J. L. and Gazzano, H. and {Van Obberghen}, E. and Fehlmann, M. and Freychet, P. and Orci, L.},
  title       = {Internalization and recycling of 125I-photoreactive insulin-receptor complexes in hepatocytes in primary culture.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {47},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {243--255},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0303-7207(86)90118-8},
  abstract    = {When the insulin receptor is tagged with a 125I-photoreactive insulin analogue that can be covalently coupled to it by UV irradiation, the fate of this labeled receptor can be followed both morphologically and biochemically. In the present study we have applied this tool to trace the pathway followed by 125I-photoreactive insulin-receptor complex in hepatocytes in primary culture. As determined by quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography, the internalized labeled material first associates with clear vesicles, second is found in multivesicular bodies, third associates with dense bodies and fourth returns to the cell surface via clear vesicles. This recycling process is inhibited by lysosomotropic agents, i.e. NH4Cl or chloroquine. These data confirm, in another cell system, our previous observations carried out in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes and demonstrate the feasibility and complementarity of both freshly isolated hepatocytes and hepatocytes in primary culture to study 
internalization and recycling of the insulin receptor.},
  journal     = {Mol Cell Endocrinol},
  keywords    = {Ammonium Chloride, pharmacology; Animals; Biological Transport, drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Chloroquine, pharmacology; Cytoplasmic Granules, metabolism; Endocytosis; Exocytosis; Insulin, metabolism; Liver, cytology/physiology; Lysosomes, drug effects; Male; Photochemistry; Rats; Receptor, Insulin, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3530836},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carpentier:1986a,
  author      = {Carpentier, J. L. and Gazzano, H. and {Van Obberghen}, E. and Fehlmann, M. and Freychet, P. and Orci, L.},
  title       = {Intracellular pathway followed by the insulin receptor covalently coupled to 125I-photoreactive insulin during internalization and recycling.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {102},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {989--996},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {After it interacts with a specific receptor on the cell surface, insulin is internalized in its target cell by an adsorptive endocytotic process and eventually degraded in lysosomes. It was also recently shown that the initial surface interaction between the hormone and its receptor is followed by an internalization of the receptor, which later is recycled back to the cell surface. In the present study the insulin receptor was tagged with a 125I-photoreactive insulin analogue that can be covalently coupled to the insulin receptor by ultraviolet irradiation. Using this tool we could trace by quantitative electron microscope autoradiography the intracellular pathway followed by this labeled receptor. The quantitative analysis of the intracellular distribution of the labeled material as a function of incubation time at 37 degrees C supports the following sequence of events: association first with clear vesicles, second with multivesicular bodies, third with dense bodies, and fourth, a return to 
the cell surface via clear vesicles. This insulin receptor recycling process is inhibited by monensin but unaffected by cycloheximide.},
  journal     = {J Cell Biol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Azides, metabolism; Biological Transport, drug effects; Cell Membrane, metabolism; Cycloheximide, pharmacology; Endocytosis; Insulin, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Liver, metabolism/ultrastructure; Lysosomes, metabolism; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Monensin, pharmacology; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptor, Insulin, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3512585},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carpino:1981,
  author      = {Carpino, F. and Gaudio, E. and Marinozzi, G. and Melis, M. and Motta, P. M.},
  title       = {A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of experimental extrahepatic cholestasis in the rat.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {13},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {581--598},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {The rat liver after extrahepatic biliary obstruction was studied by SEM and TEM in correlation with basic histochemical techniques. Cholestasis was verified by serological methods. The biochemical data (increase in serum bilirubin values, a gradual lowering of the albumin fraction), in agreement with the ultrastructural results of a sparse RER, suggested a gradual decrease of the protein synthetic activity of the hepatocyte. SEM and TEM revealed numerous fat-storing cells, closely associated with patches of connective fibrils in the subendothelial spaces. Further ultrastructural observations demonstrated: a) a proliferation of the intrahepatic biliary tree (ductular proliferation, including newly formed ducts with sacculation and diverticuli); b) an increased number of canaliculo-ductular junctions and, c) an increase in the length of the bile canalicular network due to its tortuous course, pocketing and side branching. The occurrence of an intact cytoplasmic barrier separating the bile 
canalicular lumen from the Disse's space together with the results obtained by retrograde infusion of ferritin into the biliary tree suggested that the regurgitation pathway by ductular reabsorption and by transhepatocytic transport is the best documented and most acceptable, at least in the rat.},
  journal     = {J Submicrosc Cytol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Bile Canaliculi, ultrastructure; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic, metabolism/ultrastructure; Cell Nucleus, ultrastructure; Cholestasis, Extrahepatic, pathology; Cytoplasm, ultrastructure; Endoplasmic Reticulum, ultrastructure; Female; Kupffer Cells, ultrastructure; Liver, metabolism/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Microvilli, ultrastructure; Mitochondria, Liver, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7334553},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carr:2000,
  author    = {Carr, DB and Sesack, SR},
  title     = {Projections from the Rat Prefrontal Cortex to the Ventral Tegmental Area: Target Specificity in the Synaptic Associations with Mesoaccumbens and Mesocortical Neurons},
  year      = {2000},
  volume    = {20},
  pages     = {3864-3873},
  url       = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/10/3864.long},
  journal   = {J Neurosci},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Carr:1999,
  author      = {Carr, D. B. and O'Donnell, P. and Card, J. P. and Sesack, S. R.},
  title       = {Dopamine terminals in the rat prefrontal cortex synapse on pyramidal cells that project to the nucleus accumbens.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {19},
  number      = {24},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {11049--11060},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/24/11049.long},
  abstract    = {Afferents to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) from dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area have been implicated in working memory processes and in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Previous anatomical investigations have demonstrated that dopamine terminals synapse on dendritic spines and shafts of pyramidal cells in the PFC. Moreover, neurochemical and physiological studies suggest that dopamine modulates the activity of PFC neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens. However, whether this modulation involves direct synaptic input to cortico-accumbens projection neurons has not been determined. To address this question, retrograde transport of an attenuated strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV) from the nucleus accumbens was combined with immunoperoxidase labeling of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to identify dopamine terminals in the PFC. At survival times <48 hr, extensive dendritic distribution of immunogold labeling for PRV was observed in cortico-accumbens neurons. However, evidence 
consistent with trans-synaptic passage of PRV within this timeframe was observed only rarely. When examined at the electron microscopic level, immunogold labeling for PRV was localized to neuronal somata, proximal and distal dendrites, and dendritic spines. Some of these dendritic processes received symmetric synaptic input from TH-immunoreactive terminals. These data represent the first demonstration of dopamine synaptic contacts onto an identified population of pyramidal cells in the PFC. The findings have important implications for understanding how dopamine modulates cortical outflow to limbic regions in normal brain and pathological states such as schizophrenia.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Dopamine, physiology; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, isolation /&/ purification/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings, physiology/ultrastructure; Nucleus Accumbens, physiology/virology; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology/ultrastructure/virology; Pyramidal Cells, physiology/virology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology/ultrastructure/virology; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10594085},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Carr:1996,
  Title                    = {Hippocampal afferents to the rat prefrontal cortex: synaptic targets and relation to dopamine terminals.},
  Author                   = {D. B. Carr and S. R. Sesack},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {1--15},
  Volume                   = {369},

  Abstract                 = {Afferents to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) from the hippocampal formation and from midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons have been implicated in the cognitive and adaptive functions of this cortical region. In the present study, we investigated the ultrastructure and synaptic targets of hippocampal terminals, as well as their relation to DA terminals within the PFC of adult rats. Hippocampal afferents were labeled either by anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) from the ventral hippocampal formation or by anterograde degeneration following fimbria lesion. Hippocampal terminals in the PFC, identified by either method, formed primarily asymmetric axospinous synapses, with a small percentage forming asymmetric axodendritic synapses. Dopamine terminals in the PFC were identified by peroxidase immunocytochemistry for either tyrosine hydroxylase or DA and formed primarily symmetric synapses onto dendritic spines and small caliber dendritic shafts. 
Spines that received symmetric synaptic contact from DA terminals invariably also received an asymmetric synapse from an unlabeled terminal, forming a triadic complex. Hippocampal and DA terminals in the PFC were not often observed in the same area of the neuropil, and no examples of convergence of hippocampal and DA terminals onto common postsynaptic targets were observed. Further analysis revealed that spines receiving synaptic contact from hippocampal terminals did not receive additional synaptic contact from any other source. However, when localized to the same area of the neuropil, hippocampal and DA terminals were often in direct apposition to one another, without forming axo-axonic synapses. These results suggest that 1) hippocampal terminals primarily form excitatory synapses onto spiny pyramidal neurons, 2) hippocampal afferents are unlikely to be synaptically modulated by DA or non-DA terminals at the level of the dendritic spine, and 3) appositions between hippocampal and DA terminals may 
facilitate presynaptic interactions between these afferents to the PFC.},
  Doi                      = {gt;3.0.CO;2-7},
  Institution              = {260, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Dopamine, analysis; Hippocampus, physiology/ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Degeneration, physiology; Nerve Endings, chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure; Nucleus Accumbens, chemistry/ultrastructure; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {3.0.CO;2-7},
  Pmid                     = {8723699},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-7}
}

@Article{Carr:1998,
  Title                    = {Callosal terminals in the rat prefrontal cortex: synaptic targets and association with GABA-immunoreactive structures.},
  Author                   = {D. B. Carr and S. R. Sesack},
  Journal                  = {Synapse},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = {Jul},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {193--205},
  Volume                   = {29},

  Abstract                 = {The callosal projections of the cerebral cortex play an important role in the functional integration of the two hemispheres, and the anatomy of these connections has been extensively studied in primary sensory and motor regions. In the present investigation, we examined the synaptic targets of callosal terminals in a limbic association area, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the rat. In addition, we examined the relationship of callosal afferents to GABA local circuit neurons within the PFC. Callosal terminals were labeled by either anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin from superficial or deep layers or by anterograde degeneration following electrolytic lesion of the contralateral PFC. Callosal terminals in either the superficial or deep layers labeled by either method formed primarily asymmetric axo-spinous synapses (approximately 95\%), while the remainder formed axo-dendritic synapses. Some of the dendrites postsynaptic to callosal terminals exhibited a 
morphology characteristic of local circuit neurons. This observation was confirmed in tissue immunolabeled for GABA, in which degenerating callosal terminals sometimes formed asymmetric synapses on GABA-labeled dendrites. In addition, GABA-labeled terminals and callosal afferents were sometimes observed to converge onto common postsynaptic dendritic shafts or spines within the PFC. These results indicate that callosal terminals in limbic association cortex, consistent with sensory and motor cortices, primarily target the spines of pyramidal neurons. In addition, the results suggest that callosal afferents to the PFC interact with GABA local circuit neurons at multiple levels. Specifically, a proportion of callosal terminals appear to provide excitatory drive to GABA cells, while GABA terminals may modulate the excitation from callosal inputs to the distal dendrites and spines of PFC pyramidal neurons.},
  Doi                      = {3.0.CO;2-1},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Corpus Callosum, physiology; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Degeneration, physiopathology; Nerve Endings, physiology; Neurons, physiology/ultrastructure; Phytohemagglutinins; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {3.0.CO;2-1},
  Pmid                     = {9635889},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/3.0.CO;2-1}
}

@Article{Carr:2000a,
  Title                    = {GABA-containing neurons in the rat ventral tegmental area project to the prefrontal cortex.},
  Author                   = {D. B. Carr and S. R. Sesack},
  Journal                  = {Synapse},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {114--123},
  Volume                   = {38},

  Abstract                 = {Dopamine-containing projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) have been extensively characterized since their discovery over 25 years ago. However, the VTA projection to the PFC also contains a substantial nondopamine component, whose neurochemical phenotype is unknown. To examine if a portion of this nondopamine VTA projection contains GABA, anterograde and retrograde tract-tracing in the rat was combined with GABA immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Following injections of Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the PFC, many VTA neurons were retrogradely labeled, as visualized by immunoperoxidase staining for FG. A large portion of FG-labeled somata (58\%) and dendrites (33\%) within the VTA also contained immunogold-silver labeling for GABA. These dually labeled profiles exhibited a morphology similar to dopamine-containing cells within the VTA. To confirm and extend these findings, anterograde transport of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) from 
the VTA was combined with immunogold-silver labeling for GABA within the PFC. Consistent with the results obtained from retrograde tracing, a portion of BDA-labeled terminals in the PFC also contained immunoreactivity for GABA. These dually labeled terminals formed symmetric synapses onto small caliber dendrites and dendritic spines. Some PFC dendrites contacted by GABA-containing VTA terminals were themselves GABA-labeled. The results of this investigation have identified a substantial population of GABA-containing neurons in the VTA that send axons to the PFC where they synapse on the distal processes of both pyramidal and local circuit neurons. This GABA-containing mesocortical pathway may provide substrates for both inhibitory and disinhibitory influences on PFC neuronal activity.},
  Doi                      = {3.0.CO;2-R},
  Institution              = {Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA. Sesack@bns.pitt.edu},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, chemistry/physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Ventral Tegmental Area, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry/ultrastructure; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, analysis/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {3.0.CO;2-R},
  Pmid                     = {11018785},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/3.0.CO;2-R}
}

@Article{Carr:2000b,
  author      = {Carr, D. B. and Sesack, S. R.},
  title       = {Dopamine terminals synapse on callosal projection neurons in the rat prefrontal cortex.},
  year        = {2000},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {425},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {275--283},
  doi         = {10.1002/1096-9861(20000918)425:2<275::aid-cne9>3.0.co;2-z},
  abstract    = {Dopamine (DA) afferents to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) play an important role in the cognitive functions subserved by this cortical area. Within the PFC, DA terminals synapse onto the distal dendrites of both local circuit neurons and pyramidal projection cells. We have previously demonstrated in the rat PFC that some of the dendrites and spines postsynaptic to DA terminals arise from pyramidal neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens. However, it is not known whether the pyramidal cells that give rise to callosal intercortical connections of the PFC also receive DA synaptic input. To address this question, retrograde tract tracing using an attenuated strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV-Bartha) was combined with immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to identify DA terminals in the PFC. Thirty-six to 40 hours following injection of PRV into the contralateral PFC, numerous callosal projection neurons were extensively labeled throughout their dendritic trees, with no evidence of 
PRV trans-synaptic passage. In tissue prepared for electron microscopy, labeling for PRV was distributed throughout pyramidal cell somata and extended into distal dendrites and dendritic spines. Some PRV-labeled dendrites and spines received symmetric synaptic input from terminals containing peroxidase labeling for TH. These results demonstrate that DA terminals synapse onto the distal dendrites of callosally projecting PFC neurons and suggest substrates through which DA may modulate interhemispheric cortical communication.},
  institution = {Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport, physiology; Corpus Callosum, metabolism/ultrastructure/virology; Dopamine, metabolism; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism/ultrastructure/virology; Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure/virology; Prefrontal Cortex, metabolism/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-Z},
  pmid        = {10954845},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Carr:1990,
  author      = {Carr, T. P. and Lei, K. Y.},
  title       = {High-density lipoprotein cholesteryl ester and protein catabolism in hypercholesterolemic rats induced by copper deficiency.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {39},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {518--524},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0026-0495(90)90011-z},
  abstract    = {High-density lipoprotein (HDL) catabolism induced by copper deficiency was examined in vivo in hypercholesterolemic Sprague-Dawley rats. Doubly labeled HDL was used to trace the catabolic pathways of both cholesteryl ester and protein moieties of HDL particles. The catabolic rate of removal from the plasma, as well as uptake by various tissues, was determined for each HDL component. Copper-deficient rats exhibited a 30\% increase in HDL cholesterol concentration, confirming hypercholesterolemia. In addition, plasma volume was enlarged 38\% in deficient animals, resulting in a significantly increased intravascular pool of all HDL components of at least 60\%. These data emphasize the importance of determining plasma volume and total pool size of pertinent plasma components in this hypercholesterolemic model. The absolute catabolic rate (ACR) of HDL protein removal from the plasma was 369 +/- 22 and 278 +/- 12 micrograms/h in copper-deficient and control rats, respectively. The ACR of HDL 
cholesteryl ester was 647 +/- 37 micrograms/h in deficient animals and 321 +/- 13 micrograms/h in controls, suggesting that the mechanisms of selective clearance of HDL cholesteryl ester (compared with protein) were increased threefold by copper deficiency. Virtually all of the increased removal of HDL cholesteryl ester in deficient rats occurred in the liver. Since previous studies indicate that increased hepatic cholesterol excretion may not occur in copper deficiency, the present results suggest that cholesterol delivered to the liver as HDL cholesteryl ester is possibly reassembled into new HDL particles at an increased rate in copper-deficient rats.},
  institution = {Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721.},
  journal     = {Metabolism},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cardiomegaly; Cholesterol Esters, blood/pharmacokinetics; Cholesterol, HDL, blood; Copper, deficiency; Hematocrit; Hypercholesterolemia, blood; Lipoproteins, HDL, blood; Liver, metabolism; Male; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Splenomegaly; Tissue Distribution},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0026-0495(90)90011-Z},
  pmid        = {2139917},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carr:1994,
  author      = {V. M. Carr and S. P. Murphy and R. I. Morimoto and A. I. Farbman},
  title       = {Small subclass of rat olfactory neurons with specific bulbar projections is reactive with monoclonal antibodies to the HSP70 heat shock protein.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {348},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {150--160},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.903480109},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903480109},
  abstract    = {As part of a study of turnover of rat olfactory receptor neurons we have been examining immunohistochemical expression of members of the 70 kD heat shock protein (HSP70) family in the olfactory epithelium. Expression of HSP70 family members is up-regulated in many cells following exposure to physiologically stressing conditions. Because dying neurons are likely to undergo some sort of physiological stress before the onset of frank degeneration, we hoped that anti-HSP70 monoclonal antibodies would prove to be useful markers for early stages of olfactory neuron cell death. Two anti-human HSP70 monoclonal antibodies were used, Mabs 2A4 and 3a3. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis/western blot analysis indicates that these Mabs are reactive with the HSC70 and HSP70 members of the rat HSP70 family. Immunohistological observations show that both Mabs are strongly reactive with a widely dispersed subpopulation of olfactory receptor neurons. Morphological, immunohistological, and autoradiographic 
birthdating analyses demonstrate that reactive cells are fully mature receptor neurons. Their reactivity, however, does not appear to be stress-related. More significantly, axons of reactive neurons show intense anti-2A4 reactivity. This has allowed us to trace these axons to their target glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, demonstrating that the reactive neurons project to just one to two glomeruli on either side of each bulb via consistent and predictable pathways. This is the first subpopulation of olfactory receptor neurons to be traced to such a small number of glomeruli. Given this extremely small number, it seems likely that the reactive receptor cell subpopulation serves some specific olfactory function. In addition, axonal 2A4 reactivity should also prove useful in defining the relative roles of receptor neurons and glomeruli in the establishment of epithelial-glomerular connections.},
  institution = {Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Autoradiography; Cell Aging; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Medulla Oblongata, physiology; Nasal Mucosa, metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, classification/physiology; Olfactory Pathways, cytology/physiology; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, physiology; Synaptic Transmission},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7814683},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Carrasco:2001,
  author      = {Carrasco, M. and Portillo, F. and Larsen, P. J. and Vallo, J. J.},
  title       = {Insulin and glucose administration stimulates Fos expression in neurones of the paraventricular nucleus that project to autonomic preganglionic structures.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {13},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {339--346},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1365-2826.2001.00631.x},
  abstract    = {Insulin and glucose play a key role in the control of body energy homeostasis. However, the anatomical organization of the network of central insulin and glucose sensitive areas is still unclear. In the present study, we used a multiple-labelling technique combining retrograde tracing and Fos-like immunohistochemistry, to analyse the anatomical projections from hypothalamic neurones activated by the combined stimulus of insulin and glucose. After intraperitoneal injections of a bolus of insulin plus glucose, Fos-like immunoreactive neurones were observed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), ventromedial and arcuate nuclei, as well as the lateral hypothalamic area. In addition, neurones projecting to the autonomic preganglionic levels in the brainstem and spinal cord potentially involved in the control of glucose metabolism were identified by injections of fluorochrome tracers. Thus, Fluorogold was injected into the intermediolateral cell column of the lower spinal cord and Fast Blue was 
injected into the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Perikarya of descending neurones were detected chiefly in the dorsal, medial and lateral parvocellular subnuclei and also in the posterior magnocellular subnucleus of the PVN. In contrast, insulin-glucose activated neurones in the PVN were observed mainly in the medial parvocellular and posterior magnocellular subnuclei. Fluorogold/Fos double-labelled neurones were only observed in the ventral zone of the medial parvocellular subnucleus. These data indicate that, within the PVN, there could be neurones responding to insulin-glucose administration, which are involved in the sympathetic control of the classical regulatory structures of body energy homeostasis, such as the liver and pancreas, and which could play a role in the output of the neuronal circuitry controlling food intake.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Plaza Fragela s/n, 11003, Cádiz, Spain.},
  journal     = {J Neuroendocrinol},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Animals; Arcuate Nucleus, cytology/metabolism; Blood Glucose; Corticosterone, blood; Fluorescent Dyes; Glucose, administration /&/ dosage; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, cytology/metabolism; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Insulin, administration /&/ dosage/blood; Leptin, blood; Male; Neural Pathways; Neurons, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, biosynthesis; Rats; Spinal Cord, cytology/metabolism; Stilbamidines; Vagus Nerve, cytology/metabolism; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, cytology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {jne631},
  pmid        = {11264721},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Carrella:1995,
  author      = {Carrella, M. and Csillaghy, A. and {de Mercato}, R. and D'Arienzo, A.},
  title       = {Biliary excretion of chylomicron remnant cholesterol in the rat: responses to the expansion of their plasma pool and promoting role of stimulated bile-acid synthesis.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {89},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {121--128},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1042/cs0890121},
  abstract    = {1. Chylomicron remnants, the intermediate intestinal lipoproteins carrying the bulk of dietary cholesterol, are actively taken up and degraded in the hepatocytes, releasing cholesterol which can be excreted in bile. To study this pathway, a mass of remnants, leading to a consistent rise in hepatic cholesterol, was administered as an intravenous bolus in rats with chronic bile fistula equilibrated by water, electrolyte and taurocholate infusions, and changes in biliary lipids and bile acids were evaluated for up to 24 h in comparison with baseline. 2. A mean 16\% increase in the net output of bile acids was observed at each time interval after lipoprotein injection, accounting for a 24h cumulative excretion of approximately one-third of the administered cholesterol mass. These changes did not reach statistical significance however. The cholesterol output and concentrations of all biliary lipids did not vary either. Without taurocholate replacement, remnants injection was followed by a 15-20\% 
decrease in bile acid and bile lipid secretion, presumably due to an insufficient hepatic bile-acid flux. 3. When [3H]cholesterol-labelled remnants were administered at the same mass in the chronic equilibrated bile fistula model, 21\% of injected radioactivity was excreted in 24h, distributing mostly in acidic rather than neutral sterols (20.02 +/- 1.85 compared with 1.07 +/- 0.04), with an acidic to neutral sterol mean ratio of 16. 4. To exclude interfering effects from the administered cholesterol mass and chronic bile fistula, 3H-labelled remnants were also studied as a cholesterol trace injected in rats with acute bile fistula.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
  institution = {Cattedra di Gastroenterologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Udine, Italy.},
  journal     = {Clin Sci (Lond)},
  keywords    = {Animals; Bile Acids and Salts, biosynthesis; Bile, metabolism; Cholesterol, metabolism; Chylomicrons, metabolism; Hyperlipoproteinemias, metabolism; Liver, metabolism; Male; Phospholipids, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7554752},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carrer:1973,
  author      = {Carrer, H. and Asch, G. and Aron, C.},
  title       = {New facts concerning the role played by the ventromedial nucleus in the control of estrous cycle duration and sexual receptivity in the rat.},
  year        = {1973},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {13},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {129--138},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1159/000122231},
  journal     = {Neuroendocrinology},
  keywords    = {Animals; Corpus Luteum, metabolism; Electrodes; Estrus; Female; Hypothalamus, physiology/surgery; Male; Ovulation; Pregnancy; Rats; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Time Factors; Vagina, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pmid        = {4798413},
  timestamp   = {29.05.2012},
}

@Article{Carrer:1978,
  author      = {Carrer, H. F.},
  title       = {Mesencephalic participation in the control of sexual behavior in the female rat.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {92},
  number      = {5},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {877--887},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1037/h0077540},
  abstract    = {Electric stimuli applied to both pudendal nerves evoked field potentials, unit responses, and multiunit responses in the ventrolateral midbrain, in and around the peripeduncular nucleus. Bilateral lesions placed in this region suppressed sexual behavioral responses (lordosis and courting behavior) of ovariectomized rats primed with 5, 10, 100, and 1,000 microgram of estradiol benzoate and 2 mg of progesterone per kilogram of body weight. It is proposed that the region in question represents a relay station for the integration of sensory and endocrine information concerned in the control of receptive sexual behavior in the female rat.},
  journal     = {J Comp Physiol Psychol},
  keywords    = {Action Potentials; Animals; Castration; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Stimulation; Estradiol, pharmacology; Estrus, drug effects; Evoked Potentials; Female; Genitalia, Female, innervation; Mesencephalon, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Pregnancy; Progesterone, pharmacology; Rats; Sexual Behavior, Animal, physiology; Tectum Mesencephali, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pmid        = {569667},
  timestamp   = {29.05.2012},
}

@Article{Carretta:1996,
  author      = {Carretta, D. and Sbriccoli, A. and Santarelli, M. and Pinto, F. and Granato, A. and Minciacchi, D.},
  title       = {Crossed thalamo-cortical and cortico-thalamic projections in adult mice.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {204},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {69--72},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(96)12319-3},
  abstract    = {The crossed thalamo-cortical and cortico-thalamic connections of the mouse are drawn using the tracer wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase. After injections in the frontal cortex of the right hemisphere cells labeled retrogradely and axons labeled anterogradely are observed in the thalamus ipsilateral and contralateral to the cortical injections. The retrograde and anterograde labeling in the contralateral thalamus is less intense than ipsilaterally and involves the mediodorsal, ventral medial, central medial, and paracentral nuclei. Crossed fronto-thalamic axons reach more lateral regions than those containing contralateral thalamo-frontal neurons. Our results demonstrate that the thalamo-cortical system of mice has a bilateral component. The functional significance of this pathway and analogies with crossed thalamo-cortical connections in other species are discussed.},
  institution = {Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Florence, Italy.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/physiology; Corpus Callosum, cytology/physiology; Histocytochemistry; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Rats; Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304-3940(96)12319-3},
  pmid        = {8929980},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Carrive:1993,
  author      = {Carrive, P.},
  title       = {The periaqueductal gray and defensive behavior: functional representation and neuronal organization.},
  year        = {1993},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {58},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {27--47},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0166-4328(93)90088-8},
  abstract    = {Recent findings suggest that the periaqueductal gray (PAG) can be subdivided on the basis of its anatomical connections and functional representation of cardiovascular and behavioral functions. This new scheme of subdivision postulates the existence of 4 major longitudinal columns located dorsomedial, dorsolateral, lateral and ventrolateral to the aqueduct. Attention has focussed on the lateral and ventrolateral columns, because they contain topographically distinct groups of neurons whose activation results in different forms of defensive or protective reactions. Reactions evoked from the lateral PAG column are associated with somatomotor and autonomic activation and are characteristic of an organism's response to superficial or cutaneous noxious stimuli, whereas reactions evoked from the ventrolateral PAG column are associated with somatomotor and autonomic inhibition and appear to correspond to an organism's response to deep or visceral noxious stimuli. Furthermore, the neurons of these 
two columns possess some degree of somatotopic and viscerotopic organization and send axon collaterals to multiple targets in the medulla. This model of PAG neuronal organization outlines the basic architectural features of a network involved in the coordinated expression of certain types of defensive/protective reactions.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.},
  journal     = {Behav Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Escape Reaction, physiology; Humans; Neurons, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, cytology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8136048},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Carrive:1991,
  author      = {Carrive, P. and Bandler, R.},
  title       = {Viscerotopic organization of neurons subserving hypotensive reactions within the midbrain periaqueductal grey: a correlative functional and anatomical study.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {541},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {206--215},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)91020-2},
  abstract    = {Microinjection of the excitatory amino acid D,L-homocysteic acid (40 nmol, in 200 nl) made into the ventrolateral part of the caudal half (A2.5-P1.5) of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) of the decerebrate cat evoked a hypotensive reaction associated with a slowing of the heart and a decrease in either external iliac or renal vascular resistance. The decrease in iliac vascular resistance was elicited from the pretentorial portion (A2.5-A0.6) of the PAG hypotensive area, whereas the decrease in renal vascular resistance was elicited from the subtentorial portion (A0.6-P1.5). Anatomical experiments using the method of retrograde transport of rhodamine-labelled microspheres or wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase demonstrated topographically organized projections from the ventrolateral PAG to the subretrofacial (SRF) pressor nucleus in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. The pretentorial part of the ventrolateral PAG projected mainly to the caudal part of the SRF nucleus, which 
preferentially controls iliac vascular resistance. The subtentorial part of the ventrolateral PAG projected mainly to the rostral part of the SRF nucleus, which preferentially controls renal vascular resistance. Taken together, these findings suggest: (i) that neurons within the ventrolateral PAG are viscerotopically organized; and (ii) that their hypotensive function may be mediated by an inhibition of SRF pressor neurons. The results are discussed in relation to the recently described PAG hypertensive area which also is viscerotopically organized and projects to the SRF nucleus.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Sydney, N.S.W. Australia.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Amino Acids, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Animals; Blood Pressure, physiology; Cats; Decerebrate State; Female; Heart Rate, physiology; Histocytochemistry; Homocysteine, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Male; Microinjections; Neurons, physiology; Periaqueductal Gray, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/physiology; Regional Blood Flow, physiology; Renal Circulation, drug effects; Vascular Resistance, drug effects},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(91)91020-2},
  pmid        = {2054638},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Carson:1980,
  author      = {Carson, K. A. and Lucas, W. J. and Gregg, J. M. and Hanker, J. S.},
  title       = {Facilitated ultracytochemical demonstration of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in peripheral nerve.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {67},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {113--124},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00493230},
  abstract    = {p-Phenylenediamine/pyrocatechol mixture (PPD-PC) was evaluated as a reagent for the ultracytochemical demonstration of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP crystals were applied to the proximal stumps of the severed infraorbital nerves in rats. After 48 h the rats were sacrificed by perfusion, and the trigeminal ganglia ipsilateral to the severed nerves were processed for HRP cytochemistry and then prepared for electron microscopy. PPD-PC was rapidly oxidized in HRP-labeled neurons to form a dark brown-black osmiophilic reaction product which was more readily visible than the DAB product in the sections. This facilitated selection by light microscopy of areas in the epoxy wafers for ultrathin sectioning. In thin sections viewed under the electron microscope, the osmicated electron opaque PPD-PC reaction product was present in membrane-bound structures including smooth endoplasmic reticulum and granules of various sizes. The PPD-PC reaction product formed after 10-
min incubation appeared to be more electron opaque than the DAB reaction product formed after 20 min. PPD-PC was found to be much less readily oxidized than DAB by endogenous hemoproteins. This methodology facilitated the ultracytochemical localization of HRP in neurons following retrograde axonal transport.},
  journal     = {Histochemistry},
  keywords    = {3,3'-Diaminobenzidine; Animals; Axonal Transport; Catechols; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Pathways, analysis; Neurons, ultrastructure; Orbit, innervation; Peroxidases; Phenylenediamines; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6156930},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carstens:1990,
  author      = {E. Carstens and J. Leah and J. Lechner and M. Zimmermann},
  title       = {Demonstration of extensive brainstem projections to medial and lateral thalamus and hypothalamus in the rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {35},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {609--626},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90333-y},
  abstract    = {We use the method of retrograde transport of colloidal gold with silver intensification to map locations of brainstem neurons projecting to various nuclei of the medial and lateral thalamus (Menetrey, Histochemistry 83, 391-395, 1985; Seeley and Field, Brain Res. 449, 177-191, 1988). In rats injections of less than 1.0 microliters of a gold-wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase complex were restricted to the centrum medianum, centralis lateralis, medialis dorsalis, zona incerta, ventrobasal thalamic complex, or medial or lateral hypothalamus. Injections in the centralis lateralis, with some involvement of centrum medianum and medial medialis dorsalis, labeled numerous neurons throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the midbrain periaqueductal gray, and adjacent reticular formation, dorsal raphe nucleus and substantia nigra. These labeled neurons were distributed bilaterally, but with a preponderance ipsilaterally. Numerous neurons in the deep layers of the ipsilateral superior colliculus 
and in the anterior pretectal nucleus were also labeled. Many neurons in the pontomedullary raphe nuclei (including nucleus raphe magnus), locus coeruleus and dorsolateral parabrachial nuclei, and in the pontomedullary reticular formation, were labeled bilaterally. Fewer were seen bilaterally in the lateral reticular nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract, with relatively few in the dorsal aspect of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Injections restricted largely to the centrum medianum labeled fewer cells in the brainstem, but with similar distributions. An injection restricted to the centralis lateralis also resulted in a similar distribution of labeled neurons in midbrain and nucleus raphe magnus but did not label neurons at more caudal medullary levels. An injection restricted to zona incerta labeled numerous neurons in a distribution similar to that following medial thalamic injections, except that many more were observed in the contralateral sensory trigeminal nucleus and in the dorsal column nuclei. 
Injections of the ventrobasal thalamic nucleus labeled many neurons in the trigeminal and dorsal column nuclei, but many fewer neurons in the midbrain, periaqueductal gray and reticular formation compared with medial thalamic injections. Labeled neurons were also seen in the superior and inferior colliculi, due presumably to involvement by the injection of the lateral posterior and magnocellular medial geniculate nuclei, respectively. Injections in the lateral hypothalamus labeled numerous neurons in a distribution similar to that seen following medial thalamic injections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
  institution = {II. Physiologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, F.R.G.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Colloids; Gold; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(90)90333-Y},
  pmid        = {1696363},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Carstens:1983,
  author      = {Carstens, E. and MacKinnon, J. D. and Guinan, M. J.},
  title       = {Serotonin involvement in descending inhibition of spinal nociceptive transmission produced by stimulation of medial diencephalon and basal forebrain.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {3},
  number      = {10},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {2112--2120},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/3/10/2112.long},
  abstract    = {The responses of single lumbar dorsal horn neurons to noxious radiant heat stimuli (50 degrees C, 10 sec) applied to glabrous footpad skin were recorded in cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and 70\% N2O. Responses were markedly reduced during electrical stimulation (100-msec trains at 100 Hz, 3/sec, up to 400 microA) at sites in the medial diencephalic periventricular gray (PVG), preoptic area, and basal forebrain. A role for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) was investigated by determining whether descending inhibition from these areas could be affected by (1) acute systemic administration of the 5-HT antagonist methysergide, or (2) depletion of central 5-HT levels by pretreatment with the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA; 500 mg/kg, i.p.). Inhibition produced by stimulation at these sites was reduced or abolished in 22 cases following administration of methysergide (0.2 to 1 mg/kg) to non-pretreated cats. In the PCPA-pretreated cats, stimulation in 
preoptic or basal forebrain areas inhibited the responses of 26 units to noxious skin heating to varying degrees; PVG stimulation inhibited the responses of 14 of 26 units, while the remainder were unaffected. The mean current threshold for inhibition produced by PVG or preoptic/basal forebrain stimulation was significantly higher, while mean inhibition at 200 microA was significantly lower, in units from PCPA-pretreated cats compared to those from non-pretreated cats. The results indicate that 5-HT may be involved in the mediation of spinal inhibition produced by medial diencephalic and basal forebrain stimulation.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cats; Diencephalon, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Female; Fenclonine, pharmacology; Hot Temperature; Methysergide, pharmacology; Neural Inhibition; Nociceptors, drug effects/physiology; Serotonin, physiology; Spinal Cord, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6225838},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Carstens:1978,
  author      = {E. Carstens and D. L. Trevino},
  title       = {Laminar origins of spinothalamic projections in the cat as determined by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.},
  year        = {1978},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {182},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {161--165},
  note        = {Experiment with cat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.901820110},
  abstract    = {The method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to identify the locations of cells of origin of the spinothalamic tract in the cat. Injections of from 0.2-3.0 microliter of 30\% HRP were made unilaterally in various regions of the somatosensory thalamus. Massive injections of the caudal thalamus in several cats showed the spinothalamic cells of origin to be located mainly in laminae I, VII and VIII in the lumbar enlargement, and in laminae I, V and VII-VIII in the cervical enlargement. Small injections of HRP were made into the three major spinothalamic terminal zones in the thalamus, to determine the laminar origins(s) of the spinal projections to each zone. Neurons in lamina I in both cervical and lumbar enlargements were found to project almost exclusively to the rostral VB-caudal VL border zone. A small number of neurons in laminae VII and VIII also project there but a larger number project to the intralaminar region. Neurons projecting to the PO 
regions were located mainly in laminae IV and V. This anatomical segregation of thalamic afferents probably reflects a functional segregation of input, since the functional properties of spinal neurons vary according to their laminar location. Comparison of these data with the differential projection of spinothalamic neurons in the rat and monkey indicate that it is unlikely that the proposed "paleo-" and "neospinothalamic" systems would arise from anatomically separate groups of spinal neurons.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Cats; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Spinothalamic Tracts, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pmid        = {701487},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Carter:1982,
  author    = {CJ Carter},
  title     = {Topographical distribution of possible glutamatergic pathways from the frontal cortex to the striatum and substantia nigra in rats},
  year      = {1982},
  volume    = {21},
  pages     = {379-383},
  doi       = {10.1016/0028-3908(82)90019-3},
  journal   = {Neuropharmacologyd},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Carter:1977,
  author      = {Carter, D. A. and Fibiger, H. C.},
  title       = {Ascending projections of presumed dopamine-containing neurons in the ventral tegmentum of the rat as demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase.},
  year        = {1977},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {2},
  number      = {4},
  pages       = {569--576},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(77)90052-5},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, cytology; Amygdala, cytology; Animals; Caudate Nucleus, cytology; Dopamine, analysis; Gyrus Cinguli, cytology; Hippocampus, cytology; Male; Neurons, cytology; Putamen, cytology; Rats; Septal Nuclei, cytology; Substantia Nigra, cytology; Tegmentum Mesencephali, cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(77)90052-5},
  pmid        = {917282},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Carter:1978,
  Title                    = {The projections of the entopeduncular nucleus and globus pallidus in rat as demonstrated by autoradiography and horseradish peroxidase histochemistry.},
  Author                   = {Carter, D. A. and Fibiger, H. C.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1978},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {113--123},
  Volume                   = {177},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.901770108},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autoradiography; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology; Biological Evolution; Brain Mapping, methods; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology; Haplorhini; Histocytochemistry; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Efferent; Rats; Red Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology; Species Specificity; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {411809},
  Timestamp                = {29.11.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901770108}
}

@Article{Carter:1970,
  author      = {Carter, R. L. and Birbeck, M. S. and Roberts, J. D.},
  title       = {Development of injection-site sarcomata in rats: a study of the early reactive changes evoked by a carcinogenic nitrosoquinoline compound.},
  year        = {1970},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {24},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {300--311},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/bjc.1970.35},
  abstract    = {The early changes induced by a carcinogenic nitrosoquinoline compound (NTDQ) have been studied in the subcutaneous tissues of 88 rats. An initial acute infiammatory response is quickly replaced by a distinctive granuloma which is established by 10 days and persists indefinitely-a sequence which takes place both in adult and in newborn animals. Its main components-histiocytes, multinucleate giant cells and granulation tissue-are described in detail and the formation of giant cells by fusion from adjacent histiocytes has been traced. Autoradiographic studies with tritiated thymidine show heavy nuclear labelling in the histiocytes and fibroblasts during the first 10 days; this later declines but raised levels of nuclear labelling persist up to the end of the experiment. No proliferative activity is seen in the giant cells and these cells show only feeble phagocytic activity, tested by their ability to take up carbon particles. The experiments in which colloidal carbon was injected locally also 
provided some information on the lymphatic vessels in the vicinity of NTDQ-induced granulomata. It appears that, initially, the lesions contain large dilated lymphatic vessels. Later, a dense connective tissue barrier develops and lymphatic connections with the surrounding dermis are progressively reduced.The properties of granulomata induced by NTDQ are discussed and some possible relationships between the formation of granulomata and eventual tumour developed are considered. Particular emphasis is given to two related features: the sustained proliferative activity of the fibroblasts and the resulting semi-isolation of the injection site lesion by the formation of a dense connective tissue barrier.},
  journal     = {Br J Cancer},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Carbon; Carcinogens; Fibroblasts; Granuloma, chemically induced/pathology; Histiocytes; Inflammation, chemically induced; Lymphatic System; Male; Nitroso Compounds; Phagocytosis; Precancerous Conditions, chemically induced; Quinolines; Rats; Sarcoma, Experimental, chemically induced},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {5451571},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Carter:1992,
  author      = {Carter, S. R. and Pereira, L. and Paz, P. and LaVail, J. H.},
  title       = {A quantitative assay of retrograde transported HSV in the trigeminal ganglion.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {33},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {1934--1939},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {The relationship between the dose of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) inoculated in the cornea and the amount of actively replicating virus recovered from mouse trigeminal ganglion cells 5 d after corneal scratch and inoculation was investigated with a tissue culture plaque assay. A dose response curve of productive viral replication was obtained. The estimated dose of HSV that produces half-maximal recovery of virus within the ganglion was 9.15 x 10(3) plaque forming units per eye, and the maximal amount of HSV recovered was 1.34 x 10(4) pfu per ganglion. This definition of infectivity as a function of dose will be useful for studying the effects of potential inhibitors of the binding, uptake, and transport of HSV by productively or latently infected trigeminal neurons.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Program, University of California San Francisco 94143-0452.},
  journal     = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cornea, innervation/microbiology; Cranial Nerve Diseases, microbiology; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Herpes Simplex, microbiology; Keratitis, Herpetic, microbiology; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Simplexvirus, physiology; Trigeminal Ganglion, microbiology; Virus Replication},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1316334},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Carvalho:1998,
  author      = {Carvalho, R. A. and Jeffrey, F. M. and Sherry, A. D. and Malloy, C. R.},
  title       = {C isotopomer analysis of glutamate by heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence-total correlation spectroscopy (HMQC-TOCSY).},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {440},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {382--386},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01491-4},
  abstract    = {13C has become an important tracer isotope for studies of intermediary metabolism. Information about relative flux through pathways is encoded by the distribution of 13C isotopomers in an intermediate pool such as glutamate. This information is commonly decoded either by mass spectrometry or by measuring relative multiplet areas in a 13C NMR spectrum. We demonstrate here that groups of glutamate 13C isotopomers may be quantified by indirect detection of protons in a 2D HMQC-TOCSY NMR spectrum and that fitting of these data to a metabolic model provides an identical measure of the 13C fractional enrichment of acetyl-CoA and relative anaplerotic flux to that given by direct 13C NMR analysis. The sensitivity gain provided by HMQC-TOCSY spectroscopy will allow an extension of 13C isotopomer analysis to tissue samples not amenable to direct 13C detection (approximately 10 mg soleus muscle) and to tissue metabolites other than glutamate that are typically present at lower concentrations.},
  institution = {Department of Biochemistry and Center of Neurosciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal.},
  journal     = {FEBS Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Glutamic Acid, analysis/metabolism; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, instrumentation; Male; Myocardium, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0014579398014914},
  pmid        = {9872407},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Casale:1988,
  Title                    = {Direct projection of the corticospinal tract to the superficial laminae of the spinal cord in the rat.},
  Author                   = {E. J. Casale and A. R. Light and A. Rustioni},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1988},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {275--286},
  Volume                   = {278},

  Abstract                 = {The anterograde transport of both wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and the kidney bean lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin was utilized to investigate the projection of primary sensorimotor corticospinal tract axons to the superficial laminae of the spinal dorsal horn in the rat. Both methods yielded qualitatively similar patterns of connectivity. Corticospinal tract axons were found to terminate within all laminae on the side contralateral to the injection site. Labeling was most dense within laminae III and IV and medial portions of laminae I, II, and V in the cervical and lumbar enlargements. Labeling in the ventral horn, though present, was relatively less dense. P. vulgaris leucoagglutinin-labeled axons within laminae I and II exhibited boutons en passant and terminaux; many of these axons also terminated or were collaterals of axons that terminated in deeper dorsal horn laminae. Results are discussed with reference to the somatotopic 
organization of the spinal cord and to a possible role for the cortex in the modulation of nociception within the spinal cord.},
  Comment                  = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902780210},
  Institution              = {Department of Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27514.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Somatosensory Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Substantia Gelatinosa, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {3230165},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902780210}
}

@Article{Casanovas-Aguilar:1995a,
  author      = {Casanovas-Aguilar, C. and Christensen, M. K. and Reblet, C. and Mart{\'{i}}nez-Garc{\'{i}}a, F. and P{\'{e}}rez-Clausell, J. and Bueno-L{\'{o}}pez, J. L.},
  title       = {Callosal neurones give rise to zinc-rich boutons in the rat visual cortex.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {497--500},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1097/00001756-199502000-00023},
  abstract    = {Sodium selenide was used as a retrograde tracer to assess the callosal origin of zinc-rich boutons in the neocortex of the rat. Selenide injections were placed in the lateral end of area Oc1 (area 17). Zinc present in synaptic boutons precipitated as zinc selenide and was transported retrogradely to the parent cell bodies. In addition to the ipsilateral labelling, contralateral retrogradely labelled somata were mainly observed along the border between areas Oc1 and Oc2L (area 18a). Labelled neurones were present in layer 2-3 and layer 6. In contrast to tracing studies with peroxidase, no labelled neurone was observed in layers 4 and 5 except at the inner border of layer 5. This study reveals the chemical heterogeneity of callosal projections, which may be divided into zinc-rich and zinc-poor systems.},
  institution = {Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.},
  journal     = {Neuroreport},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Selenium Compounds, pharmacology; Visual Cortex, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins; Zinc, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7539303},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Casanovas-Aguilar:1995,
  author      = {C. Casanovas-Aguilar and M. K. Christensen and C. Reblet and F. Martínez-García and J. Pérez-Clausell and J. L. Bueno-López},
  title       = {Callosal neurones give rise to zinc-rich boutons in the rat visual cortex.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {6},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {497--500},
  doi         = {10.1097/00001756-199502000-00023},
  abstract    = {Sodium selenide was used as a retrograde tracer to assess the callosal origin of zinc-rich boutons in the neocortex of the rat. Selenide injections were placed in the lateral end of area Oc1 (area 17). Zinc present in synaptic boutons precipitated as zinc selenide and was transported retrogradely to the parent cell bodies. In addition to the ipsilateral labelling, contralateral retrogradely labelled somata were mainly observed along the border between areas Oc1 and Oc2L (area 18a). Labelled neurones were present in layer 2-3 and layer 6. In contrast to tracing studies with peroxidase, no labelled neurone was observed in layers 4 and 5 except at the inner border of layer 5. This study reveals the chemical heterogeneity of callosal projections, which may be divided into zinc-rich and zinc-poor systems.},
  institution = {Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.},
  journal     = {Neuroreport},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Selenium Compounds, pharmacology; Visual Cortex, physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins; Zinc, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7539303},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Casanovas-Aguilar:2002a,
  author      = {Casanovas-Aguilar, C. and Mir{\'{o}}-Berni{\'{e}}, N. and P{\'{e}}rez-Clausell, J.},
  title       = {Zinc-rich neurones in the rat visual cortex give rise to two laminar segregated systems of connections.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {110},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {445--458},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00482-1},
  abstract    = {Zinc-rich synaptic boutons in the neocortex arise from the neocortex itself. However, the precise organisation of these circuits is not known. Therefore, the laminar and areal pattern of zinc-rich cortico-cortical connections between visual areas was studied by retrograde tracing using intracerebral injections of sodium selenite. This tracer was injected in supragranular and infragranular layers in various cortical visual areas in order to precipitate zinc in the synaptic boutons, which was retrogradely transported to neuronal somata. Supragranular injections led to retrogradely labelled neurones in layer II-III, ipsilaterally and contralaterally. Neurones often appeared in groups or clusters. Infragranular injections labelled neurones in layers II-III, VI and, to a lesser extent, in layer V, both ipsilaterally and contralaterally. Neurones in layer VI formed a wide continuous band. Concerning the connections between visual (=occipital) areas, injections in occipital area 2, lateral part (
Oc2L), rendered the largest number of retrogradely labelled neurones, which were located in occipital area 1 (Oc1), occipital area 2, medial part (Oc2M) and outside the visual cortex. Callosal zinc-rich projections were dense in the homotopic area but sparse in Oc1 and temporal cortex. Injections in Oc1 rendered moderate numbers of labelled neurones in occipital areas, in both hemispheres. Injections in Oc2M labelled moderate numbers of neurones in occipital areas in both hemispheres and in the frontal and cingulate cortices. These results indicate that zinc-rich cortico-cortical connections are organised into two segregated systems arising from either supragranular or infragranular neurones. In addition, in the visual cortex, zinc-rich systems appear to converge on Oc2L. Zinc-rich connections appear as an extensive, highly organised association system.},
  institution = {Departament de Biologia Cel small middle dotlular, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, ES-08071, Barcelona, Spain. aguilar@porthos.bio.ub.es},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Male; Nerve Net, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Cells, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium Selenite; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Visual Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Zinc, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452201004821},
  pmid        = {11906785},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Casanovas-Aguilar:2002,
  author      = {C. Casanovas-Aguilar and N. Miró-Bernié and J. Pérez-Clausell},
  title       = {Zinc-rich neurones in the rat visual cortex give rise to two laminar segregated systems of connections.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {110},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {445--458},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00482-1},
  abstract    = {Zinc-rich synaptic boutons in the neocortex arise from the neocortex itself. However, the precise organisation of these circuits is not known. Therefore, the laminar and areal pattern of zinc-rich cortico-cortical connections between visual areas was studied by retrograde tracing using intracerebral injections of sodium selenite. This tracer was injected in supragranular and infragranular layers in various cortical visual areas in order to precipitate zinc in the synaptic boutons, which was retrogradely transported to neuronal somata. Supragranular injections led to retrogradely labelled neurones in layer II-III, ipsilaterally and contralaterally. Neurones often appeared in groups or clusters. Infragranular injections labelled neurones in layers II-III, VI and, to a lesser extent, in layer V, both ipsilaterally and contralaterally. Neurones in layer VI formed a wide continuous band. Concerning the connections between visual (=occipital) areas, injections in occipital area 2, lateral part (
Oc2L), rendered the largest number of retrogradely labelled neurones, which were located in occipital area 1 (Oc1), occipital area 2, medial part (Oc2M) and outside the visual cortex. Callosal zinc-rich projections were dense in the homotopic area but sparse in Oc1 and temporal cortex. Injections in Oc1 rendered moderate numbers of labelled neurones in occipital areas, in both hemispheres. Injections in Oc2M labelled moderate numbers of neurones in occipital areas in both hemispheres and in the frontal and cingulate cortices. These results indicate that zinc-rich cortico-cortical connections are organised into two segregated systems arising from either supragranular or infragranular neurones. In addition, in the visual cortex, zinc-rich systems appear to converge on Oc2L. Zinc-rich connections appear as an extensive, highly organised association system.},
  institution = {Departament de Biologia Cel small middle dotlular, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, ES-08071, Barcelona, Spain. aguilar@porthos.bio.ub.es},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects/physiology; Functional Laterality, physiology; Male; Nerve Net, cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals, metabolism/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Cells, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium Selenite, diagnostic use; Synaptic Transmission, physiology; Visual Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Zinc, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452201004821},
  pmid        = {11906785},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Casanovas-Aguilar:1998a,
  author      = {Casanovas-Aguilar, C. and Reblet, C. and P{\'{e}}rez-Clausell, J. and Bueno-L{\'{o}}pez, J. L.},
  title       = {Zinc-rich afferents to the rat neocortex: projections to the visual cortex traced with intracerebral selenite injections.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {15},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {97--109},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0891-0618(98)00035-0},
  abstract    = {Infusion of sodium selenite to the occipital cortex of the rat was used for the specific tracing of zinc-rich pathways. Large numbers of labeled somata were found ipsilaterally in the visual, orbital and frontal cortices, and contralaterally in homotopic and heterotopic visual areas. Labeled neurons were also found ipsilaterally in the retrosplenial, parietal, sensory-motor, temporal and perirhinal cortex. In contrast to the cortico-cortical connections, ascending afferents to the visual cortex were not zinc-rich except for a few labeled neurons in the claustrum. Additional injections showed reciprocal zinc-rich connections between the visual cortex and the orbital and frontal cortices. The latter cortices also received ascending zinc-rich afferents from the claustrum. Selenite injections revealed the layered distribution and the morphology of these labeled neurons in the neocortex. Zinc-rich neurons were found in layers II-III, V and VI. However, none was found in layer IV. Zinc-rich somata 
appeared as pyramidal and inverted neurons. The contrasting chemical properties of cortical and subcortical visual afferents may account for the functional differences between these systems.},
  institution = {Departament de Biologia Cel.lular Animal i Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. aguilar@porthos.bio.ub.es},
  journal     = {J Chem Neuroanat},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Chemistry; Histocytochemistry; Male; Microinjections; Neocortex, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred WKY; Rats, Wistar; Sodium Selenite, administration /&/ dosage; Visual Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Zinc, metabolism/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0891061898000350},
  pmid        = {9719362},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Casanovas-Aguilar:1998,
  author      = {C. Casanovas-Aguilar and C. Reblet and J. Pérez-Clausell and J. L. Bueno-López},
  title       = {Zinc-rich afferents to the rat neocortex: projections to the visual cortex traced with intracerebral selenite injections.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {15},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {97--109},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0891-0618(98)00035-0},
  abstract    = {Infusion of sodium selenite to the occipital cortex of the rat was used for the specific tracing of zinc-rich pathways. Large numbers of labeled somata were found ipsilaterally in the visual, orbital and frontal cortices, and contralaterally in homotopic and heterotopic visual areas. Labeled neurons were also found ipsilaterally in the retrosplenial, parietal, sensory-motor, temporal and perirhinal cortex. In contrast to the cortico-cortical connections, ascending afferents to the visual cortex were not zinc-rich except for a few labeled neurons in the claustrum. Additional injections showed reciprocal zinc-rich connections between the visual cortex and the orbital and frontal cortices. The latter cortices also received ascending zinc-rich afferents from the claustrum. Selenite injections revealed the layered distribution and the morphology of these labeled neurons in the neocortex. Zinc-rich neurons were found in layers II-III, V and VI. However, none was found in layer IV. Zinc-rich somata 
appeared as pyramidal and inverted neurons. The contrasting chemical properties of cortical and subcortical visual afferents may account for the functional differences between these systems.},
  institution = {Departament de Biologia Cel.lular Animal i Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. aguilar@porthos.bio.ub.es},
  journal     = {J Chem Neuroanat},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Chemistry; Histocytochemistry; Male; Microinjections; Neocortex, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, Afferent, physiology/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred WKY; Rats, Wistar; Sodium Selenite, administration /&/ dosage/diagnostic use; Visual Cortex, cytology/metabolism; Zinc, metabolism/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0891061898000350},
  pmid        = {9719362},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Casatti:2002,
  author      = {Casatti, C. A. and Elias, C. F. and Sita, L. V. and Frigo, L. and Furlani, V C G. and Bauer, J. A. and Bittencourt, J. C.},
  title       = {Distribution of melanin-concentrating hormone neurons projecting to the medial mammillary nucleus.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {115},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {899--915},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00508-0},
  abstract    = {The melanin-concentrating hormone and neuropeptide glutamic acid-isoleucine are expressed in neurons located mainly in the hypothalamus that project widely throughout the CNS. One of the melanin-concentrating hormone main targets is the medial mammillary nucleus, but the exact origin of these fibers is unknown. We observed melanin-concentrating hormone and neuropeptide glutamic acid-isoleucine immunoreactive fibers coursing throughout the mammillary complex, showing higher density in the pars lateralis of the medial mammillary nucleus, while the lateral mammillary nucleus showed sparse melanin-concentrating hormone innervation. The origins of these afferents were determined by using implant of the retrograde tracer True Blue in the medial mammillary nucleus. Double-labeled neurons were observed in the lateral hypothalamic area, rostromedial zona incerta and dorsal tuberomammillary nucleus. A considerable population of retrogradely labeled melanin-concentrating hormone perikaryal profiles was 
also immunoreactive to neuropeptide glutamic acid-isoleucine (74+/-15\% to 85+/-15\%). The afferents from the lateral hypothalamic area, rostromedial zona incerta and dorsal tuberomammillary nucleus to the medial mammillary nucleus were confirmed using implant of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. In addition, using double-labeled immunohistochemistry, we found no co-localization between neurons expressing melanin-concentrating hormone and adenosine deaminase (histaminergic marker) in the dorsal tuberomammillary nucleus. We hypothesize that these melanin-concentrating hormone projections participate in spatial memory process mediated by the medial mammillary nucleus. These pathways would enable the animal to look for food during the initial moments of appetite stimulation.},
  institution = {Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, University of Sao Paulo State - UNESP, 16015-050, Sao Paulo, Araçatuba, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Feeding Behavior, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral, cytology/metabolism; Hypothalamic Hormones, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mamillary Bodies, cytology/metabolism; Melanins, metabolism; Memory, physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Pituitary Hormones, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Space Perception, physiology; Subthalamus, cytology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452202005080},
  pmid        = {12435428},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Casatti:1999,
  author      = {Casatti, C. A. and Frigo, L. and Bauer, J. A.},
  title       = {Origin of sensory and autonomic innervation of the rat temporomandibular joint: a retrograde axonal tracing study with the fluorescent dye fast blue.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {78},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {776--783},
  doi         = {10.1177/00220345990780031001},
  abstract    = {Previous studies that have used retrograde axonal tracers (horseradish peroxidase alone or conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin) have shown that the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is supplied with nerve fibers originating mainly from the trigeminal ganglion, in addition to other sensory and sympathetic ganglia. The existence of nerve fibers in the TMJ originating from the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus is unclear, and the possible innervation by parasympathetic nerve fibers has not been determined. In the present work, the retrograde axonal tracer, fast blue, was used to elucidate these questions and re-evaluated the literature data. The tracer was deposited in the supradiscal articular space of the rat TMJ, and an extensive morphometric analysis was performed of the labeled perikaryal profiles located in sensory and autonomic ganglia. This methodology permitted us to observe labeled small perikaryal profiles in the trigeminal ganglion, clustered mainly in the posterior-lateral region of 
the dorsal, medial, and ventral thirds of horizontal sections, with some located in the anterior-lateral region of the ventral third. Sensory perikarya were also labeled in the dorsal root ganglia from C2 to C5. No labeled perikaryal profiles were found in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. On the other hand, autonomic labeled perikaryal profiles were distributed in the sympathetic superior cervical and stellate ganglia, and parasympathetic otic ganglion. Our results confirmed those of previous studies and also demonstrated that: (i) there is a distribution pattern of labeled perikaryal profiles in the trigeminal ganglion; (ii) some perikaryal profiles located in the otic ganglion were labeled; and (iii) the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus did not show any retrogradely labeled perikaryal profiles.},
  institution = {Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil.},
  journal     = {J Dent Res},
  keywords    = {Amidines, diagnostic use; Animals; Axons; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Ganglia, Parasympathetic; Ganglia, Spinal; Male; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stellate Ganglion; Superior Cervical Ganglion; Temporomandibular Joint, innervation; Trigeminal Ganglion},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10096453},
  timestamp   = {24.03.2014},
}

@Article{Cassam:1997,
  author      = {A. K. Cassam and I. J. Llewellyn-Smith and L. C. Weaver},
  title       = {Catecholamine enzymes and neuropeptides are expressed in fibres and somata in the intermediate gray matter in chronic spinal rats.},
  year        = {1997},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {78},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {829--841},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00599-4},
  abstract    = {Spinal cord injury disrupts control of sympathetic preganglionic neurons because bulbospinal input has been lost and the remaining regulation is accomplished by spinal circuits consisting of dorsal root afferent and spinal neurons. Moreover, an initial retraction and regrowth of dendrites of preganglionic neurons in response to deafferentation creates the potential for remodelling of spinal circuits that control them. Although catecholamines and neuropeptide Y are found in descending inputs to the preganglionic neurons, their presence in spinal circuits has not been established. Spinal circuits controlling preganglionic neurons contain substance P but participation of these peptidergic neurons in remodelling responses has not been examined. Therefore, we compared immunoreactivity for the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase, for neuropeptide Y and for substance P in the intermediate gray matter of the spinal cord in control rats and in rats seven or fourteen days after 
transection at the fourth thoracic cord segment. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons were retrogradely labelled by intraperitoneal injection of the tracer FluoroGold. These experiments yielded three original findings. 1) At one and two weeks after cord transection, fibres and terminals immunoreactive for dopamine beta-hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y were consistently found in the intermediolateral cell column in segments caudal to the transection. The area of fibres and terminals containing these immunoreactivities was markedly reduced compared to control rats or to segments rostral to the transection in the spinal rats. 2) Immunoreactivity for substance P was increased after cord transection and the distribution of fibres immunoreactive for this peptide in segments caudal to the transection extended more widely through the intermediate gray matter. These reactions demonstrated a plastic reaction to cord transection by spinal neurons expressing substance P. 3) Dopamine beta-hydroxylase expression was up-
regulated in somata within the intermediate gray matter of spinal segments caudal to the transection. The numbers of somata immunoreactive for this enzyme increased six-fold by 14 days after cord transection, compared to the few somata counted in control rats. In conclusion, the presence of a catecholamine synthesizing enzyme and neuropeptides in fibres surrounding sympathetic preganglionic neurons caudal to a cord transection suggests a source of catecholamines and these peptides within spinal circuits in the chronic spinal rat. The presence of dopamine beta-hydroxylase in a markedly greater number of neuronal somata after cord transection reflects significant up-regulation of gene expression and may indicate a switch by these neurons to an adrenergic phenotype, revealing a plastic response to injury within the spinal cord.},
  institution = {The Department of Physiology and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, enzymology/metabolism; Brain Chemistry, physiology; Catecholamines, metabolism; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, biosynthesis; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nerve Fibers, enzymology/metabolism; Neurons, enzymology/metabolism; Neuropeptide Y, biosynthesis; Neuropeptides, biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord Injuries, enzymology/metabolism; Substance P, biosynthesis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452296005994},
  pmid        = {9153661},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Cassell:1989b,
  Title                    = {Collateralization of the amygdaloid projections of the rat prelimbic and infralimbic cortices.},
  Author                   = {Cassell, M. D. and Chittick, C. A. and Siegel, M. A. and Wright, D. J.},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = {Jan},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {235--248},
  Volume                   = {279},

  Abstract                 = {Previous studies indicate that the distribution of corticoamygdaloid neurons in the rat prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) cortices overlaps with the distribution of neurons projecting to the contralateral medial prefrontal cortex (MPC), insular cortex, mediodorsal thalamus, and dorsal medulla. In view of the poorly differentiated cytoarchitecture of PL and IL, and their designation as cortical regions transitional between the allocortex and isocortex, the present study sought to determine whether several cortical and subcortical projections from these areas arise as collaterals of corticoamygdaloid neurons. Injections of the fluorescent dyes Fast Blue (FB) or bisbenzimide (BB) were made into the amygdaloid complex and the following areas: agranular and granular insular cortices; mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD); nucleus tractus solitarii/dorsal medulla (NTS); contralateral amygdaloid complex; and ipsilateral and contralateral MPC. Neurons projecting to the ipsilateral 
amygdaloid complex were located mainly in layers II and V with fewer cells in layer III. Concomitant injections into the insular cortex, MD, and NTS labeled populations of neurons arranged in laminae that partially overlapped with, but were essentially separate from, corticoamygdaloid neurons. Projections to the insular cortex arose from layers II and V; those to MD arose from layers V and VI. Corticobulbar projections from IL originated from neurons arranged in a thin lamina in the deep part of layer V. Very few neurons projecting to both the amygdaloid complex and any of these areas were observed. Bilateral injections of FB and BB into the amygdaloid complex producted very few double-labeled cells in PL and IL. Further, in layer V, ipsilaterally projecting corticoamygdaloid neurons tended to be located more deeply than contralaterally projecting neurons. Combined injections of BB and FB into the amygdaloid complex and the contralateral (but not ipsilateral) MPC resulted in significant numbers of double-
labeled neurons in layers II, III, and V of PL and IL. Control injections of fluorescent dyes into the cerebrospinal fluid labeled few neurons in the superficial layers of PL and IL and a combined injection into the amygdaloid complex (FB) and subarachnoid space (BB) resulted in a very small number of double-labeled cells in layer II only. The results suggest that a significant proportion of neurons in PL and IL projecting to the amygdaloid complex issue collaterals innervating the contralateral MPC. Evidence is discussed that suggests that the interhemispheric collaterals of MPC corticoamygdaloid neurons may serve to correlate the amygdaloid outputs of the MPC bilaterally.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902790207},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.},
  Keywords                 = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2913068},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902790207}
}

@Article{Cassell:1999,
  author      = {Cassell, M. D. and Freedman, L. J. and Shi, C.},
  title       = {The intrinsic organization of the central extended amygdala.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {877},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {217--241},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09270.x},
  abstract    = {The central component of the extended amygdala (CEA) comprises the central amygdaloid nucleus (Ce), the dorsal substantia innominata (SI), and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Anatomical studies have suggested the presence of an intrinsic system of GABAergic neurons that not only connects homologous subareas of the Ce, SI, and BNST but that also acts as an interface between sensory afferents and brain stem-projecting neurons. CEA outputs, with a few exceptions, arise from separate populations of neurons, but all, including GABAergic neurons themselves, are heavily innervated by GABAergic terminals. GABAergic neurons may serve to integrate output activity of the CEA, though GABAergic neurons form a heterogeneous population whose differential intrinsic connections appear related to their peptide content. Afferents from the dysgranular insular cortex and lateral parabrachial complex preferentially innervate GABAergic neurons, suggesting these neurons may also integrate afferent 
activity. Afferents from the basolateral amygdala (BL) appear to innervate both output neurons and intrinsic GABAergic neurons. Evidence will be presented to show that BL afferents form synaptic complexes with cortical, GABAergic, and TH-immunoreactive terminal boutons on GABAergic dendritic spines. These complexes may be a key element in control of CEA output activity.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA. martin-cassell@uiowa.edu},
  journal     = {Ann N Y Acad Sci},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Animals; Globus Pallidus, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Nucleus Accumbens, physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pmid        = {10415652},
  timestamp   = {29.05.2012},
}

@Article{Cassell:1989,
  author      = {M. D. Cassell and T. S. Gray},
  title       = {The amygdala directly innervates adrenergic (C1) neurons in the ventrolateral medulla in the rat.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {97},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {163--168},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(89)90157-2},
  abstract    = {The innervation of adrenergic (C1) neurons in the ventrolateral medulla by the central amygdaloid nucleus (Ce) was investigated using immunohistochemical detection of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) combined with anterograde tracing through Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) transport and lesion-induced axonal degeneration. Injections of PHA-L into the medial Ce labelled axons in close proximity to PNMT-immunoreactive dendrites and somata in the ventrolateral medulla. The PNMT-immunoreactive neurons within the rostral part of the nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis were preferentially innervated by the amygdaloid terminals. Degenerating terminals formed synaptic contacts on PNMT-immunoreactive cells of the ventrolateral medulla in animals with lesions of the Ce. The synaptic contacts were mainly found on dendrites and were usually of the symmetrical type. The present findings provide evidence that cells within the amygdala directly innervate presumed adrenergic 
cells in the ventrolateral medulla. This pathway may be part of the anatomical substrates that are activated during amygdaloid-mediated sympathetic activity.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Adrenergic Fibers, cytology/enzymology; Amygdala, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology/enzymology; Nerve Degeneration; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase, metabolism; Phytohemagglutinins, diagnostic use; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pii         = {0304-3940(89)90157-2},
  pmid        = {2919001},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Cassell:1989a,
  author      = {Cassell, M. D. and Gray, T. S.},
  title       = {Morphology of peptide-immunoreactive neurons in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {281},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {320--333},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.902810212},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902810212},
  abstract    = {The morphological characteristics of peptide-immunoreactive neurons in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala were examined. Observations were compared with details of neuron morphology available from Golgi-stained tissue to determine whether peptide immunoreactivity was associated with specific cell types in the central nucleus. The lateral subdivision (CL) of the central nucleus contained mainly medium-sized, densely spiny neurons. Larger, pyramiform spiny neurons; medium-sized, sparsely spinous neurons; and small, aspinous cells were also present in CL. Somatostatin-, neurotensin-, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-, and enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons in CL were characterized as the medium spiny and larger, pyramiform types. No obvious morphological differences were evident among medium spiny neurons containing different peptides. In the medial subdivision, substance P, neurotensin, somatostatin, and CRF were present within pyramiform, sparsely spinous neurons with long dendrites. 
Galanin immunoreactivity in the medial subdivision was associated with moderately spiny, pyramiform neurons and a larger, aspinous, polygonal neuron. The ventral subdivision of the central nucleus contained neurons similar to those found in the adjacent medial and lateral subdivisions. In addition, this subdivision contained a characteristic ovoid neuron with long, sparsely spinous dendrites. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neurotensin appeared to be present within this cell type. In the lateral capsular subdivision, neurotensin and enkephalin were present in cells resembling the medium spiny neurons characteristic of this part of the central nucleus. Numbers of spindle-shaped, biopolar somatostatin, and VIP neurons were identified in the medial, lateral, and ventral subdivisions. The present results provide evidence for a heterogeneous morphology of peptide-immunoreactive neurons in the rat central nucleus that are distributed across cytoarchitectonic boundaries. Except for substance P, 
neuropeptides in the central nucleus appear to be expressed by a variety of neurons rather than morphologically characteristic types of cell.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Animals; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, immunology; Enkephalins, immunology; Galanin; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons, ultrastructure; Neurotensin, immunology; Peptides, immunology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Somatostatin, immunology; Substance P, immunology; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, immunology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {HiWi},
  pmid        = {2468696},
  timestamp   = {29.05.2012},
}

@Article{Cassell:1986,
  Title                    = {Neuronal architecture in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala: a cytological, hodological, and immunocytochemical study.},
  Author                   = {M. D. Cassell and T. S. Gray and J. Z. Kiss},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {1986},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {478--499},
  Volume                   = {246},

  Abstract                 = {The organization of neurons in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) has been examined by using Nissl stain and immunocytochemical and retrograde tracing techniques. Four main subdivisions were identified on the basis of quantitative analyses of Nissl-stained material: medial (CM), lateral (CL), lateral capsular (CLC), and ventral (CV). An intermediate subdivision (CI), previously described by McDonald ('82), was apparent only in animals that had HRP-WGA injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Large populations of neurotensin-, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-, and enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons were present within the lateral divisions (mainly CL), although they were also seen within CM. Somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons were distributed mainly within CL and CM. Within CL, neurotensin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons were more numerous laterally whereas CRF- and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons were more numerous medially. Substance P-
immunoreactive neurons were almost exclusively confined to CM. Only a few cholecystokinin- and vasoactive-polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons were seen in the CNA, and they were observed within CL, CV, and CM. The majority of neurons projecting to the dorsal medulla, hypothalamus, and ventral tegmental area were located within CM, although a significant number of cells were also seen within CL. Efferent projections to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis were found to arise from neurons located within all subdivisions of the CNA. Thus, the distributional patterns of peptidergic and efferent neurons were not confined to individual cytoarchitectonically- defined subdivisions of the CNA. Rather, the results suggest overlapping medial to the lateral trends. Comparisons with the results of previous studies indicate that peptidergic and afferent terminal distribution patterns are more restricted to individual cytoarchitectonically defined subregions of the CNA. These observations suggest that the detailed 
cytoarchitecture of the CNA more likely reflects the functional integration of afferents rather than the organization of the CNA output neurons.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.902460406},
  Keywords                 = {Amygdala, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology; Animals; Brain Mapping; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, analysis; Enkephalins, analysis; Female; Functional Laterality; Hypothalamus, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology; Male; Medulla Oblongata, analysis/anatomy /&/ histology; Nerve Tissue Proteins, analysis; Neurons, analysis/classification; Neurotensin, analysis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Somatostatin, analysis; Substance P, analysis; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {2422231},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902460406}
}

@Article{Cassell:1991,
  author      = {M. D. Cassell and L. Roberts},
  title       = {Ultrastructural evidence for an olfactory-autonomic pathway through the rat central amygdaloid nucleus.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {133},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {100--104},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(91)90067-4},
  abstract    = {The innervation of medullary projection neurons in the central amygdaloid nucleus (Ce) by afferents from the ventral taenia tecta (VTT) was investigated using combined lesion-induced axonal degeneration and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA). Injections of HRP-WGA into the nucleus tractus solitarii resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons in the medial Ce. Ultrastructurally HRP-WGA reaction product was identifiable in the perikarya and proximal dendrites of Ce neurons. Degenerating terminals, probably due to damage at the HRP-WGA injection site, were few and confined to the ventral Ce. Electrolytic coagulation of the VTT resulted in approximately 9\% of terminals in medial Ce showing signs of degeneration at 5 days post-lesion. Of the terminals sampled, slightly more than 40\% were in contact with the dendrites of retrogradely labeled neurons. Where evident, these terminals formed exclusively symmetrical synaptic contacts. These data 
provide evidence for an oligosynaptic olfactory-autonomic pathway in the rat that may mediate olfactory influences on gastric and cardiovascular aspects of autonomic function.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52245.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, ultrastructure; Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, ultrastructure; Dendrites, ultrastructure; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Medulla Oblongata, ultrastructure; Nerve Degeneration, physiology; Neurons, ultrastructure; Olfactory Pathways, ultrastructure; Prosencephalon, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pii         = {0304-3940(91)90067-4},
  pmid        = {1724308},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Cassell:1986a,
  author      = {M. D. Cassell and D. J. Wright},
  title       = {Topography of projections from the medial prefrontal cortex to the amygdala in the rat.},
  year        = {1986},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {17},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {321--333},
  doi         = {10.1016/0361-9230(86)90237-6},
  abstract    = {The projections from the rat medial prefrontal cortex to the amygdaloid complex were investigated using retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase-WGA. The ventral anterior cingulate, prelimbic, infralimbic and medial orbital areas and the taenia tecta were found to project to the amygdaloid complex. The projections from the prelimbic area arose bilaterally. The medial orbital, prelimbic and anterior cingulate areas send convergent projections to the basolateral nucleus. The prelimbic area has additional projections to the posterolateral cortical nucleus and amygdalo-hippocampal area. The infralimbic area does not project to the basolateral nucleus and cortico-amygdaloid projections from this area are focussed on the anterior cortical nucleus and the anterior amygdaloid area. Both prelimbic and infralimbic areas project to an area situated between the central, medial and basomedial nuclei. Based on similar projections, this area appears to be 
a caudal continuation of the anterior amygdaloid area. The results indicate that the medial prefrontal component of the "basolateral limbic circuit" is restricted to the anterior cingulate and prelimbic areas. No evidence was obtained to support the existence of a medial prefronto-amygdaloid component of the "visceral forebrain".},
  journal     = {Brain Res Bull},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Amygdala, cytology; Animals; Fluorescent Dyes; Frontal Lobe, cytology; Gyrus Cinguli, cytology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Limbic System, cytology; Neural Pathways, cytology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Staining and Labeling; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pii         = {0361-9230(86)90237-6},
  pmid        = {2429740},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Cassini:2013,
  author      = {Cassini, Lindsey F. and Sierra, Rodrigo O. and Haubrich, Josué and Crestani, Ana P. and Santana, Fabiana and {de Oliveira Alvares}, Lucas and Quillfeldt, Jorge A.},
  title       = {Memory reconsolidation allows the consolidation of a concomitant weak learning through a synaptic tagging and capture mechanism.},
  year        = {2013},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {23},
  number      = {10},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {931--941},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/hipo.22149},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22149},
  abstract    = {Motivated by the synaptic tagging and capture (STC) hypothesis, it was recently shown that a weak learning, only able to produce short-term memory (STM), can succeed in establishing long-term memory (LTM) with a concomitant, stronger experience. This is consistent with the capture, by the first-tagged event, of the so-called plasticity-related proteins (PRPs) provided by the second one. Here, we describe how a concomitant session of reactivation/reconsolidation of a stronger, contextual fear conditioning (CFC) memory, allowed LTM to result from a weak spatial object recognition (wSOR) training. Consistent with an STC process, the effect was observed only during a critical time window and was dependent on the CFC reconsolidation-related protein synthesis. Retrieval by itself (without reconsolidation) did not have the same promoting effect. We also found that the inactivation of the NMDA receptor by AP5 prevented wSOR training to receive this support of CFC reconsolidation (supposedly through 
the production of PRPs), which may be the equivalent of blocking the setting of a learning tag in the dorsal CA1 region for that task. Furthermore, either a Water Maze reconsolidation, or a CFC extinction session, allowed the formation of wSOR-LTM. These results suggest for the first time that a reconsolidation session can promote the consolidation of a concomitant weak learning through a probable STC mechanism. These findings allow new insights concerning the influence of reconsolidation in the acquisition of memories of otherwise unrelated events during daily life situations.},
  institution = {Psychobiology and Neurocomputation Laboratory, Biophysics Department, Institute of Biosciences, 91.501-970; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, 90.046-900, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.},
  journal     = {Hippocampus},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {23733489},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Castaneyra-Perdomo:1992a,
  author      = {Casta{\~{n}}eyra-Perdomo, A. and P{\'{e}}rez-Delgado, M. M. and Montagnese, C. and Coen, C. W.},
  title       = {Brainstem projections to the medial preoptic region containing the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone perikarya in the rat. An immunohistochemical and retrograde transport study.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {139},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {135--139},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(92)90875-8},
  abstract    = {The afferent projections to the anterior medial preoptic area (MPA) from the brainstem have been studied, in female Wistar rats, by retrograde tracing with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The HRP was injected by iontophoresis into the preoptic region containing the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) perikarya. The brain sections including the MPA were reacted with diaminobenzidine (DAB) to reveal the injection site; the LHRH cells were then immunohistochemically identified using DAB with ammonium nickel sulphate. When the injection site incorporated the LHRH cells, the brainstem sections were reacted with the DAB nickel solution to detect lysosomal HRP and then immunohistochemically processed to locate the adrenaline-synthesizing cells using DAB alone. The results confirm the brainstem projections to the MPA from the central grey matter, ventral tegmental area, subcoeruleus area, the dorsal raphe nucleus, the lateral parabrachial nucleus, the raphe pontis nucleus, the raphe obscurus 
nucleus, the region of the paragigantocellular nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Given the considerable evidence implicating the ascending adrenergic systems in the regulation of LHRH, we focused our attention on the afferents from the locus coeruleus, area postrema and the adrenaline-synthesizing cell groups (C1-3). The only cells which were retrogradely labelled and immunopositive for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase were found in C3.},
  institution = {Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, cytology/physiology; Female; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, Anterior, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Preoptic Area, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhombencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304-3940(92)90875-8},
  pmid        = {1407678},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Castane:2010,
  author      = {Castañé, Anna and Theobald, David E H. and Robbins, Trevor W.},
  title       = {Selective lesions of the dorsomedial striatum impair serial spatial reversal learning in rats.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {210},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {74--83},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.bbr.2010.02.017},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.02.017},
  abstract    = {Impairments in reversal learning have been attributed to orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) dysfunction in many species. However, the role of subcortical areas interconnected with the OFC such as the striatum remains poorly understood. This study directly evaluated the contribution of core and shell sub-regions of the nucleus accumbens (NAc), dorsomedial (DMS) and dorsolateral (DLS) striatum to reversal learning of an instrumental two-lever spatial discrimination task in rats. Selective NAc core, DMS and DLS lesions were achieved with microinjections of quinolinic acid and NAc shell lesions with ibotenic acid. Damage to NAc core or shell did not affect retention of a previously acquired instrumental spatial discrimination. In contrast, DLS and DMS lesions produced changes in aspects of discrimination performance such as the latency to collect earned food pellets. Neither NAc core or shell lesions nor DLS lesions affected the main indices of reversal performance. Conversely, DMS lesion rats showed a 
significant impairment in reversal learning. DMS damage increased the number of errors to reach criteria that were perseverative in nature. The deficit in reversal learning in DMS lesion rats was not associated with an impairment to extinguish instrumental responding. There were no effects on spontaneous locomotor activity. Our data are in agreement with recent work showing that lesions of the medial striatum in marmoset monkeys produce perseverative impairments during a serial visual discrimination reversal task and support the hypothesis that dorsomedial striatal dysfunction contributes to pathological perseveration, which is a common feature of many psychiatric disorders.},
  institution = {>},
  journal     = {Behav Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Corpus Striatum, drug effects/injuries/physiology; Discrimination (Psychology), physiology; Eating, physiology; Extinction, Psychological, physiology; Ibotenic Acid, toxicity; Male; Memory, physiology; Motor Activity, physiology; Neuropsychological Tests; Neurotoxins, toxicity; Nucleus Accumbens, drug effects/injuries/physiology; Quinolinic Acid, toxicity; Rats; Reversal Learning, physiology; Space Perception, physiology; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0166-4328(10)00117-8},
  pmid        = {20153781},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Castaneda:2005,
  Title                    = {Glutamic acid decarboxylase isoforms are differentially distributed in the septal region of the rat.},
  Author                   = {Castañeda, Maria T. and Sanabria, Emilio R Garrido and Hernandez, Sofia and Ayala, Adriana and Reyna, Tania A. and Wu, Jang-Yen and Colom, Luis V.},
  Journal                  = {Neurosci Res},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {107--119},
  Volume                   = {52},

  Abstract                 = {The septal region of the brain consists of a heterogeneous population of GABAergic neurons that play an important role in the generation of hippocampal theta rhythms. While GABAergic neurons employ two isoforms of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) for the synthesis of GABA, distribution of GAD isoforms has not been investigated in the septum. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the expression of GAD enzymes in medial and lateral septum. GAD65 and GAD67 immunohistochemistry revealed dense fibers and punctuated immunoreactivity in septal regions. While few GAD65-positive neuronal somas were detected in medial septum, a significantly higher number of immunoreactive neurons were detected in lateral septum. GAD65- and GAD67-positive neurons in the lateral septum exhibit higher complexity of dendritic arborizations than in the medial septum where staining was mainly restricted to the soma. Presumptive axon terminals (puncta) showed abundant 
immunoreactivity predominantly for GAD65 isoforms in all septal regions. This suggests that septal GABAergic neurons differentially express GAD enzymes thereby potentially reflecting functional differences. Differences found between medial and lateral septal GABAergic neuronal populations are in agreement with the concept that medial and lateral septum are brain structures with highly different connectivity and function despite anatomical proximity.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neures.2005.02.003},
  Institution              = {Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Brownsville, 80 Fort Brown, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Glutamate Decarboxylase, metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Isoenzymes, metabolism; Male; Neurons, enzymology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Septum of Brain, enzymology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0168-0102(05)00046-5},
  Pmid                     = {15811558},
  Timestamp                = {31.08.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2005.02.003}
}

@Article{Castaneyra-Perdomo:1992,
  author      = {A. Castaneyra-Perdomo and M. M. Perez-Delgado and C. Montagnese and C. W. Coen},
  title       = {Brainstem projections to the medial preoptic region containing the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone perikarya in the rat. An immunohistochemical and retrograde transport study.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {139},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {May},
  pages       = {135--139},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(92)90875-8},
  abstract    = {The afferent projections to the anterior medial preoptic area (MPA) from the brainstem have been studied, in female Wistar rats, by retrograde tracing with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The HRP was injected by iontophoresis into the preoptic region containing the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) perikarya. The brain sections including the MPA were reacted with diaminobenzidine (DAB) to reveal the injection site; the LHRH cells were then immunohistochemically identified using DAB with ammonium nickel sulphate. When the injection site incorporated the LHRH cells, the brainstem sections were reacted with the DAB nickel solution to detect lysosomal HRP and then immunohistochemically processed to locate the adrenaline-synthesizing cells using DAB alone. The results confirm the brainstem projections to the MPA from the central grey matter, ventral tegmental area, subcoeruleus area, the dorsal raphe nucleus, the lateral parabrachial nucleus, the raphe pontis nucleus, the raphe obscurus 
nucleus, the region of the paragigantocellular nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Given the considerable evidence implicating the ascending adrenergic systems in the regulation of LHRH, we focused our attention on the afferents from the locus coeruleus, area postrema and the adrenaline-synthesizing cell groups (C1-3). The only cells which were retrogradely labelled and immunopositive for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase were found in C3.},
  institution = {Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Stem, cytology/physiology; Female; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, Anterior, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Immunohistochemistry; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Neural Pathways, physiology; Preoptic Area, cytology/metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhombencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0304-3940(92)90875-8},
  pmid        = {1407678},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Castejon:1983,
  author      = {O. J. Castejón},
  title       = {Scanning electron microscope recognition of intracortical climbing fiber pathways in the cerebellar cortex.},
  year        = {1983},
  language    = {eng},
  number      = {Pt 3},
  pages       = {1427-1434},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in normal adult rats.},
  abstract    = {The cerebellar cortex of adult mouse, rat, fish and human has been explored by SEM in order to identify and trace the climbing fiber intracortical pathways and their synaptic relationships. Samples were processed by the freeze-fracture method for SEM using medium and rapid freezing rates. Climbing fibers appeared at the white matter as fine, wavy axonal processes with a characteristic cross-over bifurcation pattern. These features allowed us to differentiate them from the mossy fibers, which are distinguished as thick fibers with a straight course and a dichotomous arborization. In their course through the granular layer the climbing fibers exhibited glomerular and tendril collaterals. The glomerular collaterals appeared covered by the dendritic tips of several granule cells forming thin triangular climbing glomeruli. The tendril collaterals are seen as highly contoured axonal ramifications establishing axo-dendritic connections with the granule cell dendritic digits. Climbing fibers were 
also observed forming a pericellular plexus around the Golgi cell body. They cross the granular layer and reach the Purkinje cell perikaryon contributing to the formation of infraganglionic plexus and pericellular nest. The climbing fibers showed a typical sagittal compartmentalization and a contoured spiral or zigzag pathway in the course ascending along the Purkinje dendritic branchlets. Fine terminal climbing fiber tendrils synapsing on the tips of Purkinje dendritic spines were observed. The freeze-fracture method for SEM permits us to estimate with a more reliable degree of certainty the amount of branching or lateral collateralization of climbing fibers in the granular and molecular layers.},
  journal     = {Scan Electron Microsc},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cerebellar Cortex, cytology/ultrastructure; Fishes; Freeze Fracturing; Humans; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Rats; Species Specificity},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {6648349},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Castel:1994,
  author      = {M. N. Castel and A. Beaudet and P. M. Laduron},
  title       = {Retrograde axonal transport of neurotensin in rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Modulation during ageing and possible physiological role.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {47},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {53--62},
  url         = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006295294904375},
  abstract    = {Biochemical and anatomical data are reported which demonstrate for the first time the existence of a retrograde axonal transport process for a neuropeptide, neurotensin, in rat brain. Neurotensin receptors are mainly located in the striatum on nerve terminals of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. Thus, the association of specific neurotensin receptors on a well defined pathway provides an excellent model to investigate the existence of such a process. Two hours after the intrastriatal injection of iodinated neurotensin, radioactivity started to accumulate in the ipsilateral substantia nigra. The levels were maximal during the fourth hour. The appearance of this labelling was prevented by injection of a large excess of unlabelled neurotensin or of neurotensin 8-13, an active neurotensin fragment, but not by neurotensin 1-8 which had no affinity for neurotensin receptors. These results suggest that the appearance of radioactivity in the ipsilateral substantia nigra was dependent on the 
initial binding of this peptide to its receptors in the striatum. HPLC studies demonstrated that the radioactivity found in the substantia nigra corresponded to intact neurotensin and to degradation products of this peptide. Moreover, it has been shown that this retrograde transport was microtubule-dependent and occurred in dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. Light and electron microscopic data confirmed and extended the present results. Four and a half hours after intrastriatal injection of iodinated neurotensin, silver grains were mainly detected in dopaminergic perikarya of the substantia nigra pars compacta. The vast majority were associated with neuronal elements and their localization within cell bodies suggests that retrogradely transported neurotensin may be processed along a variety of intracellular pathways including those mediating recycling in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and degradation in lysosomes. However, the presence of silver grains over the nucleus, as well as the increase in tyrosine-
hydroxylase mRNA expression in the ipsilateral substantia nigra 4 hr after intrastriatal injection of neurotensin support the concept that neurotensin alone, or associated with its receptor, might be involved in the regulation of gene expression. Finally, we have demonstrated that in old rats the quantity of retrogradely transported neurotensin was significantly decreased as compared to that observed in young adult rats. This retrograde axonal transport of a neuropeptide may represent, as already suggested for growth factors, an important dynamic process conveying information from nerve terminals to the cell body.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, (LGN), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.},
  journal     = {Biochem Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {Aging; Animals; Axons, metabolism; Biological Transport; Corpus Striatum, metabolism; Dopamine, metabolism; Male; Neurons, metabolism; Neurotensin, administration /&/ dosage/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Neurotensin, metabolism; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-2952(94)90437-5},
  pmid        = {7906122},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Castel:1990a,
  author      = {Castel, M. N. and Boireau, A. and Laduron, P. M.},
  title       = {Effect of gamma-butyrolactone on the retrograde axonal transport of neurotensin in dopaminergic neurones.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {186},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {133--136},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {gamma-Butyrolactone is a drug known to inhibit the flow of electrical impulses in dopaminergic neurones and to prevent dopamine release in the striatum. In this study, we investigated the effects of this compound on the retrograde transport of neurotensin in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. The amount of radioactivity measured in the substantia nigra after injection of iodinated neurotensin into the striatum and the time course of its accumulation were not found to be modified in gamma-butyrolactone-treated rats. We therefore conclude that the retrograde axonal transport of neurotensin in the nigrostriatal pathway is not affected by reduced dopaminergic firing or by inhibition of the striatal release of dopamine.},
  institution = {Rhône-Poulenc Santé, Centre de Recherches de Vitry-Alforville, Vitry-sur-Seine, France.},
  journal     = {Eur J Pharmacol},
  keywords    = {4-Butyrolactone, pharmacology; Animals; Axonal Transport, drug effects; Dopamine, physiology; Male; Neurons, drug effects/metabolism; Neurotensin, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, drug effects/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0014-2999(90)94070-E},
  pmid        = {1704309},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Castel:1990,
  author      = {M. N. Castel and C. Malgouris and J. C. Blanchard and P. M. Laduron},
  title       = {Retrograde axonal transport of neurotensin in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway in the rat.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {36},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {425--430},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(90)90438-a},
  abstract    = {Although the existence of receptor transport has been clearly demonstrated in peripheral nerves, there is no clear cut evidence in the brain of such a process for neuropeptide receptors. Because of the localization of neurotensin receptors on dopaminergic terminals, the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway appears to be the system of choice for studying the axonal transport of neuropeptide receptors in the brain. When labelled neurotensin was injected into the rat striatum, a delayed accumulation of radioactivity in the ipsilateral substantia nigra was observed about 2 h after injection. An essential requirement to clearly observe this phenomenon was the pretreatment of animals with kelatorphan in order to prevent the labelled neurotensin degradation. The appearance of this labelling was prevented by injection of an excess of unlabelled neurotensin or of neurotensin 8-13, an active neurotensin fragment, but not by neurotensin 1-8, which had no affinity for neurotensin receptors. This process 
was saturable, microtubule-dependent and occurred only in mesostriatal and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons as identified after 6-hydroxydopamine lesion and by autoradiography. These results demonstrate that neurotensin was retrogradely transported by a process involving neurotensin receptors. The retrograde transport of receptor-bound neuropeptide may represent an important dynamic process which conveys information molecules from the synapse towards the cell body.},
  institution = {Rhône-Poulenc Santé, Centre de Recherches de Vitry-Alfortville, Vitry-sur-Seine, France.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport, physiology; Axons, metabolism; Brain Chemistry, physiology; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Dopamine, physiology; Kinetics; Male; Neural Pathways, metabolism; Neurotensin, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(90)90438-A},
  pmid        = {1699166},
  timestamp   = {24.05.2012},
}

@Article{Castel:1992,
  author      = {M. N. Castel and J. Woulfe and X. Wang and P. M. Laduron and A. Beaudet},
  title       = {Light and electron microscopic localization of retrogradely transported neurotensin in rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.},
  year        = {1992},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {50},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {269--282},
  doi         = {10.1016/0306-4522(92)90422-x},
  abstract    = {We previously demonstrated the existence of a retrograde axonal transport of radioactivity to the substantia nigra pars compacta following injection of mono-iodinated neurotensin in rat neostriatum. In the present study, the topographical and cellular distribution of this retrogradely transported material was examined by light and electron microscopic autoradiography. Four and a half hours after unilateral injection of [125I]neurotensin in the caudoputamen, retrogradely labelled neuronal cell bodies were detected by light microscopic autoradiography throughout the ipsilateral substantia nigra pars compacta as well as within the ventral tegmental area and retrorubral field. In semithin sections, silver grains were prevalent over the perinuclear cytoplasm of neuronal cell bodies but were also detected over neuronal nuclei. Analysis of electron microscopic autoradiographs revealed that the vast majority (greater than 85\%) were associated with neuronal perikarya, unmyelinated and myelinated 
axons, dendrites and terminals. Within the soma, a significant proportion of silver grains (16\% of somatic grains) was detected over the nucleus. However, the majority were identified over the cytoplasm where they often encompassed cytoplasmic organelles, including rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and multi-vesicular bodies. In dendrites and axons, a substantial percentage of silver grains (63-89\%) was localized over the plasma membrane. A minor proportion (13\% of total) of the autoradiographic labelling was detected over myelin sheaths, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The present results are consistent with previous light-microscopic evidence for internalization and retrograde transport of intrastriatal neurotensin within nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. They further suggest that retrogradely transported neurotensin may be processed along a variety of intracellular pathways including those mediating degradation in lysosomes and recycling in rough endoplasmic 
reticulum. The detection of specific autoradiographic labelling in the nucleus supports the concept that neurotensin alone, or complexed to its receptor, might be involved in the regulation of gene expression through direct or indirect interactions with nuclear DNA. Consequently, the retrograde transport of neurotensin in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons might provide a vehicle through which events occurring at the level of the axon terminal may initiate long-term biological responses.},
  institution = {Rhône-Poulenc Rorer R-D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France.},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autoradiography; Axonal Transport; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Corpus Striatum, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Dopamine, physiology; Functional Laterality; Iodine Radioisotopes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Neurotensin, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra, cytology/physiology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0306-4522(92)90422-X},
  pmid        = {1279459},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Castenholz:1996,
  author      = {Castenholz, A. and Castenholz, H. F.},
  title       = {Casting methods of scanning electron microscopy applied to hemal lymph nodes in rats.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {29},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {95--105},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  abstract    = {Hemal lymph nodes of the para-aortic group in rats were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using the corrosion cast technique. The vasoarchitecture of hemal lymph nodes was described in cast specimens filled from the abdominal aorta. A dense system of capillaries arranged in the mode of a meshwork could be represented in the nodal cortex. The postcapillary venule (PCV) with wide vascular lumina provided the prevailing vessel type of the deep cortex. Sphincter-like narrowings of the capillary lumen appeared at the sites where capillaries merged with the PCV. These vascular segments were interpreted as structures controlling the hemodynamics of the joining PCV thereby providing appropriate conditions for homing lymphocytes. No evidence was obtained from the casts for an open circulation in hemal lymph nodes. The intranodal lymphatic pathways were studied in specimens interstitially injected with resin. The fine lymphoid tissue spaces were characterized by special cast patterns 
reflecting the structural differentiation of certain nodal compartments. Afferent lymphatics could be clearly identified in casts with a retrograde filling from the subcapsular sinus. Very spacious intermediary sinuses and wide meshed medullary sinuses could be represented in those casts as well, thus allowing ample space for the encounter of large macrophages with red blood cells.},
  institution = {Department of Human Biology, University of Kassel, Germany.},
  journal     = {Lymphology},
  keywords    = {Animals; Aorta; Capillaries, ultrastructure; Corrosion Casting, methods; Female; Lymph Nodes, blood supply/ultrastructure; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, methods; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8897353},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Castiblanco-Pineros:2011,
  author      = {Castiblanco-Piñeros, Edwin and Quiroz-Padilla, Maria Fernanda and Cardenas-Palacio, Carlos Andres and Cardenas, Fernando P.},
  title       = {Contribution of the parafascicular nucleus in the spontaneous object recognition task.},
  year        = {2011},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {96},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {272--279},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.nlm.2011.05.004},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2011.05.004},
  abstract    = {The parafascicular (PF) nucleus, a posterior component of the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, is considered to be an essential structure in the feedback systems of basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuits critically involved in cognitive processes. The specific role played by multimodal information encoded in PF neurons in learning and memory processes is still unclear. We conducted two experiments to investigate the role of the PF in the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) task. The behavioral effects of pretraining rats with bilateral lesions of PF with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) were compared to vehicle controls. In the first experiment, rats were tested on their ability to remember the association immediately after training trials and in the second experiment after a 24h delay. Our findings provide evidence that PF lesions critically affect both SOR tests and support its role in that non-spatial form of relational memory.},
  institution = {Laboratorio de Bases Biológicas del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la Sabana, Bogotá, Colombia.},
  journal     = {Neurobiol Learn Mem},
  keywords    = {Animals; Behavior, Animal, drug effects/physiology; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, drug effects/physiology; Male; N-Methylaspartate, toxicity; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recognition (Psychology), drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S1074-7427(11)00095-5},
  pmid        = {21624481},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Castillo:2012,
  author      = {Castillo, Deborah G. and Zahner, Matthew R. and Schramm, Lawrence P.},
  title       = {Identification of the spinal pathways involved in the recovery of baroreflex control after spinal lesion in the rat using pseudorabies virus.},
  year        = {2012},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {303},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {R590--R598},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in normal adult rats.},
  doi         = {10.1152/ajpregu.00008.2012},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00008.2012},
  abstract    = {Neurons in the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM) mediate baroreflex regulation (BR) of spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Previously, our laboratory has shown that recovery of BR occurs in the rat after spinal hemisection. (Zahner MR, Kulikowicz E, and Schramm LP. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301: R1584-R1590, 2011). The goal of these experiments was to determine whether the observed recovery of BR is mediated by the reorganization of ipsilateral pathways or by compensation by spared contralateral pathways. To determine this, we infected the left kidney in rats with the retrograde transynaptic tracer, pseudorabies virus (PRV), either 1 or 8 wk after left spinal hemisection at either T(3) or T(8), or after a sham lesion. In sham-lesioned rats, PRV infection of RVLM neurons was bilateral. In all rats with a left hemisection, regardless of the location of the lesion (T(3) or T(8)) or postlesion recovery time (1 or 8 wk), PRV infection of left RVLM neurons was significantly 
reduced compared with sham-lesioned rats (P < 0.05). In a separate group of rats, we performed BR tests by measuring responses of left renal sympathetic nerve activity to pharmacologically induced decreases and increases in arterial pressure. In rats with T(8) left hemisection and 8-wk recovery, BR was robust, and acute right upper thoracic hemisection abolished all BR of left renal sympathetic nerve activity. Collectively, these data suggest that the recovery of BR is not mediated by reorganization of ipsilateral bulbospinal connections, but instead by improved efficacy of existing contralateral pathways.},
  institution = {Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol},
  keywords    = {Adrenergic Neurons, physiology/virology; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic, pathology/physiology/virology; Baroreflex, physiology; Brain Stem, virology; Female; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, physiology; Kidney, innervation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord, cytology/pathology/physiology/virology; Staining and Labeling; Sympathetic Nervous System, physiology; Time Factors},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {ajpregu.00008.2012},
  pmid        = {22814663},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2013},
}

@Article{Castillo:2011,
  author      = {Castillo, Diana V. and Escobar, Martha L.},
  title       = {A role for MAPK and PI-3K signaling pathways in brain-derived neurotrophic factor modification of conditioned taste aversion retention.},
  year        = {2011},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {217},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {248--252},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.bbr.2010.10.013},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.10.013},
  abstract    = {Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has emerged as an important molecular mediator of synaptic plasticity. Our previous studies on the insular cortex (IC), a region of the temporal cortex implicated in the acquisition and storage of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), have demonstrated that the intracortical microinfusion of BDNF induces a lasting potentiation of synaptic efficacy in the projection from the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (Bla) to the IC of adult rats in vivo. Recently, we have found that intracortical microinfusion of BDNF previous to CTA training modifies the retention of this task. In this work, we present experimental data showing that BDNF effects on CTA retention are dependent on both the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3K) at the insular cortex. Our results are evidence of the crucial role of both pathways in the modification of the CTA trace of memory caused by BDNF at a neocortical area.},
  institution = {División de Investigación y E studios de Posgrado, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.},
  journal     = {Behav Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Avoidance Learning, drug effects/physiology; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, administration /&/ dosage/pharmacology; Conditioning, Classical, drug effects/physiology; Male; Microinjections; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, metabolism; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Retention (Psychology), drug effects; Signal Transduction, drug effects/physiology; Taste; Temporal Lobe, drug effects/metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0166-4328(10)00685-6},
  pmid        = {20974194},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Castillo-Ruiz:2013,
  Title                    = {Day-night differences in neural activation in histaminergic and serotonergic areas with putative projections to the cerebrospinal fluid in a diurnal brain.},
  Author                   = {Castillo-Ruiz, A. and Gall, A. J. and Smale, L. and Nunez, A. A.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Pages                    = {352--363},
  Volume                   = {250},

  Abstract                 = {In nocturnal rodents, brain areas that promote wakefulness have a circadian pattern of neural activation that mirrors the sleep/wake cycle, with more neural activation during the active phase than during the rest phase. To investigate whether differences in temporal patterns of neural activity in wake-promoting regions contribute to differences in daily patterns of wakefulness between nocturnal and diurnal species, we assessed Fos expression patterns in the tuberomammillary (TMM), supramammillary (SUM), and raphe nuclei of male grass rats maintained in a 12:12 h light-dark cycle. Day-night profiles of Fos expression were observed in the ventral and dorsal TMM, in the SUM, and in specific subpopulations of the raphe, including serotonergic cells, with higher Fos expression during the day than during the night. Next, to explore whether the cerebrospinal fluid is an avenue used by the TMM and raphe in the regulation of target areas, we injected the retrograde tracer cholera toxin 
subunit beta (CTB) into the ventricular system of male grass rats. While CTB labeling was scarce in the TMM and other hypothalamic areas including the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which contains the main circadian pacemaker, a dense cluster of CTB-positive neurons was evident in the caudal dorsal raphe, and the majority of these neurons appeared to be serotonergic. Since these findings are in agreement with reports for nocturnal rodents, our results suggest that the evolution of diurnality did not involve a change in the overall distribution of neuronal connections between systems that support wakefulness and their target areas, but produced a complete temporal reversal in the functioning of those systems.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.007},
  Institution              = {Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Electronic address: Alexandra.Castillo-Ruiz@umassmed.edu.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(13)00582-4},
  Pmid                     = {23867764},
  Timestamp                = {21.11.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.007}
}

@Article{Castle:1987,
  author      = {Castle, J. D. and Arvan, P. and Cameron, R.},
  title       = {Protein production and secretion in exocrine cells.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {66 Spec No},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {633--637},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1177/00220345870660s205},
  abstract    = {Acinar cells of exocrine glands are highly specialized for producing, storing, and discharging secretory proteins for use on surfaces that represent interfaces between the organism and the surrounding environment. These functions are achieved through the secretory pathway that includes a series of functionally distinct intracellular compartments--the endoplasmic reticulum, subcompartments of the Golgi complex, and the secretion granule in which exportable macromolecules are stored at high concentrations. Most secretion occurs by granule exocytosis in response to external hormonal or neural stimuli. Although these processes have been traced in a variety of morphological and biochemical studies, very little is known about the mechanisms involved in facilitating and maintaining secretory storage, orchestrating discharge at the apical cell surface, and in ensuring conservation and re-internalization of the granule membrane. Recent studies initiated on cell fractions obtained from the rat parotid 
gland have provided significant insight into the protein storage conditions that prevail in the granule interior and the components of the granule membrane that are likely to be involved in general secretory function such as exocytosis.},
  journal     = {J Dent Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cytoplasmic Granules, analysis/metabolism; Exocytosis; Golgi Apparatus, metabolism; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Intracellular Membranes, analysis; Osmosis; Parotid Gland, cytology/metabolism/secretion; Rats; Salivary Proteins and Peptides, biosynthesis/metabolism/secretion},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3476628},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Castle:2005,
  Title                    = {Thalamic innervation of the direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways in the rat: Ipsi- and contralateral projections.},
  Author                   = {Maria Castle and Maria S Aymerich and Carlos Sanchez-Escobar and Nancy Gonzalo and José A Obeso and José L Lanciego},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {143--153},
  Volume                   = {483},

  Abstract                 = {The present study describes the thalamic innervation coming from the rat parafascicular nucleus (PF) onto striatal and subthalamic efferent neurons projecting either to the globus pallidus (GP) or to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) by using a protocol for multiple neuroanatomical tracing. Both striatofugal neurons targeting the ipsilateral SNr (direct pathway) as well as striatal efferent neurons projecting to the ipsilateral GP (indirect pathway) were located within the terminal fields of the thalamostriatal afferents. In the subthalamic nucleus (STN), both neurons projecting to ipsilateral GP as well as neurons projecting to ipsilateral SNr also appear to receive thalamic afferents. Although the projections linking the caudal intralaminar nuclei with the ipsilateral striatum and STN are far more prominent, we also noticed that thalamic axons could gain access to the contralateral STN. Furthermore, a small number of STN neurons were seen to project to both the 
contralateral GP and PF nuclei. These ipsi- and contralateral projections enable the caudal intralaminar nuclei to modulate the activity of both the direct and the indirect pathway.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.20421},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Division of Neurosciences, Clínica Universitaria and Medical School, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Navarra, Spain.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, physiology/ultrastructure; Basal Ganglia, cytology/physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Cholera Toxin; Dextrans; Female; Functional Laterality, physiology; Globus Pallidus, cytology/physiology; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Neostriatum, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stilbamidines; Substantia Nigra, cytology/physiology; Subthalamic Nucleus, cytology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {15678473},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20421}
}

@Article{Castle:2005a,
  Title                    = {Autonomic brainstem nuclei are linked to the hippocampus.},
  Author                   = {Castle, M. and Comoli, E. and Loewy, A. D.},
  Journal                  = {Neuroscience},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {657--669},
  Volume                   = {134},

  Abstract                 = {Vagal nerve stimulation has been reported to enhance memory in both rats and humans, and to be an effective treatment for epilepsy in some patients, but the underlying neuroanatomical substrate(s) responsible for these effects remains unknown. Since there is no direct anatomical projection from the nucleus tractus solitarius, the main vagal relay site of the brain, to the hippocampus, we tested whether a multisynaptic pathway exists. Pseudorabies virus, a pig herpesvirus that can be used as a retrograde transneuronal tracer, was injected into the ventral CA1 hippocampus of rats, and after 4 days, pseudorabies virus infected neurons were identified in the general visceral portion of the nucleus tractus solitarius, with the majority being localized in the A2 noradrenergic cell group. Other autonomic brainstem nuclei, including the parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, A1 and A5 noradrenergic cell groups, and C1 adrenergic cell group, were labeled. In order to identify some of the 
potential relay sites of the nucleus tractus solitarius-->hippocampal pathway, immunotoxin lesions of the ventral CA1 region were made that selectively destroyed either the noradrenergic or cholinergic fibers. After 2 weeks' recovery, pseudorabies virus was injected in this same CA1 area, and 4 days later, the transneuronal labeling in the nucleus tractus solitarius was reduced by approximately 65\%. These findings suggest that the noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus and cholinergic neurons of the medial septum/diagonal band are likely to be relay sites for this pathway. Other potential linkages are discussed. In summary, this is the first anatomical report to show that the general visceral region of nucleus tractus solitarius is linked via multisynaptic relays to the hippocampus.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.04.031},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8108, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Cholera Toxin; Female; Herpesvirus 1, Suid, isolation /&/ purification; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Models, Neurological; Neurons, physiology/virology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solitary Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Trigeminal Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0306-4522(05)00407-0},
  Pmid                     = {15975727},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.04.031}
}

@Article{Castle:2014,
  author      = {Castle, Michael J. and Perlson, Eran and Holzbaur, Erika Lf and Wolfe, John H.},
  title       = {Long-distance axonal transport of AAV9 is driven by dynein and kinesin-2 and is trafficked in a highly motile Rab7-positive compartment.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {22},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {554--566},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1038/mt.2013.237},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mt.2013.237},
  abstract    = {Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors can move along axonal pathways after brain injection, resulting in transduction of distal brain regions. This can enhance the spread of therapeutic gene transfer and improve treatment of neurogenetic disorders that require global correction. To better understand the underlying cellular mechanisms that drive AAV trafficking in neurons, we investigated the axonal transport of dye-conjugated AAV9, utilizing microfluidic primary neuron cultures that isolate cell bodies from axon termini and permit independent analysis of retrograde and anterograde axonal transport. After entry, AAV was trafficked into nonmotile early and recycling endosomes, exocytic vesicles, and a retrograde-directed late endosome/lysosome compartment. Rab7-positive late endosomes/lysosomes that contained AAV were highly motile, exhibiting faster retrograde velocities and less pausing than Rab7-positive endosomes without virus. Inhibitor experiments indicated that the retrograde transport 
of AAV within these endosomes is driven by cytoplasmic dynein and requires Rab7 function, whereas anterograde transport of AAV is driven by kinesin-2 and exhibits unusually rapid velocities. Furthermore, increasing AAV9 uptake by neuraminidase treatment significantly enhanced virus transport in both directions. These findings provide novel insights into AAV trafficking within neurons, which should enhance progress toward the utilization of AAV for improved distribution of transgene delivery within the brain.},
  institution = {W.F. Goodman Center for Comparative Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA [3] Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.},
  journal     = {Mol Ther},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cells, Cultured; Dependovirus, physiology; Dyneins, metabolism; Endosomes, metabolism; Kinesin, metabolism; Neuraminidase, pharmacology; Neurons, metabolism/virology; Rats; rab GTP-Binding Proteins, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {mt2013237},
  pmid        = {24100640},
  timestamp   = {10.03.2015},
}

@Article{Castro:1991,
  author      = {Castro, A. J. and Hogan, T. P. and Sørensen, J. C. and Klausen, B. S. and Danielsen, E. H. and Zimmer, J. and Neafsey, E. J.},
  title       = {Heterotopic neocortical transplants. An anatomical and electrophysiological analysis of host projections to occipital cortical grafts placed into sensorimotor cortical lesions made in newborn rats.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {58},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {231--236},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0165-3806(91)90009-8},
  abstract    = {Plates of presumptive occipital neocortex obtained from fetal rats at 14-16 days gestation were grafted into the cerebral hemisphere of newborn rats. The transplants were placed heterotopically into sensorimotor cortical lesion cavities made immediately prior to grafting. At maturity, some of the transplants were injected with the retrograde fluorescent tracers Fast Blue and Diamidino yellow. In other animals, single-unit activity in the transplants or in normal cortex was recorded using standard electrophysiological techniques. Histologically, host projections to the transplants were demonstrated by the presence of retrogradely labeled neurons in the host primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as several thalamic areas including the anteroventral, anteromedial, ventrobasal, mediodorsal and central medial nuclei. Additional labeling was found in the claustrum, lateral hypothalamus, zona incerta and basal forebrain. Electrophysiologically, transplant single-unit activity was 
evoked in 43/69 (62\%) neurons by thalamic stimulation, but only 1/69 transplant neurons responded to electrical stimulation of the contralateral forepaw. In further work, volumetric measurements showed that the transplants did not ameliorate the thalamic atrophy found after neocortical lesions. These results are compared to previous studies involving the homotopic placement of sensorimotor cortical grafts.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Biology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153.},
  journal     = {Brain Res Dev Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn, physiology; Atrophy; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Motor Cortex, cytology/physiology; Neurons, physiology; Occipital Lobe, embryology/physiology; Rats; Somatosensory Cortex, cytology/physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus, pathology/physiology; Transplantation, Heterologous},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {1851470},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Castro:2003a,
  author      = {Castro, Anthony J. and Meyer, Morten and M{\o}ller-Dall, Annette and Zimmer, Jens},
  title       = {Transplantation of embryonic porcine neocortical tissue into newborn rats.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {12},
  number      = {7},
  pages       = {733--741},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.3727/000000003108747343},
  abstract    = {Several previous studies, suggesting the potential use of embryonic xenografts in the treatment of neurological disorders, indicate that neural growth and axonal guidance factors may function across species. In this light, blocks of fetal porcine neocortex were grafted into small cortical lesion cavities made in newborn rats. Sacrifice at 3-12.5 weeks posttransplantation revealed healthy looking grafts in several animals. Apparent graft rejection evidenced by areas of necrosis and OX1 reactivity was observed in some of the older transplants. Treatment of nursing mothers or of postweaning newborns with cyclosporin A did not appear to promote graft survival. Some transplants grew to extremely large proportions and were characterized by bands of cells and bundles of axons as observed using immunohistochemical staining for pig neurofilament. Neurofilament-positive axons projected from several of the grafts to course through the corpus callosum to the contralateral cortex or to course 
ipsilaterally within the subcortical white matter, where labeled fibers could be traced to the midbrain crus cerebri in older transplants. Bundles of axons were also observed coursing within the ipsilateral caudate putamen where terminal branching was apparent. The normal course of transplant efferents within the host brain indicates that growing pig axons can respond to rodent axonal guidance factors.},
  institution = {of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA. tonycastro@mac.com},
  journal     = {Cell Transplant},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Tissue Transplantation; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology; Cyclosporine, pharmacology; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Immunohistochemistry; Neocortex, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology/transplantation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Swine, embryology; Transplantation, Heterologous},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {14653620},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Castro:2003,
  author      = {Castro, Anthony J. and Meyer, Morten and Møller-Dall, Annette and Zimmer, Jens},
  title       = {Transplantation of embryonic porcine neocortical tissue into newborn rats.},
  year        = {2003},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {12},
  number      = {7},
  pages       = {733--741},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3727/000000003108747343},
  abstract    = {Several previous studies, suggesting the potential use of embryonic xenografts in the treatment of neurological disorders, indicate that neural growth and axonal guidance factors may function across species. In this light, blocks of fetal porcine neocortex were grafted into small cortical lesion cavities made in newborn rats. Sacrifice at 3-12.5 weeks posttransplantation revealed healthy looking grafts in several animals. Apparent graft rejection evidenced by areas of necrosis and OX1 reactivity was observed in some of the older transplants. Treatment of nursing mothers or of postweaning newborns with cyclosporin A did not appear to promote graft survival. Some transplants grew to extremely large proportions and were characterized by bands of cells and bundles of axons as observed using immunohistochemical staining for pig neurofilament. Neurofilament-positive axons projected from several of the grafts to course through the corpus callosum to the contralateral cortex or to course 
ipsilaterally within the subcortical white matter, where labeled fibers could be traced to the midbrain crus cerebri in older transplants. Bundles of axons were also observed coursing within the ipsilateral caudate putamen where terminal branching was apparent. The normal course of transplant efferents within the host brain indicates that growing pig axons can respond to rodent axonal guidance factors.},
  institution = {Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loyola University School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA. tonycastro@mac.com},
  journal     = {Cell Transplant},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Tissue Transplantation; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology; Cyclosporine, pharmacology; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Immunohistochemistry; Neocortex, anatomy /&/ histology/embryology/transplantation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Swine, embryology; Transplantation, Heterologous},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {14653620},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Castro:1989a,
  author      = {Castro, A. J. and S{\o}rensen, J. C. and T{\o}nder, N. and Bold, L. and Zimmer, J.},
  title       = {Fetal neocortical transplants grafted into cortical lesion cavities made in newborn rats receive multiple host afferents. A retrograde fluorescent tracer analysis.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {13--23},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.3233/RNN-1989-1102},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/RNN-1989-1102},
  abstract    = {Several reports have demonstrated efferent projections from fetal neocortical transplants placed in the cerebral cortex of newborn rats. Fewer studies have examined transplant afferents, and these have primarily used techniques based on the axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. In the present study, we extend these initial findings on transplant afferent connections by using retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes to demonstrate a topographic and more extensive pattern of cortical transplant afferents than has been previously reported. Fetal neocortical tissue was grafted into frontal cortical lesion cavities made by aspiration in newborn rats. At 1.5-10 months later, the fluorescent dyes Fast blue and Diamidino yellow were injected into the transplants. Subsequent histological analysis demonstrated numerous retrogradely labeled fluorescent neurons within the host thalamus and cerebral cortex as well as several other areas of the host brain. The neurons were primarily single-labeled 
and generally found in areas that normally project to the ablated area of the cortex. The topographic distribution of retrograde labeling in several animals with non-overlapping dye injections confined to the transplants suggests that the host projections were distributed selectively within the grafts. These results support and extend previous studies suggesting the use of fetal neocortical tissue in repair of the neonatally damaged central nervous system.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153 (U.S.A.).},
  journal     = {Restor Neurol Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {8774525KR640W771},
  pmid        = {21551543},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Castro:1989,
  author      = {Castro, A. J. and Sørensen, J. C. and Tønder, N. and Bold, L. and Zimmer, J.},
  title       = {Fetal neocortical transplants grafted into cortical lesion cavities made in newborn rats receive multiple host afferents. A retrograde fluorescent tracer analysis.},
  year        = {1989},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {13--23},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.3233/RNN-1989-1102},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/RNN-1989-1102},
  abstract    = {Several reports have demonstrated efferent projections from fetal neocortical transplants placed in the cerebral cortex of newborn rats. Fewer studies have examined transplant afferents, and these have primarily used techniques based on the axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. In the present study, we extend these initial findings on transplant afferent connections by using retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes to demonstrate a topographic and more extensive pattern of cortical transplant afferents than has been previously reported. Fetal neocortical tissue was grafted into frontal cortical lesion cavities made by aspiration in newborn rats. At 1.5-10 months later, the fluorescent dyes Fast blue and Diamidino yellow were injected into the transplants. Subsequent histological analysis demonstrated numerous retrogradely labeled fluorescent neurons within the host thalamus and cerebral cortex as well as several other areas of the host brain. The neurons were primarily single-labeled 
and generally found in areas that normally project to the ablated area of the cortex. The topographic distribution of retrograde labeling in several animals with non-overlapping dye injections confined to the transplants suggests that the host projections were distributed selectively within the grafts. These results support and extend previous studies suggesting the use of fetal neocortical tissue in repair of the neonatally damaged central nervous system.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153 (U.S.A.).},
  journal     = {Restor Neurol Neurosci},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {8774525KR640W771},
  pmid        = {21551543},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Castro:1987a,
  author      = {Castro, A. J. and T{\o}nder, N. and Sunde, N. A. and Zimmer, J.},
  title       = {Fetal cortical transplants in the cerebral hemisphere of newborn rats: a retrograde fluorescent analysis of connections.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {66},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {533--542},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00270686},
  abstract    = {Fetal cerebral neocortex (E15-17) was grafted into the cortex of newborn (0-1 day old) rats. In some animals the tissue was grafted just caudal to cortical aspiration lesions made immediately prior to grafting. At maturity, transplant efferents were examined by use of the retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes Fast Blue and Diamidino Yellow. Dyes were principally injected in various combinations into the host pyramidal tract decussation and into cervical and lumbar spinal cord levels. In addition some of these animals received injections into the host cortex opposite the transplant, into the ipsilateral thalamus or into the transplant. Transplants were recovered in 26 of 30 animals, and they were typically larger in recipients sustaining aspiration lesions. Histologically, transplants commonly demonstrated laminar patterns that resembled normal cortical supra- and infragranular laminae. Numerous retrogradely-labeled neurons were counted within transplants after injections of fluorescent 
tracers into the host pyramidal tract decussation or cervical spinal cord. These cells were often located appropriately in areas resembling infragranular layers. Retrogradely labeled neurons were also found within transplants after injections into the host cortex or thalamus. Additionally, numerous host neurons were labeled after Diamidino Yellow injections into the transplant. These findings demonstrate an exchange of connections between host and transplant and suggest the establishment of normal connection patterns.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cerebral Cortex, embryology/growth /&/ development/transplantation; Efferent Pathways, growth /&/ development; Fetus; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, growth /&/ development},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3609199},
  timestamp   = {21.04.2016},
}

@Article{Castro:1988a,
  author      = {Castro, A. J. and T{\o}nder, N. and Sunde, N. A. and Zimmer, J.},
  title       = {Fetal neocortical transplants grafted to the cerebral cortex of newborn rats receive afferents from the basal forebrain, locus coeruleus and midline raphe.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {69},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {613--622},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00247313},
  abstract    = {Fetal cerebral neocortex (E15-17) was grafted into the cerebral hemisphere of newborn (0-1 day old) rats. Grafts were placed into cortical aspiration lesion cavities made immediately prior to grafting. At maturity, transplant afferents were examined by injecting the retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes diamidino yellow and fast blue into the grafts. Retrogradely-labeled neurons were histologically observed within several regions of the host brain including the basal forebrain, locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe areas. The topographical distribution within these areas resembled the normal labeling patterns described in previous reports.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn, physiology; Brain, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/embryology/physiology/transplantation; Fetus, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, physiology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3371441},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Castro:1987,
  author      = {Castro, A. J. and Tønder, N. and Sunde, N. A. and Zimmer, J.},
  title       = {Fetal cortical transplants in the cerebral hemisphere of newborn rats: a retrograde fluorescent analysis of connections.},
  year        = {1987},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {66},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {533--542},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00270686},
  abstract    = {Fetal cerebral neocortex (E15-17) was grafted into the cortex of newborn (0-1 day old) rats. In some animals the tissue was grafted just caudal to cortical aspiration lesions made immediately prior to grafting. At maturity, transplant efferents were examined by use of the retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes Fast Blue and Diamidino Yellow. Dyes were principally injected in various combinations into the host pyramidal tract decussation and into cervical and lumbar spinal cord levels. In addition some of these animals received injections into the host cortex opposite the transplant, into the ipsilateral thalamus or into the transplant. Transplants were recovered in 26 of 30 animals, and they were typically larger in recipients sustaining aspiration lesions. Histologically, transplants commonly demonstrated laminar patterns that resembled normal cortical supra- and infragranular laminae. Numerous retrogradely-labeled neurons were counted within transplants after injections of fluorescent 
tracers into the host pyramidal tract decussation or cervical spinal cord. These cells were often located appropriately in areas resembling infragranular layers. Retrogradely labeled neurons were also found within transplants after injections into the host cortex or thalamus. Additionally, numerous host neurons were labeled after Diamidino Yellow injections into the transplant. These findings demonstrate an exchange of connections between host and transplant and suggest the establishment of normal connection patterns.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cerebral Cortex, embryology/growth /&/ development/transplantation; Efferent Pathways, growth /&/ development; Fetus; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, growth /&/ development},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3609199},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Castro:1988,
  author      = {Castro, A. J. and Tønder, N. and Sunde, N. A. and Zimmer, J.},
  title       = {Fetal neocortical transplants grafted to the cerebral cortex of newborn rats receive afferents from the basal forebrain, locus coeruleus and midline raphe.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {69},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {613--622},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00247313},
  abstract    = {Fetal cerebral neocortex (E15-17) was grafted into the cerebral hemisphere of newborn (0-1 day old) rats. Grafts were placed into cortical aspiration lesion cavities made immediately prior to grafting. At maturity, transplant afferents were examined by injecting the retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes diamidino yellow and fast blue into the grafts. Retrogradely-labeled neurons were histologically observed within several regions of the host brain including the basal forebrain, locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe areas. The topographical distribution within these areas resembled the normal labeling patterns described in previous reports.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153.},
  journal     = {Exp Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn, physiology; Brain, physiology; Cerebral Cortex, cytology/embryology/physiology/transplantation; Fetus, physiology; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Locus Coeruleus, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Raphe Nuclei, physiology; Rats},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3371441},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Castro:1985,
  author      = {Castro, A. J. and Zimmer, J. and Sunde, N. A. and Bold, E. L.},
  title       = {Transplantation of fetal cortex to the brain of newborn rats: a retrograde fluorescent analysis of callosal and thalamic projections from transplant to host.},
  year        = {1985},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {60},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {283--288},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(85)90591-9},
  abstract    = {Fetal cerebral cortical tissue was transplanted into the cerebral hemisphere of 0-1-day-old rats. In some cases, the transplants were placed into or adjacent to cortical lesion cavities made immediately prior to transplantation. Injections at maturity of fast blue and diamidino yellow into the host contralateral cortex and ipsilateral thalamus demonstrated the presence of callosal and thalamic projections from transplant to host. Numerous single-labeled neurons were often arranged in cell bands or clusters. This apparent topography and the absence of double-labeling resembled normal labeling patterns.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cerebral Cortex, transplantation; Corpus Callosum, physiology; Fetus; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Thalamic Nuclei, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {4069437},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Castro:2006,
  Title                    = {Differential expression of NK1 and GABAB receptors in spinal neurones projecting to antinociceptive or pronociceptive medullary centres.},
  Author                   = {Castro, A. R. and Morgado, C. and Lima, D. and Tavares, I.},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res Bull},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {266--275},
  Volume                   = {69},

  Abstract                 = {The balance between excitatory and inhibitory input exerted upon spinal cord neurones that belong to spinofugal pathways determines the ultimate type of information transmitted to the brain. We compared the relative expression of NK1 and GABAB receptors in two spinomedullary pathways targeting an antinociceptive area and a pronociceptive centre, respectively, the lateral part of the caudal ventrolateral medulla (VLMlat) and the dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt). Spinal cord sections of rats injected in the VLMlat or DRt with the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B were triple-immunoreacted for the tracer, NK1 receptors and GABAB receptors. The dorsal horn neurones labelled from the VLMlat mainly co-localized the two receptors while those labelled from the DRt mainly expressed GABAB receptors, which was particularly evident in neurones of laminae IV-V. The morphological classification of lamina I neurones projecting to the VLMlat showed that fusiform, flattened and pyramidal 
cells mainly co-localized NK1 and GABAB receptors. As to lamina I neurones projecting to the DRt, multipolar neurones mainly expressed GABAB receptors while the majority of flattened and pyramidal neurones co-localized NK1 and GABAB receptors. The present results suggest that the expression of NK1 and GABAB receptors varies in neurones participating to different spinofugal pathways. The importance of the present findings in the knowledge of the endogenous supraspinal pain control system is discussed.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.12.004},
  Institution              = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculdade de Medicina, IBMC, University of Porto, Portugal.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Blotting, Western, methods; Cell Count, methods; Cholera Toxin, pharmacokinetics; Gene Expression, physiology; Immunohistochemistry, methods; Male; Medulla Oblongata, anatomy /&/ histology/drug effects/physiology; Microscopy, Confocal, methods; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Neurons, classification/metabolism; Nociceptors, physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, GABA-B, metabolism; Receptors, Neurokinin-1, metabolism; Spinal Cord, cytology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0361-9230(05)00500-9},
  Pmid                     = {16564421},
  Timestamp                = {06.09.2013},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.12.004}
}

@Article{Castro:2008a,
  author      = {Castro, Jorge and Negredo, Pilar and Avenda{\~{n}}o, Carlos},
  title       = {Fiber composition of the rat sciatic nerve and its modification during regeneration through a sieve electrode.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1190},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {65--77},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.028},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.028},
  abstract    = {Recovery after peripheral nerve transection is seldom complete, the outcome depending both on lesion and repair conditions, and on the type and neurochemical properties of axons. The interposition between the stumps of a perforated, or regenerative electrode (RE) is a promising avenue in the use of chronic nerve bioimplants, but represents an additional challenge to regeneration. We applied stereological methods to ultrathin and immunostained semithin sections to examine quantitatively the axon types that make up the sciatic nerve in control adult rats, and their changes 2 months after an RE implant. The number of myelinated axons (MAx) increased proximal to RE, but fell to 10\% a few millimeters distal. This decrease affected more severely motor fibers, characterized by immunoreactivity to cholinacetyltransferase (ChAT+), than sensory (ChAT-) fibers. Regenerating MAx and myelin sheaths also changed notably in thickness. Unmyelinated axons (UAx) showed a moderate reduction in number distal 
to the implant. This reduction affected more tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons (mostly vaso- and pilomotor fibers), than axons expressing ChAT and/or vasoactive intestinal peptide (mostly sudomotor fibers). Taken together with previous findings [Negredo, P., Castro, J., Lago, N., Navarro, X., Avendaño, C., 2004. Differential growth of axons from sensory and motor neurons through a regenerative electrode: a stereological, retrograde tracer, and functional study in the rat. Neuroscience 128, 605-615.], this study shows that regeneration through the RE is much less successful for MAx than UAx, that motor axons regenerate more poorly than sensory axons, and that some subclasses of sympathetic fibers regenerate better than others. The study also proves the value of the combined methodological approach presented here to assess the fiber composition of a nerve under normal, pathological or experimental conditions.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Autonoma University, Medical School, Madrid, Spain.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, classification/metabolism/ultrastructure; Bioprosthesis; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Electric Stimulation Therapy, instrumentation; Electrodes, Implanted; Electrophysiology, instrumentation; Female; Guided Tissue Regeneration, methods; Male; Microelectrodes; Motor Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, classification/metabolism/ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated, classification/metabolism/ultrastructure; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recovery of Function, physiology; Sciatic Nerve, injuries/metabolism/ultrastructure; Sciatic Neuropathy, metabolism/pathology; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(07)02794-1},
  pmid        = {18086465},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Castro:2008,
  author      = {Castro, Jorge and Negredo, Pilar and Avendaño, Carlos},
  title       = {Fiber composition of the rat sciatic nerve and its modification during regeneration through a sieve electrode.},
  year        = {2008},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {1190},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {65--77},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.028},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.028},
  abstract    = {Recovery after peripheral nerve transection is seldom complete, the outcome depending both on lesion and repair conditions, and on the type and neurochemical properties of axons. The interposition between the stumps of a perforated, or regenerative electrode (RE) is a promising avenue in the use of chronic nerve bioimplants, but represents an additional challenge to regeneration. We applied stereological methods to ultrathin and immunostained semithin sections to examine quantitatively the axon types that make up the sciatic nerve in control adult rats, and their changes 2 months after an RE implant. The number of myelinated axons (MAx) increased proximal to RE, but fell to 10\% a few millimeters distal. This decrease affected more severely motor fibers, characterized by immunoreactivity to cholinacetyltransferase (ChAT+), than sensory (ChAT-) fibers. Regenerating MAx and myelin sheaths also changed notably in thickness. Unmyelinated axons (UAx) showed a moderate reduction in number distal 
to the implant. This reduction affected more tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons (mostly vaso- and pilomotor fibers), than axons expressing ChAT and/or vasoactive intestinal peptide (mostly sudomotor fibers). Taken together with previous findings [Negredo, P., Castro, J., Lago, N., Navarro, X., Avendaño, C., 2004. Differential growth of axons from sensory and motor neurons through a regenerative electrode: a stereological, retrograde tracer, and functional study in the rat. Neuroscience 128, 605-615.], this study shows that regeneration through the RE is much less successful for MAx than UAx, that motor axons regenerate more poorly than sensory axons, and that some subclasses of sympathetic fibers regenerate better than others. The study also proves the value of the combined methodological approach presented here to assess the fiber composition of a nerve under normal, pathological or experimental conditions.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Autonoma University, Medical School, Madrid, Spain.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, classification/metabolism/ultrastructure; Bioprosthesis; Choline O-Acetyltransferase, metabolism; Electric Stimulation Therapy, instrumentation; Electrodes, Implanted; Electrophysiology, instrumentation; Female; Guided Tissue Regeneration, methods; Male; Microelectrodes; Motor Neurons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, classification/metabolism/ultrastructure; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated, classification/metabolism/ultrastructure; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, metabolism/ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recovery of Function, physiology; Sciatic Nerve, injuries/metabolism/ultrastructure; Sciatic Neuropathy, metabolism/pathology; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006-8993(07)02794-1},
  pmid        = {18086465},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Castro:2010,
  author      = {Jorge E Castro and Emilio Varea and Cristina Márquez and Maria Isabel Cordero and Guillaume Poirier and Carmen Sandi},
  title       = {Role of the amygdala in antidepressant effects on hippocampal cell proliferation and survival and on depression-like behavior in the rat.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {5},
  number      = {1},
  pages       = {e8618},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1371/journal.pone.0008618},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008618},
  abstract    = {The stimulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis by antidepressants has been associated with multiple molecular pathways, but the potential influence exerted by other brain areas has received much less attention. The basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), a region involved in anxiety and a site of action of antidepressants, has been implicated in both basal and stress-induced changes in neural plasticity in the dentate gyrus. We investigated here whether the BLA modulates the effects of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine on hippocampal cell proliferation and survival in relation to a behavioral index of depression-like behavior (forced swim test). We used a lesion approach targeting the BLA along with a chronic treatment with fluoxetine, and monitored basal anxiety levels given the important role of this behavioral trait in the progress of depression. Chronic fluoxetine treatment had a positive effect on hippocampal cell survival only when the BLA was lesioned. Anxiety was related to 
hippocampal cell survival in opposite ways in sham- and BLA-lesioned animals (i.e., negatively in sham- and positively in BLA-lesioned animals). Both BLA lesions and low anxiety were critical factors to enable a negative relationship between cell proliferation and depression-like behavior. Therefore, our study highlights a role for the amygdala on fluoxetine-stimulated cell survival and on the establishment of a link between cell proliferation and depression-like behavior. It also reveals an important modulatory role for anxiety on cell proliferation involving both BLA-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Our findings underscore the amygdala as a potential target to modulate antidepressants' action in hippocampal neurogenesis and in their link to depression-like behaviors.},
  institution = {Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.},
  journal     = {PLoS One},
  keywords    = {Amygdala, drug effects/physiopathology; Animals; Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation, pharmacology; Cell Proliferation, drug effects; Cell Survival, drug effects; Depression, pathology; Fluoxetine, pharmacology; Hippocampus, cytology/drug effects; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Maze Learning; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {epublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {20062812},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Castro-Alamancos:2002,
  author      = {Castro-Alamancos, Manuel A.},
  title       = {Different temporal processing of sensory inputs in the rat thalamus during quiescent and information processing states in vivo.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {539},
  number      = {Pt 2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {567--578},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013283},
  abstract    = {Sensory inputs from the whiskers reach the primary somatosensory thalamus through the medial lemniscus tract. The main role of the thalamus is to relay these sensory inputs to the neocortex according to the regulations dictated by behavioural state. Intracellular recordings in urethane-anaesthetized rats show that whisker stimulation evokes EPSP-IPSP sequences in thalamic neurons. Both EPSPs and IPSPs depress with repetitive whisker stimulation at frequencies above 2 Hz. Single-unit recordings reveal that during quiescent states thalamic responses to repetitive whisker stimulation are suppressed at frequencies above 2 Hz, so that only low-frequency sensory stimulation is relayed to the neocortex. In contrast, during activated states, induced by stimulation of the brainstem reticular formation or application of acetylcholine in the thalamus, high-frequency whisker stimulation at up to 40 Hz is relayed to the neocortex. Sensory suppression is caused by the depression of lemniscal EPSPs in 
relatively hyperpolarized thalamocortical neurons. Sensory suppression is abolished during activated states because thalamocortical neurons depolarize and the depressed lemniscal EPSPs are able to reach firing threshold. Strong IPSPs may also contribute to sensory suppression by hyperpolarizing thalamocortical neurons, but during activated states IPSPs are strongly reduced altogether. The results indicate that the synaptic depression of lemniscal EPSPs and the level of depolarization of thalamocortical neurons work together in thalamic primary sensory pathways to suppress high-frequency sensory inputs during non-activated (quiescent) states while permitting the faithful relay of high-frequency sensory information during activated (processing) states.},
  institution = {Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A2B4, Canada. mcastro@bic.mni.mcgill.ca},
  journal     = {J Physiol},
  keywords    = {Acetylcholine, pharmacology; Animals; Brain Stem, physiology; Efferent Pathways, physiology; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, physiology; Membrane Potentials, physiology; Neocortex, physiology; Neurons, physiology; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reticular Formation, physiology; Thalamus, cytology/physiology; Vibrissae, innervation/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {PHY_13283},
  pmid        = {11882688},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Castro-Alamancos:1996,
  author      = {Castro-Alamancos, M. A. and Connors, B. W.},
  title       = {Short-term synaptic enhancement and long-term potentiation in neocortex.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {93},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {1335--1339},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1073/pnas.93.3.1335},
  abstract    = {Repetitive stimuli reliably induce long-term potentiation (LTP) of synapses in the upper layers of the granular somatosensory cortex but not the agranular motor cortex of rats. Herein we examine, in these same cortical areas, short-term changes in synaptic strength that occur during the LTP induction period. theta-Burst stimulation produced a strong short-term enhancement of synapses in the granular area but only weak enhancement in the agranular area. The magnitude of enhancement during stimulation was strongly correlated with the magnitude of LTP subsequently expressed. Short-term enhancement was abolished by an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors but remained in the presence of a non-NMDA receptor antagonist. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials of the granular and agranular areas displayed similar frequency sensitivity, but the frequency sensitivity of NMDA receptor-dependent excitatory postsynaptic potentials differed significantly between areas. We propose that pathway-
specific differences in short-term enhancement are due to variations in the frequency dependence of NMDA currents; different capacities for short-term enhancement may explain why repetitive stimulation more readily induces LTP in the somatosensory cortex than in the motor cortex.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.},
  journal     = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  keywords    = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate, pharmacology; Animals; Bicuculline, analogs /&/ derivatives/pharmacology; Long-Term Potentiation, drug effects; Motor Cortex, drug effects/physiology; Neurons, drug effects/physiology; Nifedipine, pharmacology; Quinoxalines, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, antagonists /&/ inhibitors; Somatosensory Cortex, drug effects/physiology; Synapses, drug effects/physiology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8577765},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Castro-Lopes:1991,
  author      = {Castro-Lopes, J. M. and Coimbra, A.},
  title       = {Spinal cord projections of the rat main forelimb nerves, studied by transganglionic transport of WGA-HRP and by the disappearance of acid phosphatase.},
  year        = {1991},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {542},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {187--192},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(91)91565-i},
  abstract    = {The spinal cord projections of the 3 main forelimb nerves-median, radial and ulnar, were studied in the rat dorsal horn with transganglionic transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP), or using the disappearance of fluoride resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP) after nerve section. The projection patterns in lamina II were similar following the two procedures. The median and the radial nerve fibers projected to the medial and the intermediate thirds, respectively, of the dorsal horn lamina II in spinal cord segments C4-C8. The ulnar nerve projected to segments C6-C8 between the areas occupied by the other two nerves. The FRAP method also showed that the lateral part of lamina II, which was not filled by radial nerve fibers, received the projections from the dorsal cutaneous branches of cervical spinal nerves. In addition, FRAP disappeared from the medial end of segment T1 after skin incisions extending from the medial brachium to the axilla, which seemed due to severance 
of the cutaneous branchlets of the lateral anterior thoracic nerve. The FRAP procedure is thus sensitive enough to detect fibers in lamina II arising from small peripheral nerves, and may be used as an alternative to the anterograde tracing methods whenever there are no overlapping projections.},
  institution = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Porto, Portugal.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Acid Phosphatase, metabolism; Animals; Biological Transport; Forelimb, innervation; Ganglia, metabolism; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Male; Median Nerve, metabolism/physiology; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; Nervous System, metabolism; Radial Nerve, metabolism/physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, physiology; Synaptic Transmission; Ulnar Nerve, metabolism/physiology; Wheat Germ Agglutinins, diagnostic use},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {0006-8993(91)91565-I},
  pmid        = {1851450},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Castro-Lopes:1990,
  author      = {Castro-Lopes, J. M. and Coimbra, A. and Grant, G. and Arvidsson, J.},
  title       = {Ultrastructural changes of the central scalloped (C1) primary afferent endings of synaptic glomeruli in the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi of the rat after peripheral neurotomy.},
  year        = {1990},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {19},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {329--337},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf01188402},
  abstract    = {Fine structural changes were observed in the dark scalloped central C1 terminals of type I synaptic glomeruli in spinal cord segments C6-C7 of the rat 3 days after cutting the three main forelimb nerves. Twenty-six per cent of the C1 terminals occurring on the ipsilateral side showed a lighter appearance due to a decrease in the number of synaptic vesicles. The number of synaptic vesicles per unit section area was only 42\% of that present in normal C1 terminals on the contralateral side. The number of synaptic contacts of C1 terminals with the profiles surrounding them in each glomerulus was diminished and glial envelopment was increased to 15\% of C1 terminal contour. Up to day 12, vesicle and synaptic losses were gradually aggravated and glial apposition was increased, but no obvious signs of glial engulfment were observed. From day 3 to day 12, altered C1 terminals increased in number, while those that appeared normal decreased. The latter had disappeared at day 12 and the altered ones 
at day 15, and from this stage type I glomeruli were no longer present on the treated side. The lack of electron-dense degenerative bouton changes characteristic of Wallerian degeneration offers an explanation for the lack of or minimal amount of argyrophilic structures which has been found consistently in the substantia gelatinosa during transganglionic degeneration. The gradual decay of the C1 terminals raises the question of their fate. Future studies with the use of a stable marker might provide an answer.},
  institution = {Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine of Oporto, Porto, Portugal.},
  journal     = {J Neurocytol},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, ultrastructure; Animals; Denervation; Male; Peripheral Nerves, physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spinal Cord, ultrastructure; Substantia Gelatinosa, ultrastructure; Synapses, ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {2391537},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Casu:2002,
  author      = {Casu, Maria Antonietta and Dinucci, Dinuccio and Colombo, Giancarlo and Gessa, Gian Luigi and Pani, Luca},
  title       = {Reduced DAT- and DBH-immunostaining in the limbic system of Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {948},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Sep},
  pages       = {192--202},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03220-1},
  abstract    = {We have recently shown that tyrosine-hydroxylase immunostaining (TH-IM) is selectively decreased in the cingulate cortex and in the shell of the nucleus accumbens (nAcc) of Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats (sP) when compared with Sardinian alcohol-non preferring (sNP) and Wistar (W) rats. Since these regions contain both dopamine and noradrenaline (NA) fibers, clarification of the dopaminergic and noradrenergic contribution to the decreased TH-immunoreactivity was needed. To this aim, we carried out the present immunohistochemistry study using two antibodies raised against dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), the enzyme responsible for the conversion of dopamine into noradrenaline, and against the dopamine transporter (DAT), as markers for noradrenergic and dopaminergic fibers, respectively. The results show that DBH-immunostaining (DBH-IM) and DAT-immunostaining (DAT-IM) were both lower in the cingulate cortex of the sP rats with respect to sNP and W rats. In the shell of the nAcc a reduced 
DAT-IM in sP rats was found, while the DBH-IM did not differ between the three lines of rats. The analysis of the cell-body area of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus, revealed no differences between sP, sNP and W rats. These results indicate a selective reduction of the terminal innervation in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine and NA systems in sP rats. This genetically-determined difference may be involved in the opposite alcohol preference and consumption of sP and sNP rats.},
  institution = {Neuroscienze SCARL, Via Palabanda 9, 09125 Cagliari, Italy. mantonietta.casu@ns.crs4.it},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Alcohol Drinking, metabolism; Alcohol-Related Disorders, metabolism; Animals; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase, metabolism; Dopamine, metabolism; Gyrus Cinguli, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Limbic System, cytology/metabolism; Locus Coeruleus, cytology/metabolism; Membrane Glycoproteins; Membrane Transport Proteins, metabolism; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Nucleus Accumbens, cytology/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0006899302032201},
  pmid        = {12383975},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Catalano:1996,
  author      = {S. M. Catalano and R. T. Robertson and H. P. Killackey},
  title       = {Individual axon morphology and thalamocortical topography in developing rat somatosensory cortex.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {367},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {36--53},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {gt;3.0.CO;2-K},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/gt;3.0.CO;2-K},
  abstract    = {The morphology of individual thalamocortical axons in developing rat primary somatosensory cortex was studied using lipophilic tracers. Anterograde labeling with lipophilic dyes demonstrated a topographical organization of thalamocortical projections exiting the thalamus as early as embryonic day (E) 16; retrograde labeling studies demonstrated topography of these projections as they reached the cortex as early as E18. At E17, axons course tangentially within the intermediate zone and turn or branch near the deepest layer of cortex (layer VIb), suggesting the presence of guidance cues in this region. Axons appear to grow and branch progressively within layers VIb and VIa during the following days; axons in the intermediate zone may give rise to radially directed branches. Individual axons appear to grow steadily and progressively into the cortex, with the leading front of axons at the transition zone between the cortical plate (CP) and the differentiating cortical layers. At birth (P0), 
thalamocortical axons extend radially through layers VIa and V and emit branches within these layers; some axons reach the CP. By P1, layer IV has begun to differentiate and axons begin to form a few simple branches in the vicinity of the layer IV cells. Over the ensuing week, axons generate more branches within layer IV, but the tangential extent of individual axon arbors does not exceed the width of a barrel. By P7, individual axons overlap within barrel clusters, and individual axons span the width of a cluster. These observations indicate that thalamic afferents develop by progressive growth of arbors that remain spatially restricted, rather than by overbranching and retracting arbors.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine 92717, USA.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Aging, physiology; Animals; Animals, Newborn, growth /&/ development; Axons, ultrastructure; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Nerve Endings, ultrastructure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, embryology/growth /&/ development/ultrastructure; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus, embryology/growth /&/ development/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-K},
  pmid        = {8867282},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Cataldo:2010,
  author      = {Cataldo, Giuseppe and Lovric, Jelena and Chen, Chia-Chien and Pytte, Carolyn L. and Bodnar, Richard J.},
  title       = {Ventromedial and medial preoptic hypothalamic ibotenic acid lesions potentiate systemic morphine analgesia in female, but not male rats.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {214},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {301--316},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.bbr.2010.05.046},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.05.046},
  abstract    = {Sex differences in systemic morphine analgesia occur with male rodents displaying significantly greater analgesic magnitudes and potencies than females. Neonatal androgenization, and to a lesser degree, adult ovariectomy enhance systemic morphine analgesia in female rats, implicating both organizational and activational effects of gonadal hormones. The neuroanatomical circuits sensitive to sex-related hormones by which females display a smaller opiate analgesic effect is not clear, but the ventromedial (VMH) and medial preoptic (MPOA) hypothalamic nuclei are critical in the monitoring of estradiol and other sex hormone levels. To assess the contribution of these nuclei to sex and adult gonadectomy differences in systemic morphine analgesia, intact male, intact female and adult ovariectomized (OVEX) female rats received bilateral saline (SAL) or ibotenic acid (IBO) microinjections into either the VMH or MPOA. Following surgeries, baseline tail-flick latencies over 120 minutes (min) were 
assessed over 4 days in all nine groups with intact females tested in the estrus phase of their cycle. All animals then received an ascending series of morphine (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0mg/kg) injections 30min prior to the tail-flick test time course with 8-12 day inter-injection intervals between doses. Baseline latencies failed to differ between SAL-treated intact males and females, but were significantly higher in SAL-treated OVEX females. Both VMH IBO and MPOA IBO lesions increased baseline latencies in intact male and female rats, but not in OVEX females. SAL-treated intact males (ED(50)=4.0mg/kg) and SAL-treated OVEX females (ED(50)=3.5mg/kg) displayed significantly greater potencies of systemic morphine analgesia than SAL-treated intact females (ED(50)=6.3mg/kg), confirming previous gender and gonadectomy differences. Neither VMH IBO (ED(50)=3.7 mg/kg) nor MPOA IBO (ED(50)=4.1mg/kg) males differed from SAL-treated males in the potency of systemic morphine analgesia. In contrast, VMH IBO (ED(50)=4.1mg/
kg) and MPOA IBO (ED(50)=3.5mg/kg) intact females displayed significantly greater potencies in systemic morphine analgesia than SAL-treated intact females. However, VMH IBO OVEX (ED(50)=3.5mg/kg) and MPOA IBO OVEX (ED(50)=3.9 mg/kg) failed to differ from SAL-treated OVEX females in the potency of systemic morphine analgesia. The magnitudes of systemic morphine analgesia as measured by Maximum Percentage Effect values displayed similar patterns, but lesser degrees, of effects. These data suggest that VMH and MPOA nuclei act to tonically inhibit endogenous pain-inhibitory circuits in the intact female, but not intact male brain, and that removal of circulating gonadal hormones by OVEX and/or excitotoxic destruction of these estrogen receptor accumulating nuclei disinhibit the female analgesic response to systemic morphine.},
  institution = {Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, United States.},
  journal     = {Behav Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Analgesics, Opioid, pharmacology; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Ibotenic Acid, administration /&/ dosage; Male; Microinjections; Morphine, pharmacology; Ovariectomy; Pain Measurement, methods; Preoptic Area, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sex Characteristics; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0166-4328(10)00420-1},
  pmid        = {20678986},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Catre:1999,
  author      = {Catre, M. G. and Salo, P. T.},
  title       = {Quantitative analysis of the sympathetic innervation of the rat knee joint.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {194 ( Pt 2)},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {233--239},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1469-7580.1999.19420233.x},
  abstract    = {Retrograde tracing with Fluoro-Gold (FG) was used to identify the complete population of knee joint sympathetic postganglionic efferents in the lumbar sympathetic chain of adult female Wistar rats. In 6 rats, the total number and distribution of FG-labelled neurons in the lumbar sympathetic chain was determined. The rat knee joint is supplied by an average of 187+/-57 sympathetic afferents with the majority at the L3 and L4 levels. Immunohistochemistry using antibodies specific for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), somatostatin (SS) or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) revealed that 33 \% of knee joint sympathetic afferents contained TH, 42 \% contained VIP, and none contained somatostatin. Retrograde tracing with FG provided accurate and reproducible labelling of the joint-innervating subpopulation of sympathetic efferent neurons. This model lends itself to the further study of the molecular responses of this neuronal population in the various disorders and conditions affecting joints.},
  institution = {Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada.},
  journal     = {J Anat},
  keywords    = {Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Extremities; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Joints, innervation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic, anatomy /&/ histology/chemistry/enzymology; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, analysis; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, analysis},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {10337955},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Catsman-Berrevoets:1981,
  author      = {C. E. Catsman-Berrevoets and H. G. Kuypers},
  title       = {A search for corticospinal collaterals to thalamus and mesencephalon by means of multiple retrograde fluorescent tracers in cat and rat.},
  year        = {1981},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {218},
  number      = {1-2},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {15--33},
  doi         = {10.1016/0006-8993(81)90986-0},
  abstract    = {An attempt has been made to determine anatomically whether in rat and cat cortical projections to ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus and to mesencephalon are in part composed of corticospinal collaterals. For this purpose two different fluorescent tracers were injected: one in the spinal cord and the other contralaterally in the lateral thalamus and in the mesencephalon respectively. In these experiments Fast Blue and True Blue were used in combination with Nuclear Yellow. Evans Blue was used in combination with Granular Blue. After injections of the tracers into the thalamus and spinal cord two different populations of single retrogradely labeled cortical neurons were found, while after injections in mesencephalon and spinal cord double-labeled cortical neurons occurred. This has lead to the conclusion that in cat and rat corticospinal neurons do not distribute collaterals to specific thalamic nuclei, but do distribute collaterals to mesencephalon. Moreover, the preferential distribution of 
the double-labeled corticospinal neurons in cat suggest that the corticospinal neurons distributing collaterals to the mesencephalon in part are concentrated in those cortical areas which subserve the steering of movements of the head, neck and trunk.},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Animals; Cats; Evans Blue, diagnostic use; Fluorescent Dyes, diagnostic use; Mesencephalon, anatomy /&/ histology; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neurons, metabolism; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Kettlitz, Richard},
  pii         = {0006-8993(81)90986-0},
  pmid        = {7272734},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Cattaert:1998,
  author      = {Cattaert, D. and {Le Ray}, D.},
  title       = {Direct glutamate-mediated presynaptic inhibition of sensory afferents by the postsynaptic motor neurons.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {10},
  number      = {12},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {3737--3746},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00384.x},
  abstract    = {An in vitro preparation of the crayfish central nervous system was used to study a negative feedback control exerted by the glutamatergic motor neurons (MNs) on to their presynaptic cholinergic sensory afferents. This negative control consists in small amplitude, slowly developing depolarizations of the primary afferents (sdPADs) strictly timed with MN bursts. They were not blocked by picrotoxin, but were sensitive to glutamate non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists. Intracellular recordings were performed within thin branches of sensory terminals while electrical antidromic stimulation were applied to the motor nerves, or while glutamate (the MN neurotransmitter) was pressure-applied close to the recording site. Electrical motor nerve stimulations and glutamate pressure application had similar effects on to sensory terminals issued from the coxo-basipodite chordotonal organ (CBTs): like sdPADs, both stimulation-induced depolarizations were picrotoxin-resistant and were dramatically 
reduced by non-NMDA antagonist bath application. These results indicate that sdPADs are likely directly produced by MNs during locomotor activity. A functional scheme is proposed.},
  institution = {Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Mouvements, CNRS, Marseille, France. cattaert@lnf.cnrs-mrs.fr},
  journal     = {Eur J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, pharmacology; Animals; Astacoidea; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, pharmacology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, pharmacology; Feedback, physiology; Female; GABA Antagonists, pharmacology; Glutamic Acid, pharmacology/physiology; Kainic Acid, pharmacology; Male; Membrane Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Motor Neurons, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Neural Inhibition, physiology; Neurons, Afferent, chemistry/cytology/physiology; Picrotoxin, pharmacology; Presynaptic Terminals, chemistry/physiology; Quinoxalines, pharmacology; Receptors, Kainic Acid, physiology; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, physiology; Tetrodotoxin, pharmacology; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, pharmacology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {9875352},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Cauley:2015,
  Title                    = {Neurotransmission to parasympathetic cardiac vagal neurons in the brain stem is altered with left ventricular hypertrophy-induced heart failure.},
  Author                   = {Cauley, Edmund and Wang, Xin and Dyavanapalli, Jhansi and Sun, Ke and Garrott, Kara and Kuzmiak-Glancy, Sarah and Kay, Matthew W. and Mendelowitz, David},
  Journal                  = {Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = {Oct},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {H1281--H1287},
  Volume                   = {309},

  Abstract                 = {Hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure (HF) are widespread and debilitating cardiovascular diseases that affect nearly 23 million people worldwide. A distinctive hallmark of these cardiovascular diseases is autonomic imbalance, with increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic vagal tone. Recent device-based approaches, such as implantable vagal stimulators that stimulate a multitude of visceral sensory and motor fibers in the vagus nerve, are being evaluated as new therapeutic approaches for these and other diseases. However, little is known about how parasympathetic activity to the heart is altered with these diseases, and this lack of knowledge is an obstacle in the goal of devising selective interventions that can target and selectively restore parasympathetic activity to the heart. To identify the changes that occur within the brain stem to diminish the parasympathetic cardiac activity, left ventricular hypertrophy was elicited in rats by 
aortic pressure overload using a transaortic constriction approach. Cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) in the brain stem that generate parasympathetic activity to the heart were identified with a retrograde tracer and studied using patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings in vitro. Animals with left cardiac hypertrophy had diminished excitation of CVNs, which was mediated both by an augmented frequency of spontaneous inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission (with no alteration of inhibitory glycinergic activity) as well as a diminished amplitude and frequency of excitatory neurotransmission to CVNs. Opportunities to alter these network pathways and neurotransmitter receptors provide future targets of intervention in the goal to restore parasympathetic activity and autonomic balance to the heart in cardiac hypertrophy and other cardiovascular diseases.},
  Doi                      = {10.1152/ajpheart.00445.2015},
  Institution              = {Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia; and dmendel@gwu.edu.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {ajpheart.00445.2015},
  Pmc                      = {PMC4631536},
  Pmid                     = {26371169},
  Timestamp                = {05.01.2016},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00445.2015}
}

@Article{Cauller:1998,
  author      = {Cauller, L. J. and Clancy, B. and Connors, B. W.},
  title       = {Backward cortical projections to primary somatosensory cortex in rats extend long horizontal axons in layer I.},
  year        = {1998},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {390},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {297--310},
  doi         = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980112)390:2<297::aid-cne11>3.0.co;2-v},
  abstract    = {We have studied the origin and extent of axons within layer I of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) of rats by using retrograde and anterograde tracers with an emphasis on reciprocal connections to layer I of SI from ipsilateral cortical areas that are the target of SI projections. Small crystals of 1,1',dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) labeled horizontal axons projecting in all directions within layer I, which extended for up to 4 mm with numerous terminal branches. Applications of horseradish peroxidase, Diamidino yellow, or fast blue to the pial surface of SI labeled a characteristic pattern of neurons below the application site that excluded neurons in layer IV of the barrel fields, unless the dye penetrated deeper than layer II. This provided a control for the effective depth of the layer I dye applications. Retrograde transport from layer I of SI was traced to the primary motor area, the lateral parietal areas, including the secondary 
somatosensory (SII) and agranular insular cortex ipsilaterally, as well as the homotopic areas of SI contralaterally. Injections of the anterograde tracer dextran amine at the same site as the SI surface application labeled dense fiber terminations in middle layers of these same secondary areas in the primary motor cortex (MI) or SII in the midst of cells labeled by retrograde transport from layer I of SI. Injections of dextran amine into these secondary cortical areas labeled fibers that coursed through deep layers to SI, where they ascended to layer I. These reciprocal corticocortical inputs to SI were concentrated in layer I, where they branched and extended horizontally across several SI barrels.},
  institution = {Cognition and Neuroscience Program, School of Human Development, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75083-0688, USA. lcauller@utdallas.edu},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Brain Mapping; Female; Male; Neural Pathways, physiology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatosensory Cortex, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {3.0.CO;2-V},
  pmid        = {9453672},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Cauller:1994,
  author      = {Cauller, L. J. and Connors, B. W.},
  title       = {Synaptic physiology of horizontal afferents to layer I in slices of rat SI neocortex.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {14},
  number      = {2},
  month       = {Feb},
  pages       = {751--762},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/14/2/751.long},
  abstract    = {Layer I is a dense synaptic zone ubiquitous in cerebral cortex. Here we describe a novel in vitro preparation of rat somatosensory (SI) neocortical slices that isolates the fibers that extend horizontally through layer I, and allows intracellular and extracellular analysis of synaptic input to dendrites in layer I. Current source-density analysis of this isolated horizontal layer I input reveals monophasic current sinks restricted to layer I and the most superficial part of layer II. The layer I synaptic response of each neuron was correlated with its morphology by filling penetrated cells with biocytin. All filled cells that responded to horizontal layer I inputs were pyramidal neurons in layers II, III, or V with distal apical dendrites in layer I. There was no evidence of antidromic activation from isolated layer I stimulation, and HRP injected into layer I was not transported via the isolated layer I pathway to cortical neurons within the slice. Therefore, this preparation provides a 
unique way to study an extrinsic synaptic input localized to the most distal apical dendrites of many pyramidal neurons. In contrast to the EPSP-IPSP sequence characteristically evoked by deep layer stimulation, horizontal layer I inputs evoked long-lasting EPSPs (approximately 50 msec); IPSPs were observed only rarely, in the most superficial neurons. Horizontal layer I-evoked EPSPs were blocked by the non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. Consistent with the very distal site of layer I inputs to layer V pyramidal neurons, the amplitudes of initial EPSPs were insensitive to manipulations of the somatic membrane potential. However, these distal EPSPs were greatly attenuated when combined with IPSPs evoked by deep layer stimulation, indicating that the proximal inputs may modulate distal EPSPs with shunting inhibition. In many layer V neurons, the initial EPSP evoked by horizontal layer I stimulation was followed by a variable late depolarization that was blocked by the 
NMDA receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid. Since these late depolarizations were enhanced by somatic depolarization and abolished by hyperpolarization, they appeared to be generated postsynaptically at a site more proximal than the initial EPSP that was insensitive to these manipulations. Synaptic inputs to the distal tufts of pyramidal neurons may trigger active currents along the apical dendrites that amplify the EPSP on its way to the soma.},
  institution = {Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate, pharmacology; Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Cerebral Cortex, physiology; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, drug effects/physiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; Kynurenic Acid, pharmacology; Male; Neurons, physiology; Pyramidal Tracts, physiology; Quinoxalines, pharmacology; Rats; Synapses, drug effects/physiology; Synaptic Transmission, drug effects/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7905516},
  timestamp   = {29.11.2012},
}

@Article{Cavada:1984,
  author      = {C. Cavada and A. M. Huisman and H. G. Kuypers},
  title       = {Retrograde double labeling of neurons: the combined use of horseradish peroxidase and diamidino yellow dihydrochloride (DY X 2HCl) compared with true blue and DY X 2HCl in rat descending brainstem pathways.},
  year        = {1984},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {308},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {123--136},
  url         = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899384909235},
  abstract    = {Three series of double-labeling experiments were carried out in a study of the collateralization of brainstem nuclei which project to the spinal cord in the rat. The fluorescent tracer Diamidino Yellow Dihydrochloride (DY X 2HCl) was injected in one half of the spinal gray and white matter at T7-T8 or T13-L1. Subsequently, either True Blue (TB), wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) or free HRP were injected ipsilaterally in the gray matter at C5-C8. The distributions of single and double retrogradely labeled neurons were studied in the following cell groups: red nucleus, interstitial nucleus of Cajal, ventrolateral pontine tegmentum, nuclei coeruleus and subcoeruleus and nuclei raphe magnus and raphe pallidus including the adjoining ventral reticular formation. The numbers of TB- or HRP-labeled neurons present in those nuclei were counted and the percentages of double-labeled neurons were calculated when TB or HRP had been used in combination with DY X 2HCl. The 
results indicate: The HRP-TMB reaction product and the DY X 2HCl fluorescence can be visualized simultaneously in retrogradely single- or double-labeled neurons. The distributions of single- and double-labeled neurons in the various brainstem nuclei were entirely comparable when using TB with DY X 2HCl or HRP with DY X 2HCl. The percentages of double-labeled neurons obtained with HRP and DY X 2HCl were consistent over a series of cases, and were comparable to those obtained with TB and DY X 2HCl in several structures. However, in the red nucleus slightly lower percentages of double-labeled neurons were obtained using HRP and DY X 2HCl as compared with the percentages obtained using TB and DY X 2HCl.},
  comment     = {Spinal cord connectivity},
  journal     = {Brain Res},
  keywords    = {Amidines; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Efferent Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Fluorescent Dyes; Horseradish Peroxidase; Lectins; Neurons, physiology; Rats; Spinal Cord, anatomy /&/ histology; Trypan Blue; Wheat Germ Agglutinins},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6548167},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Cavalcante:2014,
  Title                    = {Distribution of the neuronal inputs to the ventral premammillary nucleus of male and female rats.},
  Author                   = {Cavalcante, Judney Cley and Bittencourt, Jackson Cioni and Elias, Carol Fuzeti},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = {Jul},

  Abstract                 = {The ventral premammillary nucleus (PMV) expresses dense collections of sex steroid receptors and receptors for metabolic cues, including leptin, insulin and ghrelin. The PMV responds to opposite sex odor stimulation and projects to areas involved in reproductive control, including direct innervation of gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons. Thus, the PMV is well positioned to integrate metabolic and reproductive cues, and control downstream targets that mediate reproductive function. In fact, lesions of PMV neurons blunt female reproductive function and maternal aggression. However, although the projections of PMV neurons have been well documented, little is known about the neuronal inputs received by PMV neurons. To fill this gap, we performed a systematic evaluation of the brain sites innervating the PMV neurons of male and female rats using the retrograde tracer subunit B of the cholera toxin (CTb). In general, we observed that males and females show a similar pattern of 
afferents. We also noticed that the PMV is preferentially innervated by neurons located in the forebrain, with very few projections coming from brainstem nuclei. The majority of inputs originated from the medial nucleus of the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the medial preoptic nucleus. A moderate to high density of afferents was also observed in the ventral subiculum, the arcuate nucleus and the ventrolateral subdivision of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Our findings strengthen the concept that the PMV is part of the vomeronasal system and integrates the brain circuitry controlling reproductive functions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.034},
  Institution              = {Laboratory of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil; Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {aheadofprint},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {S0006-8993(14)00985-8},
  Pmid                     = {25084037},
  Timestamp                = {11.08.2014},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.034}
}

@Article{Cavalcante:2006,
  Title                    = {Distribution of urocortin 3 neurons innervating the ventral premammillary nucleus in the rat brain.},
  Author                   = {Judney Cley Cavalcante and Luciane Valéria Sita and Marcelo Betti Mascaro and Jackson Cioni Bittencourt and Carol Fuzeti Elias},
  Journal                  = {Brain Res},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = {May},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {116--125},
  Volume                   = {1089},

  Abstract                 = {Urocortin 3 (Ucn 3) is a recently described peptide of the corticotropin-releasing factor family. Neurons expressing Ucn 3 mRNA and peptide are distributed in specific brain areas, including the median preoptic nucleus, the perifornical area (PFx), and the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MEA). Fibers immunoreactive to Ucn 3 are confined to certain brain nuclei, being particularly dense in the ventral premammillary nucleus (PMV). In studies involving electrolytic lesions and analysis of Fos distribution according to behavioral paradigms, the PMV has been potentially implicated in conspecific aggression and sexual behavior. However, the role that Ucn 3 plays in this pathway has not been explored. Therefore, we investigated the origins of the urocortinergic innervation of the PMV of Wistar rat in an attempt to map the brain circuitry and identify likely related functions. We injected the retrograde tracer cholera toxin b subunit into the PMV and found that 88\% of the Ucn 3-
immunoreactive fibers in the PMV originate in the dorsal MEA, and that few originate in the PFx. As a control, we injected the anterograde tracer biotin dextran amine into both regions. We observed that the PMV is densely innervated by the MEA, and scarcely innervated by the PFx. The MEA is a secondary relay of the vomeronasal system and projects amply to hypothalamic nuclei related to hormonal and behavioral adjustments, including the PMV. Although physiological studies should also be performed, we hypothesize that Ucn 3 participates in such pathways, conveying sensory information to the PMV, which in turn modulates behavioral and neuroendocrine responses.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.043},
  Institution              = {Laboratory of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, cytology/metabolism; Amygdala, cytology/metabolism; Animals; Axons, metabolism/ultrastructure; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Brain Mapping; Cholera Toxin; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, metabolism; Dextrans; Hypothalamus, cytology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mamillary Bodies, cytology/metabolism; Neurons, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Urocortins; Vomeronasal Organ, cytology/metabolism},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  Pii                      = {S0006-8993(06)00765-7},
  Pmid                     = {16638605},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.043}
}

@Article{Cavallotti:1999,
  author      = {Cavallotti, C. and Artico, M. and Cavallotti, D.},
  title       = {Occurrence of adrenergic nerve fibers and of noradrenaline in thymus gland of juvenile and aged rats.},
  year        = {1999},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {70},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Oct},
  pages       = {53--62},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/s0165-2478(99)00127-3},
  abstract    = {Adrenergic nerve fibers (ANF) were studied in juvenile, adult and old rats by biochemical and morphological methods and by quantitative analysis of images (QAI). After chemical sympathectomy with neurotoxin 6-OH dopamine, the greater part of ANF disappeared. The whole thymus was drawn in juvenile normal or sympathectomized rats, in adult normal or sympathectomized rats and in old normal or sympathectomized rats. Thymuses from the above-mentioned animals were weighed, measured and dissected. Thymic slices were stained with eosin orange for the detection of the microanatomical details and with Bodian's method for the recognition of the whole nerve fibers. Histofluorescence microscopy was used for staining of ANF while immunofluorescence microscopy was employed for staining of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity. Biochemical dosage of proteins and of noradrenaline amount was performed. Finally, all morphological results were subjected to QAI. Our results suggest that: (1) total 
innervation of the thymus increases with age; (2) ANF do not change with age; (3) the content of noradrenaline in the thymus increases with age; and (4) NPY-like immunoreactive structures in the thymus decrease with age. Biochemical results are in accordance with the morphological ones and both are confirmed by means of QAI. The probable function of sympathetic innervation of rat thymus is also discussed.},
  institution = {Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy. cameroni@uniroma1.it},
  journal     = {Immunol Lett},
  keywords    = {Adrenergic Fibers, physiology/ultrastructure; Aging, immunology/physiology; Animals; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neuropeptide Y, metabolism; Norepinephrine, metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sympathectomy; Thymus Gland, innervation/metabolism/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0165-2478(99)00127-3},
  pmid        = {10541052},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Cavanaugh:2006,
  author      = {Cavanaugh, Kenneth J. and Cohen, Taylor S. and Margulies, Susan S.},
  title       = {Stretch increases alveolar epithelial permeability to uncharged micromolecules.},
  year        = {2006},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {290},
  number      = {4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {C1179--C1188},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1152/ajpcell.00355.2004},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00355.2004},
  abstract    = {We measured stretch-induced changes in transepithelial permeability in vitro to uncharged tracers 1.5-5.5 A in radius to identify a critical stretch threshold associated with failure of the alveolar epithelial transport barrier. Cultured alveolar epithelial cells were subjected to a uniform cyclic (0.25 Hz) biaxial 12, 25, or 37\% change in surface area (DeltaSA) for 1 h. Additional cells served as unstretched controls. Only 37\% DeltaSA (100\% total lung capacity) produced a significant increase in transepithelial tracer permeability, with the largest increases for bigger tracers. Using the permeability data, we modeled the epithelial permeability in each group as a population of small pores punctuated by occasional large pores. After 37\% DeltaSA, increases in paracellular transport were correlated with increases in the radii of both pore populations. Inhibition of protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase activity during stretch did not affect the permeability of stretched cells. In contrast, 
chelating intracellular calcium and/or stabilizing F-actin during 37\% DeltaSA stretch reduced but did not eliminate the stretch-induced increase in paracellular permeability. These results provide the first in vitro evidence that large magnitudes of stretch increase paracellular transport of micromolecules across the alveolar epithelium, partially mediated by intracellular signaling pathways. Our monolayer data are supported by whole lung permeability results, which also show an increase in alveolar permeability at high inflation volumes (20 ml/kg) at the same rate for both healthy and septic lungs.},
  institution = {Department of Bioengineering, 3320 Smith Walk, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6392, USA.},
  journal     = {Am J Physiol Cell Physiol},
  keywords    = {Actins, metabolism; Amino Acids, chemistry/metabolism; Animals; Biological Markers, chemistry/metabolism; Calcium, metabolism; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cells, Cultured; Chelating Agents, metabolism; Cytoskeleton, metabolism; Depsipeptides, metabolism; Egtazic Acid, analogs /&/ derivatives/metabolism; Epithelial Cells, cytology/metabolism; Lung, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Male; Particle Size; Protein Kinase C, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, antagonists /&/ inhibitors/metabolism; Pulmonary Alveoli, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiratory Mucosa, cytology; Stress, Mechanical},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {00355.2004},
  pmid        = {16282193},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Cavazos:2004,
  author      = {Cavazos, J. E. and Jones, S. M. and Cross, D. J.},
  title       = {Sprouting and synaptic reorganization in the subiculum and CA1 region of the hippocampus in acute and chronic models of partial-onset epilepsy.},
  year        = {2004},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {126},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {677--688},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.04.014},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.04.014},
  abstract    = {Repeated seizures induce permanent alterations in the hippocampal circuitry in experimental models and patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Most studies have concentrated their attention on seizure-induced reorganization of the mossy fiber pathway. The present study examined the projection pathway of the CA1 pyramidal neurons to the subiculum, which is the output of the hippocampal formation in five models of TLE. We examined the laminar pattern of Timm's histochemistry in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare of CA1 in three acute and two chronic models of TLE: intraventricular kainic acid (KA), systemic KA, systemic pilocarpine, chronic electric kindling and chronic i.p. pentylenetetrazol. The laminar pattern of Timm histochemistry in the stratum moleculare of CA1 was permanently remodeled in epileptic models suggesting sprouting of Timm containing terminals from the adjacent stratum lacunosum. Ultrastructural examination confirmed that Timm granules were localized in 
synaptic terminals. As the source of Timm-labeled terminals in this region was not known, sodium selenite, a selective retrograde tracer for zinc-containing terminals, was iontophoretically injected in vivo in rats exposed to systemic pilocarpine, systemic KA or chronic pentylenetetrazol. The normal projection of CA1 pyramidal neurons to the subiculum is topographically organized in a lamellar fashion. In normal rats, the extent of the injection site (terminals) and the retrogradely labeled pyramidal neurons (cell soma) corresponded to the same number of lamellas. In epileptic rats, the retrograde labeling extended 42-67\% farther than the normal dorso-ventral extent including lamellas above and below the expected. This is direct evidence for sprouting of CA1 pyramidal axons into the subiculum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare of the CA1 region confirming the alterations of the laminar pattern of Timm's histochemistry. Sprouting of the CA1 projection to subiculum across hippocampal lamellas might lead to 
translamellar hyperexcitability, and to amplification and synchronization of epileptic discharges in the output gate of the hippocampal formation.},
  institution = {Department of Medicine (Neurology) and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA. cavazosj@uthscsa.edu},
  journal     = {Neuroscience},
  keywords    = {Acute Disease; Animals; Chronic Disease; Convulsants, pharmacology; Disease Models, Animal; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, chemically induced/pathology/physiopathology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, administration /&/ dosage; Hippocampus, pathology/physiopathology/ultrastructure; Immunohistochemistry; Injections, Intraventricular; Kainic Acid, administration /&/ dosage; Kindling, Neurologic; Male; Muscarinic Antagonists, pharmacology; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neural Pathways, physiology/ultrastructure; Neuronal Plasticity, physiology; Pentylenetetrazole, pharmacology; Pilocarpine, pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synapses, pathology/ultrastructure},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0306452204002829},
  pmid        = {15183517},
  timestamp   = {06.09.2013},
}

@Article{Cavdar:2014,
  author      = {Cavdar, Safiye and Bay, Hüsniye Hacıoğlu and Yıldız, Sercan D. and Akakın, Dilek and Sirvancı, Serap and Onat, Filiz},
  title       = {Comparison of numbers of interneurons in three thalamic nuclei of normal and epileptic rats.},
  year        = {2014},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {30},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Jun},
  pages       = {451--460},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/s12264-013-1402-3},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12264-013-1402-3},
  abstract    = {The inhibitory sources in the thalamic nuclei are local interneurons and neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus. Studies of models of absence epilepsy have shown that the seizures are associated with an excess of inhibitory neurotransmission in the thalamus. In the present study, we used light-microscopic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunocytochemistry to quantify the interneurons in the lateral geniculate (LGN), ventral posteromedial (VPM), and ventral posterolateral (VPL) thalamic nuclei, and compared the values from normal Wistar rats and genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS). We found that in both Wistar rats and GAERS, the proportion of interneurons was significantly higher in the LGN than in the VPM and VPL. In the LGN of Wistar rats, 16.4\% of the neurons were interneurons and in the GAERS, the value was 15.1\%. In the VPM, the proportion of interneurons was 4.2\% in Wistar and 14.9\% in GAERS; in the VPL the values were 3.7\% for Wistar and 11.1\% for the GAERS. 
There was no significant difference between Wistar rats and the GAERS regarding the counts of interneurons in the LGN, whereas the VPM and VPL showed significantly higher counts in GAERS. Comparison of the mean areas of both relay cells and interneuronal profiles showed no significant differences between Wistar rats and GAERS. These findings show that in the VPL and the VPM there are relatively more GABAergic interneurons in GAERS than in Wistar rats. This may represent a compensatory response of the thalamocortical circuitry to the absence seizures or may be related to the production of absence seizures.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Koç University, Sarıyer-Istanbul, Turkey, scavdar@ku.edu.tr.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Bull},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {24526659},
  timestamp   = {17.06.2014},
}

@Article{Cavdar:2001,
  author      = {S. Cavdar and F. Onat and R. Aker and U. Sehirli and T. San and H. R. Yananli},
  title       = {The afferent connections of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus in the rat using horseradish peroxidase.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {198},
  number      = {Pt 4},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {463--472},
  doi         = {10.1017/s0021878201007555},
  abstract    = {The posterior hypothalamic nucleus has been implicated as an area controlling autonomic activity. The afferent input to the nucleus will provide evidence as to its role in autonomic function. In the present study, we aimed to identify the detailed anatomical projections to the posterior hypothalamic nucleus from cortical, subcortical and brainstem structures, using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde axonal transport technique in the rat. Subsequent to the injection of HRP into the posterior hypothalamic nucleus, extensive cell labelling was observed bilaterally in various areas of the cerebral cortex including the cingulate, frontal, parietal and insular cortices. At subcortical levels, labelled cells were observed in the medial and lateral septal nuclei, the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, and various thalamic and amygdaloid nuclei. Also axons of the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band were labelled and labelled cells were localised at the CA1 and CA3 fields of the 
hippocampus and the dentate gyrus. The brainstem projections were from the medial, lateral and parasolitary nuclei, the intercalated nucleus of the medulla, the sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve, and various reticular, vestibular, raphe and central grey nuclei. The posterior hypothalamic nucleus also received projections from the lateral and medial cerebellar nuclei and from upper cervical spinal levels. The results are discussed in relation to the involvement of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus in autonomic function and allows a better understanding of how the brain controls visceral function.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. fonat@escortnet.com},
  journal     = {J Anat},
  keywords    = {Animals; Autonomic Nervous System, physiology; Axonal Transport; Brain Stem, cytology; Cell Count; Cerebellum, cytology; Coloring Agents; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, Posterior, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, Afferent, cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Philipp, Konstanze},
  pmid        = {11327208},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Cavdar:2006,
  Title                    = {Connections of the zona incerta to the reticular nucleus of the thalamus in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Cavdar, Safiye and Onat, Filiz and Cakmak, Yusuf Ozgür and Saka, Erdinç and Yananli, Hasan R. and Aker, Rezzan},
  Journal                  = {J Anat},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = {Aug},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {251--258},
  Volume                   = {209},

  Abstract                 = {This study demonstrated that there is a pathway from the zona incerta to the thalamic reticular nucleus. Injections of horseradish peroxidase or Fluorogold were made, using stereotaxic coordinates, into the rostral, intermediate or caudal regions of the thalamic reticular nucleus of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The results show that the different regions of the thalamic reticular nucleus have distinct patterns of connections with the sectors of the zona incerta. In terms of the relative strength of the connections, injections made into the rostral regions of the thalamic reticular nucleus showed the highest number of labelled cells within the rostral and ventral sectors of the zona incerta; injections made into the intermediate regions of the thalamic reticular nucleus showed labelled cells in the dorsal and ventral sectors; while injections to the caudal regions of the thalamic reticular nucleus showed only a few labelled cells in the caudal sector of the zona incerta. Previous 
studies have shown that the zona incerta projects to the higher order thalamic nuclei but not first order thalamic nuclei. The labelling observed in the present study may represent collaterals of zona incerta to higher order thalamic nuclei projections.},
  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00600.x},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stereotaxic Techniques; Subthalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/cytology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {JOA600},
  Pmid                     = {16879603},
  Timestamp                = {29.11.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00600.x}
}

@Article{Cavdar:2008,
  Title                    = {The pathways connecting the hippocampal formation, the thalamic reuniens nucleus and the thalamic reticular nucleus in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Safiye Cavdar and Filiz Y Onat and Yusuf Ozgür Cakmak and Hasan R Yananli and Medine Gülçebi and Rezzan Aker},
  Journal                  = {J Anat},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = {Mar},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {249--256},
  Volume                   = {212},

  Abstract                 = {Most dorsal thalamic nuclei send axons to specific areas of the neocortex and to specific sectors of the thalamic reticular nucleus; the neocortex then sends reciprocal connections back to the same thalamic nucleus, directly as well indirectly through a relay in the thalamic reticular nucleus. This can be regarded as a 'canonical' circuit of the sensory thalamus. For the pathways that link the thalamus and the hippocampal formation, only a few comparable connections have been described. The reuniens nucleus of the thalamus sends some of its major cortical efferents to the hippocampal formation. The present study shows that cells of the hippocampal formation as well as cells in the reuniens nucleus are retrogradely labelled following injections of horseradish peroxidase or fluoro-gold into the rostral part of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the rat. Within the hippocampal formation, labelled neurons were localized in the subiculum, predominantly on the ipsilateral side, with 
fewer neurons labelled contralaterally. Labelled neurons were seen in the hippocampal formation and nucleus reuniens only after injections made in the rostral thalamic reticular nucleus (1.6-1.8 mm caudal to bregma). In addition, the present study confirmed the presence of afferent connections to the rostral thalamic reticular nucleus from cortical (cingulate, orbital and infralimbic, retrosplenial and frontal), midline thalamic (paraventricular, anteromedial, centromedial and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei) and brainstem structures (substantia nigra pars reticularis, ventral tegmental area, periaqueductal grey, superior vestibular and pontine reticular nuclei). These results demonstrate a potential for the thalamo-hippocampal circuitry to influence the functional roles of the thalamic reticular nucleus, and show that thalamo-hippocampal connections resemble the circuitry that links the sensory thalamus and neocortex.},
  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00858.x},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. safcavdar@yahoo.com},
  Keywords                 = {Afferent Pathways, physiology; Animals; Brain Stem, anatomy /&/ histology; Cell Count; Coloring Agents; Hippocampus, anatomy /&/ histology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Midline Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Staining and Labeling; Stilbamidines; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pii                      = {JOA858},
  Pmid                     = {18221482},
  Timestamp                = {17.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00858.x}
}

@Article{Cavdar:2002,
  author      = {Safiye Cavdar and Filiz Yilmaz Onat and Hasan R Yananli and Umit S Sehirli and Cumhur Tulay and Erdinç Saka and Esra Gürdal and Y. O. Filiz},
  title       = {Cerebellar connections to the rostral reticular nucleus of the thalamus in the rat.},
  year        = {2002},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {201},
  number      = {6},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {485--491},
  doi         = {10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00119.x},
  abstract    = {We studied the cerebellar connections to the reticular nucleus thalamus (RNT) by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the rat. Specific HRP pressure injections to the rostral RNT (1.6-1.8 mm caudal to bregma) resulted in retrograde labelling of neurones in the cerebellar nuclei. The rostral RNT showed specific topographical organization of its cerebellar connections. Microinjections into the rostral RNT, 1.6 mm caudal to bregma, produced numerous HRP-labelled neurones within the anterior interposed (emboliform nucleus) and scarce HRP-labelled neurones within the lateral (dentate nucleus) cerebellar nuclei, whereas injections into the rostral RNT, 1.8 mm caudal to bregma, produced numerous HRP-labelled neurones within the posterior interposed (globose nucleus) and scarce lightly HRP-labelled neurones within the lateral (dentate nucleus) cerebellar nuclei. Cerebellar connections with the rostral RNT were exclusively ipsilateral to the injection site. No HRP-
labelled cells were detected in the medial (fastigial nucleus) cerebellar nucleus. The cerebellar connections reach the RNT via the superior cerebellar peduncle. By contrast, HRP injections into the anterior, posterior interposed and lateral cerebellar nuclei produced no labelled cells within the RNT. This study demonstrates the existence of direct cerebello-RNT but not RNT-cerebellar connections. The presence of the cerebello-RNT connections introduces a new route through which the cerebellum may influence RNT and thus cerebral cortical activity.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. safcavdar.yahoo.com},
  journal     = {J Anat},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cell Count; Cerebellum, cytology/physiology; Histocytochemistry, methods; Horseradish Peroxidase, diagnostic use; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, cytology/physiology; Neural Pathways; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {12489760},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Cavdar:2014a,
  Title                    = {Motor afferents from the cerebellum, zona incerta and substantia nigra to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Çavdar, Safiye and Özgür, Merve and Uysal, Sanem Pınar and Amuk, Özge Ceren},
  Journal                  = {J Integr Neurosci},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = {Dec},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {565--578},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Abstract                 = {The mediodorsal (MD) thalamic nucleus provides information from subcortical structures to the prefrontal cortex. The human MD thalamic nucleus has been implicated in a great variety of different clinical conditions and normal functions ranging from schizophrenia, Parkinsonism and epilepsy to many cognitive functions. In the rat the MD thalamic nucleus is divided into three cytoarchitectonic sectors whereas in the primates it is divided into two; medial one-third (magnocellular) and lateral two-thirds further the lateral sector is divided into pars parvocellularis pars multiformis, pars fasciculosa and pars caudalis. In this study we used a retrograde tracer, fluoro-gold (FG) to evaluate some of the afferents reaching the lateral sector of the MD (MDl) thalamic nucleus. The results of the present study have shown that MDl receives afferent connections from the lateral cerebellar nucleus (dentate nucleus), substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) and zona incerta (ZI). Subsequent to 
FG injections into the MDl, labeled cells were observed mainly bilaterally but were sparser on the contralateral side than ipsilaterally from each of the three structures listed. All three afferents showed a topographical organization. The labeled neurons were localized at the dorsomedial aspect of the lateral cerebellar nucleus, the dorsoventral aspect of the SNR and in the dorsal sector of the ZI. The lateral cerebellar nucleus reached the MDl via the superior cerebellar peduncle. No other deep cerebellar nuclei showed labeled cells. There were no labeled cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC). Although the three regions identified here are recognized as having motor functions, the connections to MD suggest that their outputs also play a role in cognitive or other higher cortical functions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1142/S0219635214500198},
  Institution              = {Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Koç University, Sarıyer 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {25164360},
  Timestamp                = {10.03.2015},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219635214500198}
}

@Article{Cavdar:2001a,
  author      = {S. Cavdar and T. San and R. Aker and U. Sehirli and F. Onat},
  title       = {Cerebellar connections to the dorsomedial and posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus in the rat.},
  year        = {2001},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {198},
  number      = {Pt 1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {37-45},
  doi         = {10.1017/s0021878200007172},
  abstract    = {The stimulation or ablation of cerebellar structures has produced a variety of visceral responses, indicating a cerebellar role in visceral functions. Studies using anterograde and retrograde tracing methods have revealed connections between the hypothalamus and cerebellar structures. The aim of this study is to investigate the cerebellar connections of the dorsomedial (DMH) and posterior hypothalamic nuclei using retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In the present study, micro-injection of HRP restricted within the borders of the DMH showed that the projections of this nucleus are not uniform throughout its extent. The posterior DMH receives projections from the cerebellum, whereas the anterior DMH does not. These projections were from the (greatest to least concentration) lateral (dentate), anterior interposed (emboliform), and medial (fastigial) cerebellar nuclei. In addition, both the anterior and posterior DMH receive projections from various areas of the 
brainstem which confirms earlier studies and provides detailed descriptions. This study also demonstrates the distribution of labelled neurons to cerebellar and brainstem nuclei following HRP injection into the posterior hypothalamic nucleus. It provides clear evidence for a direct cerebellar nuclei-posterior DMH and cerebellar nuclei-posterior hypothalamic nucleus connections. We suggest that the brainstem reticular nuclei and other connections, such as the solitary, trigeminal and vestibular nuclei, of both DMH and posterior hypothalamus may contribute to the indirect cerebellohypothalamic connections. These observations offer a new perspective on the question of how the cerebellum may influence autonomic activity.},
  institution = {Department of Anatomy, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.},
  journal     = {J Anat},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axonal Transport; Cerebellum; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hypothalamus, Posterior; Neural Pathways; Rats; Rats, Wistar},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Morawska, Pauline},
  pmid        = {11215766},
  timestamp   = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Caverson:1988,
  author      = {Caverson, M. M. and Ciriello, J.},
  title       = {Renal and cardiovascular afferent inputs to hypothalamic paraventriculo-spinal neurons.},
  year        = {1988},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {95},
  number      = {1-3},
  month       = {Dec},
  pages       = {167--172},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1016/0304-3940(88)90651-9},
  abstract    = {Experiments were done in chloralose-anesthetized cats to identify single units in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) that responded to stimulation of afferent renal nerves (ARN) and the buffer nerves (carotid sinus (CSN) and aortic depressor (ADN) nerves), and whose axons projected directly to thoracic spinal sympathetic areas. Of 426 single units tested in the PVH region, 20 were antidromically activated by stimulation of the spinal cord. Sixteen of these antidromic units (80\%) responded orthodromically to stimulation of ARN and/or the buffer nerves; 6 units (30\%) were excited by ARN stimulation only, 2 units (10\%) were excited by both ARN and buffer nerve stimulation, and 6 units were excited and 2 inhibited by buffer nerve stimulation only. These data demonstrate that sensory information originating in renal and cardiovascular receptors alters the firing rate of PVH-spinal projecting neurons and suggest that this long renal-PVH reflex loop may contribute to the 
elevation of arterial pressure (AP) during conditions when ARN are activated.},
  institution = {Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Lett},
  keywords    = {Animals; Aorta, innervation; Carotid Sinus, innervation; Cats; Electric Stimulation; Female; Kidney, innervation; Male; Neurons, Afferent, physiology; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, physiology; Spinal Cord, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {3226606},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Caverzasio:1996,
  author      = {Caverzasio, J. and Imai, T. and Ammann, P. and Burgener, D. and Bonjour, J. P.},
  title       = {Aluminum potentiates the effect of fluoride on tyrosine phosphorylation and osteoblast replication in vitro and bone mass in vivo.},
  year        = {1996},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {46--55},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1002/jbmr.5650110108},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.5650110108},
  abstract    = {Osteosclerosis in workers exposed to fluoride (F) and aluminum (Al) (industrial fluorosis) led to the use of F as a treatment to increase bone mass in osteoporosis patients. Because the influence of traces of Al on the effects of F on bone formation is heretofore unknown, we have investigated this issue both in vitro and in vivo. We have found that minute amounts of Al (< or = 10(-5) M) potentiate the effects of F in vitro such that osteoblast proliferation increased by 15 +/- 2.7\% at 50 microM (p < 0.001) and by 117.6 +/- 5.1\% at 750 microM (p < 0.001), concentrations of F with no mitogenic effect alone. F + Al time-dependently modulated a growth factor signaling pathway(s) associated with enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation (TyrP) of several proteins (p90 [2.9x], p77 [4.9x], p68 [9.6x], and mitogen activated protein kinases [3x]). TyrP was only slightly or not at all changed by F and Al alone, respectively. The effects of F + Al on TyrP and cell proliferation were markedly reduced by 100 
microM tyrphostin-51, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways were not involved in this response. In vivo, F + Al administered for 8 months, at doses that had no effect when the minerals were administered individually, significantly enhanced proximal tibia bone mineral density (BMD) by 6.3 +/- 1\% compared with initial values and by 2-fold compared with control ovariectomized rats (p < 0.0001). These effects are consistent with a crucial role of Al in osteosclerosis observed in industrial fluorosis. The results suggest that the combination of F + Al modulates a growth factor-dependent TyrP pathway enhancing mitogen-activated protein kinase and osteoblastic proliferation and bone mass.},
  institution = {Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland.},
  journal     = {J Bone Miner Res},
  keywords    = {3T3 Cells; Aluminum, administration /&/ dosage; Animals; Bone Density, drug effects; Cell Division; Culture Media; Cyclic AMP, metabolism; Drug Synergism; Female; Fluorides, administration /&/ dosage; GTP-Binding Proteins, metabolism; Mice; Mitogens, administration /&/ dosage; Osteoblasts, cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Phosphorylation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, metabolism; Signal Transduction; Tyrosine, metabolism},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {8770696},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Book{Cajal:1911,
  author    = {Cayal, S. R. Y.},
  title     = {Histologie du système nerveux, Tome II.},
  year      = {1911},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  publisher = {Maloine},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {07.06.2013},
}

@Article{Cazalets:1995,
  author      = {Cazalets, J. R. and Borde, M. and Clarac, F.},
  title       = {Localization and organization of the central pattern generator for hindlimb locomotion in newborn rat.},
  year        = {1995},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {15},
  number      = {7 Pt 1},
  month       = {Jul},
  pages       = {4943--4951},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  url         = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/15/7/4943.long},
  abstract    = {An in vitro preparation of newborn rat isolated brainstem/spinal cord was used in order to locate the spinal network responsible in mammals for producing patterned locomotor activity. The spinal cord was partitioned by building Vaseline walls at various lumbar levels. When a mixture of serotonin and N-methyl-D,L-aspartate was bath applied to the upper lumbar cord (L1/L2 segments), rhythmic locomotor-like activity was induced and recorded in all the lumbar segments (from L1 to L5). Conversely, when the mixture of transmitters was bath applied to the lower lumbar cord, only tonic activity was induced in the lower lumbar segments. Intracellular recordings performed on motoneurons revealed that during elicited L1/L2 locomotor-like activity, they received a rhythmic synaptic drive that was often below the threshold for spiking, because the excitability of the neurons was too low. When the L1/L2 segments were isolated, their burst production capacities remained. The network located at the L1/L2 
level was found to be responsible not only for generating the rhythm but also for organizing its alternating pattern. We demonstrated that the rhythmic synaptic drive that the motoneurons receive during locomotor-like activity comes directly from the L1/L2 network and that there is no relay at the segmental level. We conclude from our study that the network that organizes locomotion in the newborn rat is not segmentally distributed but is restricted to a specific part of the cord. This finding has important consequences, since it means that it is now feasible to study the activity of the rhythmic spinal network independently from that of the motoneurons.},
  institution = {CNRS, NBM, Marseille, France.},
  journal     = {J Neurosci},
  keywords    = {Animals; Animals, Newborn, physiology; Electrophysiology; Hindlimb, physiology; Motor Activity, physiology; Nerve Net, physiology; Periodicity; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord, physiology; Tissue Distribution},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7623124},
  timestamp   = {02.04.2013},
}

@Article{Cazin:1980,
  author      = {Cazin, L. and Precht, W. and Lannou, J.},
  title       = {Firing characteristics of neurons mediating optokinetic responses to rat's vestibular neurons.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {386},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Aug},
  pages       = {221--230},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00587472},
  abstract    = {1) The responses of single units in the pretectum (Pt) and in the n. reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) to constant velocity horizontal rotation (0.25--60 deg/s) of a large-field visual pattern were studied in immobilized, non-anesthetized DA-HAN rats. In addition, responses of Pt and NRTP neurons to pure vestibular stimuli (rotation in the dark) were studied. 2) Pt neurons showed seven response types to optokinetic stimulation (Table 1). The most frequent response (48\%) consisted of a very rapid increase in firing to steady state on temporonasal motion stimulation of the contralateral eye; nasotemporal stimuli yielded no change in resting rate as did stimulation of the ipsilateral eye. The response maximum occurred at a retinal slip velocity of 1 deg/s. None of the Pt units tested responded to pure vestibular stimuli. 3) NRTP neurons - as Pt units - most frequently (43\%) increased their discharge rate on temporonasal stimulation of the contralateral eye and maintained a constant resting 
rate during nasotemporal motion. Peak response amplitudes also occurred with retinal slip velocites of 1 deg/s. Contrary to the fast time-to-peak of the responses of Pt neurons NRTP units showed a slow rise in frequency of firing to peak response levels. 4) NRTP neurons responded to pure vestibular stimuli (horizontal angular acceleration in the dark). The vestibular responses were synergistic with those evoked in the same neurons by optokinetic stimuli. Thus, the most frequently encountered type of optokinetic response (s. above) showed a type II vestibular response. 5) Comp]arison of OKN and Vn optokinetic responses with those of Pt and NRTP suggests that the unidirectional-selective Pt and NRTP neurons are important links in the central optokinetic path. In addition, the NRTP may represent the site at which the retinal slip signal and the eye velocity signal converge. This convergence has been postulated in models of the system [12].},
  journal     = {Pflugers Arch},
  keywords    = {Animals; Electric Stimulation; Neurons, physiology; Ocular Physiological Phenomena; Rats; Time Factors; Vestibule, Labyrinth, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6968430},
  timestamp   = {07.06.2013},
}

@Article{Cazin:1980c,
  author      = {Cazin, L. and Precht, W. and Lannou, J.},
  title       = {Pathways mediating optokinetic responses of vestibular nucleus neurons in the rat.},
  year        = {1980},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {384},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Mar},
  pages       = {19--29},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi         = {10.1007/bf00589510},
  abstract    = {1. The effects of various brain lesions on the responses of vestibular nuclear neurons (Vn) of the horizontal semicircular canal system to optokinetic stimulations were studied to elucidate the optokinetic path from the retina to the vestibular nuclei. A previous study performed in intact rats served as a control [2]. 2. It was shown that the pretectal region including the n. of the optic tract is the first central relay in the optokinetic path; it receives its functionally effective input from the contralateral eye. Unilateral lesions of this area rendered all Vn responses unidirectional when tested with binocular stimulation. Lesions of other visual centers such as the superior colliculi or visual cortices had no influence on the optokinetic response properties of Vn. 3. The area of the n. reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) proved to be an important link between pretectum and vestibular nuclei: Unilateral lesions produced effects similar to those described for pretectal lesions. Pretectal 
axons to NRTP descend lateral to the MLF and tectospinal tract. 4. It was demonstrated that the vestibular commissure plays the crucial role in mediating the mirror image optokinetic effects to Vn on the opposite side and assures the bidirectionality of the responses to binocular stimulation. 5. Cerebellectomy did not significantly affect the Vn responses to the optokinetic stimuli presented in this study. 6. Electrical stimulation of the pretectum excited type II and inhibited type I Vn ipsilaterally and had the opposite effect on Vn located on the opposite side. NRTP stimulation excited type II and inhibited type I ipsilaterally; latency analysis of these effects suggested that the pretectal stimuli excited opsilateral NRTP neurons which, in turn, excited ipsilateral type II Vn. Ipsilateral type I inhibition as well as the concurrent contralateral type II inhibition and type I excitation are produced by the inhibitory action of type II on type I and the commisural system. 7. Systemic application of 
picrotoxin abolished all optokinetic responses of Vn except the type II activation. This finding further supports the hypothesis described above. 8. Unilateral pretectal or NRTP lesions abolished OKN to surround motion in the direction of the lesion.},
  journal     = {Pflugers Arch},
  keywords    = {Animals; Brain Mapping; Electric Stimulation; Eye Movements; Rats, physiology; Semicircular Canals, innervation; Synaptic Transmission; Vestibular Nuclei, physiology; Vision, Ocular, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {6247696},
  timestamp   = {07.06.2013},
}

@Article{Cazin:1984,
  author    = {Cazin, L., J. Lannou and W. Precht},
  title     = {An electrophysiological study of pathways mediating optokinetic responses to the vestibular nucleus in the rat},
  year      = {1984},
  volume    = {54(2)},
  pages     = {337-48},
  note      = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat.},
  doi       = {10.1007/bf00236235},
  journal   = {Exp Brain Res},
  owner     = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  timestamp = {17.05.2012},
}

@Article{Cebrian:2005a,
  author      = {Cebri{\'{a}}n, Carolina and Parent, Andr{\'{e}} and Prensa, Luc{\'{i}}a},
  title       = {Patterns of axonal branching of neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and pars lateralis in the rat.},
  year        = {2005},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {492},
  number      = {3},
  month       = {Nov},
  pages       = {349--369},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.20741},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20741},
  abstract    = {Axons from neurons of the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and pars lateralis (SNl) were traced after injecting their cell body with biotinylated dextran amine. Thirty-two single axons were reconstructed from serial sagittal sections with a camera lucida, whereas four other SNr axons were reconstructed in the coronal plane to determine whether they innervate the contralateral hemisphere. Four distinct types of SNr projection neurons were identified based on their main axonal targets: type I neurons that project to the thalamus; type II neurons that target the thalamus, the superior colliculus (SC), and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg); type III neurons that project to the periaqueductal gray matter and the thalamus; and type IV neurons that target the deep mesencephalic nucleus (DpMe) and the SC. The axons of the SNl showed the same branching patterns as SNr axons of types I, II, and IV. The coronal reconstructions demonstrated that SNr neurons innervate the thalamus, 
the SC, and the DpMe bilaterally. At the thalamic level, SNr and SNl axons targeted preferentially the ventral medial, ventral lateral, paracentral, parafascicular, and mediodorsal nuclei. Axons reaching the SC arborized selectively within the deep layers of this structure. Our results reveal that the SNr and SNl harbor several subtypes of projection neurons endowed with a highly patterned set of axon collaterals. This organization allows single neurons of these output structures of the basal ganglia to exert a multifaceted influence on a wide variety of diencephalic and midbrain structures.},
  institution = {División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Iontophoresis; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Staining and Labeling, methods; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {16217789},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Cebrian:2010a,
  author      = {Cebri{\'{a}}n, Carolina and Prensa, Luc{\'{i}}a},
  title       = {Basal ganglia and thalamic input from neurons located within the ventral tier cell cluster region of the substantia nigra pars compacta in the rat.},
  year        = {2010},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {518},
  number      = {8},
  month       = {Apr},
  pages       = {1283--1300},
  note        = {Duplicate!},
  doi         = {10.1002/cne.22275},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22275},
  abstract    = {The most caudally located dopaminergic (DA) ventral tier neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) form typical cell clusters that are deeply embedded in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). Here we examine the efferent projections of 35 neurons located in the SNr region where these SNc cell clusters reside. The neuronal cell body was injected with biotinylated dextran amine so as to trace each complete axon in the sagittal or the coronal plane. Electrophysiological guidance guaranteed that the tracer was ejected among neurons displaying a typical SNc discharge pattern. Furthermore, double immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical labeling ensured that the tracer deposits were placed within the DA cell clusters. Three types of projection neurons occurred in the SNc ventral tier cell cluster region: type I neurons, projecting to basal ganglia; type II neurons, targeting both the basal ganglia and thalamus; and type III neurons, projecting only to the thalamus. The striatum 
was targeted by most of the type I and II neurons and the innervation reached both the striosome/subcallosal streak and matrix compartments. Many nigrostriatal fibers provided collaterals to the globus pallidus and, less frequently, to the subthalamic nucleus. At a thalamic level, type II and III neurons preferentially targeted the reticular, ventral posterolateral, and ventral medial nuclei. Our results reveal that the SNr region where DA ventral tier cell clusters reside harbors neurons projecting to the basal ganglia and/or the thalamus, thus suggesting that neurodegeneration of nigral neurons in Parkinson's disease might affect various extrastriatal basal ganglia structures and multiple thalamic nuclei.},
  institution = {División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain.},
  journal     = {J Comp Neurol},
  keywords    = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Dextrans; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microelectrodes; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Subthalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {20151360},
  timestamp   = {26.04.2016},
}

@Article{Cebrian:2005,
  Title                    = {Patterns of axonal branching of neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and pars lateralis in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Carolina Cebrián and André Parent and Lucía Prensa},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = {Nov},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {349--369},
  Volume                   = {492},

  Abstract                 = {Axons from neurons of the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and pars lateralis (SNl) were traced after injecting their cell body with biotinylated dextran amine. Thirty-two single axons were reconstructed from serial sagittal sections with a camera lucida, whereas four other SNr axons were reconstructed in the coronal plane to determine whether they innervate the contralateral hemisphere. Four distinct types of SNr projection neurons were identified based on their main axonal targets: type I neurons that project to the thalamus; type II neurons that target the thalamus, the superior colliculus (SC), and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg); type III neurons that project to the periaqueductal gray matter and the thalamus; and type IV neurons that target the deep mesencephalic nucleus (DpMe) and the SC. The axons of the SNl showed the same branching patterns as SNr axons of types I, II, and IV. The coronal reconstructions demonstrated that SNr neurons innervate 
the thalamus, the SC, and the DpMe bilaterally. At the thalamic level, SNr and SNl axons targeted preferentially the ventral medial, ventral lateral, paracentral, parafascicular, and mediodorsal nuclei. Axons reaching the SC arborized selectively within the deep layers of this structure. Our results reveal that the SNr and SNl harbor several subtypes of projection neurons endowed with a highly patterned set of axon collaterals. This organization allows single neurons of these output structures of the basal ganglia to exert a multifaceted influence on a wide variety of diencephalic and midbrain structures.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.20741},
  Institution              = {División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Iontophoresis; Male; Neural Pathways, anatomy /&/ histology; Neurons, cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Staining and Labeling, methods; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {16217789},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20741}
}

@Article{Cebrian:2007,
  author      = {Cebrián, Carolina and Parent, André and Prensa, Lucía},
  title       = {The somatodendritic domain of substantia nigra pars reticulata projection neurons in the rat.},
  year        = {2007},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {57},
  number      = {1},
  month       = {Jan},
  pages       = {50--60},
  note        = {Not a tract tracing study in the normal adult rat. No targets or terminals described.},
  doi         = {10.1016/j.neures.2006.09.008},
  url         = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2006.09.008},
  abstract    = {We have examined the morphology of the somatodendritic domain of projection neurons located in different sectors of rat substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) or having distinct axonal arborizations. Forty-three neurons - 23 located in the dorsal half and 20 in the ventral half of SNr - were injected with biotinylated dextran amine and their somatodendritic domain was reconstructed from serial sagittal sections with a camera lucida. The axonal arborization of 14 neurons was also reconstructed. Dorsally located SNr neurons had a larger perikaryon, a higher number of primary dendrites and a more extensive dendritic arbor than the ventrally located ones. However, irrespective of their location in the SNr, the somatodendritic domain was always longer along the rostrocaudal axis than along the dorsoventral and mediolateral axes. Specific correlations between somatodendritic morphology and axonal arborization could be established for some SNr neurons, but among SNr neurons with similar efferent 
projections, those lying dorsally always exhibited a larger perikaryon and a more widespread dendritic arbor than those located ventrally. These results indicate that the morphology of the somatodendritic domain of SNr projection neurons is related to the location of their perikaryon within the structure rather than to the pattern of their axonal projections.},
  institution = {División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain.},
  journal     = {Neurosci Res},
  keywords    = {Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cell Count, methods; Dendrites, physiology; Female; Male; Neural Pathways, cytology; Neurons, classification/cytology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substantia Nigra, physiology; Synapses, physiology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pii         = {S0168-0102(06)00247-1},
  pmid        = {17049656},
  timestamp   = {31.08.2015},
}

@Article{Cebrian:2010,
  Title                    = {Basal ganglia and thalamic input from neurons located within the ventral tier cell cluster region of the substantia nigra pars compacta in the rat.},
  Author                   = {Carolina Cebrián and Lucía Prensa},
  Journal                  = {J Comp Neurol},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = {Apr},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {1283--1300},
  Volume                   = {518},

  Abstract                 = {The most caudally located dopaminergic (DA) ventral tier neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) form typical cell clusters that are deeply embedded in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). Here we examine the efferent projections of 35 neurons located in the SNr region where these SNc cell clusters reside. The neuronal cell body was injected with biotinylated dextran amine so as to trace each complete axon in the sagittal or the coronal plane. Electrophysiological guidance guaranteed that the tracer was ejected among neurons displaying a typical SNc discharge pattern. Furthermore, double immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical labeling ensured that the tracer deposits were placed within the DA cell clusters. Three types of projection neurons occurred in the SNc ventral tier cell cluster region: type I neurons, projecting to basal ganglia; type II neurons, targeting both the basal ganglia and thalamus; and type III neurons, projecting only to the thalamus. 
The striatum was targeted by most of the type I and II neurons and the innervation reached both the striosome/subcallosal streak and matrix compartments. Many nigrostriatal fibers provided collaterals to the globus pallidus and, less frequently, to the subthalamic nucleus. At a thalamic level, type II and III neurons preferentially targeted the reticular, ventral posterolateral, and ventral medial nuclei. Our results reveal that the SNr region where DA ventral tier cell clusters reside harbors neurons projecting to the basal ganglia and/or the thalamus, thus suggesting that neurodegeneration of nigral neurons in Parkinson's disease might affect various extrastriatal basal ganglia structures and multiple thalamic nuclei.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/cne.22275},
  Institution              = {División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain.},
  Keywords                 = {Animals; Axons, physiology; Basal Ganglia, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Biotin, analogs /&/ derivatives; Corpus Striatum, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Dextrans; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Globus Pallidus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microelectrodes; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Neurons, cytology/physiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substantia Nigra, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Subthalamic Nucleus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology; Thalamus, anatomy /&/ histology/physiology},
  Language                 = {eng},
  Medline-pst              = {ppublish},
  Owner                    = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  Pmid                     = {20151360},
  Timestamp                = {24.05.2012},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22275}
}

@Article{Cecchini:1994,
  author      = {Cecchini, T. and Cuppini, R. and Ciaroni, S. and {De Matteis}, R. and {Del Grande}, P.},
  title       = {Increased number of sciatic sensory neurons in vitamin-E-deficient rats.},
  year        = {1994},
  language    = {eng},
  volume      = {11},
  number      = {3},
  pages       = {269--278},
  doi         = {10.3109/08990229409051394},
  abstract    = {The number and morphometric characteristics of sciatic sensory neurons were studied in Vitamin-E-deficient rats. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the sciatic nerves of normal and vitamin-E-deficient rats of the same age, and retrogradely labeled sensory neurons were counted and measured. The study was also carried out in rats that had previously undergone sciatic nerve crush, in order to observe the effects of axotomy on primary sensory neurons. In vitamin-E-deficient rats the number of sciatic sensory neurons was significantly higher than normal, with an increase of about 30\%, in agreement with a previous finding concerning total population of primary sensory neurons in lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of vitamin-E-deficient rats. The increase involved the small cell classes in particular. Axotomy induced similar percentages of neuron loss in normal and in vitamin-E-deficient rats (about 40\%). In the latter, death affected small cell classes in particular--that is, the same 
classes that had increased in number in vitamin-E-deficient rats by comparison with controls. These results, together with previous findings, suggest that neurogenesis may occur in DRGs of vitamin-E-deficient rats.},
  institution = {Institute of Morphological Sciences, University of Urbino, Italy.},
  journal     = {Somatosens Mot Res},
  keywords    = {Afferent Pathways, pathology; Animals; Cell Count; Cell Size; Ganglia, Spinal, pathology; Male; Nerve Regeneration, physiology; Neurons, pathology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sciatic Nerve, pathology; Sensory Deprivation, physiology; Sensory Receptor Cells, pathology; Vitamin E Deficiency, pathology},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner       = {Schmitt, Oliver},
  pmid        = {7887058},
  timestamp   = {02.06.2014},
}

@Article{Cechetto:1987,
  Title                    = {Evidence for a viscerotopic sensory representation in the cortex and thalamus in t